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the majority of people become more urbanized they are increasingly more disconnected from the natural world. This allows for misconceptions and a lack of understanding of seagrass ecology and its importance. Additionally, it is a challenge to obtain and maintain information on the status and condition of seagrass populations. With many populations across the globe, it is difficult to map the current populations. Another challenge faced in seagrass conservation is the ability to identify threatening activities on a local scale. Also, in an ever growing human population, there is a need to balance the needs of the people while also balancing the needs of the planet. Lastly, it is challenging to generate scientific research to support conservation of seagrass. Limited efforts and resources are dedicated to the study of seagrasses. This is seen in areas such as
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1816:, which emphasizes the importance and interactions of a microbial host with associated microorganisms and viruses and describes their functioning as a single biological unit, has been investigated and discussed for many model systems, although there is substantial criticism of a concept that defines diverse host-microbe symbioses as a single biological unit. The holobiont and hologenome concepts have evolved since the original definition, and there is no doubt that symbiotic microorganisms are pivotal for the biology and ecology of the host by providing vitamins, energy and inorganic or organic nutrients, participating in defense mechanisms, or by driving the evolution of the host.
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1994:, which are responsible for mechanical strengthening of the wall. In seagrasses, this polymer has also been detected, but often in lower amounts compared to angiosperm land plants. Thus, the cell walls of seagrasses seem to contain combinations of features known from both angiosperm land plants and marine macroalgae together with new structural elements. Dried seagrass leaves might be useful for papermaking or as insulating materials, so knowledge of cell wall composition has some technological relevance.
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reclamation in areas near or in seagrass beds, to reduce the number and size of culture ponds, to control raft aquaculture and improve sediment quality, to establish seagrass reserves, to increase awareness of seagrass beds to fishermen and policy makers and to carry out seagrass restoration. Similar suggestions were made in India where scientists suggested that public engagement was important. Also, scientists, the public, and government officials should work in tandem to integrate
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would otherwise be bare of any vegetation. Due to this three dimensional structure in the water column, many species occupy seagrass habitats for shelter and foraging. It is estimated that 17 species of coral reef fish spend their entire juvenile life stage solely on seagrass flats. These habitats also act as a nursery grounds for commercially and recreationally valued fishery species, including the gag grouper (
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2118:. These studies suggest that the presence of seagrass depends on physical factors such as temperature, salinity, depth and turbidity, along with natural phenomena like climate change and anthropogenic pressure. While there are exceptions, regression was a general trend in many areas of the Mediterranean Sea. There is an estimated 27.7% reduction along the southern coast of
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2066:. Rapidly developing human population density along coastlines has led to high nutrient loads in coastal waters from sewage and other impacts of development. Increased nutrient loads create an accelerating cascade of direct and indirect effects that lead to seagrass decline. While some exposure to high concentrations of nutrients, especially
490:, many aspects of their physiology are not well investigated. There are 26 species of seagrasses in North American coastal waters. Several studies have indicated that seagrass habitat is declining worldwide. Ten seagrass species are at elevated risk of extinction (14% of all seagrass species) with three species qualifying as
1634:. Furthermore, because seagrasses are underwater plants, they produce significant amounts of oxygen which oxygenate the water column. These meadows account for more than 10% of the ocean's total carbon storage. Per hectare, it holds twice as much carbon dioxide as rain forests and can sequester about 27.4 million tons of CO
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Seagrasses residing the intertidal zone are usually smaller than those in the subtidal zone to minimize the effects of emergence stress. Intertidal seagrasses also show light-dependent responses, such as decreased photosynthetic efficiency and increased photoprotection during periods of high irradiance and air exposure.
1823:. Plant-associated microbial communities impact both key components of the fitness of plants, growth and survival, and are shaped by nutrient availability and plant defense mechanisms. Several habitats have been described to harbor plant-associated microbes, including the rhizoplane (surface of root tissue), the
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efforts are imperative to the survival of seagrass species. While there are many challenges to overcome with respect to seagrass conservation there are some major ones that can be addressed. Societal awareness of what seagrasses are and their importance to human well-being is incredibly important. As
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Seagrasses occurring in the intertidal and subtidal zones are exposed to highly variable environmental conditions due to tidal changes. Subtidal seagrasses are more frequently exposed to lower light conditions, driven by plethora of natural and human-caused influences that reduce light penetration by
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Short, Frederick T.; Polidoro, Beth; Livingstone, Suzanne R.; Carpenter, Kent E.; Bandeira, SalomĂŁo; Bujang, Japar Sidik; Calumpong, Hilconida P.; Carruthers, Tim J.B.; Coles, Robert G.; Dennison, William C.; Erftemeijer, Paul L.A.; Fortes, Miguel D.; Freeman, Aaren S.; Jagtap, T.G.; Kamal, Abu Hena
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or by the diffusion of oxygen in the water column. When the water surrounding seagrass becomes hypoxic, so too do seagrass tissues. Hypoxic conditions negatively affect seagrass growth and survival with seagrasses exposed to hypoxic conditions shown to have reduced rates of photosynthesis, increased
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provide food for many marine herbivores. Sea turtles, manatees, parrotfish, surgeonfish, sea urchins and pinfish feed on seagrasses. Many other smaller animals feed on the epiphytes and invertebrates that live on and among seagrass blades. Seagrass meadows also provide physical habitat in areas that
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farming. It was found that areas with medium to high human impact suffered more severe reduction. Overall, it was suggested that 29% of known areal seagrass populations have disappeared since 1879. The reduction in these areas suggests that should warming in the
Mediterranean basin continue, it may
2002:
Despite only covering 0.1 - 0.2% of the oceanâs surface, seagrasses form critically important ecosystems. Much like many other regions of the ocean, seagrasses have been faced with an accelerating global decline. Since the late 19th century, over 20% of the global seagrass area has been lost, with
6341:
Gloaguen, Vincent; Brudieux, VĂ©ronique; Closs, Brigitte; Barbat, Aline; Krausz, Pierre; Sainte-Catherine, Odile; Kraemer, Michel; Maes, Emmanuel; Guerardel, Yann (2010). "Structural
Characterization and Cytotoxic Properties of an Apiose-Rich Pectic Polysaccharide Obtained from the Cell Wall of the
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seems to be more frequent than that expected in the past. Further, this seagrass has singular adaptations to increase its survival during recruitment. The large amounts of nutrient reserves contained in the seeds of this seagrass support shoot and root growth, even up to the first year of seedling
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adapt to reduced light conditions caused by light attenuation and scattering due to the overlaying water column and suspended particles. Seagrasses in the deep subtidal zone generally have longer leaves and wider leaf blades than those in the shallow subtidal or intertidal zone, which allows more
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Raven, John A.; Johnston, Andrew M.; KĂŒbler, Janet E.; Korb, Rebecca; McInroy, Shona G.; Handley, Linda L.; Scrimgeour, Charlie M.; Walker, Diana I.; Beardall, John; Vanderklift, Mathew; Fredriksen, Stein; Dunton, Kenneth H. (2002). "Mechanistic interpretation of carbon isotope discrimination by
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In a study of seagrass conservation in China, several suggestions were made by scientists on how to better conserve seagrass. They suggested that seagrass beds should be included in the
Chinese conservation agenda as done in other countries. They called for the Chinese government to forbid land
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efficiency by using the abundant wavelengths efficiently. As seagrasses in the intertidal and subtidal zones are under highly different light conditions, they exhibit distinctly different photoacclimatory responses to maximize photosynthetic activity and photoprotection from excess irradiance.
4015:
Ruiz, J.M.; MarĂn-Guirao, L.; GarcĂa-Muñoz, R.; Ramos-Segura, A.; Bernardeau-Esteller, J.; PĂ©rez, M.; SanmartĂ, N.; Ontoria, Y.; Romero, J.; Arthur, R.; Alcoverro, T.; Procaccini, G. (2018). "Experimental evidence of warming-induced flowering in the
Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica".
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modifications have been identified in different species and tissues and it has been suggested these influence physical properties and function. In 2020, AGPs were isolated and structurally characterised for the first time from a seagrass. Although the common backbone structure of land plant
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stress relative to subtidal seagrass. Such extreme temperatures can lead to significant seagrass dieback when seagrasses are exposed to air during low tide. Desiccation stress during low tide has been considered the primary factor limiting seagrass distribution at the upper intertidal zone.
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Theis, K.R.; Dheilly, N.M.; Klassen, J.L.; Brucker, R.M.; Baines, J.F.; Bosch, T.C.G.; Cryan, J.F.; Gilbert, S.F.; Goodnight, C.J.; Lloyd, E.A.; et al. Getting the
Hologenome Concept Right: An Eco-Evolutionary Framework for Hosts and Their Microbiomes. mSystems 2016, 1, e00028-16.
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Larkum AWD, James PL. Towards a model for inorganic carbon uptake in seagrasses involving carbonic anhydrase. In Kuo J, Phillips RC, Walker DI, Kirkman H, editors. Seagrass biology: Proceedings of an
International Workshop. Nedlands: The University of Western Australia; 1996. pp.
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provide essential foraging habitat during reproduction. Sexual reproduction is extremely energetically expensive to be completed with stored energy; therefore, they require seagrass meadows in close proximity to complete reproduction. Furthermore, many commercially important
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Lee, Hueytyng; Golicz, Agnieszka A.; Bayer, Philipp E.; Jiao, Yuannian; Tang, Haibao; Paterson, Andrew H.; Sablok, Gaurav; Krishnaraj, Rahul R.; Chan, Chon-Kit
Kenneth; Batley, Jacqueline; Kendrick, Gary A.; Larkum, Anthony W.D.; Ralph, Peter J.; Edwards, David (2016).
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Orth, Robert J.; Carruthers, TIM J. B.; Dennison, William C.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Fourqurean, James W.; Heck, Kenneth L.; Hughes, A. Randall; Kendrick, Gary A.; Kenworthy, W. Judson; Olyarnik, Suzanne; Short, Frederick T.; Waycott, Michelle; Williams, Susan L. (2006).
2433:
Orth, Robert J.; Carruthers, TIM J. B.; Dennison, William C.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Fourqurean, James W.; Heck, Kenneth L.; Hughes, A. Randall; Kendrick, Gary A.; Kenworthy, W. Judson; Olyarnik, Suzanne; Short, Frederick T.; Waycott, Michelle; Williams, Susan L. (2006).
1686:, and various species of sharks. The high diversity of marine organisms that can be found on seagrass habitats promotes them as a tourist attraction and a significant source of income for many coastal economies along the Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean.
1127:. (A) Newly released seeds inside a fruit, (B) one-week-old seeds. FP: fruit pericarp, NRS: newly released seeds, WS: 1-week-old seeds, H: adhesive hairs, S: seed, R1: primary root, Rh: rhizome, L: leaves.
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sp. Accordingly, the seeds of long-lived seagrasses have a large dispersal capacity compared to the seeds of the short-lived type, which permits the evolution of species beyond unfavourable light conditions by the seedling development of parent meadows.
7042:
Short, Frederick T.; Polidoro, Beth; Livingstone, Suzanne R.; Carpenter, Kent E.; Bandeira, SalomĂŁo; Bujang, Japar Sidik; Calumpong, Hilconida P.; Carruthers, Tim J. B.; Coles, Robert G.; Dennison, William C.; Erftemeijer, Paul L. A. (1 July 2011).
3922:
Tripathi, Durgesh K.; Mishra, Rohit K.; Singh, Swati; Singh, Samiksha; Vishwakarma, Kanchan; Sharma, Shivesh; Singh, Vijay P.; Singh, Prashant K.; Prasad, Sheo M.; Dubey, Nawal K.; Pandey, Avinash C.; Sahi, Shivendra; Chauhan, Devendra K. (2017).
7185:
Orth, Robert J.; Carruthers, Tim J. B.; Dennison, William C.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Fourqurean, James W.; Heck, Kenneth L.; Hughes, A. Randall; Kendrick, Gary A.; Kenworthy, W. Judson; Olyarnik, Suzanne; Short, Frederick T. (1 December 2006).
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By far the most common threat to seagrass is human activity. Up to 67 species (93%) of seagrasses are affected by human activity along coastal regions. Activities such as coastal land development, motorboating, and fishing practices like
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Silva, Juliana M. C.; Dantas-Santos, Nednaldo; Gomes, Dayanne L.; Costa, Leandro S.; Cordeiro, Sara L.; Costa, Mariana S. S. P.; Silva, Naisandra B.; Freitas, Maria L.; Scortecci, Katia
Castanho; Leite, Edda L.; Rocha, Hugo A. O. (2012).
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M.; Kendrick, Gary A.; Judson
Kenworthy, W.; La Nafie, Yayu A.; Nasution, Ichwan M.; Orth, Robert J.; Prathep, Anchana; Sanciangco, Jonnell C.; Tussenbroek, Brigitta van; Vergara, Sheila G.; Waycott, Michelle; Zieman, Joseph C. (2011).
7285:
Telesca, Luca; Belluscio, Andrea; Criscoli, Alessandro; Ardizzone, Giandomenico; Apostolaki, Eugenia T.; Fraschetti, Simonetta; Gristina, Michele; Knittweis, Leyla; Martin, Corinne S.; Pergent, GĂ©rard; Alagna, Adriana (28 July 2015).
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all have the potential to induce widespread seagrass loss. An additional threat to seagrass beds is the introduction of non-native species. For seagrass beds worldwide, at least 28 non-native species have become established. Of these
6971:
Waycott, Michelle; Duarte, Carlos M.; Carruthers, Tim J. B.; Orth, Robert J.; Dennison, William C.; Olyarnik, Suzanne; Calladine, Ainsley; Fourqurean, James W.; Heck, Kenneth L.; Hughes, A. Randall; Kendrick, Gary A. (28 July 2009).
