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men and that many of his units were weakened, a detailed analysis concerning his units contradicted him. Ivanov's 2nd army consisted of the 3rd division minus one brigade with four regiments of four battalions (a total of 16 battalions plus the divisional artillery), the I/X brigade with the 16th and 25th regiments (total of eight battalions plus artillery), the Drama
Brigade with the 69th, 75th and 7th regiments (total of 12 battalions), the Seres Brigade with 67th and 68th regiments (total of 8 battalions), the 11th division with the 55th, 56th and 57th regiments (total of 12 battalions plus the divisional artillery), the 5th Border Battalion, the 10th Independent Battalion and the 10th Cavalry Regiment of seven mounted and seven infantry companies. In total, Ivanov's force comprised 232 companies in 58 infantry battalions, a cavalry regiment (14 companies) with 175 artillery guns, numbering between 80,000 (official Bulgarian source) and 108,000 (official Greek source according to the official Bulgarian history of the war before 1932). All modern historians agree that Ivanov underestimated the number of his soldiers, but the Greek army still had a numerical superiority. The Greek Headquarters also estimated the numbers of their opponents from 80,000 to 105,000 men. A large part of Ivanov's forces, and especially the Drama Brigade and the Seres Brigade, were composed of completely untrained local recruits.
1257:. Even worse, the concentration on capturing Thrace and Constantinople ultimately caused the loss of most of Macedonia, including Thessaloniki, and that could not be accepted, leading the Bulgarian military leadership around Tsar Ferdinand to decide upon a war against its former allies. However, with the Ottomans unwilling to accept the loss of Thrace in the east, and an enraged Romania (in the north), the decision to open war against both Greece (to the south) and Serbia (to the west) was a rather adventurous one, since in May the Ottoman Empire had urgently requested a German mission to reorganize the Ottoman army. By mid-June, Bulgaria became aware of the agreement between Serbia and Greece in case of a Bulgarian attack. On 27 June, Montenegro announced that it would side with Serbia in the event of a Serbian-Bulgarian war. On 5 February, Romania settled her differences over
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without notifying the government, ordered
Bulgarian troops to start a surprise attack simultaneously against both the Serbian and Greek positions without declaring war and to dismiss any orders contradicting the attack order. The next day the government pressured the General Staff to order the army to cease hostilities, which caused confusion and loss of initiative and failed to remedy the state of undeclared war. In response to the government pressure, Tsar Ferdinand dismissed General Savov and replaced him with General Dimitriev as commander-in-chief.
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and its population grew by more than one and a half million. The aftermath brought harassment and oppression for many in the newly conquered lands. The freedom of association, assembly and the press guaranteed under the
Serbian constitution of 1903 was not introduced into the new territories. The inhabitants were denied voting rights, ostensibly because the cultural level was considered too low, in reality, to keep the non-Serbs, who made up the majority in many areas, out of national politics. Opposition newspapers like
1332:(officially declared) Romanian intervention or an Ottoman counterattack, strangely assuming that Russia would assure that no attack would come from those directions, even though on 9 June Russia had angrily repudiated its Bulgarian alliance and shifted its diplomacy towards Romania (Russia already had named Romania's King Carol an honorary Russian field marshal, as a clear warning in changing its policy towards Sofia in December 1912). The plan was for a concentrated attack against the Serbian army across the
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generally remained. By contrast, the Greek Army of
Macedonia also had nine divisions, but the total number of men under arms was only 118,000. Another decisive factor affecting the real strength of the divisions between the opposing armies was the distribution of artillery. The nine-division-strong Greek Army had 176 guns, and the ten-division-strong Serbian army had 230. The Bulgarians had 1,116, a ratio of 6:1 against the Greeks and 5:1 against the Serbian army.
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631:
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allowed the Serbs to concentrate their forces against the attacking
Bulgarians and hold their advance. The Bulgarians were outnumbered on the Greek front, and the low-level fighting soon turned into a Greek attack all along the line on 19 June. The Bulgarian forces were forced to withdraw from their positions north of Thessaloniki (except the isolated battalion stationed in the city itself, which was quickly overrun) to defensive positions between
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infantry battalions and 16 cavalry companies per division, which was more than the equivalent of two nine-battalion divisions, the standard divisional structure in most armies, as was also the case with the Greek and
Serbian militaries in 1913. Consequently, although the Bulgarian army had 599,878 men mobilized at the beginning of the First Balkan War, there were only nine organizational divisions, giving a divisional strength closer to an
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2089:, to Greece. Bulgaria thus enlarged its territory by 16 percent compared to what it was before the First Balkan War, increasing its population from 4.3 to 4.7 million people. Romania enlarged its territory by 5 percent and Montenegro by 62 percent. Greece increased her population from 2.7 to 4.4 million and her territory by 68 percent. Serbia almost doubled her territory, enlarging her population from 2.9 to 4.5 million.
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2134:. Although Russia tried to intervene throughout August to prevent Edirne from becoming Turkish again, Toshev told the Ottomans at Constantinople that "he Russians consider Constantinople their natural inheritance. Their main concern is that when Constantinople falls into their hands it shall have the largest possible hinterland. If Adrianople is in the possession of the Turks, they shall get it too."
2062:, a port on the Aegean occupied by the Greeks, Venizelos is said to have responded, "General, we are not responsible. Before June, we were afraid of you and offered you Serres and Drama and Kavala, but now when we see you, we assume the role of victors and will take care of our interests only." Although Austria-Hungary and Russia supported Bulgaria, the influential alliance of Germany—whose Kaiser
2141:(Lozengrad in Bulgarian). Both sides made competing declarations: Savov that "Bulgaria, who defeated the Turks on all fronts, cannot end this glorious campaign with the signing of an agreement which retains none of the battlefields on which so much Bulgarian blood has been shed," and Mahmud Pasha that "hat we have taken is ours." In the end, none of the battlefields were retained in the
1287:, leading Russian diplomats to realize that the Bulgarians had already decided to go to war with Serbia. That caused Russia to cancel the arbitration initiative and angrily repudiate its 1902 treaty of alliance with Bulgaria. Bulgaria was shattering the Balkan League, Russia's best defence against Austrian–Hungarian expansionism, a structure that had cost Russia much blood, money and
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The
Bulgarians insisted that the Vardar Macedonian part of the agreement remained active, and the Serbs were still obliged to surrender the area as agreed. The Serbs responded by accusing the Bulgarians of maximalism, pointing out that if they lost both northern Albania and Vardar Macedonia, their participation in the common war would have been virtually for nothing.
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by Serbs in the annexed areas. The
Serbian government showed no interest in preventing further outrages or investigating those that had happened. When the Carnegie Commission, composed of an international team of experts selected for their impartiality, arrived in the Balkans, they received virtually no assistance from Belgrade.
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The
Bulgarian behaviour also had a long-term impact on Russo-Bulgarian relations. The uncompromising Bulgarian position to review the prewar agreement with Serbia during a second Russian initiative for arbitration finally led Russia to cancel its alliance with Bulgaria. Both acts made conflict with Romania and Serbia inevitable.
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levies; 14,204 volunteers; 14,424 in the border guards). The non-recoverable casualties during the First Balkan War were 33,000 men (14,000 killed and 19,000 died of disease). To replace these casualties, Bulgaria conscripted 60,000 men between the two wars, mainly from the newly occupied areas, using 21,000 of them to form the
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future war between the two countries inevitable. Soon, minor clashes broke out along the borders of the occupation zones with the
Bulgarians against the Serbs and the Greeks. Responding to the perceived Bulgarian threat, Serbia started negotiations with Greece, which also had reasons to be concerned about Bulgarian intentions.
