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the ability to grow. In most cases, the sclerotium consists exclusively of fungal hyphae, whereas some may consist partly of fungal hyphae plexus and partly in between tissues of the substrate (ergot, Sclerotinia). In favorable conditions, sclerotia germinate to form fruiting bodies (basidiomycetes) or mycelium with conidia (in imperfect fungi). Sclerotia sizes can range from a fraction of a millimeter to a few tens of centimeters as, for example
549:
38:
622:
468:
690:
391:. The conidia are then secreted out of the plant in a sugary liquid that insects, attracted by the sugars, transfer to other plants. After two weeks of being infected by the fungus, the plant no longer generates the sugary liquid, and the fungus produces sclerotia. The sclerotium is an overwinter structure, which contains ergot alkaloids.
1108:
314:
discovered the relationship between infected rye plants and ergotism in the 19th century. With this discovery, more efforts were developed to reduce sclerotia from growing on rye and ergotism became rare. However, in 1879–1881 an outbreak developed in
Germany, in 1926–1927 Russia was infected, and in
235:
Sclerotia are often composed of a thick, dense shell with thick and dark cells and a core of thin colorless cells. Sclerotia are rich in hyphae emergency supplies, especially oil. They contain a very small amount of water (5–10%) and can survive in a dry environment for several years without losing
531:
which is the starting material for many pharmaceutical and recreational drugs. In 1938 Albert
Hofmann synthesized one of the strongest known hallucinogens, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), from ergot alkaloid. Despite side effects of the drug such as paranoia, loss of judgment and flashbacks,
270:
510:
In early times, ergot alkaloids have been used for folk medicine. For example, ergot was used as a form of abortion in Europe, but it led to hyper-contraction. In the 19th century, it was used to aid in the prevention of bleeding after childbirth and treatment for migraines and
753:
Many methods have been created to reduce the growth of agriculturally pathogenic sclerotia like changes in crop rotation, deeper ploughing and sifting out sclerotia. Fungicides, breeding disease resistance rye and cross breeding natural rye with hybrid rye have reduced
166:
of some fungi. Further investigation showed that this stage appears in many fungi belonging to many diverse groups. Sclerotia are important in the understanding of the life cycle and reproduction of fungi, as a food source, as medicine (for example,
532:
psychotherapists and psychiatrists used it to treat patients with neuroses, sexual dysfunctions and anxiety. In 1966, the United States government made LSD illegal. Rarely, clinics have shown an interest in ergoline to treat patients with autism.
674:
also contain the active metabolites psilocin and psilocybin. These sclerotia can be bought at smartshops under different trade names such as "Philosopher's stone" or "truffles" and have the same hallucinogenic effect as
386:
outward. When the fungus reaches the bottom of the ovary, it leaves the pollen tube path and enters the vascular tissues where it branches its hypha. Approximately seven days into the infection, the mycelium produces
433:
Maturation with the formation of an outer coating that isolates the sclerotia from the surrounding environment, with the progressive dehydration of the hyphae and accumulation of reserve substances and
917:
568:) is a fungus which infects a caterpillar and uses its nutrients to create mycelia and a sclerotium. The fungus then sprouts out of the head of the caterpillar. In Chinese the fungus is known as
158:, sclerotia become detached and remain dormant until favorable growth conditions return. Sclerotia initially were mistaken for individual organisms and described as separate species until
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810:
972:
496:
damage. Due to their exposure to a wide variety of environments, fungi have the ability to produce numerous such chemicals of potential value in
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793:
375:
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1145:
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species have sclerotia to protect them from fire and from other disturbances. The sclerotia forming species contain, as many
605:
trees in northern climates. The tree sclerotium develops over the years as the mycelium uses nutrients from the living tree.
861:
339:
1123:
249:
in both their morphology and the genetic control of their development. This suggests the two structures may be
915:
918:"Sclerotia of the acellular (true) slime mould Fuligo septica as a model to study melanization and anabiosis"
772:
species, particularly onions, leeks, and garlic. Worldwide, white rot is probably the most serious threat to
304:
which is a disease that causes paranoia and hallucinations, twitches, spasms, loss of peripheral sensation,
715:
895:
358:
sclerotia form and begin regrowth in the spring, infecting grass and rye plants by way of releasing their
1188:
150:
containing food reserves. One role of sclerotia is to survive environmental extremes. In some higher
17:
1267:
273:
Sclerotia initially were mistaken for individual organisms and described as separate species until
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crops. These and related fungi are generally controlled through the use of fungicides and
484:
Over billions of years of Earth's history, organisms have acquired the ability to produce
8:
817:
398:
s life cycle is an interesting model for plant pathologists and cell biologists because:
328:
1170:
1081:
1038:
1013:
945:
916:
Anna
Krzywda1, Elżbieta Petelenz1, Dominika Michalczyk1 e Przemysław M. Płonka (2008).
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47:
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222:
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472:
242:, which has sclerotia with diameters up to 30 cm and weighing up to 20 kg.
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1033:
1025:
940:
932:
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111:
62:
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proved in 1853 that sclerotia are only a stage in the life cycle of some fungi.