4251:
Balestri, Elena; De
Battisti, Davide; Vallerini, Flavia; Lardicci, Claudio (2015). "First evidence of root morphological and architectural variations in young Posidonia oceanica plants colonizing different substrate typologies".
2486:
Waycott, M.; Duarte, C. M.; Carruthers, T. J. B.; Orth, R. J.; Dennison, W. C.; Olyarnik, S.; Calladine, A.; Fourqurean, J. W.; Heck, K. L.; Hughes, A. R.; Kendrick, G. A.; Kenworthy, W. J.; Short, F. T.; Williams, S. L. (2009).
1655:, and many others. Some fish species utilize seagrass meadows and various stages of the life cycle. In a recent publication, Dr. Ross Boucek and colleagues discovered that two highly sought after flats fish, the common snook and
642:(different seagrass grazers and bacterial colonization) stressors. The cell walls of seagrasses seem intricate combinations of features known from both angiosperm land plants and marine macroalgae with new structural elements.
810:
and frogbit. The family includes both fresh and marine aquatics, although of the sixteen genera currently recognised, only three are marine. They are found throughout the world in a wide variety of habitats, but are primarily
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Boucek, R. E.; Leone, E.; Bickford, J.; Walters-Burnsed, S.; Lowerre-Barbieri, S. (2017). "More than just a spawning location: Examining fine-scale s[ace use of two estuarine fish species at a spawning aggregation site".
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Sogin, E. Maggie; Michellod, Dolma; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald R.; Bourceau, Patric; Geier, Benedikt; Meier, Dimitri V.; Seidel, Michael; Ahmerkamp, Soeren; Schorn, Sina; DâAngelo, Grace; Procaccini, Gabriele (2 May 2022).
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and complete their life cycle underwater. While it was previously believed this pollination was carried out without pollinators and purely by sea current drift, this has been shown to be false for at least one species,
4408:
Alagna, Adriana; FernĂĄndez, TomĂĄs Vega; Terlizzi, Antonio; Badalamenti, Fabio (2013). "Influence of microhabitat on seedling survival and growth of the mediterranean seagrass posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile".
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McMahon, Kathryn; Van Dijk, Kor-Jent; Ruiz-Montoya, Leonardo; Kendrick, Gary A.; Krauss, Siegfried L.; Waycott, Michelle; Verduin, Jennifer; Lowe, Ryan; Statton, John; Brown, Eloise; Duarte, Carlos (2014).
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Boese, Bruce L.; Robbins, Bradley D.; Thursby, Glen (2005). "Desiccation is a limiting factor for eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) distribution in the intertidal zone of a northeastern Pacific (USA) estuary".
4297:
Guerrero-Meseguer, Laura; Sanz-LĂĄzaro, Carlos; Suk-Ueng, Krittawit; MarĂn, Arnaldo (2017). "Influence of substrate and burial on the development of Posidonia oceanica : Implications for restoration".
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increasing the density of suspended opaque materials. Subtidal light conditions can be estimated, with high accuracy, using artificial intelligence, enabling more rapid mitigation than was available using
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Unsworth, Richard K. F.; McKenzie, Len J.; Collier, Catherine J.; Cullen-Unsworth, Leanne C.; Duarte, Carlos M.; Eklöf, Johan S.; Jarvis, Jessie C.; Jones, Benjamin L.; Nordlund, Lina M. (1 August 2019).
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Tarquinio, F., Hyndes, G.A., Laverock, B., Koenders, A. and SÀwström, C. (2019) "The seagrass holobiont: understanding seagrass-bacteria interactions and their role in seagrass ecosystem functioning".
5694:
Darnell, Kelly; Dunton, Kenneth (2016). "Reproductive phenology of the subtropical seagrasses Thalassia testudinum (Turtle grass) and Halodule wrightii (Shoal grass) in the northwest Gulf of Mexico".
1927:. It was proposed in 2005 that the ability to synthesise sulfated polysaccharides was regained by marine angiosperms. Another unique feature of cell walls of seagrasses is the occurrence of unusual
1610:. This means that the plants alter the ecosystem around them. This adjusting occurs in both physical and chemical forms. Many seagrass species produce an extensive underground network of roots and
3646:
Smith, Timothy M.; York, Paul H.; MacReadie, Peter I.; Keough, Michael J.; Ross, D. Jeff; Sherman, Craig D.H. (2016). "Spatial variation in reproductive effort of a southern Australian seagrass".
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sexual recruitment remain unknown, such as when photosynthesis in seeds is active or how seeds can remain anchored to and persist on substrate until their root systems have completely developed.
1950:
are of interest because of their involvement in both wall architecture and cellular regulatory processes. Arabinogalactan proteins are ubiquitous in seed land plants and have also been found in
4668:
Durako, M. J.; Kunzelman, J. I.; Kenworthy, W. J.; Hammerstrom, K. K. (2003). "Depth-related variability in the photobiology of two populations of Halophila johnsonii and Halophila decipiens".
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by stabilizing heavy metals, pollutants, and excess nutrients. The long blades of seagrasses slow the movement of water which reduces wave energy and offers further protection against coastal
5422:
Silva, JoĂŁo; Santos, Rui; Calleja, Maria Ll.; Duarte, Carlos M. (2005). "Submerged versus air-exposed intertidal macrophyte productivity: From physiological to community-level assessments".
372:
worm larvae have both been found with pollen grains, the plant producing nutritious mucigenous clumps of pollen to attract and stick to them instead of nectar as terrestrial flowers do.
1433:
of plant tissues change based on the inorganic carbon sources for photosynthesis, seagrasses in the intertidal and subtidal zones may have different stable carbon isotope ratio ranges.
578:, have more diverse evolutionary lineages. In spite of their low species diversity, seagrasses have succeeded in colonising the continental shelves of all continents except Antarctica.
5307:
Nayar, S.; Collings, G.J.; Miller, D.J.; Bryars, S.; Cheshire, A.C. (2009). "Uptake and resource allocation of inorganic carbon by the temperate seagrasses Posidonia and Amphibolis".
6672:
Lamport, Derek T. A.; Kieliszewski, Marcia J.; Showalter, Allan M. (2006). "Salt stress upregulates periplasmic arabinogalactan proteins: Using salt stress to analyse AGP function".
5186:
Longstaff, B.J; Dennison, W.C (1999). "Seagrass survival during pulsed turbidity events: The effects of light deprivation on the seagrasses Halodule pinifolia and Halophila ovalis".
5151:
Lee, Kun-Seop; Dunton, Kenneth H. (1997). "Effect of in situ light reduction on the maintenance, growth and partitioning of carbon resources in Thalassia testudinum banks ex König".
4823:
Hirst A, Ball D, Heislers S, Young P, Blake S, Coots A. Baywide Seagrass Monitoring Program, Milestone Report No. 2 (2008). Fisheries Victoria Technical Report No. 29, January 2009.
5729:
Macreadie, P. I.; Baird, M. E.; Trevathan-Tackett, S. M.; Larkum, A. W. D.; Ralph, P. J. (2013). "Quantifying and modelling the carbon sequestration capacity of seagrass meadows".
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Pearson, Ryan M.; Collier, Catherine J.; Brown, Christopher J.; Rasheed, Michael A.; Bourner, Jessica; Turschwell, Mischa P.; Sievers, Michael; Connolly, Rod M. (15 August 2021).
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Kuo, John; Iizumi, Hitoshi; Nilsen, Bjorg E.; Aioi, Keiko (1990). "Fruit anatomy, seed germination and seedling development in the Japanese seagrass Phyllospadix (Zosteraceae)".
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4714:
Olivé, I.; Vergara, J. J.; Pérez-Lloréns, J. L. (2013). "Photosynthetic and morphological photoacclimation of the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa to season, depth and leaf position".
547:. Seagrasses then evolved from terrestrial plants which migrated back into the ocean. Between about 70 million and 100 million years ago, three independent seagrass lineages (
6907:
7474:"Diversity, distribution and conservation of seagrass in coastal waters of the Liaodong Peninsula, North Yellow Sea, northern China: Implications for seagrass conservation"
5116:
Campbell, Stuart J.; McKenzie, Len J.; Kerville, Simon P.; Bité, Juanita S. (2007). "Patterns in tropical seagrass photosynthesis in relation to light, depth and habitat".
5073:
Schwarz, A.-M.; Björk, M.; Buluda, T.; Mtolera, M.; Beer, S. (2000). "Photosynthetic utilisation of carbon and light by two tropical seagrass species as measured in situ".
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activity, which increases their photosynthetic rates and thus maximises seedling establishment success. Seedlings also show high morphological plasticity during their
521:
Evolution of seagrass, showing the progression onto land from marine origins, the diversification of land plants and the subsequent return to the sea by the seagrasses
7702:
A. Schwartz; M. Morrison; I. Hawes; J. Halliday. 2006. Physical and biological characteristics of a rare marine habitat: sub-tidal seagrass beds of offshore islands.
1819:
Although most work on host-microbe interactions has been focused on animal systems such as corals, sponges, or humans, there is a substantial body of literature on
6379:"Extraction, Isolation, Structural Characterization and Anti-Tumor Properties of an Apigalacturonan-Rich Polysaccharide from the Sea Grass Zostera caespitosa Miki"
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where there is little to no plan in place to conserve seagrass populations. However, the conservation and restoration of seagrass may contribute to 16 of the 17
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in the air. Thus, the composition of inorganic carbon sources for seagrass photosynthesis probably varies between intertidal and subtidal plants. Because stable
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will have serious repercussions for marine biodiversity and the human population that depends upon the resources and ecosystem services that seagrasses provide.
8373:
4077:
Diaz-Almela, Elena; MarbĂ , Nuria; Duarte, Carlos M. (2007). "Consequences of Mediterranean warming events in seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) flowering records".
2265:
van Tussenbroek, Brigitta I.; Villamil, Nora; MĂĄrquez-GuzmĂĄn, Judith; Wong, Ricardo; Monroy-VelĂĄzquez, L. VerĂłnica; Solis-Weiss, Vivianne (29 September 2016).
1835:
rhizosphere shows similar complexity as terrestrial habitats that contain thousands of taxa per gram of soil. In contrast, the chemistry in the rhizosphere of
7654:
Duarte, Carlos M. and Carina L. Chiscano âSeagrass biomass and production: a reassessmentâ Aquatic Botany Volume 65, Issues 1â4, November 1999, Pages 159â174.
2003:
seagrass bed loss occurring at a rate of 1.5% each year. Of the 72 global seagrass species, approximately one quarter (15 species) could be considered at a
2596:
Hemminga, M. A., and Duarte, C. M. eds (2000). âSeagrasses in the human environment,â in Seagrass Ecology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 248â291.
1425:) for photosynthetic carbon reduction. Despite air exposure during low tide, seagrasses in the intertidal zone can continue to photosynthesize utilizing CO
5996:
4833:
Koch, Evamaria W. (2001). "Beyond Light: Physical, Geological, and Geochemical Parameters as Possible Submersed Aquatic Vegetation Habitat Requirements".
2863:
Les, D.H., Cleland, M.A. and Waycott, M. (1997) "Phylogenetic studies in Alismatidae, II: evolution of marine angiosperms (seagrasses) and hydrophily".
6138:
SĂĄnchez-Cañizares, C., JorrĂn, B., Poole, P.S. and Tkacz, A. (2017) "Understanding the holobiont: the interdependence of plants and their microbiome".
5272:
Lee, Kun-Seop; Park, Sang Rul; Kim, Young Kyun (2007). "Effects of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients on growth dynamics of seagrasses: A review".
2086:
in deeper water. In response to high nutrient levels, macroalgae form dense canopies on the surface of the water, limiting the light able to reach the
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that can remain in the dormancy stage for several months. These seagrasses are generally short-lived and can recover quickly from disturbances by not
6617:"Arabinogalactan-proteins of Zostera marina L. Contain unique glycan structures and provide insight into adaptation processes to saline environments"
2015:
Red List of Threatened Species. Threats include a combination of natural factors, such as storms and disease, and anthropogenic in origin, including
680:, which occurs in brackish water, is not regarded as a "real" seagrass by all authors and has been shifted to the Cymodoceaceae by some authors. The
3694:
j. Inglis, Graeme (1999). "Variation in the recruitment behaviour of seagrass seeds: Implications for population dynamics and resource management".
6088:
Zilber-Rosenberg, I. and Rosenberg, E. (2008) "Role of microorganisms in the evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome theory of evolution".
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of Mediterranean coasts, which, among others, makes this seagrass a priority habitat of conservation. Currently, the flowering and recruitment of
8403:
1979:
arabinogalactan proteins is conserved, the glycan structures exhibit unique features suggesting a role of seagrass arabinogalactan proteins in
215:
6113:
Vandenkoornhuyse, P., Quaiser, A., Duhamel, M., Le Van, A. and Dufresne, A. (2015) "The importance of the microbiome of the plant holobiont".
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4353:"Evidences of adaptive traits to rocky substrates undermine paradigm of habitat preference of the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica"
482:
Seagrasses profoundly influence the physical, chemical, and biological environments of coastal waters. Though seagrasses provide invaluable
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5782:
Nagelkerken, I.; Roberts, C. M.; van der Velde, G.; Dorenbosch, M.; van Riel, M. C.; Cocheret de la MoriniĂšre, E.; Nienhuis, P. H. (2002).
5606:
United Nations Environment Programme (2020). Out of the blue: The value of seagrasses to the environment and to people. UNEP, Nairobi.
8243:
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Grey, William; Moffler, Mark (1987). "Flowering of the seagrass Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitacea) in the Tampa Bay, Florida area".
4775:"Photosynthetic response of Amphibolis antarctica and Posidonia australis to temperature and desiccation using chlorophyll fluorescence"
1244:. This strategy is typical of long-lived seagrasses that can form buoyant fruits with inner large non-dormant seeds, such as the genera
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in the Mediterranean by 2050. Scientists suggested that the trends they identified appear to be part of a large-scale trend worldwide.