2243:. With the delineation of the exact boundaries of the new state under the Protocol of Florence (17 December 1913), the Serbs lost their outlet to the Adriatic and the Greeks in the region of Northern Epirus (Southern Albania). This was highly unpopular with the local Greek population, who, after a revolt, managed to acquire
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due to the Great Powers' decision to establish the state of Albania, which had been recognized as Serbian territory under the prewar Serbo-Bulgarian treaty, in exchange for Bulgarian expansion in northern Macedonia. The Bulgarian reply to the Russian invitation contained so many conditions that it amounted to an
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casualties. On 28 June, the retreating Bulgarian army and irregulars burned down the major city of Serres (a predominantly Greek town surrounded by both Bulgarian – to the north and west – and Greek – to the east and south – villages), and the towns of
1751:), the Greeks were ambushed by the Bulgarian 2nd and 4th armies, which had newly arrived from the Serbian front and had taken defensive positions there. By 21 July, the Greek army was outnumbered by the now counterattacking Bulgarians, and the Bulgarian General Staff, attempting to encircle the Greeks in a
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and captured it on 25 July. The Ottoman invasion, more than the Romanian, incited panic among the peasantry, many of whom fled to the mountains. Among the leadership, it was recognized as a complete reversal of fortune. In the words of historian Richard Hall, "he battlefields of eastern Thrace, where
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On 26 June, the Bulgarian army received orders to destroy the opposing Greek forces and to advance towards Thessaloniki. The Greeks stopped them, and by 29 June, an order for a general counterattack was issued. At Kilkis, the Bulgarians had constructed strong defences, including captured Ottoman guns
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remarked that the 'new Serbs' had better political rights under the Turks. There was a destruction of Turkish buildings, schools, baths, mosques. In October and November 1913, British vice-consuls reported systematic intimidation, arbitrary detentions, beatings, rapes, village burnings and massacres
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The Second Balkan War made Serbia the most militarily powerful state south of the Danube. Years of military investment financed by French loans borne fruit. Central Vardar and the eastern half of the Sanjak of Novi Pazar were acquired. Its territory grew in extent from 18,650 to 33,891 square miles,
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The Greek army, commanded by King Constantine I, had eight divisions and a cavalry brigade (117,861 men) with 176 artillery guns in a line extending from the Gulf of Orphanos to the Gevgelija area. Since the Greek headquarters did not know where the Bulgarian attack would occur, the Bulgarians would
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than to a Division. Tactical necessities during and after the First Balkan War modified this original structure: a new 10th division was formed using two brigades from the 1st and 6th divisions, and an additional three independent brigades were formed from recruits. Nevertheless, the heavy structure
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had a unique organization among those of Europe since each infantry division had three brigades of two regiments, composed of four battalions of six heavy companies of 250 men each, plus an independent battalion, two large artillery regiments and one cavalry regiment, giving a total of 25 very heavy
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and the land between it and Romania and the Bulgarian refusal to accept any cession of its territory. However, the fact that Russia failed to protect the territorial integrity of Bulgaria made the Bulgarians uncertain of the reliability of the expected Russian arbitration of the dispute with Serbia.
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When Bulgaria called upon Serbia to honour the prewar agreement over northern Macedonia, the Serbs, displeased at the Great Powers' requiring them to give up their gains in north Albania, adamantly refused to evacuate any more territory. The developments ended the Serbo-Bulgarian alliance and made a
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The political upheavals and territorial shifts resulting from the Second Balkan War also resonated beyond Europe. The Indian Muslim community, with its strong pan-Islamic sentiment towards the Ottoman Empire, was significantly impacted. The Indian Red Crescent Mission's involvement with the Ottoman
2004:
invited a Bulgarian delegation to treat with the allies directly at Niš in Serbia. The Serbs and Greeks, both now on the offensive, were in no rush to conclude a peace. On 22 July, Tsar Ferdinand sent a message to King Carol via the Italian ambassador in Bucharest. The Romanian armies halted before
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to the Aegean Sea. The army had been in place since May and was considered a veteran force, having fought at the siege of Edirne in the First Balkan War. Though General Ivanov, possibly to avoid any responsibility for his crushing defeat, claimed after the war that his army consisted of only 36,000
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were "Do not expect anything from us, and forget the existence of any of our agreements from 1902 until the present." Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was already angry with Bulgaria because the latter refused to honour its recently signed agreement with Romania over Silistra, which resulted from Russian
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When Bulgarian delegates in London bluntly warned the Serbs that they must not expect Bulgarian support on their Adriatic claims, the Serbs angrily replied that that was a blatant withdrawal from the prewar agreement of mutual understanding according to the Kriva Palanka-Adriatic line of expansion.
1742:
The Serbian front had become static. Seeing that the Bulgarian Army in front of him had already been defeated, King Constantine ordered the Greek Army to march further into Bulgarian territory and take the capital city of Sofia. Constantine wanted a decisive victory despite objections by his Prime
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The primary Bulgarian attack was planned against the Serbs with their 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th Armies, while the 2nd army was tasked with an attack toward Greek positions around Thessaloniki. However, in the crucial opening days of the war, only the 4th Army and 2nd Army were ordered to advance. This
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allies in the Balkans. On 8 June, he sent an identical personal message to the Kings of Bulgaria and Serbia, offering to act as arbitrator according to the provisions of the 1912 Serbo-Bulgarian treaty. Serbia was asking for a revision of the original treaty since it had already lost north Albania
1805:
mobilized its army on 5 July 1913, intending to seize Southern Dobruja, and declared war on Bulgaria on 10 July. In a diplomatic circular that said, "Romania does not intend either to subjugate the polity nor defeat the army of Bulgaria," the Romanian government endeavoured to allay international
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divisions captured Lachanas. The defeat of the 2nd army by the Greeks was the most serious military disaster suffered by the Bulgarians in the Second Balkan War. Bulgarian sources give 6,971 casualties, over 6,000 prisoners, and over 130 artillery pieces captured by the Greeks, who suffered 8,700
1367:
There is a dispute over the strength of the Bulgarian army during the Second Balkan War. At the outbreak of the First Balkan War, Bulgaria mobilized a total of 599,878 men (366,209 in the Active Army; 53,927 in the supplementing units; 53,983 in the National Militia; 94,526 from the 1912 and 1913
1317:
party, Danev, as premier. There is some evidence that to overcome Tsar Ferdinand's reservations over a new war against Serbia and Greece, certain personalities in Sofia threatened to overthrow him. In any case, on 16 June, the Bulgarian high command, under the direct control of Tsar Ferdinand and
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Bulgarian Army and driven the Bulgarians entirely out of Macedonia. The defensive victory, along with the successes to the north of the 1st and 3rd armies, protected western Bulgaria from a Serbian invasion. Although this boosted the Bulgarians, the situation was critical in the south, with the
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and Odrin (Edirne) independent brigades. It is known that there were no demobilized men. According to the Bulgarian command, the army had 7,693 officers and 492,528 soldiers in its ranks on 16 June (including the three brigades mentioned above). This gives a difference of 99,657 men in strength
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plain to neutralize it and to capture northern Macedonia, together with a less concentrated one against the Greek military near Thessaloniki, which had approximately half the size of the Serbian army, to capture the city and south Macedonia. The Bulgarian high command was not sure whether their
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In the face of the advancing Ottomans, the outnumbered Bulgarian forces retreated to the prewar border. Edirne was abandoned on 19 July, but, since the Ottomans did not occupy it immediately, the Bulgarians re-occupied it the next day (20 July). Since it was apparent that the Ottomans were not
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The Greek army was exhausted and faced logistical difficulties, but resisted strenuously and launched local counterattacks. By 30 July, the Bulgarian army downscaled its attacks, having to repulse Greek counterattacks on both sides. On the eastern flank, the Greek army launched a counterattack
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By early June, the army of the Kingdom of Greece had some 142,000 armed men with nine infantry divisions and one cavalry brigade. The bulk of the army with eight divisions and a cavalry brigade (117,861 men) was gathered in Macedonia, positioned in an arc covering Thessaloniki to the north and
1108:
However, the relations between the victorious Balkan allies quickly soured over the division of the spoils, specifically in Macedonia. During the prewar negotiations that resulted in the Balkan League's establishment, a secret agreement on 13 March 1912 was signed by Serbia and Bulgaria, which
1331:
Bulgaria intended to defeat the Serbs and Greeks and to occupy areas as large as possible before the Great Powers interfered to end the hostilities. To provide the necessary superiority in arms, the entire Bulgarian army was committed to these operations. No provisions were made in case of an
1721:
river in the northeastern Macedonia region. On 18 July, the Serbian 3rd army attacked, closing in on Bulgarian positions. The Bulgarians held firm, and the artillery successfully broke up the Serb attacks. If the Serbs had broken through the Bulgarian defences, they might have doomed the 2nd
1787:
through the Predela pass. The offensive was stopped by the Bulgarians on the eastern side of the pass and fighting ground to a stalemate. On the western flank, an offensive was launched against Tsarevo Selo to reach the Serbian lines. This failed, and the Bulgarian army continued advancing,
1626:
captured Gevgelija and the heights of Matsikovo. Consequentially, the Bulgarian line of retreat through Dojran was threatened, and Ivanov's army began a desperate retreat, threatening at times to become a rout. Reinforcements from the 14th division came too late, joining the retreat towards
1541:
river. The plan to rapidly destroy the Serbian army in central Macedonia by concentrated attack turned out to be unrealistic, with the Bulgarian army starting to retreat even before Romanian intervention, and the Greek advance necessitated the disengagement of forces to defend Sofia.
