208:. This meant that the Season of the Inundation usually lasted from September to January. Because the precise timing of the flood varied, the months of "Inundation" no longer precisely reflected the state of the river but the season was usually the time of the annual flooding. This event was vital to the people because the waters left behind fertile
244:
The Season of the
Inundation was divided into four months. In the lunar calendar, each began on a dawn when the waning crescent moon was no longer visible. In the civil calendar, each consisted of exactly 30 days divided into three 10-day weeks known as
835:
796:
176:
name for the Season of the
Inundation is uncertain as the hieroglyphs do not record its vowels. It is conventionally transliterated
412:
552:
529:
507:
483:
452:
33:
809:
631:
628:
626:
623:
603:
600:
598:
578:
576:
556:
553:
550:
530:
527:
505:
485:
480:
477:
457:
454:
449:
446:
38:
35:
30:
282:
118:
98:
704:
692:
256:. They were also known by the names of their principal festivals, which came to be increasingly used after the
772:
721:
252:
In ancient Egypt, these months were usually recorded by their number within the season: I, II, III, and IV
965:
914:
752:
111:
93:
943:
125:
831:
205:
782:
696:
181:
64:
8:
228:
meant the season lost about one day every four years and was not stable relative to the
894:
748:
233:
926:
864:
805:
700:
403:
270:
173:
143:
107:
103:
856:
650:
678:
407:
275:
261:
221:
193:
192:
In the lunar calendar, the intercalary month was added as needed to maintain the
139:
363:
155:
959:
257:
197:
745:
Middle
Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs
306:
225:
229:
417:
384:
804:, vol. 1, Whangarei, New Zealand: Barry W. Tetley, p. 39,
132:
260:. These then became the basis for the names of the months of the
246:
201:
436:
Alternative representations of the inundation season include
389:
337:
311:
212:
and moisture, which were the source of the land's fertility.
159:
151:
147:
209:
146:
calendars this season begins at the start of the month of
845:, New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, pp. 447–464
220:
In the civil calendar, the lack of leap years into the
150:(about 11 September), continues through the months of
130:
116:
56:
16:
First season of the lunar and civil
Egyptian calendars
840:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society,
760:
798:The Reconstructed Chronology of the Egyptian Kings
957:
102:) was the first season of the lunar and civil
901:, London: Duncan Baird Publishers, p. 93
836:"The Origin of the Ancient Egyptian Calendar"
893:
877:
680:Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book,
830:
778:
766:
738:
736:
676:
958:
794:
788:
742:
719:
733:
713:
13:
158:, before concluding at the end of
14:
977:
215:
187:
684:Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy
180:. The name refers to the annual
887:
871:
849:
824:
693:American Philosophical Society
670:
644:
430:
1:
795:Tetley, M. Christine (2014),
664:
878:Strudwick, Nigel C. (2005),
7:
397:
10:
982:
880:Texts from the Pyramid Age
753:Cambridge University Press
723:Middle Egyptian Dictionary
677:Clagett, Marshall (1995),
615:
590:
568:
542:
519:
497:
469:
438:
22:
940:
931:Season of the Inundation
923:
911:
691:, No. 214, Philadelphia:
381:Fourth Month of the Flood
329:Second Month of the Flood
274:
269:
239:
172:The pronunciation of the
743:Allen, James P. (2000),
423:
355:Third Month of the Flood
303:First Month of the Flood
167:
86:Season of the Inundation
52:Season of the Inundation
944:Season of the Emergence
832:Winlock, Herbert Eustis
131:
126:Season of the Emergence
117:
97:
57:
413:Egyptian units of time
206:season of the Harvest
720:Vygus, Mark (2015),
182:flooding of the Nile
162:(about 8 January).
106:. It fell after the
895:Silverman, David P.