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Vacchi, Matteo; De Falco, Giovanni; Simeone, Simone; Montefalcone, Monica; Morri, Carla; Ferrari, Marco; Bianchi, Carlo Nike (2017).
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3925:"Nitric Oxide Ameliorates Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Phytotoxicity in Wheat Seedlings: Implication of the AscorbateâGlutathione Cycle"
1711:
3506:"High levels of gene flow and low population genetic structure related to high dispersal potential of a tropical marine angiosperm"
2548:
5607:
3809:"Implications of Extreme Life Span in Clonal Organisms: Millenary Clones in Meadows of the Threatened Seagrass Posidonia oceanica"
8393:
8178:
7868:
4878:"Emergence stress and morphological constraints affect the species distribution and growth of subtropical intertidal seagrasses"
4605:"Remote estimation of aquatic light environments using machine learning: A new management tool for submerged aquatic vegetation"
1548:(partly because of their low nutritional content), but scientific reviews and improved working methods have shown that seagrass
6848:"Radically different lignin composition in Posidonia species may link to differences in organic carbon sequestration capacity"
3471:
Orth, Robert J.; Harwell, Matthew C.; Inglis, Graeme J. (2006). "Ecology of Seagrass Seeds and Seagrass Dispersal Processes".
1767:(PAR) determines the photosynthetic activity of the seagrass plant that determines how much carbon dioxide is fixed, how much
407:
three to four times from land plants back to the sea. The following characteristics can be used to define a seagrass species:
7166:
3488:
2725:
2712:
2243:
7844:
5010:"Salinity and temperature significantly influence seed germination, seedling establishment, and seedling growth of eelgrass
1595:
Seagrasses trap sediment and slow down water movement, causing suspended sediment to settle out. Trapping sediment benefits
8408:
7849:
3373:"Understanding the sexual recruitment of one of the oldest and largest organisms on Earth, the seagrass Posidonia oceanica"
3202:"Understanding the sexual recruitment of one of the oldest and largest organisms on Earth, the seagrass Posidonia oceanica"
525:
Around 140 million years ago, seagrasses evolved from early monocots which succeeded in conquering the marine environment.
126:
7100:"Inorganic nitrogen has a dominant impact on estuarine eelgrass distribution in the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada"
3755:
Kuo J, Den Hartog C. (2006) "Seagrass morphology, anatomy, and ultrastructure". In: Larkum AWD, Orth RJ, Duarte CM (Eds),
2182:
is an annual event held on March 1 to raise awareness about seagrass and its important functions in the marine ecosystem.
8506:
8368:
7472:
Xu, Shaochun; Qiao, Yongliang; Xu, Shuai; Yue, Shidong; Zhang, Yu; Liu, Mingjie; Zhang, Xiaomei; Zhou, Yi (1 June 2021).
7148:
6789:
Martone, Patrick T.; Estevez, José M.; Lu, Fachuang; Ruel, Katia; Denny, Mark W.; Somerville, Chris; Ralph, John (2009).
6572:
Classen, Birgit; Baumann, Alexander; Utermoehlen, Jon (2019). "Arabinogalactan-proteins in spore-producing land plants".
1764:
340:, and most occur in shallow and sheltered coastal waters anchored in sand or mud bottoms. Most species undergo submarine
6063:
Rosenberg, E. and Zilber-Rosenberg, I. (2016) "Microbes drive evolution of animals and plants: the hologenome concept".
7098:
Heuvel, Michael R.; Hitchcock, Jesse K.; Coffin, Michael R. S.; Pater, Christina C.; Courtenay, Simon C. (8 May 2019).
4960:"Seasonal heterogeneity in the photophysiological response to air exposure in two tropical intertidal seagrass species"
2419:
1381:
photosynthesis, in turn resulting in greater growth. Seagrasses also respond to reduced light conditions by increasing
6847:
5223:"Physiological characteristics of the seagrass Posidonia sinuosa along a depth-related gradient of light availability"
8398:
6548:
6008:
5784:"How important are mangroves and seagrass beds for coral-reef fish? The nursery hypothesis tested on an island scale"
3769:
Fonseca, Mark S.; Kenworthy, W.Judson (1987). "Effects of current on photosynthesis and distribution of seagrasses".
3580:
3175:
3096:
6430:"The Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan Proteins of Arabidopsis. A Multigene Family of Putative Cell Adhesion Molecules"
4122:"Seed nutrient content and nutritional status of Posidonia oceanica seedlings in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea"
3046:"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV"
2849:
Papenbrock, J (2012). "Highlights in seagrass' phylogeny, physiology, and metabolism: what makes them so species?".
8033:
7888:
7711:
Waycott, M, McMahon, K, & Lavery, P 2014, A guide to southern temperate seagrasses, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne
7699:
A.W.D. Larkum, R.J. Orth, and C.M. Duarte (eds). Seagrass Biology: A Treatise. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, in press.
3807:
Arnaud-Haond, Sophie; Duarte, Carlos M.; Diaz-Almela, Elena; MarbĂ , NĂșria; Sintes, Tomas; SerrĂŁo, Ester A. (2012).
2173:
1692:
5540:
Nordlund, Lina; Koch, Evamaria W.; Barbier, Edward B.; Creed, Joel C. (12 October 2016). Reinhart, Kurt O. (ed.).
2244:"On the morphology and anatomy of turtle grass, Thalassia testudinum (Hydrocharitaceae). I. Vegetative Morphology"
7810:
Seagrass-Watch - the largest scientific, non-destructive, seagrass assessment and monitoring program in the world
2074:, can result in increased seagrass productivity, high nutrient levels can also stimulate the rapid overgrowth of
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are regularly exposed to air and consequently experience extreme high and low temperatures, high photoinhibitory
1328:
1158:
2111:, where the decomposition of organic matter further decreases the amount of oxygen present in the water column.
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plant species, they are highly affected by environmental conditions that change water clarity and block light.
7863:
7204:
7187:
2899:
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2813:
2796:
2452:
2435:
7417:
Unsworth, Richard K. F.; Cullen-Unsworth, Leanne C.; Jones, Benjamin L.; Lilley, Richard J. (5 August 2022).
6020:
Douglas, A.E.; Werren, J.H. (2016) "Holes in the Hologenome: Why Host-Microbe Symbioses Are Not Holobionts".
4171:
CeldrĂĄn, David; MarĂn, Arnaldo (2011). "Photosynthetic activity of the non-dormant Posidonia oceanica seed".
2165:
6377:
Lv, Youjing; Shan, Xindi; Zhao, Xia; Cai, Chao; Zhao, Xiaoliang; Lang, Yinzhi; Zhu, He; Yu, Guangli (2015).
2107:
respiration, and smaller growth. Hypoxic conditions can eventually lead to seagrass die-off which creates a
8880:
8865:
7707:
5932:
Ugarelli, K., Chakrabarti, S., Laas, P. and Stingl, U. (2017) "The seagrass holobiont and its microbiome".
7794:
SeagrassSpotter - Citizen Science project raising awaress for seagrass meadows and mapping their locations
4604:
2046:
Seagrasses are also negatively affected by changing global climatic conditions. Increased weather events,
1946:-rich glycoprotein family, are important components of cell walls of land plants. The highly glycosylated
650:
Today, seagrasses are a polyphyletic group of marine angiosperms with around 60 species in five families (
8975:
8875:
7881:
7535:
Newmaster, AF; Berg, KJ; Ragupathy, S.; Palanisamy, M.; Sambandan, K.; Newmaster, SG (23 November 2011).
1847:
7783:
Project Seagrass - Charity advancing the conservation of seagrass through community, research and action
5387:
Beer, Sven; Rehnberg, Jon (1997). "The acquisition of inorganic carbon by the seagrass Zostera marina".
3976:"Flowering of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica in NW Mediterranean: Is there a link with solar activity?"
2039:
in the water, causing seagrass die-off. Since seagrasses have some of the highest light requirements of
149:
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8183:
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Collier, C.J.; Waycott, M. (2014). "Temperature extremes reduce seagrass growth and induce mortality".
1619:
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17:
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one would expect habitat-driven adaptation process to the new environment characterized by multiple
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conditions in the rhizosphere, differentiating it from the surrounding sediments that are usually
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to the sea. During the evolutionary step back to the ocean, different genes have been lost (e.g.,
8645:
8456:
8350:
8078:
8068:
3432:"Importance of genetic diversity in eelgrass Zostera marina for its resilience to global warming"
2108:
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conditions, which seagrasses are also highly susceptible to. Since coastal sediment is generally
2095:
2008:
1974:
to relatively small protein/peptide backbones (normally less than 10% of the molecule). Distinct
1947:
1856:
1780:
1647:
471:
221:
6310:"Biological activities of the sulfated polysaccharide from the vascular plant Halodule wrightii"
6266:
Aquino, R. S.; Landeira-Fernandez, A. M.; Valente, A. P.; Andrade, L. R.; MourĂŁo, P. A. (2004).
8471:
8461:
8163:
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https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/out-blue-value-seagrasses-environment-and-people
3126:
2063:
1618:. This system also assists in oxygenating the sediment, providing a hospitable environment for
1188:
1181:
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has shown further that adaptation to the marine habitat was accomplished by radical changes in
4958:
Petrou, K.; Jimenez-Denness, I.; Chartrand, K.; McCormack, C.; Rasheed, M.; Ralph, PJ (2013).
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composition. However the cell walls of seagrasses are not well understood. In addition to the
8890:
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8752:
8617:
8592:
8567:
8451:
8198:
7978:
7804:
6709:"Decomposition of senescent blades of the seagrass Halodule wrightii in a subtropical lagoon"
5622:
Jones, Clive G.; Lawton, John H.; Shachak, Moshe (1994). "Organisms as ecosystem engineers".
3504:
Van Dijk, JK; Van Tussenbroek, BI; Jiménez-Durån, K.; Mårquez-Guzmån, GJ; Ouborg, J. (2009).
1796:
1771:(DOC) is exuded from the leaves and root system, and how much oxygen is transported into the
1173:
1165:
889:
6531:
Ma, Yingxuan; Zeng, Wei; Bacic, Antony; Johnson, Kim (2018). "AGPs Through Time and Space".
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7805:
Nature Geoscience article describing the locations of the seagrass meadows around the world
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3517:
3443:
3384:
3325:
3278:
3213:
3001:
2748:
2629:"The Cell Wall of Seagrasses: Fascinating, Peculiar and a Blank Canvas for Future Research"
2563:
2500:
2365:"Highlights in Seagrasses' Phylogeny, Physiology, and Metabolism: What Makes Them Special?"
2278:
2152:
1871:
1755:
1717:
1699:
1678:. Charismatic fauna can also be seen visiting the seagrass habitats. These species include
1666:
1457:
1430:
1055:
487:
347:
5542:"Seagrass Ecosystem Services and Their Variability across Genera and Geographical Regions"
2739:
Knauth, L. Paul; Kennedy, Martin J. (2009). "The late Precambrian greening of the Earth".
505:. The worldwide endangering of these sea meadows, which provide food and habitat for many
474:
and depend on oxygen transport from the leaves and rhizomes but are also important in the
8:
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7998:
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2016:
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environments. There are about 60 species of fully marine seagrasses which belong to four
225:
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Restore-A-Scar - a non-profit campaign to restore seagrass meadows damaged by boat props
7743:
7489:
7434:
7369:
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7255:
7115:
7060:
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6923:
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6806:
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6724:
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6615:
Pfeifer, Lukas; Shafee, Thomas; Johnson, Kim L.; Bacic, Antony; Classen, Birgit (2020).
6182:
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which are among the most productive ecosystems in the world. They function as important
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7454:
7394:
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7287:
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7016:
6973:
6953:
6885:
6828:
6791:"Discovery of Lignin in Seaweed Reveals Convergent Evolution of Cell-Wall Architecture"
6649:
6616:
6597:
6554:
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6478:
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6378:
6207:
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Xu, Shaochun; Zhou, Yi; Wang, Pengmei; Wang, Feng; Zhang, Xiaomei; Gu, Ruiting (2016).
4858:
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2004:
1963:
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1603:
1483:/meadows can be either monospecific (made up of a single species) or in mixed beds. In
1313:
1268:
1137:
491:
416:
404:
144:
7787:
7727:
6454:
6429:
6232:"Fiber Characteristics and Papermaking of Seagrass Using Hand-beaten and Blended Pulp"
5408:
5207:
5172:
4444:
Park, Sang Rul; Kim, Sangil; Kim, Young Kyun; Kang, Chang-Keun; Lee, Kun-Seop (2016).
3348:
3313:
2059:, the majority (64%) have been documented to infer negative effects on the ecosystem.
1272:(L.) Delile is one of the oldest and largest species on Earth. An individual can form
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3290:
2990:"The genome of the seagrass Zostera marina reveals angiosperm adaptation to the sea"
2583:
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6400:
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6279:
6268:"Occurrence of sulfated galactans in marine angiosperms: Evolutionary implications"
6248:
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6202:
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6147:
6122:
6097:
6072:
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Nordlund, L. M.; Unsworth, R. K. F.; Gullstrom, M.; Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. (2018).
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4446:"Photoacclimatory Responses of Zostera marina in the Intertidal and Subtidal Zones"
4426:
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3828:
3786:
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3703:
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3560:
3555:
Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change, ed. (2014). "Summary for Policymakers".
3535:
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3392:
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Verhandl. der Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde
6585:
6540:
5945:
3974:
Montefalcone, M.; Giovannetti, E.; Morri, C.; Peirano, A.; Bianchi, C. N. (2013).
3503:
1599:
by reducing sediment loads, improving photosynthesis for both coral and seagrass.