1117:
line (with both cities going to the Bulgarians) had been designated as a "disputed zone" under Russian arbitration, with the area to the south of this line assigned to Bulgaria. During the war, the Serbs succeeded in capturing an area far south of the agreed border, down to the
1165:. With this agreement, Serbia succeeded in making Greece a part of its dispute over northern Macedonia, since Greece had guaranteed Serbia's current (and disputed) occupation zone in Macedonia. In an attempt to halt the Serbo-Greek rapprochement, Bulgarian Prime Minister
1377:
between the two wars. In comparison, subtracting the actual number of casualties, including wounded and adding the newly conscripted men produces no less than 576,878 men. The army was experiencing shortages of war materials and had only 378,998 rifles at its disposal.
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and then after a Bulgarian retreat, along the Bregalnica. Internal confusion led to heavy Bulgarian losses in 1–3 July. The Serbs captured the whole 7th Division of the 4th Bulgarian Army, without any fight. By 8 July, the Bulgarian army had been severely defeated.
1806:
concerns about its motives and about increased bloodshed. According to Richard Hall, "he entrance of Romania into the conflict made the Bulgarian situation untenable he Romanian thrust across the Danube was the decisive military act of the Second Balkan War."
2179:, formally ending their hostilities. On 14 March 1914, Serbia signed a treaty in Constantinople, restoring relations with the Ottoman Empire and reaffirming the 1913 Treaty of London. No treaty between Montenegro and the Ottoman Empire was ever signed.
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signed a protocol with Greece on 21 May, agreeing on a permanent boundary between their respective forces, effectively accepting Greek control over southern Macedonia. However, his later dismissal ended the diplomatic targeting of Serbia.
1622:, ostensibly as a retaliation for the burning of the Bulgarian town of Kilkis by the Greeks, which had taken place after the named battle, as well as the destruction of many Bulgarian villages in the region. On the Bulgarian right, Greek
1353:
According to the Military Law of 1903, the armed forces of Bulgaria were divided into two categories: the Active Army and the National Militia. The core of the Armed forces consisted of nine infantry and one cavalry division. The
2041:
Bulgaria had agreed to cede Southern Dobruja to Romania as early as 19 July. At the peace talks in Bucharest, the Romanians, having obtained their primary objective, were a voice for moderation. The Bulgarians hoped to keep the
1443:
The army of the Kingdom of Serbia accounted for 348,000 men (out of which 252,000 were combatants) divided into three armies with ten divisions. Its main force was deployed on the Macedonian front along the Vardar River and near
1899:
The lack of resistance to the Romanian invasion convinced the Ottomans to invade the territories just ceded to Bulgaria. The main object of the invasion was the recovery of Edirne (Adrianople), which was held by Major General
1685:
The 4th Bulgarian army held the most important position in the attempted conquest of Serbian Macedonia. The fighting began on 29–30 June 1913, between the 4th Bulgarian army and the 1st and 3rd Serbian armies, first along the
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local power looking for a second opportunity to fulfill its national aspirations. After Bucharest, the head of the Bulgarian delegation, Tonchev, remarked that "ither the Powers will change , or we will destroy it."
1872:. The Bulgarian rear was entirely exposed, no resistance had been offered, the capital was open to the invader, and the country's northwestern corner was cut off and surrounded. During the invasion, the fledgling
8007:
1960:
so many Bulgarian soldiers had died to win the First Balkan War, were again under Ottoman control." Like the Romanians, the Ottomans suffered no combat casualties but lost 4,000 soldiers to cholera. Some 8000
1177:
to Romania. When Romania demanded its cession after the First Balkan War, Bulgaria's foreign minister offered instead some minor border changes, which excluded Silistra, and assurances for the rights of the
1337:
forces were enough to defeat the Greek army but believed them to be enough for defending the south front as a worst-case scenario until the arrival of reinforcements after defeating the Serbs to the north.
982:) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913. Serbian and Greek armies repulsed the Bulgarian offensive and counterattacked, entering Bulgaria. With Bulgaria also having previously engaged in territorial disputes with
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to Albania, was not well received in Greece; from the areas occupied during the war, Greece succeeded in gaining only the territories of Serres and Kavala after diplomatic support from Germany.
1747:, who realized that the Serbs, having won their territorial objectives, now adopted a passive stance and shifted the weight of carrying the rest of the war to the Greeks. In the pass of Kresna (
1468:(stationed in Epirus) was transferred to the front, and with the arrival of recruits, the army's strength in the Macedonian theatre increased eventually to some 145,000 men with 176 guns. King
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1996:
As the Romanian army closed in on Sofia, Bulgaria asked Russia to mediate. On 13 July, Prime Minister Stoyan Danev resigned in the face of Russian inactivity. On 17 July, the tsar appointed
1242:. Early evidence of the lack of realistic thinking in Bulgarian leadership was that although Russia had sent clear warnings expressed for the first time on 5 November 1912 (well before the
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divisions attacked across the plain in rushes supported by artillery. The Greek Army suffered heavy casualties but carried the trenches by the next day. On the Bulgarian left, the Greek
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arbitration. Then Serbia and Greece proposed that each of the three countries reduce its army by one-fourth as a first step to facilitate a peaceful solution, but Bulgaria rejected it.
1187:
1912:
reached the Enos–Midia line and on 20 July 1913 crossed the line and invaded Bulgaria. The entire Ottoman invasion force contained between 200,000 and 250,000 men under the command of
7739:
1904:
with a mere 4,000 troops. Most Bulgarian forces occupying East Thrace had been withdrawn to face the Serbo-Greek attack earlier in the year. On 12 July, Ottoman troops garrisoning
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2016:. They agreed to a five-day armistice to come into effect on 31 July. Romania refused to allow the Ottomans to participate, forcing Bulgaria to negotiate with them separately.
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the adjustment of the common frontier in Dobrudja had dominated diplomatic relations between Romania and Bulgaria ever since the aftermath of the Congress of Berlin (1878).
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1161:, confirming the current demarcation line between the two occupation zones as their mutual border and concluding an alliance in case of an attack from Bulgaria or from
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The territorial gains of the Balkan states after the First Balkan War and the line of expansion according to the pre-war secret agreement between Serbia and Bulgaria
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lands during the Balkan Wars fostered a deeper connection between Indian Muslims and the Ottoman cause, influencing political movements in India, including the
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Bulgaria was already on the track to war since a new cabinet had been formed in Bulgaria where the pacifist Geshov was replaced by the hardliner and head of a
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The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan war (1914), p. 83
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1253:, Tsar Ferdinand's ambition in crowning himself Emperor in Constantinople also proved unrealistic when the Bulgarian army failed to capture the city in the
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1755:-type battle, was applying pressure on their flanks. However, after bitter fighting, the Greek side managed to break through the Kresna pass and captured
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On 19 May/1 June 1913, two days after the signing of the Treaty of London and just 28 days before the Bulgarian attack, Greece and Serbia signed a secret
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made additional gains in northern Macedonia and, having fulfilled its aspirations to the south, turned its attention to the north where its rivalry with
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When the delegations met in Bucharest on 30 July, the Serbs were led by Pašić, the Montenegrins by Vukotić, the Greeks by Venizelos, the Romanians by
1849:), and the other advanced southwestward, towards Sofia, the Bulgarian capital, everywhere preceded by a wide fan of cavalry troops in reconnaissance.