915:Days over the Year
755:, pp. 103–106
689:Memoirs of the APS
258:Persian occupation
234:Gregorian calendar
112:Days over the Year
104:Egyptian calendars
966:Egyptian calendar
954:
953:
941:Succeeded by
865:Leiden University
811:978-0-473-29338-3
640:
639:
638:
635:
634:
612:
611:
610:
607:
606:
587:
586:
585:
582:
581:
565:
564:
563:
560:
559:
539:
538:
537:
534:
533:
516:
515:
514:
511:
510:
494:
493:
492:
489:
488:
466:
465:
464:
461:
460:
395:
394:
124:) and before the
108:intercalary month
82:
81:
46:
45:
42:
41:
973:
927:Egyptian Seasons
912:Preceded by
909:
908:
904:
902:
891:
885:
883:
875:
869:
867:
853:
847:
846:
828:
822:
821:
820:
818:
803:
792:
786:
776:
770:
764:
758:
756:
740:
731:
729:
728:
717:
711:
709:
674:
658:
651:Manuel de Codage
648:
642:
620:
619:
616:
614:
595:
594:
591:
589:
573:
572:
569:
567:
547:
546:
543:
541:
524:
523:
520:
518:
502:
501:
498:
496:
474:
473:
470:
468:
443:
442:
439:
437:
434:
408:Coptic calendars
382:
360:
356:
334:
330:
304:
267:
266:
174:ancient Egyptian
136:
122:
94:Ancient Egyptian
60:
53:
27:
26:
23:
19:
18:
981:
980:
976:
975:
974:
972:
971:
970:
956:
955:
950:
946:
938:days: 120 days
937:
932:
930:
921:
917:
907:
892:
888:
876:
872:
855:
854:
850:
829:
825:
816:
814:
812:
801:
793:
789:
777:
773:
765:
761:
741:
734:
726:
718:
714:
707:
675:
671:
667:
662:
661:
649:
645:
627:
599:
577:
551:
528:
506:
484:
453:
435:
431:
426:
400:
383:
380:
374:
358:
357:
354:
348:
332:
331:
328:
322:
305:
302:
296:
283:Transliteration
262:Coptic calendar
242:
218:
194:heliacal rising
190:
170:
62:
54:
51:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
979:
969:
968:
952:
951:
942:
939:
922:
913:
906:
905:
886:
870:
848:
823:
810:
787:
779:Clagett (1995)
771:
767:Clagett (1995)
759:
732:
712:
705:
668:
666:
663:
660:
659:
643:
637:
636:
633:
632:
629:
624:
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
584:
583:
580:
579:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
536:
535:
532:
531:
513:
512:
509:
508:
491:
490:
487:
486:
481:
478:
463:
462:
459:
458:
455:
450:
447:
428:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
415:
410:
399:
396:
393:
392:
387:
385:Soul upon Soul
378:
367:
366:
361:
352:
341:
340:
335:
326:
315:
314:
309:
300:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
273:
241:
238:
217:
216:Civil calendar
214:
189:
188:Lunar calendar
186:
169:
166:
80:
79:
76:
75:
72:
71:
68:
67:
48:
47:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
978:
967:
964:
963:
961:
949:
945:
936:
935:
929:
928:
920:
916:
910:
900:
899:Ancient Egypt
896:
890:
881:
874:
866:
862:
858:
852:
844:
841:
837:
833:
827:
813:
807:
800:
799:
791:
784:
780:
775:
768:
763:
754:
750:
746:
739:
737:
725:
724:
716:
708:
706:9780871692146
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:
681:
673:
669:
656:
652:
647:
630:
625:
622:
621:
618:
617:
602:
597:
596:
593:
592:
575:
574:
571:
570:
555:
549:
548:
545:
544:
526:
525:
522:
521:
504:
503:
500:
499:
482:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
456:
451:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
433:
429:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
405:
402:
401:
391:
388:
386:
379:
377:
373:
369:
368:
365:
362:
353:
351:
347:
343:
342:
339:
336:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:
313:
310:
308:
301:
299:
295:
291:
290:
286:
284:
281:
280:
277:
272:
268:
265:
263:
259:
255:
250:
248:
237:
235:
231:
227:
226:Roman periods
223:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
185:
183:
179:
175:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
134:
127:
123:
121:
120:
113:
109:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
87:
78:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:
66:
61:
59:
50:
49:
37:
32:
29:
28:
25:
24:
21:
20:
947:
933:
925:
924:
918:
898:
889:
882:, p. 87
879:
873:
860:
857:"Inundation"
851:
843:
839:
826:
817:26 September
815:, retrieved
797:
790:
774:
769:, p. 5.
762:
744:
722:
715:
688:
683:
679:
672:
654:
646:
432:
375:
371:
349:
345:
323:
319:
297:
293:
253:
251:
243:
219:
202:fourth month
191:
177:
171:
164:
129:
115:
89:
85:
83:
55:
65:hieroglyphs
781:, p.
695:, p.
665:References
230:solar year
138:). In the
919:Ḥryw Rnpt
749:Cambridge
418:Nilometer
222:Ptolemaic
119:Ḥryw Rnpt
960:Category
897:(1997),
861:Glossary
834:(1940),
682:Vol. II:
404:Egyptian
398:See also
376:Kꜣ ḥr Kꜣ
287:Meaning
271:Egyptian
144:Egyptian
350:Hwt Hwr
204:of the
200:in the
842:No. 83
808:
703:
588:, and
406:&
364:Hathor
359:
333:
276:Coptic
247:decans
240:Months
198:Sirius
156:Hathor
140:Coptic
802:(PDF)
783:14–15
727:(PDF)
424:Notes
390:Koiak
338:Paopi
312:Thout
307:Thoth
178:Akhet
168:Names
160:Koiak
152:Paopi
148:Thout
90:Flood
819:2023
806:ISBN
701:ISBN
613:and
344:III
324:Mnht
224:and
210:silt
154:and
142:and
84:The
948:Prt
934:Ꜣḫt
655:Axt
467:,
372:Ꜣḫt
370:IV
346:Ꜣḫt
320:Ꜣḫt
318:II
294:Ꜣḫt
254:Ꜣḫt
232:or
196:of
133:Prt
110:of
99:Ꜣḫt
88:or
63:in
58:Ꜣḫt
962::
863:,
859:,
838:,
751::
747:,
735:^
699:,
687:,
653::
566:,
540:,
517:,
495:,
298:Th
292:I
264:.
249:.
236:.
184:.
96::
903:.
884:.
868:.
785:.
757:.
730:.
710:.
697:4
657:.
641:.
128:(
114:(
92:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.