246:
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1201:
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31:
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Zhong XH; Ren K; Lu SJ; Yang SY; Sun DZ. (2009). "Progress of research on
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37:
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147:
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http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/thematic-papers/mushrooms
1064:
Oso, B. A. (Mar–Apr 1977). "Pleurotus tuber-regium from
Nigeria".
423:
In fungi, there are three stages in the development of sclerotia:
388:
269:
780:
779:
Other fungi that produce sclerotia are prominent pathogens for
768:
655:
383:
379:
292:
by way of which thousands of people were killed and mutilated.
172:
602:
477:
305:
155:
151:
42:
455:, which forms edible sclerotia up to 30 cm wide, has a
323:, which forms edible sclerotia up to 30 cm wide, has a
689:
430:
Increase in size due to the growth and branching of hyphae;
138:
132:
123:
89:
83:
74:
408:
Strict polar, oriented growth in the first infection stage
135:
86:
1138:
462:
214:
can form sclerotia in adverse environmental conditions.
1268:"white rot of onion and garlic (Stromatinia cepivora)"
288:
sclerotia contaminated rye grain used in bread led to
162:
proved in 1853 that sclerotia are only a stage in the
1012:
Haarmann T; Rolke Y; Giebert S; Tudzynski P. (2009).
521:
is used to convert alkaloids, produced by the fungus
370:
can infect a wide variety of plants by infecting the
117:
114:
68:
65:
1187:
Hallucinogenic mushrooms, EMCDDA, Lisbon, June 2006
129:
120:
80:
71:
601:(chaga mushroom) is a sclerotium growing mostly on
126:
92:
77:
1106:
327:of economic importance in Africa as food and as a
749:Some species with sclerotia as agricultural pests
586:'winter worm', ' summer grass').
488:– chemical compounds that afford protection from
178:Examples of fungi that form sclerotia are ergot (
1279:
334:
257:cleistothecia that lost the capacity to produce
1118:. Seoul (Korea): Mushworld. pp. 270–281.
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
986:Sclerotia and Stromata (bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au)
909:
1193:
967:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
581:
1199:
990:
971:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
900:Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique
535:
459:of economic importance as food in Africa.
1229:
1107:Isikhuemhen, O.S.; LeBauer, D.S. (2004).
1037:
1014:"Ergot: from witchcraft to biotechnology"
944:
443:
1132:
925:Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters
688:
620:
547:
466:
338:
268:
221:
146:), is a compact mass of hardened fungal
36:
1146:Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine
1059:
1057:
14:
1280:
608:
503:
463:Traditional medicine and hallucinogen
374:. The fungal spores germinate at the
30:For the fungal genus Sclerotium, see
1202:"Medicinal interest of Poria cocos (
1100:
1054:
682:
589:
343:Various stages in the life cycle of
1293:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
1063:
896:"Mémoire sur l'ergot des Glumacées"
839:
101:
24:
898:(Memoir on the ergot of grasses),
644:species do, the organic compounds
402:Strict organ specificity (ovaries)
25:
1304:
405:The plant lacks defense reactions
315:1977–1978 Ethiopia was infected.
1254:"White Rot of Garlic and Onions"
1109:"Growing Pleurotus tuber-regium"
1030:10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00548.x
809:
792:
776:crop production of any disease.
476:(chaga) sclerotium growing on a
110:
61:
1260:
1246:
300:that, when consumed, can cause
1181:
979:
888:
427:Initial aggregation of hyphae;
308:and loss of affected tissues.
217:
13:
1:
1288:Fungal morphology and anatomy
1222:10.1016/S1130-1406(09)70019-1
881:
335:As part of fungal life cycles
721:Common names for it include
716:traditional Chinese medicine
418:
7:
1116:Oyster Mushroom Cultivation
552:Caterpillars with emerging
382:tube without branching any
206:. Although not fungal, the
10:
1309:
860:
804:sclerotia on infected host
706:, often incorrectly named
614:
541:
438:
264:
51:developing on wheat spikes
29:
1159:10.1007/s11655-009-0156-2
1018:Molecular Plant Pathology
937:10.2478/s11658-007-0047-5
577:
832:
228:Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
562:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
555:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
544:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
537:Ophiocordyceps sinensis
171:), and in agricultural
849:comes to English from
700:
631:
558:
481:
452:Pleurotus tuber-regium
445:Pleurotus tuber-regium
349:
320:Pleurotus tuber-regium
278:
239:Laccocephalum mylittae
232:
52:
894:L. R. Tulasne (1853)
692:
672:Psilocybe tampanensis
661:Psilocybe tampanensis
624:
551:
486:secondary metabolites
470:
342:
272:
225:
199:Agroathelia delphinii
40:
824:Solanum lycopersicum
801:Sclerotium delphinii
766:causes white rot in
763:Sclerotium cepavorum
498:traditional medicine
202:and many species in
187:Polyporus tuberaster
1200:Esteban CI (2009).