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Photo of a Greek (left) and Bulgarian (right) sentry at the port of Thessaloniki during the period of joint occupation before the outbreak of the war.
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and Pirin Macedonia, which it had occupied during operations. The retreat from the areas that had to be ceded to Bulgaria, together with the loss of
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against the Ottomans in 1878. Its peacetime strength was 6,149 officers and 94,170 men, and it was well equipped by Balkan standards, possessing 126
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with Austria-Hungary, signing a military alliance, and on 28 June, officially warned Bulgaria that it would not remain neutral in a new Balkan war.
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to the Bulgarians, in Pašić's words, "in honour of General Fichev," who had brought Bulgarian arms to the door of Constantinople in the first war.
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especially in the south. However, after three days of fighting at the sectors of Pehchevo and Mahomia, the Greek forces retained their positions.
1901:
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performed photoreconnaissance and propaganda leaflet drops. Sofia became the first capital city in the world to be overflown by enemy aircraft.
1190:, Bulgaria agreed to give up Silistra. The resulting agreement was a compromise between the Romanian demands for the city, two triangles at the
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2149:. The Radoslavov government continued negotiating with the Ottomans in the hopes of forming an alliance. These talks finally bore fruit in the
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To help Bulgaria repulse the rapid Ottoman advance in Thrace, Russia threatened to attack the Ottoman Empire through the Caucasus and send its
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Iordachi, Constantin (2017). "Diplomacy and the Making of a Geopolitical Question: The Romanian-Bulgarian Conflict over Dobrudja, 1878–1947".
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was chief of the Bulgarian general staff and a member of the delegation in Bucharest at the time. When Fichev explained why Bulgaria deserved
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determined their future boundaries, effectively sharing northern Macedonia. In case of a postwar disagreement, the area to the north of the
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and the bulk of Bulgarian forces engaged in the south, the prospect of an easy victory incited Romanian intervention against Bulgaria. The
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also took advantage of the situation to regain some lost territories from the previous war. When Romanian troops approached the capital
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The Bulgarian command began to transfer troops to Thrace and on 20 July, with increasing resistance, the Turkish advance was halted.
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1079:, signed on 30 May 1913, which ended the war, acknowledged the Balkan states' gains west of the Enos–Midia line, drawn from Midia (
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As part of the Treaty of Constantinople, 46,764 Orthodox Bulgarians from Ottoman Thrace were exchanged for 48,570 Muslims (Turks,
2050:. Austro-Hungarian and Russian pressure forced Serbia to be satisfied with most of northern Macedonia, conceding only the town of
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1506:. Upon mobilizing, the Romanian army mustered 417,720 men allocated to five army corps. Some 80,000 were assembled to occupy the
3391:"The villages around it are Bulgarian to the north and west, but a rural Greek population approaches it from the south and east"
1845:. The initial occupation completed, Romanian forces were divided into two groups: one advanced westward, towards Ferdinand (now
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5482:
4672:
3736:
2859:
2244:
856:
7744:
7512:
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5143:
5103:
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3205:
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as the boundary between their share of Macedonia and Serbia's. The latter preferred to retain all of Macedonia as far as the
2005:
Sofia. Romania proposed that talks be moved to Bucharest, and the delegations took a train from Niš to Bucharest on 24 July.
1268:
1952:
called himself the "Second Conqueror of Edirne," although the conquering forces had met no resistance on the way to Edirne.
7237:
6559:
6220:
6201:
5436:
5424:
1246:) that if the Bulgarian army occupied Constantinople they would attack it, they continued their attempts to take the city.
6747:
7877:
6579:
5585:
4647:
4422:
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2150:
1880:
765:
607:
374:
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338:
326:
314:
302:
290:
278:
180:
7314:
5879:
5170:
2066:
was brother-in-law to the Greek king—and France secured Kavala for Greece. Bulgaria retained the underdeveloped port of
8080:
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7798:
6174:
5680:
5645:
4874:
4611:
4508:
4305:
4176:
4152:
4128:
2092:
The Montenegrins at Bucharest were primarily interested in obtaining a favourable concession from Serbia in the former
529:
2073:
The last day of negotiations was 8 August. On 10 August, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia signed the
6898:
6231:
5821:
5655:
5083:
4081:
4030:
3984:
3851:
2231:
At the strong insistence of Austria-Hungary and Italy, both hoping to control for themselves the state and thus the
1983:, Ottoman forces perpetrated atrocities against the Bulgarians in Eastern Thrace during the invasion and aftermath.
1713:
assumed control of the 4th and 5th Bulgarian armies. The Bulgarians dug into strong positions around the village of
1048:
8095:
7788:
7378:
6948:
5505:
4407:
2114:
to pressure Bulgaria to make peace. Bulgaria sent a three-member delegation—General Mihail Savov and the diplomats
1955:
The Ottoman armies did not stop at the old border but crossed into Bulgarian territory. A cavalry unit advanced on
6822:
5730:
8100:
7711:
5640:
4990:
4626:
2735:
2636:
2594:
2573:
2142:
2105:
1009:
The political developments and military preparations for the Second Balkan War attracted an estimated 200 to 300
999:
101:
7071:
1964:
fighting for the Ottomans were wounded. The sacrifice of these Armenians was praised greatly in Turkish papers.
1873:
8090:
8085:
7793:
6983:
6459:
6374:
5725:
4998:
4691:
4003:
3996:
The Balkan wars: conquest, revolution, and retribution from the Ottoman era to the twentieth century and beyond
2279:
1937:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1465:
1158:
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2000:
to head a pro-German and Russophobic government. On 20 July, via Saint Petersburg, the Serbian Prime Minister
1345:
590:
8105:
7677:
6616:
5452:
4585:
4550:
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2794:
1936:
stopping, it was abandoned a second time on 21 July and occupied by the Ottomans on 23 July. Edirne had been
1797:
1551:
998:, in which Bulgaria had to cede portions of its First Balkan War gains to Serbia, Greece and Romania. In the
929:
894:
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7948:
7734:
7517:
6364:
6190:
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6136:
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2286:
of World War I). The resulting enormous sacrifices during World War I and renewed defeat caused Bulgaria a
1929:
1921:
1487:
6226:
5348:
4193:
8070:
6842:
6792:
6369:
5377:
3178:
Tsarigrade/Istanbul and the Spatial Construction of Bulgarian National Identity in the Nineteenth Century
3041:
2291:
2122:—to Constantinople to negotiate peace on 6 September. The Ottoman delegation was led by Foreign Minister
1925:
1917:
1771:. Meanwhile, the Greek forces continued their march inland into western Thrace, on 26 July, they entered
1250:
1191:
1149:
7278:
6009:
4492:
1759:
on 26 July, while at the night of 27–28 July, the Bulgarian forces were pushed north to Gorna Dzhumaya (
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7326:
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939:
919:
96:
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The Kingdom of Romania had the largest army in the Balkans, although it had not seen action since the
1254:
1243:
8055:
7585:
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7136:
6685:
6610:
6251:
5500:
5088:
4970:
4960:
4852:
4822:
4447:
4218:
3634:
7672:
4911:
3830:
3182:
3145:
2950:"A novel method to combat the cholera epidemic among the Romanian Army during the Balkan War – 1913"
1182:
in Macedonia. Romania threatened to occupy Bulgarian territory by force, but a Russian proposal for
7845:
7667:
7638:
7368:
7171:
7161:
6857:
6817:
6642:
6408:
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5610:
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5457:
5322:
4869:
4815:
4291:
2374:
1325:
6720:
6299:
2984:"Epidemiile în istorie | O epidemie uitată. Holera, România și al Doilea Război Balcanic din 1913"
8065:
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7887:
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283:
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until it was clear that there would be no Bulgarian resistance. On the night of 14–15 July, the
7771:
7643:
7623:
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7111:
7076:
6998:
6988:
6933:
6659:
6603:
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1920:
was stationed at the eastern (Midia) end of the line. From east to west it was followed by the
1830:
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1433:
1417:
1166:
944:
914:
517:
457:
7106:
6524:
6398:
6038:
5904:
5720:
5595:
4565:
3181:. CAS Sofia Working Paper Series. Central and Eastern European Online Library. pp. 1–18.