8855:
8822:
8683:
8635:
8511:
8486:
8295:
8248:
8173:
8018:
8003:
7798:
7537:"Local Knowledge and Conservation of Seagrasses in the Tamil Nadu State of India"
7068:
5624:
5566:
4470:
3833:
3564:
3397:
3226:
2699:. Systematics Association Special Volumes. Vol. 20020544. pp. 431â458.
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1967:
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1820:
1807:
1615:
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1204:
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909:
contains a single genus with two to nine marine species found in the seas of the
627:
530:
509:, prompts the need for protection and understanding of these valuable resources.
376:
351:, which carries out a mixed biotic-abiotic strategy. Crustaceans (such as crabs,
333:
310:
255:
187:
7595:
7263:
7238:
Burkholder, JoAnn M.; Tomasko, David A.; Touchette, Brant W. (9 November 2007).
5443:
5342:
Beer, Sven (1989). "Photosynthesis and photorespiration of marine angiosperms".
5328:
5293:
3480:
1584:. Some fish species that visit/feed on seagrasses raise their young in adjacent
1276:
measuring nearly 15 km wide and can be hundreds to thousands of years old.
486:
by acting as breeding and nursery ground for a variety of organisms and promote
8719:
8673:
8668:
8640:
8607:
8476:
8335:
8263:
8253:
8103:
8048:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7288:"Seagrass meadows (Posidonia oceanica) distribution and trajectories of change"
6974:"Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems"
6640:
6190:
5955:
5137:
5060:
4515:"Daily variation patterns in seagrass photosynthesis along a vertical gradient"
4500:
4430:
4273:
3256:
3143:
2704:
2675:
2489:"Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems"
2393:
2103:
2051:
2047:
2024:
1980:
1971:
1943:
1896:
1877:
1671:
1552:
is an important link in the food chain, feeding hundreds of species, including
1489:
1368:
1334:
1301:
1238:
993:
587:
582:
533:(angiosperms), the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf or
506:
453:
259:
174:
135:
7377:
6931:
6815:
6790:
6151:
6051:
4735:
4689:
4192:
2267:"Experimental evidence of pollination in marine flowers by invertebrate fauna"
2122:, 18%-38% reduction in the Northern Mediterranean basin, 19%-30% reduction on
1119:
967:, includes only marine species. Some taxonomists do not recognize this family.
8959:
8933:
8827:
8792:
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8688:
8663:
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8158:
8133:
7983:
7946:
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7505:
7385:
7319:
7271:
7213:
7158:
7133:
7076:
7007:
6949:
6428:
Johnson, Kim L.; Jones, Brian J.; Bacic, Antony; Schultz, Carolyn J. (2003).
6198:
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5527:
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3165:
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2461:
2330:
2298:
2211:
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2012:
1623:
1402:
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905:
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360:
287:
279:
267:
200:
84:
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7442:
7353:
6998:
6284:
6267:
5980:
4919:"Photosynthetic tolerances to desiccation of tropical intertidal seagrasses"
3941:
3338:
3314:"Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity"
2513:
8919:
8698:
8678:
8582:
8320:
8203:
8123:
8083:
8073:
8043:
7845:
Seagrass Science and Management in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand
7767:
7580:
7553:
7513:
7450:
7403:
7337:
7025:
6824:
6693:
6658:
6593:
6512:
6463:
6414:
6363:
6293:
6216:
5750:
5593:
5514:
5049:
4489:
4394:
4055:
3960:
3852:
3675:
3632:
3614:
3416:
3357:
3298:
3245:
3023:
2969:
2768:
2688:
2664:
2532:
2316:
2123:
2087:
1939:
1828:
1703:
1661:
1652:
1553:
1537:
1480:
1445:
1441:
1081:
1045:
749:
575:
495:
7418:
6494:
6445:
6230:
Syed, Nurul Farahin Nur; Zakaria, Muta Harah; Bujang, Japar Sidik (2016).
6076:
6033:
5707:
5094:
2381:
2364:
1452:
1363:
8832:
8807:
8802:
8772:
8555:
8531:
8496:
8305:
8208:
8128:
8088:
7941:
6477:
Ellis, Miriam; Egelund, Jack; Schultz, Carolyn J.; Bacic, Antony (2010).
5781:
4581:
4549:
4296:
4236:
4215:
3554:
3127:"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"
2936:"The Genome of a Southern Hemisphere Seagrass Species (Zostera muelleri)"
2264:
2196:
2191:
2139:
2134:
the main reason for regression was due to human activity such as illegal
2102:, seagrass must supply oxygen to their below-ground roots either through
2091:
1924:
1920:
1824:
1772:
1631:
1502:
1422:
1382:
1356:
1305:
1293:
1200:
1064:
927:
837:
782:
724:
711:
704:
651:
556:
544:
423:
384:
380:
341:
337:
329:
283:
271:
210:
59:
6880:
6750:"Retention of lignin in seagrasses:angiosperms that returned to the sea"
5832:
4637:
4282:
4156:
4014:
3014:
2989:
2951:
2760:
2290:
1827:(periphery of the roots), the endosphere (inside plant tissue), and the
1332:
Morphological and photoacclimatory responses of intertidal and subtidal
847:
8812:
8747:
8536:
8516:
8300:
8273:
8058:
7971:
6940:
6846:
Kaal, Joeri; Serrano, Oscar; Del RĂo, JosĂ© C.; Rencoret, Jorge (2018).
6774:
6749:
6733:
6708:
6395:
5896:
5875:
5818:
5808:
5783:
5653:
5478:
5030:
4994:
4957:
4943:
4918:
4902:
4877:
4854:
4799:
4774:
4539:
4514:
4328:
4046:
3572:
2822:
2201:
2075:
2071:
2040:
1912:
1900:
1792:
1743:
1589:
1577:
1529:
1525:
1352:
986:
873:
667:
631:
601:
598:
567:
400:
388:
369:
104:
69:
8928:
7350:
7311:
7124:
7099:
6355:
6265:
6126:
5859:
5834:
5257:
5247:
5222:
4986:
4809:
4768:
4766:
4376:
4319:
4146:
4121:
3802:
3800:
3540:
3530:
3505:
3456:
3431:
3371:
Guerrero-Meseguer, Laura; Sanz-LĂĄzaro, Carlos; MarĂn, Arnaldo (2018).
3200:
Guerrero-Meseguer, Laura; Sanz-LĂĄzaro, Carlos; MarĂn, Arnaldo (2018).
3062:
3045:
1544:. Few species were originally considered to feed directly on seagrass
821:
608:
genes) or have been reduced (e.g., genes involved in the synthesis of
8837:
8742:
8526:
8290:
8283:
8258:
8168:
7873:
7678:
Larkum, Anthony W.D., Robert J. Orth, and Carlos M. Duarte (Editors)
5728:
3992:
3975:
3896:
3867:
3707:
2036:
1955:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1886:
1852:
1813:
1760:
1739:
1549:
1521:
1509:
1484:
1309:
1246:
1241:
1221:
1209:
1192:
1012:
936:
914:
856:
720:
613:
609:
534:
517:
464:
445:
412:
314:
109:
53:
6163:
5874:
Unsworth, R. K. F.; Nordlund, L. M.; Cullen-Unsworth, L. C. (2019).
5645:
5506:
5470:
4846:
4250:
1970:(normally over 90% of the molecule) which are covalently linked via
1839:
was dominated by the presence of sugars like sucrose and phenolics.
1763:
are related to processes in the carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles.
1029:
740:
8787:
8143:
8138:
8063:
4763:
4667:
3973:
3797:
3595:
2206:
2135:
2114:
Possible seagrass population trajectories have been studied in the
2079:
2067:
2032:
1784:
1585:
1541:
1494:
1215:
1196:
1161:
1038:
719:, includes two genera containing 14 marine species. It is found in
619:
605:
571:
475:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
7793:
7782:
7416:
5913:
4407:
3806:
1831:(total above-ground surface area). The microbial community in the
730:
waters, with the highest diversity located around Korea and Japan.
543:
evolved perhaps as early as 450 million years ago from a group of
8797:
8757:
8727:
8705:
8325:
8113:
8013:
7834:
7685:
Orth, Robert J. et al. "A Global Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems"
7284:
7233:
7231:
7041:
5954:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
5059:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
4499:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3865:
3370:
3255:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
3199:
2674:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
2545:
2392:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1987:
1986:
Further components of secondary walls of plants are cross-linked
1908:
1627:
1611:
1561:
1533:
1498:
1252:
1227:
830:
775:
727:
684:
and The Plant List Webpage do not share this family assignment.
526:
460:
449:
441:
353:
322:
306:
114:
89:
31:
8546:
7916:
7809:
7534:
5457:
O'Leary, Marion H. (1988). "Carbon Isotopes in Photosynthesis".
1907:
However, the cell walls of some seagrasses are characterised by
1759:
The most important interconnected processes within the seagrass
1487:
areas, usually one or a few species dominate (like the eelgrass
139:â the most abundant seagrass species in the Northern Hemisphere
8782:
8108:
7814:
6479:"Arabinogalactan-Proteins: Key Regulators at the Cell Surface?"
5873:
2127:
2119:
1991:
1975:
1928:
1675:
1557:
1513:
676:
366:
7819:
7228:
2176:
and socio-cultural practices to evolve conservation policies.
1962:. They are structurally characterised by large polysaccharide
1157:
Seagrass populations are currently threatened by a variety of
612:) and others have been regained, such as in genes involved in
7839:
5950:
5055:
4495:
4119:
3312:
Reusch, T. B. H.; Ehlers, A.; Hammerli, A.; Worm, B. (2005).
3251:
2670:
2388:
2161:
2157:
2131:
1776:
1596:
1569:
318:
161:
7184:
7045:"Extinction risk assessment of the world's seagrass species"
6671:
6306:
5115:
4120:
Balestri, E.; Gobert, S.; Lepoint, G.; Lardicci, C. (2009).
2879:
2549:"Extinction risk assessment of the world's seagrass species"
2432:
1003:
440:
The seagrass species have specialized leaves with a reduced
8278:
6970:
6340:
3113:
http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Ruppiaceae/Ruppia/
2485:
1959:
1951:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1545:
1517:
1316:
themselves to rocky sediments. However, many factors about
302:
7237:
7097:
6845:
4602:
4351:
Badalamenti, Fabio; Alagna, Adriana; Fici, Silvio (2015).
3166:
Waycott, Michelle; McMahon, Kathryn; Lavery, Paul (2014).
3125:
Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Byng, James W. (20 May 2016).
2724:
harvtxt error: no target: CITEREFCronkBatemanHawkins2002 (
1602:
Although often overlooked, seagrasses provide a number of
766:
670:), which belong to the order Alismatales according to the
8340:
8330:
7205:
10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:AGCFSE]2.0.CO;2
6614:
6571:
5306:
5072:
4713:
2900:
10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:AGCFSE]2.0.CO;2
2814:
10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:AGCFSE]2.0.CO;2
2453:
10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[987:AGCFSE]2.0.CO;2
1664:
also reside in seagrass habitats including bay scallops (
1512:, and can harbor hundreds of associated species from all
294:
which recolonised the ocean 70 to 100 million years ago.
6476:
6427:
5539:
5421:
5220:
3921:
3645:
3311:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
2224:: contains the global distribution of seagrasses dataset
1775:. Oxygen transportation into the rhizosphere alters the
1176:. By forming new individuals, seagrasses increase their
7722:
7661:. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. 298 pp.
6003:; Margulis, L., Fester, R.(Eds.), Cambridge MIT Press.
5491:
5221:
Collier, CJ; Lavery, PS; Ralph, PJ; Masini, RJ (2008).
3603:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1164:. The ability of seagrasses to cope with environmental
5956:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
5876:"Seagrass meadows support global fisheries production"
5061:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
4501:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
4076:
3257:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2676:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2394:
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
7037:
7035:
5867:
5826:
4350:
3184:
2987:
2405:
Larkum A. W. D., R. J. Orth, and C. M. Duarte (2006)
6788:
3111:
The Plant List (2020). Ruppia. Available online at:
2035:
either physically destroy seagrass beds or increase
4566:
3720:
2720:
2241:
1497:beds usually are more diverse, with up to thirteen
7244:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
7032:
6530:
5835:"Global significance of seagrass fishery activity"
5621:
5424:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
5309:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
5274:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
5153:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
2932:
317:; many species superficially resemble terrestrial
7869:Fisheries Western Australia - Seagrass Fact Sheet
6229:
5769:Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission
5185:
3470:
2062:Another major cause of seagrass disappearance is
1184:new areas and to adapt to environmental changes.
383:and provide habitats and food for a diversity of
301:stems from the many species with long and narrow
8957:
7820:SeagrassNet - global seagrass monitoring program
7668:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 298 pp.
6747:
6001:Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation
4916:
3768:
3557:Climate Change 2013 - the Physical Science Basis
3429:
3124:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
1911:polysaccharides, which is a common attribute of
7147:Hemminga, Marten A.; Duarte, Carlos M. (2000).
6978:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5928:
5926:
4917:Björk, M.; Uku, J.; Weil, A.; Beer, S. (1999).
3917:
3915:
3318:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2622:
2493:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2331:"39 Ways to Save the Planet - Sublime Seagrass"
1283:play important roles in the maintenance of the
426:takes place underwater with specialized pollen.
7689:December 2006 / Vol. 56 No. 12, Pages 987â996.
7146:
6261:
6259:
5007:
4772:
4443:
3268:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
399:Seagrasses are a paraphyletic group of marine
8179:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
7889:
7680:Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation
7419:"The planetary role of seagrass conservation"
7354:"Global challenges for seagrass conservation"
6376:
5693:
4875:
3757:Seagrasses: Biology, Ecology and Conservation
3689:
3687:
3685:
2738:
2481:
2479:
2349:
566:Other plants that colonised the sea, such as
6706:
5923:
5386:
4709:
4707:
4562:
4560:
4213:
4170:
3912:
3473:Seagrasses: Biology, Ecologyand Conservation
3085:Wilkin, Paul; Mayo, Simon J. (30 May 2013).