818:Agroathelia rolfsii
513:Parkinson's disease
245:Sclerotia resemble
1204:Wolfiporia extensa
712:Wolfiporia extensa
701:
696:Wolfiporia extensa
668:Psilocybe mexicana
657:Psilocybe mexicana
634:Certain grassland
632:
627:Psilocybe galindoi
617:Psilocybe galindoi
610:Psilocybe galindoi
570:Dōng chóng xià cǎo
566:Cordyceps sinensis
559:
524:Claviceps purpurea
505:Claviceps purpurea
482:
393:Claviceps purpurea
378:and grow down the
368:Claviceps purpurea
355:Claviceps purpurea
350:
346:Claviceps purpurea
329:medicinal mushroom
312:Louis René Tulasne
296:sclerotia contain
294:Claviceps purpurea
286:Claviceps purpurea
279:
275:Louis René Tulasne
253:, sclerotia being
233:
193:Psilocybe mexicana
181:Claviceps purpurea
160:Louis René Tulasne
53:
48:Claviceps purpurea
1210:Rev Iberoam Micol
1141:Inonotus obliquus
704:Wolfiporia hoelen
684:Wolfiporia hoelen
598:Inonotus obliquus
591:Inonotus obliquus
584:
494:ultraviolet light
473:Inonotus obliquus
41:Sclerotia of the
16:(Redirected from
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677:magic mushrooms
666:Sclerotia from
664:
619:
613:
594:
546:
540:
529:D-lysergic acid
519:Acid hydrolysis
508:
465:
448:
441:
421:
395:
337:
290:ergot poisoning
267:
220:
204:Sclerotiniaceae
113:
109:
64:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1245:
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1180:
1131:
1124:
1099:
1072:(2): 271–279.
1053:
989:
978:
931:(1): 130–143.
908:
906: : 5–56.
902:, 3rd series,
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836:
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729:, China root,
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615:Main article:
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542:Main article:
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1153:(2): 156–60.
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1127:
1125:1-883956-01-3
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1024:(4): 563–77.
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901:
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874: 'hard'.
873:
870:
863:
859:
856:
855:Ancient Greek
852:
848:
842:
838:
826:
825:
821:sclerotia on
820:
819:
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802:
795:
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785:crop rotation
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714:, is used in
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352:For example,
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247:cleistothecia
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107:
97:
58:
50:
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33:
27:Mycelial mass
19:
1262:
1248:
1216:(2): 103–7.
1213:
1209:
1203:
1195:
1183:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1134:
1115:
1102:
1069:
1065:
1021:
1017:
981:
963:cite journal
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911:
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890:
868:
865:
858:
846:
841:
822:
816:
799:
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773:
767:
761:
760:
758:infections.
755:
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185:
179:
177:
175:management.
105:
56:
54:
46:
32:Macrotyphula
853:, from
756:C. purpurea
708:Poria cocos
283:Middle Ages
218:Description
212:slime molds
1282:Categories
1231:10017/7998
882:References
847:sclerotium
699:sclerotium
650:psilocybin
414:life style
412:Biotrophic
364:perithecia
360:ascospores
259:ascospores
251:homologous
208:plasmodium
169:ergotamine
164:life cycle
57:sclerotium
1066:Mycologia
851:Neo-Latin
845:The word
743:matsuhodo
725:, poria,
642:Psilocybe
637:Psilocybe
630:sclerotia
490:pathogens
434:pigments.
419:Formation
298:alkaloids
255:vestigial
231:sclerotia
106:sclerotia
18:Sclerotia
1240:19631158
1167:19407959
1048:19523108
955:17965965
827:(tomato)
727:tuckahoe
646:psilocin
376:anthesis
302:ergotism
154:such as
148:mycelium
45:species
1175:1816498
1086:3758652
1039:6640538
946:6275577
869:sklērós
862:σκληρός
735:fu shen
731:fu ling
693:Edible
574:Chinese
527:, into
457:history
439:As food
389:conidia
372:ovaries
325:history
281:In the
265:History
1238:
1173:
1165:
1122:
1094:559245
1092:
1084:
1046:
1036:
953:
943:
781:canola
774:Allium
769:Allium
741:) and
739:fushen
733:(茯苓),
723:hoelen
576::
564:(syn.
384:hyphae
380:pollen
173:blight
1171:S2CID
1112:(PDF)
1082:JSTOR
921:(PDF)
857:
833:Notes
603:birch
478:birch
396:'
362:from
306:edema
156:ergot
152:fungi
43:ergot
1236:PMID
1163:PMID
1120:ISBN
1090:PMID
1044:PMID
973:link
969:link
951:PMID
737:(or
670:and
659:and
648:and
583:lit.
578:冬虫夏草
492:and
480:tree
1226:hdl
1218:doi
1155:doi
1143:".
1074:doi
1034:PMC
1026:doi
941:PMC
933:doi
710:or
210:of
184:),
102:pl.
1284::
1234:.
1224:.
1214:26
1212:.
1208:.
1206:)"
1169:.
1161:.
1151:15
1149:.
1114:.
1088:.
1080:.
1070:69
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