2539:
1779:. On 28 July, the Bulgarian army, under heavy pressure, was forced to abandon Gorna Dzhumaya.
909:
7897:
7682:
7337:
7208:
7203:
7091:
7081:
6888:
6403:
6141:
5590:
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1744:
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1275:
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650:
536:
524:
512:
243:
7581:
6737:
6126:
5615:
5408:
5307:
5098:
4906:
1879:
Romania did not count any combat casualties during its brief war. Its forces were struck by
1556:
The Bulgarian 2nd army in southern Macedonia, commanded by General Ivanov, held a line from
7650:
7489:
7484:
7426:
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6782:
6626:
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6388:
5811:
5778:
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904:
505:
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7293:
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6111:
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5203:
3847:
1460:
northeast of the city, while one division and independent units (24,416 men) were left in
1130:
shortly before the Bulgarians arrived and establishing a common Greek border with Serbia.
8:
7823:
7655:
7176:
7051:
6993:
6968:
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6393:
6291:
6268:
6258:
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4382:
4310:
4286:
3809:
2623:
2169:
2165:
1703:
1678:
1668:
1274:
As skirmishing continued in Macedonia, mainly between Serbian and Bulgarian troops, Tsar
1234:, since it included both Eastern and Western Thrace and all Macedonia with Thessaloniki,
1102:
1036:
963:
934:
89:
7308:
7166:
7146:
7056:
6913:
6440:
6304:
6023:
5382:
4985:
3885:"ECommons@Cornell: Carnegie Report, the Serbian army during the Second Balkan War, 1913"
421:
7989:
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7283:
7273:
7258:
6963:
6958:
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6631:
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5989:
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5133:
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213:
133:
6757:
6690:
5964:
5934:
5660:
4744:
1864:, a suburb only 7 miles (11 km) from Sofia. The Romanians and Serbs linked up at
1698:
and forced Serbian Command to send reinforcements to the 2nd army defending Pirot and
7914:
7828:
7766:
7729:
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6973:
6928:
6908:
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6852:
6807:
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4026:
4009:
3999:
3980:
3935:
3767:
3689:
3666:
3654:
3443:
3416:
3412:
The Balkan Cockpit – The Political and Military Story of the Balkan Wars in Macedonia
3234:
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2001:
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line (both in Serbian hands). At the same time, the Greeks advanced north, occupying
1040:
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971:
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620:
578:
500:
488:
476:
428:
416:
404:
397:
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343:
228:
198:
153:
143:
7268:
4916:
3740:
2110:
In August, Ottoman forces established a provisional government of Western Thrace at
1510:, while an army of 250,000 was assembled to carry the main offensive into Bulgaria.
1278:
tried to stop the upcoming conflict since Russia did not wish to lose either of its
7902:
7575:
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7263:
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7141:
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2283:
2176:
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2119:
2086:
2078:
2024:
1997:
1944:
in the 1360s and had served as the first European capital of the Empire before the
1752:
1694:
On the north, the Bulgarians started to advance towards the Serbian border town of
1507:
1473:
1264:
1028:
1022:
967:
493:
139:
129:
77:
6752:
4980:
4879:
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4114:
4092:
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4041:
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3410:
3397:
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2217:
2201:
2096:. They did it, later confirming it in a treaty signed at Belgrade on 7 November.
2082:
2067:
1968:
1822:
1401:
1397:
1162:
1137:
The Serbian-Bulgarian pre-war division of Macedonia, including the contested area
331:
307:
3931:
Southern Albania or Northern Epirus in European International Affairs, 1912–1923
1524:
1080:
7181:
7101:
7086:
7061:
6797:
6767:
6670:
6534:
5798:
5704:
5690:
4975:
4886:
4462:
4320:
4268:
3635:"Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans"
2685:
2529:
2271:
2209:
2197:
2047:
2009:
1652:
1639:. On 11 July, the Greeks came in contact with the Serbs and then pushed up the
1565:
1538:
1453:
1355:
1292:
1279:
1097:
1052:
987:
660:
585:
573:
561:
549:
409:
379:
258:
149:
124:
7546:
2138:
1647:
and then penetrated inland to western Thrace. On 19 July, the Greeks captured
1404:
respectively) were deployed along the old Serbian-Bulgarian borders, with the
1303:
8044:
7596:
7186:
6847:
6665:
6454:
5372:
5002:
4800:
4350:
3658:
3014:
2426:
2405:
2382:
2239:, Albania acquired officially its independence according to the terms of the
2115:
1437:
1409:
1373:
1110:
1032:
367:
355:
319:
4013:
2274:
since its Balkan enemies (Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Romania) were pro-
2145:
of 30 September. In October, Bulgarian forces finally returned south of the
1321:
1226:
and the military leadership around him, exceeded the provisions of the 1878
1173:
Another point of friction arose: Bulgaria's refusal to cede the fortress of
7978:
7892:
7633:
7360:
6878:
6837:
6594:
4785:
4780:
4296:
3843:
2965:
2704:
2631:
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2524:
2449:
1865:
1710:
1640:
1619:
1499:
1296:
1258:
1127:
295:
5487:
3954:
Wasti, Syed Tanvir. "The Indian Red Crescent Mission to the Balkan Wars."
2948:
Leașu, Florin; Nemeț, Codruța; Borzan, Cristina; Rogozea, Liliana (2015).
2028:
Map showing the final territorial gains of the Balkan countries after the
1380:
7968:
7606:
7601:
7456:
7383:
6420:
6334:
5579:
5066:
4926:
4896:
4790:
4686:
4263:
4234:
2709:
2055:
2029:
1949:
1891:
1814:
1760:
1643:. Meanwhile, the Greek forces, with the support of their navy, landed in
1557:
1314:
1183:
1072:
566:
469:
120:
32:
7819:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa region
3810:"Balkan devletleriyle Türkiye arasındaki nüfus mübadeleleri (1912–1930)"
1702:. This enabled Bulgarians to stop the Serbian offensive in Macedonia at
1581:
have temporary local superiority in the location chosen for the attack.
1479:
The Kingdom of Montenegro sent one division of 12,000 men under General
1212:
6715:
6710:
5763:
4901:
4335:
2270:
To this end, it participated in the First World War on the side of the
2255:
2228:
of 1911 over Libya, despite the agreement that ended that war in 1912.
2221:
2063:
1861:
1723:
1718:
1413:
1231:
1179:
1092:
1003:
3688:] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Millenium (published 2015). p. 178.
1905:
1429:
1064:
4057:(1.udg. ed.). Athens: Hellenic Army General Staff. p. 260.
3958:, Taylor & Francis, published online 11 June 2009. Available at:
3848:
Ottoman Population, 1830–1914, Demographic and Social Characteristics
2131:
1961:
1734:
1491:
1284:
1123:
1084:
979:
1425:
848:
40:
4891:
4198:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
2236:
2146:
2111:
1909:
1834:
1818:
1776:
1648:
1635:
on 5 July but were unable to cut off the Bulgarian retreat through
1628:
1561:
1495:
1239:
1174:
554:
1852:
On 18 July, Romania took Ferdinand, and on 20 July, they occupied
1655:, thus cutting off the Bulgarians completely from the Aegean sea.