2983:
2981:
2979:
2126:coasts since the 1960s and 23% reduction in
494:. Seagrass loss and degradation of seagrass
8244:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
7864:Seagrass Productivity - COST Action ES0906
7471:
7180:
7178:
6256:
5666:
5456:
4512:
2687:
2599:
2407:Seagrass: Biology, Ecology and Conservation
1997:
7896:
7882:
7801:overview from the Smithsonian Ocean Portal
7692:Short, F.T. & Coles, R.G.(eds). 2001.
7657:Green, E.P. & Short, F.T.(eds). 2003.
6901:
6899:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6167:"Sugars dominate the seagrass rhizosphere"
5271:
3682:
3430:Ehlers, A.; Worm, B.; Reusch, TBH (2008).
3084:
2928:
2926:
2848:
2697:Developmental Genetics and Plant Evolution
2693:"Evolutionary history of the monocot leaf"
2476:
2362:
1859:structures from left to right: red algae:
1323:
125:
7825:The Seagrass Fund at The Ocean Foundation
7570:
7552:
7541:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
7393:
7327:
7246:. The Biology and Ecology of Seagrasses.
7203:
7188:"A Global Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems"
7153:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7123:
7015:
6997:
6939:
6879:
6814:
6773:
6748:Klap, VA; Hemminga, MA; Boon, JJ (2000).
6732:
6648:
6502:
6453:
6404:
6394:
6325:
6283:
6247:
6206:
5895:
5858:
5817:
5807:
5583:
5565:
5256:
5246:
5150:
5039:
5029:
4942:
4901:
4808:
4798:
4704:
4636:
4557:
4548:
4538:
4479:
4469:
4384:
4327:
4281:
4235:
4155:
4145:
4045:
3991:
3950:
3940:
3895:
3842:
3832:
3693:
3622:
3539:
3529:
3455:
3406:
3396:
3347:
3337:
3235:
3225:
3142:
3061:
3013:
2976:
2959:
2898:
2883:"A Global Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems"
2812:
2797:"A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems"
2654:
2644:
2522:
2512:
2451:
2436:"A Global Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems"
2380:
2306:
2050:, and higher temperatures as a result of
1508:Seagrass beds are diverse and productive
1401:to achieve high level production. Marine
1237:sp.). In contrast, other seagrasses form
309:extension and often spread across large "
7175:
4756:Hemminga M. A. and Durate C. M. (2000)
3168:A Guide to Southern Temperate Seagrasses
3050:Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society
2851:International Scholarly Research Network
2627:Pfeifer, Lukas; Classen, Birgit (2020).
1846:
1754:
1451:
1440:
1362:
1327:
1130:
1118:
516:
7673:The Biology of Mangroves and Seagrasses
6896:
6519:
4214:CeldrĂĄn, David; MarĂn, Arnaldo (2013).
3868:"Biogeomorphology of the Mediterranean
2988:Olsen, Jeanine L.; et al. (2016).
2923:
1738:Underwater footage of seagrass meadow,
1397:Seagrasses assimilate large amounts of
1153:Seagrass meadow § Movement ecology
1149:Seagrass meadow § Using propagules
559:) evolved from a single lineage of the
27:Plants that grow in marine environments
14:
8958:
7903:
7696:. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam. 473 pp.
7664:Hemminga, M.A. & Duarte, C. 2000.
7593:
6905:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2732:
2094:caused by eutrophication also lead to
1750:
1614:which stabilizes sediment and reduces
429:The seeds which are dispersed by both
8432:
8431:
7915:
7877:
7726:; Unsworth, Richard (3 August 2018).
7636:
5909:
5907:
5617:
5615:
3876:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
1801:
1114:
5341:
5118:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
4832:
4411:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
4254:Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
3599:"The movement ecology of seagrasses"
2794:
1292:development. In the first months of
597:has given a better understanding of
463:or underground stem is important in
8507:Oceanic physical-biological process
8369:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
6342:Marine Phanerogam Zostera marina".
6314:Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia
5493:marine macroalgae and seagrasses".
2837:
2783:
2721:Cronk, Bateman & Hawkins (2002)
2143:lead to a functional extinction of
1765:Photosynthetically active radiation
1436:
1296:, when leaf development is scarce,
1143:dispersion, adhesion and settlement
24:
5904:
5687:
5612:
1080:
1054:
1028:
1002:
976:
926:
872:
846:
820:
765:
739:
25:
8992:
7716:
5997:"Symbiogenesis and Symbionticism"
5528:Seagrass-Watch: What is seagrass?
4773:Seddon, S.; Cheshire, AC (2001).
3088:Early Events in Monocot Evolution
1516:, for example juvenile and adult
1405:, including seagrass, use both CO
1191:strategies. Some seagrasses form
1135:The sexual recruitment stages of
375:Seagrasses form dense underwater
8940:
8939:
8927:
8913:
8545:
8217:
8034:Colored dissolved organic matter
7728:"A call for seagrass protection"
7694:Global Seagrass Research Methods
7606:
7587:
7528:
7465:
7410:
7344:
7278:
7140:
7091:
6964:
6908:"The future of seagrass meadows"
6872:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2018.07.017
6839:
6782:
6741:
6700:
6686:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01591.x
6665:
6608:
6565:
6470:
6421:
6370:
6334:
6300:
6223:
6157:
6102:10.1111/j.1574-6976.2008.00123.x
5949:
5054:
4876:Tanaka, Y.; Nakaoka, M. (2004).
4609:Science of the Total Environment
4494:
4099:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01260.x
3250:
2669:
2387:
2174:traditional ecological knowledge
2166:UN Sustainable Development Goals
1938:In addition to polysaccharides,
1725:
1710:
1691:
1493:in the North Atlantic), whereas
1308:development by forming adhesive
148:
57:
8379:Latin America and the Caribbean
7675:(Oxford University Press, 2007)
7594:Mohsin, Haroon (24 June 2022).
7498:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112261
7240:"Seagrasses and eutrophication"
6906:Duarte, Carlos M. (June 2002).
6707:Opsahl, S.; Benner, R. (1993).
6327:10.1590/S0102-695X2011005000199
6140:Current Opinion in Microbiology
6132:
6107:
6082:
6057:
6039:
6014:
5986:
5961:
5775:
5757:
5743:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.038
5722:
5660:
5600:
5533:
5521:
5485:
5450:
5415:
5380:
5370:
5335:
5300:
5265:
5214:
5179:
5144:
5109:
5066:
5001:
4951:
4910:
4869:
4826:
4817:
4750:
4661:
4629:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146886
4596:
4506:
4437:
4401:
4344:
4290:
4244:
4207:
4164:
4113:
4070:
4038:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.037
4008:
3967:
3859:
3762:
3749:
3714:
3668:10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.08.010
3639:
3589:
3548:
3497:
3464:
3423:
3364:
3305:
3291:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.03.050
3262:
3159:
3118:
3105:
3078:
3038:
2873:
2857:
2681:
2590:
1720:, often found in seagrass areas
1464:) and an immature queen conch (
1376:In contrast, seagrasses in the
920:Species subtotal: 2 to 9
623:
8861:Ecological values of mangroves
8404:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
6754:Marine Ecology Progress Series
6713:Marine Ecology Progress Series
6249:10.15376/biores.11.2.5358-5380
6171:Nature Ecology & Evolution
5788:Marine Ecology Progress Series
5227:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4967:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4923:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4882:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4779:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4519:Marine Ecology Progress Series
4513:Silva, J.; Santos, R. (2003).
4216:"Seed photosynthesis enhances
4126:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3510:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3436:Marine Ecology Progress Series
3115:(accessed September 22, 2020).
3091:. Cambridge University Press.
2539:
2426:
2412:
2399:
2323:
2258:
2235:
1347:techniques. Seagrasses in the
913:and around the south coast of
13:
1:
7855:- special issue on seagrasses
7704:Science for Conservation 269.
6586:10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.01.077
6541:10.1002/9781119312994.apr0608
5946:10.3390/microorganisms5040081
5409:10.1016/S0304-3770(96)01109-6
5208:10.1016/S0304-3770(99)00035-2
5173:10.1016/S0022-0981(96)02720-7
4760:. Cambridge University Press.
3648:Marine Environmental Research
2228:
1842:
241:
8881:Marine conservation activism
8866:Fisheries and climate change
7645:The Sea-grasses of the World
7069:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.010
5681:10.1016/0304-3770(78)90068-2
5567:10.1371/journal.pone.0163091
5364:10.1016/0304-3770(89)90054-5
4471:10.1371/journal.pone.0156214
3980:Mediterranean Marine Science
3834:10.1371/journal.pone.0030454
3791:10.1016/0304-3770(87)90086-6
3743:10.1016/0304-3770(90)90072-S
3696:Pacific Conservation Biology
3565:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
3398:10.1371/journal.pone.0207345
3227:10.1371/journal.pone.0207345
2576:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.010
2409:, Springer, The Netherlands.
2242:Tomlinson and Vargo (1966).
1606:. Seagrasses are considered
1187:Seagrasses have contrasting
1172:, which is obtained through
1168:depends, to some extent, on
512:
34:, plant-like algae, or with
7:
8876:Human impact on marine life
8753:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
7989:Aquatic population dynamics
7264:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.024
6533:Annual Plant Reviews online
6344:Journal of Natural Products
5917:Frontiers in Marine Science
5444:10.1016/j.jembe.2004.11.010
5329:10.1016/j.jembe.2009.03.010
5294:10.1016/j.jembe.2007.06.016
3481:10.1007/978-1-4020-2983-7_5
2185:
1620:sediment-dwelling organisms
1385:content and decreasing the
1107:Total species:
695:
692:
645:
638:(high amounts of salt) and
394:
290:). Seagrasses evolved from
10:
8997:
7835:World Seagrass Association
7799:Seagrass and Seagrass Beds
7724:Cullen-Unsworth, Leanne C.
7618:World Seagrass Association
7104:Limnology and Oceanography
6912:Environmental Conservation
6641:10.1038/s41598-020-65135-5
6191:10.1038/s41559-022-01740-z
5138:10.1016/j.ecss.2007.02.014
4431:10.1016/j.ecss.2013.01.009
4274:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.01.002
3929:Frontiers in Plant Science
3144:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1
2795:Orth; et al. (2006).
2705:10.1201/9781420024982.ch23
2633:Frontiers in Plant Science
2363:Papenbrock, Jutta (2012).
2248:Bulletin of Marine Science
1884:
1805:
1790:
1622:. Seagrasses also enhance
1473:
1180:and thus their ability to
1146:
672:Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
501:Seagrasses form important
29:
8907:
8846:
8718:
8654:
8616:
8563:
8554:
8543:
8492:Marine primary production
8444:
8440:
8427:
8386:List of marine ecoregions
8361:
8226:
8215:
7929:
7925:
7911:
7659:World Atlas of Seagrasses
7478:Marine Pollution Bulletin
7378:10.1007/s13280-018-1115-y
6932:10.1017/S0376892902000127
6816:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.031
6152:10.1016/j.mib.2017.07.001
6090:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
6052:10.1128/mSystems.00028-16
5969:FEMS microbiology letters
5731:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4736:10.1007/s00227-012-2087-2
4690:10.1007/s00227-003-1038-3
4193:10.1007/s00227-010-1612-4
4018:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3872:oceanicaseagrass meadows"
3271:Marine Pollution Bulletin
2130:in the past 50 years. In
1861:Botryocladia occidentalis
1195:of small seeds with hard
1105:
970:Species subtotal:
956:
951:
902:
897:
814:Species subtotal:
795:
790:
733:Species subtotal:
708:
703:
529:are grass and grass-like
470:The roots can live in an
237:
232:
145:Scientific classification
143:
133:
124:
45:
8738:Coastal biogeomorphology
8733:Marine coastal ecosystem
7159:10.1017/cbo9780511525551
5495:Functional Plant Biology
4220:oceanicaseedling growth"
3759:, Springer, pages 51â87.
2691:; Buzgo, Matyas (2002).
2646:10.3389/fpls.2020.588754
1998:Threats and conservation
1948:arabinogalactan proteins
1769:dissolved organic carbon
1456:Seagrass bed with dense
437:are produced underwater.
30:Not to be confused with
8646:Paradox of the plankton
8457:Diel vertical migration
8351:Freshwater swamp forest
8069:GIS and aquatic science
7917:General components and
7752:10.1126/science.aat7318
7443:10.1126/science.abq6923
7049:Biological Conservation
6999:10.1073/pnas.0905620106
3942:10.3389/fpls.2017.00001
3339:10.1073/pnas.0500008102
2556:Biological Conservation
2514:10.1073/pnas.0905620106
2109:positive feedback cycle
1931:polysaccharides called
1857:Sulfated polysaccharide
1855:from marine organisms.
1851:Structures of sulfated
1648:Mycteroperca microlepis
1324:Intertidal and subtidal
8472:Large marine ecosystem
8164:Shoaling and schooling
7830:Taxonomy of seagrasses
7554:10.1186/1746-4269-7-37
5882:. e12566 (1): e12566.
3615:10.1098/rspb.2014.0878
2082:in shallow water, and
2064:coastal eutrophication
1882:
1788:
1471:
1449:
1448:with several echinoids
1373:
1339:
1144:
1128:
1085:
1059:
1033:
1007:
981:
931:
877:
851:
825:
770:
744:
522:
387:comparable to that of
8891:Marine protected area
8818:Salt pannes and pools
8593:Marine larval ecology
8568:Census of Marine Life
8452:Deep scattering layer
8409:San Francisco Estuary
8374:Africa and Madagascar
8199:Underwater camouflage
7979:Aquatic biomonitoring
7919:freshwater ecosystems
7790:Project Regeneration.