7882:
7451:
7403:
7393:
7388:
1941:
1784:
1756:
1623:
1611:
1195:
1056:
2051:
1860:
north of Sofia. On 23 July, advanced cavalry forces had entered
7373:
5333:
2205:
2157:
2059:
2043:
1956:
1853:
1772:
1644:
1615:
1534:
1461:
1445:
1369:
1333:
1235:
1119:
1068:
4203:
2164:) from Bulgarian Thrace. After the exchange, according to the
1699:
1572:
1520:
Order of battle of the Bulgarian Army in the Second Balkan War
1349:
Concentrations of the forces of the Balkan states in June 1913
3960:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263200902853389
1869:
1838:
1768:
1695:
1503:
1360:
1114:
991:
7841:
Recovery attempt of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and Hertsa
3977:
Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913
7398:
1651:, and on 25 July, in another amphibious operation, entered
1088:
4023:
The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War
1222:
In 1912, Bulgaria's national aspirations, as expressed by
3764:
The major international treaties of the twentieth century
3176:
3007:
Serviciul Sanitar al Armatei Române în perioada 1914–1919
45:
Map of the mainland operations of the Allied belligerents
2854:
2852:
2224:
islands in the Aegean, which it had occupied during the
1821:
to Balchik. The corps cavalry occupied the port city of
3595:
2947:
2220:. Italy used the excuse of the Balkan wars to keep the
2216:
led the two countries to war a year later igniting the
1809:
On the day of Romania's declaration, 80,000 men of the
2911:
1472:
assumed command of the Greek forces, with Lt. General
3583:
3543:
2849:
2137:
Resigned to losing Edirne, the Bulgarians played for
1971:
to Constantinople; this caused Britain to intervene.
1545:
1456:
as his chief of staff and effective field commander.
8018:
2018 unification declarations in Moldova and Romania
5057:
2168:, there remained 14,908 Bulgarians belonging to the
1291:
during the last 35 years. Russia's Foreign Minister
994:, Bulgaria asked for an armistice, resulting in the
6500:
Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)
3456:
3336:, vol. III, Ministry of Army, 1932, p. 97
966:, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the
7289:December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
3366:, vol. C, Ministry of Army, 1932, p. 116
3222:
7244:Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)
3322:, vol. I, Ministry of War, 1932, p. 158
3308:, vol. I, Ministry of War, 1937, p. 566
2085:, to Bulgaria; and the coastal and largest part,
8042:
7834:Population exchange between Bulgaria and Romania
2267:and the eventual founding of the Muslim League.
1295:'s exact words to Bulgaria's new Prime Minister
7518:Independence and annexation of Northern Dobruja
7299:July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes
7254:April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
4054:A concise history of the Balkan Wars, 1912–1913
2860:"Bulgarian troops loses during the Balkan Wars"
2196:The treaties forced the Greek Army to evacuate
8008:Centenary of the Great Union Anniversary Medal
7460:
4094:Drugi balkanski rat 1913: Tok i završetak rata
1980:Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913
1631:and the Bulgarian border. The Greeks captured
7434:
7249:Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)
5043:
4219:
3880:The Serbian Army during the Second Balkan War
3737:"Turkey in the First World War – Balkan Wars"
3320:The war between Bulgaria and Balkan Countries
3306:The war between Bulgaria and Turkey 1912–1913
3276:
3274:
2743:
2719:
2175:On 14 November 1913, Greece and the Ottomans
864:
7690:Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia
6575:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
4123:] (in French). Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme.
3560:
3558:
3195:
2647:
2465:
1868:on 25 July, isolating the important city of
234:
16:Bulgaria's invasion of its neighbours (1913)
7974:Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania
7359:
7198:NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
4171:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.
3993:
1681:during the Second Balkan War, in June 1913.
1585:which dominated the plain below. The Greek
65:(1 month, 1 week and 5 days)
7441:
7427:
5050:
5036:
4226:
4212:
3862:
3860:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3346:
3344:
3271:
3214:
2901:
2757:
2661:
2479:
2316:
2302:
1738:Greek troops advancing in the Kresna Gorge
1576:Greek lithograph of the battle of Lachanas
1448:. Its nominal commander-in-chief was King
871:
857:
712:140 artillery pieces captured or destroyed
171:
6622:June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina
4168:History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century
4109:
4039:
3761:
3755:
3555:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
2928:
2926:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2773:
1249:Although the Bulgarian army succeeded in
204:
4617:Provisional Government of Western Thrace
4161:
4137:
4071:
3974:
3927:
3679:
3442:. Cornell University Press. p. 30.
3280:
3220:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3103:. Vol. 4. Brill. pp. 291–393.
3098:
3019:Ion Creangă State Pedagogical University
2917:
2495:
2332:
2023:
1986:
1890:
1817:invaded Dobruja, occupying a front from
1791:
1733:
1672:
1571:
1523:
1464:. With the eruption of hostilities, the
1379:
1344:
1320:
1302:
1263:
1211:
1188:Protocol of St. Petersburg of 9 May 1913
1186:prevented hostilities. In the resulting
1148:
1132:
219:
189:
7944:1 Decembrie 1918 University, Alba Iulia
3857:
3780:
3702:
3607:
3526:
3499:
3487:
3468:
3371:
3341:
3259:
3247:
3174:
3168:
2981:
2012:and the Bulgarians by Finance Minister
1886:
8043:
7333:Dubrava Prison bombings and executions
5483:Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia
5304:Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)
5279:Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)
4050:
3682:Балканските войни на българската армия
3632:
3589:
3564:
3549:
3435:
3286:
3229:. Cambridge University Press. p.
3198:The Rise of Nationality in the Balkans
3156:
3063:
3003:
2923:
2878:
2019:
1895:Ahmed Izzet Pasha in uniform (c. 1913)
1207:
7745:Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia
7513:Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia
7422:
5478:Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde
5429:Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by
5031:
4207:
4090:
3807:
3729:
3686:The Balkan wars of the Bulgarian army
3408:
3364:The Greek Army during the Balkan Wars
3334:The Greek Army during the Balkan Wars
3185:from the original on 13 October 2017.
3152:from the original on 7 November 2009.
3133:
2999:
2997:
2977:
2975:
2943:
2941:
2866:from the original on 29 December 2011
1440:was detailed against the Greek army.
878:
852:
7661:Central Powers occupation of Romania
4020:
3866:
3795:
3766:. Taylor & Francis. p. 50.
3723:
3620:
3601:
3537:
3520:
3493:
3481:
3462:
3377:
3350:
3292:
3265:
3253:
3162:
3086:
2932:
2905:
2254:After its defeat, Bulgaria became a
2126:, assisted by future Naval Minister
1528:Initial Bulgarian plan of operations
6580:Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)
6122:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
6117:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)
6102:Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)
5463:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
5420:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
5404:Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)
4745:Initial phase of the Greek genocide
4648:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak
3956:Journal of Southern African Studies
3808:Önder, Selahattin (6 August 2018).
2099:
2081:went to Serbia; the smallest part,
1932:, which was stationed at Gelibolu.
1513:
1031:, which began in October 1912, the
962:was a conflict that broke out when
13:
5319:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456
5276:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438
5268:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437
5265:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427
5262:Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425
4103:
3891:from the original on 14 April 2015
3639:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
3225:A short history of modern Bulgaria
3101:Entangled Histories of the Balkans
2994:
2972:
2938:
2297:
1729:
1546:Bulgarian offensive against Greece
1340:
1071:), leaving the Ottomans with only
14:
8122:
8111:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire
6899:1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia
5492:Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)
5332:Ottoman invasion and conquest of
5094:Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
4249:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire
4186:
3928:Stickney, Edith Pierpont (1926).
3852:The University of Wisconsin Press
7545:
7450:
7315:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
6949:Battle of the Dalmatian Channels
6221:Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)
6202:Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
5506:Serbian nobility conflict (1369)
5437:Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
5425:Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
5059:Wars and battles involving Serbs
4147:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
3739:. Turkeyswar.com. Archived from
3200:. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar.
3051:from the original on 7 June 2011
2775:
2759:
2678:
2663:
2497:
2481:
2334:
2318:
2077:and divided Macedonia in three:
1679:wireless field telegraph station
1658:
813:
794:
772:
750:
728:
687:
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
606:
584:
572:
560:
548:
535:
523:
511:
499:
487:
475:
463:
451:
439:
427:
415:
403:
391:
373:
361:
349:
337:
325:
313:
301:
289:
277:
251:
236:
221:
206:
191:
173:
39:
7762:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
7740:Great Romanian National Council
7712:Romanian occupation of Pokuttia
7523:Romanian annexation of Silistra
5641:Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)
5586:Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
5099:Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt
4233:
3948:
3921:
3908:
3872:
3837:
3801:
3673:
3626:
3570:
3429:
3402:
3383:
3356:
3326:
3312:
3298:
3189:
3120:
3092:
3004:Stoica, Vasile Leontin (2012).
2954:Acta medico-historica Adriatica
2151:Secret Bulgarian–Ottoman Treaty
2106:Treaty of Constantinople (1913)
1653:Dedeagac (today Alexandroupoli)
1051:) succeeded in driving out the
7705:Romanian occupation of Hungary
6984:Battle of the Miljevci Plateau
6460:Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)
6175:Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814
5681:Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)
5646:Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
4735:Bulgarians deportation program
4306:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
4072:Schurman, Jacob Gould (2004).
4040:Lazarević, Milutin D. (1955).
3905:, Christopher Clark, pp. 42–45
3580:. T. Werner Laurie LTD, p. 336
3025:
1202:
970:, attacked its former allies,
47:(amphibious actions not shown)
1:
6823:Operation Rösselsprung (1944)
6748:Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive
6617:Uprising in Montenegro (1941)
6232:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
5822:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
5731:Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion
5656:Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
5636:Rákóczi's War of Independence
5453:Hungarian invasions of Europe
4586:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
4121:History of the Serbian People
3934:. Stanford University Press.
3651:10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186
3436:Downes, Alexander B. (2008).
3409:Price, W.H. Crawfurd (2008).
3196:Seton-Watson, R. W. (2009) .
2982:Ciupală, Alin (25 May 2020).
2843:
2795:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
1798:Romanian landings in Bulgaria
1564:, Serres and then across the
1055:from its European provinces (
1016:
7949:National Museum of the Union
7735:General Congress of Bukovina
7528:Conquest of Southern Dobruja
6191:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
6137:Battles for Plav and Gusinje
5817:War of the Polish Succession
5129:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)
5124:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)
5119:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)
5114:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)
5109:Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)
4678:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914
4074:The Balkan Wars 1912 to 1913
3975:Erickson, Edward J. (2003).
3680:Stoyanov, Alexander (2014).
3633:Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019).
3126:"Correspondants de guerre",
2182:
1991:
1883:, which cut down 1,600 men.
1502:batteries made primarily by
1488:Romanian War of Independence
824:negligible combat casualties
761:negligible combat casualties
7:
7533:Treaty of Bucharest of 1916
6843:Stratsin-Kumanovo operation
6793:Operation Southeast Croatia
5378:Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje
4673:Autonomy of Northern Epirus
4097:. Vojnoistorijski Institut.
3994:Gerolymatos, André (2002).
3415:. Read Books. p. 347.
3042:Hellenic Army General Staff
2627:
2608:
2585:
2564:
2543:
2520:
1977:According to the 1918 book
837:c. 76,000 combat casualties
10:
8127:
7853:Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
7327:NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
7219:Operation Maritime Monitor
7214:Operation Deliberate Force
6944:Siege of Bjelovar Barracks
6939:Siege of Varaždin Barracks
6833:Operation Spring Awakening
6706:Capture of Banja Koviljača
6375:Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)
5736:Battle of Martinići (1796)
5726:Serb uprising of 1737–1739
5711:Serb Uprising of 1596–1597
5368:Serb Uprising of 1038–1042
5180:Fall of the Serbian Empire
4692:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance
4051:Gedeon, Dimitrios (1998).
3967:
3439:Targeting Civilians in War
3221:Crampton, Richard (1987).
2818:Southern Dobruja Offensive
2816:
2793:
2744:Bulgarian–Romanian battles
2718:
2695:
2622:
2603:
2582:
2559:
2538:
2515:
2440:
2419:
2396:
2373:
2103:
2037:Treaty of Bucharest (1913)
2034:
1795:
1662:
1549:
1517:
1230:, considered even then as
1020:
719:: 65,927 killed or wounded
8081:Wars involving Montenegro
7998:
7961:
7957:
7939:
7932:
7873:
7866:
7811:
7781:
7750:Declaration of Alba Iulia
7720:
7622:
7615:
7554:
7543:
7505:
7477:
7470:
7352:
7229:
7029:
6871:
6858:Battle of Sarajevo (1945)
6686:1942 Montenegro offensive
6611:Uprising in Serbia (1941)
6593:
6550:
6419:
6333:
6290:
6283:
6252:Battle of Sarajevo (1878)
6227:Krivošije uprising (1869)
6185:Priest Jovica's Rebellion
6162:
6094:
5848:
5841:
5797:
5754:
5689:
5570:
5563:
5501:Serbian civil war of 1331
5445:
5358:
5142:
5084:Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)
5074:
5065:
5012:
4853:Konstantinos Sapountzakis
4758:
4717:
4665:
4656:
4640:
4604:
4543:
4532:
4501:
4370:
4359:
4292:Greco-Turkish War of 1897
4241:
4021:Hall, Richard C. (2000).
3130:(Paris), 3 novembre 1912.
3128:Le Petit Journal Illustré
2720:Ottoman Advance of Thrace
2648:Bulgarian–Ottoman battles
2466:Bulgarian–Serbian battles
2177:signed a treaty in Athens
1948:in 1453. Minister of War
1946:capture of Constantinople
1833:crossed into Bulgaria at
1709:On 13 July 1913, General
1552:Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas
1483:to the Macedonian front.
890:
679:
599:
267:
165:
51:
38:
30:
25:
7922:Unification with Romania
7846:Transnistria Governorate
7695:Second Romanian campaign
7369:Central African Republic
7279:Battle of Belaćevac Mine
7162:Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
7072:Siege of Bihać (1992–95)
6818:Siege of Rogatica (1941)
6643:Battle of Loznica (1941)
5651:Siege of Belgrade (1717)
5626:Siege of Belgrade (1690)
5611:Siege of Belgrade (1688)
5541:Siege of Belgrade (1440)
5104:Bulgarian-Serb War (998)
4627:Treaty of Constantinople
4519:1913 Ottoman coup d'état
4116:Histoire du peuple serbe
4076:. Kessinger Publishing.
3762:Grenville, John (2001).
3576:Price, Crawfurd (1914).
3013:(Thesis) (in Romanian).
2375:Battle of Kilkis-Lahanas
2143:Treaty of Constantinople
1601:captured Serres and the
1326:Nicholas I of Montenegro
1000:Treaty of Constantinople
786:23,847 wounded in action
102:Treaty of Constantinople
62:29 June – 10 August 1913
8096:Wars involving Bulgaria
7986:(Romanian national day)
7858:Moscow Protocol of 1948
7799:Union with Transylvania
7634:First Romanian war plan
7321:Prizren incident (1999)
7192:Operation Southern Move
7037:Battle of Bosanski Brod
6884:Plitvice Lakes incident
6828:Kosovo Operation (1944)
6763:Capture of Olovo (1941)
6733:Battle of Kupres (1942)
6681:Battle of Lijevče Field
6495:Kosovo offensive (1915)
6320:Fight on Čelopek (1906)
6018:Second Serbian Uprising
5807:Serbian Hussar Regiment
5716:Battle of Mohács (1687)
5699:Long War (Ottoman wars)
5546:Battle of Kosovo (1448)
5272:Battle of Trnava (1430)
4697:Balkans campaign of WWI
4346:Albanian revolt of 1912
3396:10 October 2017 at the
3175:Penchev, Boyko (2007).
2988:University of Bucharest
2583:Battle of Belogradchik
2303:Bulgarian–Greek battles
2247:under the terms of the
1476:as his chief of staff.