7643:den Hartog, C. 1970.
6574:Carbohydrate Polymers
6495:10.1104/pp.110.156000
6446:10.1104/pp.103.031237
6285:10.1093/glycob/cwh138
6077:10.1128/mBio.01395-15
6034:10.1128/mBio.02099-15
5981:10.1093/femsle/fnz057
5708:10.1515/bot-2016-0080
5530:Retrieved 2012-11-16.
5095:10.1007/s002270000433
4079:Global Change Biology
2271:Nature Communications
1903:land plants, such as
1850:
1797:marine microorganisms
1791:Further information:
1758:
1718:White-spotted puffers
1455:
1444:
1431:carbon isotope ratios
1387:chlorophyll a/b ratio
1366:
1331:
1134:
1122:
1084:
1058:
1032:
1006:
980:
930:
876:
850:
824:
769:
743:
674:IV System. The genus
520:
38:, a terrestrial plant
8626:Marine bacteriophage
8588:Marine invertebrates
7859:Cambodian Seagrasses
7614:"World Seagrass Day"
7596:"World Seagrass Day"
6852:Organic Geochemistry
6535:. pp. 767â804.
4582:10.1515/BOT.2005.037
4237:10.1890/ES13-00104.1
3475:. pp. 111â133.
3170:. CSIRO Publishing.
1872:Echinometra lucunter
1700:Thalassia testudinum
1667:Argopecten irradians
1462:Thalassia testudinum
715:, also known as the
488:commercial fisheries
348:Thalassia testudinum
282:), all in the order
8502:Ocean fertilization
8311:Trophic state index
8269:Lake stratification
7999:Aquatic respiration
7744:2018Sci...361..446C
7490:2021MarPB.16712261X
7435:2022Sci...377..609U
7370:2019Ambio..48..801U
7304:2015NatSR...512505T
7256:2007JEMBE.350...46B
7116:2019LimOc..64.2313H
7061:2011BCons.144.1961S
6990:2009PNAS..10612377W
6984:(30): 12377â12381.
6924:2002EnvCo..29..192D
6864:2018OrGeo.124..247K
6807:2009CBio...19..169M
6766:2000MEPS..194....1K
6725:1993MEPS...94..191O
6633:2020NatSR..10.8232P
6183:2022NatEE...6..866S
5888:2019ConL...12E2566U
5851:2018AqFF...19..399N
5800:2002MEPS..244..299N
5638:1994Oikos..69..373J
5558:2016PLoSO..1163091M
5436:2005JEMBE.317...87S
5401:1997AqBot..56..277B
5356:1989AqBot..34..153B
5321:2009JEMBE.373...87N
5286:2007JEMBE.350..144L
5239:2008MEPS..353...65C
5200:1999AqBot..65..105L
5165:1997JEMBE.210...53L
5130:2007ECSS...73..551C
5087:2000MarBi.137..755S
4979:2013MEPS..482...93P
4935:1999MEPS..191..121B
4894:2004MEPS..284..117T
4791:2001MEPS..220..119S
4728:2013MarBi.160..285O
4682:2003MarBi.142.1219D
4621:2021ScTEn.78246886P
4531:2003MEPS..257...37S
4462:2016PLoSO..1156214P
4423:2013ECSS..119..119A
4369:2015NatSR...5E8804B
4312:2017ResEc..25..453G
4300:Restoration Ecology
4266:2015ECSS..154..205B
4185:2011MarBi.158..853C
4138:2009MEPS..388...99B
4091:2007GCBio..13..224D
4030:2018MarPB.134...49R
3888:2017ESPL...42...42V
3825:2012PLoSO...730454A
3783:1987AqBot..27...59F
3735:1990AqBot..37..229K
3660:2016MarER.120..214S
3522:2009MEPS..390...67V
3448:2008MEPS..355....1E
3389:2018PLoSO..1307345G
3330:2005PNAS..102.2826R
3283:2014MarPB..83..483C
3218:2018PLoSO..1307345G
3015:10.1038/nature16548
3006:2016Natur.530..331O
2952:10.1104/pp.16.00868
2761:10.1038/nature08213
2753:2009Natur.460..728K
2568:2011BCons.144.1961S
2505:2009PNAS..10612377W
2499:(30): 12377â12381.
2382:10.5402/2012/103892
2291:10.1038/ncomms12980
2283:2016NatCo...712980V
2017:habitat destruction
1915:from the groups of
1812:The concept of the
1751:Seagrass microbiome
1680:West Indian manatee
1608:ecosystem engineers
1170:genetic variability
478:transfer processes.
419:, and nowhere else.
336:, in the submerged
332:plants, seagrasses
8976:Plant common names
8768:Intertidal wetland
8763:Intertidal ecology
8631:Marine prokaryotes
8573:Deep-sea community
8467:Iron fertilization
8390:Specific examples
8316:Upland and lowland
8234:Freshwater biology
8099:Microbial food web
8009:Aquatic toxicology
7952:Aquatic adaptation
7905:Aquatic ecosystems
7637:Further references
7292:Scientific Reports
6775:10.3354/meps194001
6734:10.3354/meps094191
6621:Scientific Reports
6396:10.3390/md13063710
5897:10.1111/conl.12566
5839:Fish and Fisheries
5809:10.3354/meps244299
5031:10.7717/peerj.2697
4944:10.3354/meps191121
4903:10.3354/meps284117
4800:10.3354/meps220119
4540:10.3354/meps257037
4357:Scientific Reports
2180:World Seagrass Day
2146:Posidonia oceanica
1883:
1802:Seagrass holobiont
1789:
1604:ecosystem services
1472:
1450:
1374:
1340:
1269:Posidonia oceanica
1174:sexual recruitment
1145:
1138:Posidonia oceanica
1129:
1125:Posidonia oceanica
1115:Sexual recruitment
1086:
1060:
1034:
1008:
982:
932:
878:
852:
826:
808:Canadian waterweed
771:
745:
620:Genome information
585:of the genomes of
563:flowering plants.
541:Terrestrial plants
523:
503:coastal ecosystems
484:ecosystem services
472:anoxic environment
417:marine environment
292:terrestrial plants
8981:Roofing materials
8953:
8952:
8934:Oceans portal
8903:
8902:
8899:
8898:
8778:Hydrothermal vent
8714:
8713:
8603:Seashore wildlife
8434:Marine ecosystems
8423:
8422:
8419:
8418:
8189:Thermal pollution
8154:Ramsar Convention
8094:Microbial ecology
8054:Fisheries science
7994:Aquatic predation
7738:(6401): 446â448.
7429:(6606): 609â613.
7312:10.1038/srep12505
7168:978-0-521-66184-3
7125:10.1002/lno.11185
6356:10.1021/np100092c
6127:10.1111/nph.13312
5860:10.1111/faf.12259
5248:10.3354/meps07171
4987:10.3354/meps10229
4377:10.1038/srep08804
4320:10.1111/rec.12438
4147:10.3354/meps08104
3559:. pp. 1â30.
3531:10.3354/meps08190
3490:978-1-4020-2942-4
3457:10.3354/meps07369
3063:10.1111/boj.12385
3000:(7590): 331â335.
2865:Systematic Botany
2747:(7256): 728â732.
2714:978-0-415-25790-9
2222:Ocean Data Viewer
2116:Mediterranean sea
1933:apiogalacturonans
1895:contain the same
1733:
1684:green sea turtles
1657:spotted sea trout
1178:genetic diversity
1112:
1111:
286:(in the clade of
249:
248:
228:
16:(Redirected from
8988:
8943:
8942:
8936:
8932:
8931:
8922:
8920:Lakes portal
8918:
8917:
8916:
8886:Marine pollution
8578:Deep-water coral
8561:
8560:
8549:
8482:Marine chemistry
8442:
8441:
8429:
8428:
8346:Freshwater marsh
8239:Freshwater biome
8221:
7937:Acoustic ecology
7927:
7926:
7913:
7912:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7875:
7874:
7779:
7682:(Springer, 2006)
7666:Seagrass Ecology
7630:
7629:
7627:
7625:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7574:
7556:
7532:
7526:
7525:
7469:
7463:
7462:
7414:
7408:
7407:
7397:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7331:
7282:
7276:
7275:
7235:
7226:
7225:
7207:
7182:
7173:
7172:
7150:Seagrass Ecology
7144:
7138:
7137:
7127:
7110:(6): 2313â2327.
7095:
7089:
7088:
7055:(7): 1961â1971.
7039:
7030:
7029:
7019:
7001:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6943:
6903:
6894:
6893:
6883:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6818:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6652:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6528:
6517:
6516:
6506:
6483:Plant Physiology
6474:
6468:
6467:
6457:
6440:(4): 1911â1925.
6434:Plant Physiology
6425:
6419:
6418:
6408:
6398:
6389:(6): 3710â3731.
6374:
6368:
6367:
6350:(6): 1087â1092.
6338:
6332:
6331:
6329:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6287:
6263:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6210:
6161:
6155:
6136:
6130:
6121:(4): 1196-1206.
6111:
6105:
6086:
6080:
6061:
6055:
6043:
6037:
6018:
6012:
5990:
5984:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5930:
5921:
5920:
5911:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5811:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5761:
5755:
5754:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5664:
5658:
5657:
5619:
5610:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5587:
5569:
5552:(10): e0163091.
5537:
5531:
5525:
5519:
5518:
5489:
5483:
5482:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5395:(3â4): 277â283.
5384:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5350:(1â3): 153â166.
5339:
5333:
5332:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5280:(1â2): 144â175.
5269:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5250:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5194:(1â4): 105â121.
5183:
5177:
5176:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5124:(3â4): 551â562.
5113:
5107:
5106:
5081:(5â6): 755â761.
5070:
5064:
5058:
5053:
5043:
5033:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4964:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4802:
4770:
4761:
4758:Seagrass ecology
4754:
4748:
4747:
4711:
4702:
4701:
4676:(6): 1219â1228.
4665:
4659:
4658:
4640:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4564:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4542:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4493:
4483:
4473:
4441:
4435:
4434:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4149:
4117:
4111:
4110:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4049:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3995:
3993:10.12681/mms.529
3971:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3944:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3899:
3897:10.1002/esp.3932
3863:
3857:
3856:
3846:
3836:
3804:
3795:
3794:
3766:
3760:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3708:10.1071/PC000251
3691:
3680:
3679:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3533:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3400:
3383:(11): e0207345.
3368:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3341:
3324:(8): 2826â2831.
3309:
3303:
3302:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3212:(11): e0207345.
3197:
3182:
3181:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3122:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3017:
2985:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2940:Plant Physiology
2930:
2921:
2920:
2902:
2877:
2871:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2846:
2835:
2834:
2816:
2792:
2781:
2780:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2718:
2689:Rudall, Paula J.
2685:
2679:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2624:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2562:(7): 1961â1971.
2553:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2516:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2455:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2416:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2310:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2239:
2057:invasive species
1990:polymers called
1968:arabinogalactans
1821:plant holobionts
1735:
1734:
1714:
1695:
1642:Seagrass meadows
1524:and free-living
1501:recorded in the
1467:Eustrombus gigas
1437:Seagrass meadows
1420:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1399:inorganic carbon
1391:light absorption
963:, also known as
802:, also known as
799:Hydrocharitaceae
792:Hydrocharitaceae
687:
686:
656:Hydrocharitaceae
628:ancestral traits
594:Zostera muelleri
561:monocotyledonous
549:Hydrocharitaceae
531:flowering plants
452:and is the main
377:seagrass meadows
305:, which grow by
276:Hydrocharitaceae
256:flowering plants
214:
153:
152:
129:
119:
56:
49:Temporal range:
43:
42:
21:
8996:
8995:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8986:
8985:
8956:
8955:
8954:
8949:
8926:
8925:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8895:
8856:Coral bleaching
8842:
8823:Seagrass meadow
8720:Marine habitats
8710:
8684:Coral reef fish
8650:
8636:Marine protists
8612:
8550:
8541:
8512:Ocean turbidity
8487:Marine food web
8436:
8415:
8357:
8296:River ecosystem
8249:Freshwater fish
8222:
8213:
8019:Bioluminescence
8004:Aquatic science
7921:
7907:
7902:
7853:(December 2006)
7719:
7714:
7671:Hogarth, Peter
7639:
7634:
7633:
7623:
7621:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7592:
7588:
7533:
7529:
7470:
7466:
7415:
7411:
7349:
7345:
7283:
7279:
7236:
7229:
7198:(12): 987â996.
7183:
7176:
7169:
7145:
7141:
7096:
7092:
7040:
7033:
6969:
6965:
6904:
6897:
6844:
6840:
6795:Current Biology
6787:
6783:
6746:
6742:
6705:
6701:
6674:New Phytologist
6670:
6666:
6613:
6609:
6570:
6566:
6551:
6529:
6520:
6475:
6471:
6426:
6422:
6375:
6371:
6339:
6335:
6305:
6301:
6264:
6257:
6228:
6224:
6162:
6158:
6137:
6133:
6115:New Phytologist
6112:
6108:
6087:
6083:
6062:
6058:
6044:
6040:
6019:
6015:
5991:
5987:
5966:
5962:
5931:
5924:
5912:
5905:
5872:
5868:
5831:
5827:
5780:
5776:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5727:
5723:
5696:Botanica Marina
5692:
5688:
5665:
5661:
5646:10.2307/3545850
5620:
5613:
5605:
5601:
5538:
5534:
5526:
5522:
5507:10.1071/PP01201
5490:
5486:
5471:10.2307/1310735
5455:
5451:
5420:
5416:
5385:
5381:
5375:
5371:
5340:
5336:
5305:
5301:
5270:
5266:
5219:
5215:
5184:
5180:
5149:
5145:
5114:
5110:
5071:
5067:
5006:
5002:
4962:
4956:
4952:
4915:
4911:
4874:
4870:
4847:10.2307/1352808
4831:
4827:
4822:
4818:
4771:
4764:
4755:
4751:
4712:
4705:
4666:
4662:
4601:
4597:
4570:Botanica Marina
4565:
4558:
4511:
4507:
4456:(5): e0156214.
4442:
4438:
4406:
4402:
4349:
4345:
4295:
4291:
4249:
4245:
4212:
4208:
4169:
4165:
4118:
4114:
4075:
4071:
4013:
4009:
3972:
3968:
3920:
3913:
3864:
3860:
3805:
3798:
3767:
3763:
3754:
3750:
3719:
3715:
3692:
3683:
3644:
3640:
3594:
3590:
3583:
3553:
3549:
3502:
3498:
3491:
3469:
3465:
3428:
3424:
3369:
3365:
3310:
3306:
3267:
3263:
3198:
3185:
3178:
3164:
3160:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3083:
3079:
3044:
3043:
3039:
2986:
2977:
2931:
2924:
2878:
2874:
2862:
2858:
2847:
2838:
2807:(12): 987â996.
2793:
2784:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2715:
2686:
2682:
2625:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2551:
2544:
2540:
2484:
2477:
2431:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2404:
2400:
2361:
2350:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2263:
2259:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2217:Nursery habitat
2188:
2009:Near Threatened
2000:
1897:polysaccharides
1889:
1866:Ruppia maritima
1845:
1810:
1808:plant holobiont
1804:
1799:
1753:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1696:
1672:horseshoe crabs
1637:
1616:coastal erosion
1478:
1476:Seagrass meadow
1439:
1428:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1349:intertidal zone
1326:
1155:
1142:
1117:
1101:
1091:Thalassodendron
1075:
1049:
1023:
997:
971:
968:
947:
921:
918:
893:
867:
841:
815:
812:
786:
760:
734:
731:
717:seagrass family
648:
515:
411:It lives in an
397:
334:photosynthesize
213:
147:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
51:
50:
47:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8994:
8984:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8947:
8937:
8923:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8894:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8852:
8850:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8724:
8722:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8708:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8674:Saltwater fish
8671:
8669:Marine reptile
8666:
8660:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8641:Marine viruses
8638:
8633:
8628:
8622:
8620:
8618:Microorganisms
8614:
8613:
8611:
8610:
8608:Wild fisheries
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8522:Thorson's rule
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8477:Marine biology
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8448:
8446:
8438:
8437:
8425:
8424:
8421:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8388:
8383:
8382:
8381:
8376:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8336:Brackish marsh
8333:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8264:Lake ecosystem
8261:
8256:
8254:Hyporheic zone
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8230:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8186:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8104:Microbial loop
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8049:Eutrophication
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8029:Cascade effect
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7975:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7957:Aquatic animal
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7933:
7931:
7923:
7922:
7909:
7908:
7901:
7900:
7893:
7886:
7878:
7872:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:Marine Ecology
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7796:
7791:
7785:
7780:
7718:
7717:External links
7715:
7713:
7712:
7709:
7700:
7697:
7690:
7683:
7676:
7669:
7662:
7655:
7652:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7631:
7620:. 10 June 2018
7605:
7600:National Today
7586:
7527:
7464:
7409:
7364:(8): 801â815.
7343:
7277:
7227:
7174:
7167:
7139:
7090:
7031:
6963:
6918:(2): 192â206.
6895:
6838:
6801:(2): 169â175.
6781:
6740:
6699:
6680:(3): 479â492.
6664:
6607:
6564:
6549:
6518:
6489:(2): 403â419.
6469:
6420:
6369:
6333:
6299:
6255:
6222:
6177:(7): 866â877.
6156:
6131:
6106:
6096:(5): 723â735.
6081:
6056:
6038:
6013:
5993:Margulis, Lynn
5985:
5960:
5934:Microorganisms
5922:
5903:
5866:
5845:(3): 399â412.
5825:
5774:
5765:"Seagrass FAQ"
5756:
5737:(2): 430â439.
5721:
5702:(6): 473â483.
5686:
5669:Aquatic Botany
5659:
5632:(3): 373â386.
5611:
5599:
5532:
5520:
5501:(3): 355â378.
5484:
5465:(5): 328â336.
5449:
5414:
5389:Aquatic Botany
5379:
5369:
5344:Aquatic Botany
5334:
5299:
5264:
5213:
5188:Aquatic Botany
5178:
5143:
5108:
5075:Marine Biology
5065:
5000:
4950:
4909:
4868:
4825:
4816:
4762:
4749:
4722:(2): 285â297.
4716:Marine Biology
4703:
4670:Marine Biology
4660:
4595:
4556:
4505:
4436:
4400:
4343:
4306:(3): 453â458.
4289:
4243:
4230:(12): art149.
4206:
4179:(4): 853â858.
4173:Marine Biology
4163:
4112:
4085:(1): 224â235.
4069:
4007:
3966:
3911:
3858:
3796:
3771:Aquatic Botany
3761:
3748:
3729:(3): 229â245.
3723:Aquatic Botany
3713:
3681:
3638:
3588:
3581:
3547:
3496:
3489:
3463:
3422:
3363:
3304:
3277:(2): 483â490.
3261:
3183:
3176:
3158:
3117:
3104:
3097:
3077:
3056:: 1â20. 2016.
3037:
2975:
2946:(1): 272â283.
2922:
2872:
2856:
2836:
2782:
2731:
2713:
2680:
2598:
2589:
2538:
2475:
2425:
2411:
2398:
2348:
2322:
2257:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2104:photosynthesis
2052:global warming
2048:sea level rise
2025:climate change
2011:status on the
1999:
1996:
1981:osmoregulation
1972:hydroxyproline
1944:hydroxyproline
1878:Styela plicata
1869:, sea urchin:
1844:
1841:
1803:
1800:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1737:
1724:
1722:
1716:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1690:
1635:
1490:Zostera marina
1474:Main article:
1438:
1435:
1426:
1406:
1369:Zostera marina
1335:Zostera marina
1325:
1322:
1302:photosynthetic
1300:seeds perform
1205:parent meadows
1203:far away from
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1061:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1009:
999:
998:
992:
990:
983:
973:
972:
969:
955:
949:
948:
944:2 to 9 species
942:
940:
933:
923:
922:
919:
901:
895:
894:
888:
886:
879:
869:
868:
862:
860:
853:
843:
842:
836:
834:
827:
817:
816:
813:
794:
788:
787:
781:
779:
772:
762:
761:
755:
753:
746:
736:
735:
732:
707:
701:
700:
697:
694:
691:
647:
644:
588:Zostera marina
514:
511:
507:marine species
480:
479:
468:
457:
454:photosynthetic
438:
435:abiotic agents
427:
420:
403:which evolved
396:
393:
321:of the family
288:monocotyledons
258:which grow in
247:
246:
235:
234:
230:
229:
208:
204:
203:
198:
191:
190:
185:
178:
177:
172:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
141:
140:
136:Zostera marina
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8993:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8946:
8938:
8935:
8930:
8924:
8921:
8910:
8909:
8906:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8845:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8829:
8828:Sponge ground
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8793:Marine biomes
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8725:
8723:
8721:
8717:
8707:
8704:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8694:Demersal fish
8692:
8690:
8689:Deep-sea fish
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8676:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8664:Marine mammal
8662:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8653:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8615:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8553:
8548:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8430:
8426:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8285:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8225:
8220:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8194:Trophic level
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8177:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8159:Sediment trap
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8134:Phytoplankton
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7984:Aquatic plant
7982:
7980:
7977:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7947:Anoxic waters
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7899:
7894:
7892:
7887:
7885:
7880:
7879:
7876:
7870:
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6060:
6053:
6049:
6042:
6035:
6031:
6028:: e02099-15.
6027:
6023:
6017:
6010:
6009:9780262132695
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5982:
5978:
5975:(6): fnz057.
5974:
5970:
5964:
5957:
5952:
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4606:
4599:
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4579:
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4571:
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4550:10400.1/12140
4546:
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4225:
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4186:
4182:
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4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
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4073:
4065:
4061:
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4031:
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4023:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3999:
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3898:
3893:
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3881:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3862:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3819:(2): e30454.
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3758:
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3736:
3732:
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3724:
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3709:
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3701:
3697:
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3686:
3677:
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3669:
3665:
3661:
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3649:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3582:9781107415324
3578:
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3570:
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3558:
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3515:
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3507:
3500:
3492:
3486:
3482:
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3474:
3467:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3247:
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3233:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3179:
3177:9781486300150
3173:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3100:
3098:9781107244603
3094:
3090:
3089:
3081:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2927:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2870:(3): 443â463.
2869:
2866:
2860:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
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2787:
2778:
2774:
2770:
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2746:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2415:
2408:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2212:Sea rewilding
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2084:phytoplankton
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:glycoproteins
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1745:
1741:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1662:invertebrates
1658:
1654:
1651:), red drum,
1650:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:water quality
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:green turtles
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1538:bristle worms
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1481:Seagrass beds
1477:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1378:subtidal zone
1371:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1285:geomorphology
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1266:The seagrass
1264:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:Heterozostera
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:perturbations
1163:
1160:
1159:anthropogenic
1154:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
991:
989:
988:
984:
979:
975:
974:
966:
965:manatee-grass
962:
961:
960:Cymodoceaceae
954:
953:Cymodoceaceae
950:
945:
941:
939:
938:
934:
929:
925:
924:
916:
912:
911:Mediterranean
908:
907:
906:Posidoniaceae
900:
899:Posidoniaceae
896:
891:
887:
885:
884:
880:
875:
871:
870:
865:
861:
859:
858:
854:
849:
845:
844:
839:
835:
833:
832:
828:
823:
819:
818:
809:
805:
801:
800:
793:
789:
784:
780:
778:
777:
773:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
752:
751:
747:
742:
738:
737:
729:
726:
722:
718:
714:
713:
706:
702:
698:
689:
688:
685:
683:
682:APG IV system
679:
678:
673:
669:
665:
664:Cymodoceaceae
661:
660:Posidoniaceae
657:
653:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
595:
590:
589:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
555:complex, and
554:
553:Cymodoceaceae
550:
546:
542:
538:
536:
532:
528:
519:
510:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
473:
469:
466:
462:
458:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
425:
421:
418:
414:
410:
409:
408:
406:
402:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
371:
368:
364:
362:
361:Thalassinidea
357:
355:
350:
349:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
313:" resembling
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Cymodoceaceae
277:
273:
269:
268:Posidoniaceae
265:
261:
257:
254:are the only
253:
245:
244:
243:
236:
231:
227:
223:
220:
217:
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:Tracheophytes
173:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
151:
146:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
123:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8848:Conservation
8699:Pelagic fish
8679:Coastal fish
8597:
8583:Marine fungi
8321:Water garden
8204:Water column
8149:Productivity
8124:Pelagic zone
8084:Macrobenthos
8074:Hydrobiology
8044:Ecohydrology
7850:
7735:
7731:
7703:
7693:
7686:
7679:
7672:
7665:
7658:
7651:, No. 59(1).
7648:
7644:
7622:. Retrieved
7617:
7608:
7599:
7589:
7544:
7540:
7530:
7481:
7477:
7467:
7426:
7422:
7412:
7361:
7357:
7346:
7298:(1): 12505.
7295:
7291:
7280:
7250:(1): 46â72.
7247:
7243:
7195:
7191:
7149:
7142:
7107:
7103:
7093:
7052:
7048:
6981:
6977:
6966:
6915:
6911:
6881:10261/169361
6855:
6851:
6841:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6757:
6753:
6743:
6716:
6712:
6702:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6624:
6620:
6610:
6577:
6573:
6567:
6532:
6486:
6482:
6472:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6386:
6383:Marine Drugs
6382:
6372:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6317:
6313:
6302:
6278:(1): 11â20.
6275:
6272:Glycobiology
6271:
6239:
6236:BioResources
6235:
6225:
6174:
6170:
6159:
6143:
6139:
6134:
6118:
6114:
6109:
6093:
6089:
6084:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6041:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6000:
5988:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5937:
5933:
5916:
5880:Conserv Lett
5879:
5869:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5791:
5787:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5699:
5695:
5689:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5629:
5623:
5602:
5549:
5545:
5535:
5523:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5430:(1): 87â95.
5427:
5423:
5417:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5372:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5315:(2): 87â95.
5312:
5308:
5302:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5230:
5226:
5216:
5191:
5187:
5181:
5159:(1): 53â73.
5156:
5152:
5146:
5121:
5117:
5111:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5003:
4970:
4966:
4953:
4926:
4922:
4912:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4819:
4782:
4778:
4757:
4752:
4719:
4715:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4638:10072/403729
4612:
4608:
4598:
4573:
4569:
4522:
4518:
4508:
4453:
4449:
4439:
4414:
4410:
4403:
4360:
4356:
4346:
4303:
4299:
4292:
4283:11568/755031
4257:
4253:
4246:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4209:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4157:11568/132307
4129:
4125:
4115:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4021:
4017:
4010:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3932:
3928:
3882:(1): 42â54.
3879:
3875:
3869:
3861:
3816:
3812:
3777:(1): 59â78.
3774:
3770:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3699:
3695:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3606:
3602:
3591:
3556:
3550:
3513:
3509:
3499:
3472:
3466:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3380:
3376:
3366:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3209:
3205:
3167:
3161:
3134:
3130:
3120:
3107:
3087:
3080:
3053:
3049:
3040:
2997:
2993:
2943:
2939:
2890:
2886:
2875:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2850:
2804:
2800:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2696:
2683:
2636:
2632:
2592:
2559:
2555:
2541:
2496:
2492:
2443:
2439:
2428:
2420:"Seagrasses"
2414:
2406:
2401:
2372:
2368:
2339:. Retrieved
2334:
2325:
2277:(1): 12980.
2274:
2270:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2178:
2170:
2153:Conservation
2151:
2144:
2113:
2092:Algal blooms
2090:seagrasses.
2061:
2045:
2029:
2001:
1985:
1966:composed of
1937:
1890:
1876:
1875:, tunicate:
1870:
1864:
1863:, seagrass:
1860:
1836:
1832:
1829:phyllosphere
1818:
1811:
1704:seagrass bed
1698:
1665:
1653:common snook
1646:
1640:
1601:
1594:
1507:
1488:
1479:
1465:
1461:
1458:turtle grass
1446:Seagrass bed
1396:
1375:
1367:
1344:
1341:
1333:
1317:
1297:
1288:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1189:colonisation
1186:
1156:
1136:
1124:
1106:
1089:
1063:
1037:
1011:
985:
964:
958:
935:
904:
882:
855:
829:
804:tape-grasses
803:
797:
774:
750:Phyllospadix
748:
716:
710:
699:Description
675:
649:
618:
592:
586:
580:
576:marine algae
565:
539:
524:
500:
496:biodiversity
481:
448:which lacks
398:
381:carbon sinks
374:
359:
352:
346:
327:
298:
296:
251:
250:
240:
238:
218:
194:
181:
168:
134:
40:
8966:Blue carbon
8833:Sponge reef
8808:Rocky shore
8803:Oyster reef
8773:Kelp forest
8656:Vertebrates
8556:Marine life
8532:Viral shunt
8497:Marine snow
8399:Maharashtra
8306:Stream pool
8209:Zooplankton
8129:Photic zone
8089:Meiobenthos
7942:Algal bloom
6941:10261/89840
6858:: 247â256.
6719:: 191â205.
6627:(1): 8232.
6580:: 215â224.
6146:: 188â196.
5819:2066/126674
5794:: 299â305.
5675:: 251â259.
4995:10453/23914
4929:: 121â126.
4888:: 117â131.
4841:(1): 1â17.
4785:: 119â130.
4417:: 119â125.
4329:10045/66474
4260:: 205â213.
4047:10508/15205
3654:: 214â224.
3573:10818/26263
2893:(12): 987.
2823:10261/88476
2446:(12): 987.
2369:ISRN Botany
2341:12 February
2335:BBC Radio 4
2197:Blue carbon
2192:Alismatales
2140:aquaculture
1925:green algae
1837:P. oceanica
1833:P. oceanica
1825:rhizosphere
1773:rhizosphere
1632:storm surge
1590:coral reefs
1578:sea urchins
1503:Philippines
1423:bicarbonate
1403:macrophytes
1389:to enhance
1383:chlorophyll
1357:desiccation
1318:P. oceanica
1306:root system
1298:P. oceanica
1294:germination
1289:P. oceanica
1278:P. oceanica
1201:germinating
1123:Seeds from
1065:Syringodium
957:The family
903:The family
796:The family
725:subtropical
712:Zosteraceae
709:The family
705:Zosteraceae
652:Zosteraceae
632:land plants
557:Zosteraceae
545:green algae
424:pollination
405:in parallel
401:angiosperms
389:coral reefs
385:marine life
342:pollination
338:photic zone
330:autotrophic
284:Alismatales
272:Zosteraceae
211:Alismatales
188:Angiosperms
8960:Categories
8813:Salt marsh
8748:Coral reef
8537:Whale fall
8517:Photophore
8394:Everglades
8362:Ecoregions
8301:Stream bed
8274:Macrophyte
8227:Freshwater
8059:Food chain
7972:Water bird
7840:SeagrassLI
7788:Seagrasses
7687:BioScience
7484:: 112261.
7192:BioScience
6320:: 94â101.
5459:BioScience
5258:10453/8694
4973:: 93â106.
4810:2440/12249
4615:: 146886.
4132:: 99â109.
3986:(2): 416.
3702:(4): 251.
3541:2066/75120
3137:(3): 201.
2887:BioScience
2801:BioScience
2639:: 588754.
2440:BioScience
2254:: 748â761.
2229:References
2202:Salt marsh
2076:macroalgae
2072:phosphorus
2041:angiosperm
2005:Threatened
1956:lycophytes
1913:macroalgae
1901:angiosperm
1893:cell walls
1885:See also:
1843:Cell walls
1806:See also:
1793:microbiome
1744:conger eel
1638:annually.
1530:microalgae
1526:macroalgae
1510:ecosystems
1353:irradiance
1310:root hairs
1242:propagules
1193:seed banks
1147:See also:
987:Amphibolis
864:19 species
806:, include
783:16 species
668:Ruppiaceae
610:terpenoids
602:adaptation
599:angiosperm
583:sequencing
568:salt marsh
492:endangered
415:or in the
370:polychaete
252:Seagrasses
52:70â0
46:Seagrasses
36:beachgrass
18:Seagrasses
8838:Tide pool
8743:Cold seep
8527:Upwelling
8291:Rheotaxis
8284:Fish pond
8259:Limnology
8184:Substrate
8169:Siltation
8039:Dead zone
7760:0036-8075
7563:1746-4269
7547:(1): 37.
7522:232775373
7506:0025-326X
7459:251347987
7386:1654-7209
7320:2045-2322
7272:0022-0981
7214:0006-3568
7134:0024-3590
7077:0006-3207
7008:0027-8424
6950:1469-4387
6890:105104424
6559:104384164
6199:2397-334X
5940:(4): 81.
5919:(4): 1â9.
5576:1932-6203
5233:: 65â79.
5024:: e2697.
4835:Estuaries
4655:233519731
4647:0048-9697
4525:: 37â44.
4224:Ecosphere
4218:Posidonia
4024:: 49â54.
3906:130872337
3870:Posidonia
3516:: 67â77.
3153:1179-3163
3131:Phytotaxa
2909:0006-3568
2462:0006-3568
2299:2041-1723
2080:epiphytes
2037:turbidity
2021:pollution
1923:and also
1905:cellulose
1899:found in
1891:Seagrass
1887:Cell wall
1853:galactans
1814:holobiont
1761:holobiont
1740:bull huss
1586:mangroves
1550:herbivory
1542:nematodes
1522:epiphytic
1485:temperate
1259:Thalassia
1247:Posidonia
1239:dispersal
1222:Cymodocea
1210:Halophila
1197:pericarps
1162:stressors
1098:3 species
1072:2 species
1046:6 species
1020:4 species
1013:Cymodocea
994:2 species
937:Posidonia
915:Australia
890:2 species
883:Thalassia
857:Halophila
838:1 species
811:tropical.
757:6 species
721:temperate
624:cell wall
614:sulfation
572:mangroves
535:cotyledon
513:Evolution
465:anchoring
446:epidermis
413:estuarine
328:Like all
315:grassland
297:The name
233:Families
158:Kingdom:
8971:Seagrass
8945:Category
8871:HERMIONE
8788:Mangrove
8598:Seagrass
8144:Pleuston
8139:Plankton
8119:Particle
8064:Food web
7776:51908021
7768:30072524
7581:22112297
7514:33799145
7451:35926055
7404:30456457
7338:26216526
7085:32533417
7026:19587236
6958:31971900
6833:17409200
6825:19167225
6760:: 1â11.
6694:16411951
6659:32427862
6602:73426733
6594:30732757
6513:20388666
6464:14645732
6415:26110894
6364:20465284
6294:15317737
6217:35501482
5751:23948090
5716:88685282
5594:27732600
5546:PLOS ONE
5515:32689482
5377:191â196.
5103:86384408
5050:27896031
5014:marinaL"
4863:85287808
4744:86386210
4698:85627116
4590:85105171
4490:27227327
4450:PLOS ONE
4395:25740176
4363:: 8804.
4338:88876962
4201:84357626
4107:84055440
4064:11523686
4056:29102072
4002:85362624
3961:28220127
3853:22312426
3813:PLOS ONE
3676:27592387
3633:25297859
3609:(1795).
3417:30444902
3377:PLOS ONE
3358:15710890
3299:24793782
3246:30444902
3206:PLOS ONE
3024:26814964
2970:27373688
2769:19587681
2665:33193541
2584:32533417
2533:19587236
2375:: 1â15.
2317:27680661
2207:Mangrove
2186:See also
2136:trawling
2124:Ligurian
2068:nitrogen
2033:trawling
1988:phenolic
1964:moieties
1909:sulfated
1785:sulfidic
1562:manatees
1534:mollusks
1495:tropical
1372:seedling
1338:eelgrass
1312:to help
1256:sp. and
1231:sp. and
1216:Halodule
1182:colonise
1039:Halodule
646:Taxonomy
606:stomatal
570:plants,
527:Monocots
476:nutrient
395:Overview
299:seagrass
264:families
242:Taxonomy
201:Monocots
8798:Mudflat
8758:Estuary
8728:Bay mud
8706:Seabird
8462:f-ratio
8445:General
8326:Wetland
8114:Neuston
8079:Hypoxia
8024:Biomass
8014:Benthos
7930:General
7740:Bibcode
7732:Science
7706:39 pp.
7624:14 July
7572:3269989
7486:Bibcode
7431:Bibcode
7423:Science
7395:6541581
7366:Bibcode
7329:4516961
7300:Bibcode
7252:Bibcode
7222:4936412
7112:Bibcode
7057:Bibcode
7017:2707273
6986:Bibcode
6920:Bibcode
6860:Bibcode
6803:Bibcode
6762:Bibcode
6721:Bibcode
6650:7237498
6629:Bibcode
6504:2879789
6406:4483652
6208:9262712
6179:Bibcode
5995:(1991)
5884:Bibcode
5847:Bibcode
5796:Bibcode
5654:3545850
5634:Bibcode
5585:5061329
5554:Bibcode
5479:1310735
5432:Bibcode
5397:Bibcode
5352:Bibcode
5317:Bibcode
5282:Bibcode
5235:Bibcode
5196:Bibcode
5161:Bibcode
5126:Bibcode
5083:Bibcode
5041:5119234
5012:Zostera
4975:Bibcode
4931:Bibcode
4890:Bibcode
4855:1352808
4787:Bibcode
4724:Bibcode
4678:Bibcode
4617:Bibcode
4527:Bibcode
4481:4881947
4458:Bibcode
4419:Bibcode
4386:4350093
4365:Bibcode
4308:Bibcode
4262:Bibcode
4181:Bibcode
4134:Bibcode
4087:Bibcode
4026:Bibcode
3952:5292406
3884:Bibcode
3844:3270012
3821:Bibcode
3779:Bibcode
3731:Bibcode
3656:Bibcode
3624:4213608
3518:Bibcode
3444:Bibcode
3442:: 1â7.
3408:6239318
3385:Bibcode
3326:Bibcode
3279:Bibcode
3237:6239318
3214:Bibcode
3072:7498637
3032:3713147
3002:Bibcode
2961:5074622
2917:4936412
2853:: 1â15.
2831:4936412
2777:4398942
2749:Bibcode
2656:7644952
2564:Bibcode
2524:2707273
2501:Bibcode
2470:4936412
2308:5056424
2279:Bibcode
2096:hypoxic
2088:benthic
1942:of the
1628:erosion
1612:rhizome
1558:dugongs
1499:species
1345:in situ
1281:meadows
1274:meadows
1253:Enhalus
1228:Zostera
1207:(e.g.,
831:Enhalus
776:Zostera
728:coastal
696:Genera
690:Family
636:abiotic
581:Recent
461:rhizome
456:tissue.
450:stomata
442:cuticle
354:Majidae
323:Poaceae
319:grasses
311:meadows
307:rhizome
226:J.Presl
222:Bercht.
207:Order:
162:Plantae
32:seaweed
8783:Lagoon
8109:Nekton
7967:Mammal
7962:Insect
7774:
7766:
7758:
7579:
7569:
7561:
7520:
7512:
7504:
7457:
7449:
7402:
7392:
7384:
7336:
7326:
7318:
7270:
7220:
7212:
7165:
7132:
7083:
7075:
7024:
7014:
7006:
6956:
6948:
6888:
6831:
6823:
6692:
6657:
6647:
6600:
6592:
6557:
6547:
6511:
6501:
6462:
6455:300743
6452:
6413:
6403:
6362:
6292:
6215:
6205:
6197:
6007:
5999:. In:
5749:
5714:
5652:
5592:
5582:
5574:
5513:
5477:
5101:
5048:
5038:
4861:
4853:
4742:
4696:
4653:
4645:
4588:
4488:
4478:
4393:
4383:
4336:
4199:
4105:
4062:
4054:
4000:
3959:
3949:
3904:
3851:
3841:
3674:
3631:
3621:
3579:
3487:
3415:
3405:
3356:
3349:549506
3346:
3297:
3244:
3234:
3174:
3151:
3095:
3070:
3030:
3022:
2994:Nature
2968:
2958:
2915:
2907:
2829:
2775:
2767:
2741:Nature
2711:
2663:
2653:
2582:
2531:
2521:
2468:
2460:
2315:
2305:
2297:
2128:France
2120:Latium
2100:anoxic
2023:, and
2013:IUCNâs
1992:lignin
1976:glycan
1960:mosses
1929:pectic
1781:anoxic
1676:shrimp
1674:, and
1546:leaves
1540:, and
1355:, and
1314:anchor
1151:, and
1100:
1074:
1048:
1022:
996:
946:
892:
866:
840:
785:
759:
693:Image
677:Ruppia
666:, and
640:biotic
574:, and
431:biotic
367:syllid
365:) and
303:leaves
260:marine
224:&
8174:Spawn
7772:S2CID
7518:S2CID
7455:S2CID
7358:Ambio
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