1396:armies (under generals
1255:First Battle of Çatalca
1244:First Battle of Çatalca
1217:Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
1192:Bulgaria–Romania border
1013:from around the world.
8101:Wars involving Romania
7700:Hungarian–Romanian War
7668:1917 Romanian Campaign
7644:Battle of Transylvania
7639:1916 Romanian Campaign
7562:Ferdinand I of Romania
7461:
6999:Operation Medak Pocket
6934:Battle of the Barracks
6660:Battle of the Sutjeska
6604:Invasion of Yugoslavia
6585:Drenica-Junik Uprising
6505:Battle of Malka Nidzhe
6485:Battle of Kaymakchalan
6325:Battle of Pirot (1913)
6247:Battle of Vitez (1878)
6242:Battle of Jajce (1878)
6196:Battle of Vršac (1849)
5950:Liberation of Belgrade
5859:First Serbian Uprising
5769:Cretan War (1645–1669)
5671:Battle of Petrovaradin
5551:Fall of Constantinople
5496:War of Hum (1326–1329)
5431:Syrgiannes Palaiologos
5242:Battle of Vitosha Pass
5171:Battle of Sırp Sındığı
4971:Crown Prince Alexander
4949:Crown Prince Ferdinand
4912:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha
4740:Massacres of Civilians
4730:Massacres of Albanians
4683:Sarajevo Assassination
4612:Greek–Serbian Alliance
4605:Diplomacy and politics
4502:Diplomacy and politics
4326:Bulgarian Independence
3825:Cite journal requires
2442:Battle of Kresna Gorge
2360:Konstantin Kavarnaliev
2292:new territorial losses
2128:Çürüksulu Mahmud Pasha
2032:
1896:
1881:an outbreak of cholera
1749:Battle of Kresna Gorge
1739:
1682:
1577:
1529:
1385:
1350:
1328:
1310:
1271:
1219:
1154:
1138:
1101:basis, and created an
840:c. 91,000 total losses
820:Ottoman Empire: 4,000+
783:5,851 killed in action
591:Çürüksulu Mahmud Pasha
268:Commanders and leaders
8091:Wars involving Greece
8086:Wars involving Serbia
7898:Transnistria conflict
7789:Union with Bessarabia
7683:Third Battle of Oituz
7338:1999 F-117A shootdown
7209:Operation Deny Flight
7204:1995 Pale air strikes
7082:Operation Corridor 92
6889:Battle of Borovo Selo
6721:Operation Draufgänger
6404:Siege of Vidin (1913)
6300:Fight on Šuplji Kamen
6010:Hadži Prodan's Revolt
5880:Batočina and Jagodina
5399:Battle of Tara (1150)
5288:Battle of Nish (1443)
5160:Battle of Stephaniana
5089:Bulgar–Serb War (853)
4997:Other Balkan states:
4838:Eleftherios Venizelos
4514:Albanian Independence
4316:Young Turk Revolution
4194:Balkan Wars 1912–1913
2420:Battle of Demir Hisar
2278:(see articles on the
2027:
1987:Negotiating a way out
1894:
1792:Romanian intervention
1745:Eleftherios Venizelos
1737:
1676:
1575:
1560:southeast to Kilkis,
1527:
1518:Further information:
1466:8th Infantry Division
1383:
1348:
1324:
1306:
1276:Nicholas II of Russia
1267:
1228:Treaty of San Stefano
1215:
1152:
1136:
827:4,000 dead of disease
789:188 missing in action
745:5,000 dead of disease
680:Casualties and losses
8106:Invasions by Romania
7651:The Romanian Debacle
7490:Romanian irredentism
7485:Romanian nationalism
7238:Insurgency in Kosovo
7157:Operation Summer '95
7132:Operation Winter '94
7014:Operation Summer '95
7004:Operation Winter '94
6788:Operation Mihailovic
6783:Operation Kugelblitz
6627:Battle of Novi Pazar
6470:Battle of Dobro Pole
6430:Montenegrin campaign
6409:Ohrid–Debar uprising
6389:Battle of Bregalnica
6315:Fight in Velika Hoča
5960:Malajnica and Štubik
5812:Pruth River Campaign
5779:Battle on Vrtijeljka
5676:Battle of Banja Luka
5621:Battle of Niš (1689)
5536:Battle of Despotovac
5458:Magyar–Serb conflict
5347:Ottoman conquest of
5340:Battle of Breadfield
5225:Battle of Karanovasa
5192:Battle of Dubravnica
4848:Pavlos Kountouriotis
4091:Skoko, Savo (1975).
3812:(in Turkish): 27–29.
2521:30 June–9 July 1913
2517:Battle of Bregalnica
2094:Sanjak of Novi Pazar
1887:Ottoman intervention
1677:Serbian troops with
1665:Battle of Bregalnica
506:Pavlos Kountouriotis
7883:Republic of Moldova
7824:Second Vienna Award
7794:Union with Bukovina
7678:Battle of Mărășești
7656:Battle of Bucharest
7177:Operation Mistral 2
7107:Operation Bøllebank
7077:Operation Vrbas '92
7052:Siege of Srebrenica
6994:Operation Maslenica
6969:Operation Whirlwind
6863:Battle of Zelengora
6565:Uprising in Drenica
6525:Ovče Pole Offensive
6475:Battle of the Drina
6399:Battle of Knjaževac
6394:Battle of Kalimanci
6370:Siege of Adrianople
6292:Macedonian Struggle
6269:Battle of Slivnitsa
6259:Serbo-Bulgarian War
6189:Several battles of
5784:Battle of Slankamen
5721:Uprising in Vučitrn
5601:Battle of Keresztes
5596:Battle of Sződfalva
5526:Battle of Kosmidion
5516:Battle of Nicopolis
5394:Siege of Ras (1127)
5155:Battle of Gallipoli
4875:Crown Prince Danilo
4725:Carnegie Commission
4622:Treaty of Bucharest
4311:Macedonian Struggle
4287:Serbo-Bulgarian War
4111:Bataković, Dušan T.
4043:Drugi Balkanski rat
3914:Christopher Clark,
3604:, pp. 117–118.
2697:Siege of Adrianople
2624:Battle of Kalimanci
2540:Battle of Knjaževac
2353:Battle of Kalinovo
2172:in Ottoman Empire.
2170:Bulgarian Exarchate
2166:1914 Ottoman census
2075:Treaty of Bucharest
2020:Treaty of Bucharest
1669:Battle of Kalimanci
1494:batteries, fifteen
1420:Army under General
1408:Army under general
1208:Bulgarian war plans
1103:independent Albania
996:Treaty of Bucharest
694:Kingdom of Bulgaria
97:Treaty of Bucharest
8071:1913 in Montenegro
7990:Trianon Treaty Day
7592:Alexandru Averescu
7582:Ion I. C. Brătianu
7284:Battle of Podujevo
7274:Battle of Oraovica
7259:Attack on Orahovac
6964:Operation Orkan 91
6959:Operation Otkos 10
6954:Siege of Dubrovnik
6813:Operation Prijedor
6778:Operation Kopaonik
6738:Battle of Višegrad
6701:Belgrade Offensive
6632:Battle of Pljevlja
6570:Christmas Uprising
6515:Monastir offensive
6490:Battle of Kolubara
6465:Battle of Bazargic
6436:Battle of Mojkovac
6360:Battle of Monastir
6350:Battle of Kumanovo
6310:Fight in Tabanovce
6180:Jančić's rebellion
6127:Battle of Vučji Do
6107:Battle of Grahovac
5850:Serbian Revolution
5616:Battle of Batočina
5409:Siege of Braničevo
5328:Siege of Smederevo
5314:Battle of Leskovac
5308:Battle of Kruševac
5299:Battle of Kunovica
5293:Battle of Zlatitsa
5258:Second Scutari War
5248:Battle of Carmorlu
5236:Siege of Novo Brdo
5230:Battle of Tripolje
5165:Battle of Demotika
5134:Battle of Velbazhd
4954:Alexandru Averescu
4922:Hasan Tahsin Pasha
4843:Panagiotis Danglis
4750:Places burned down
4276:Congress of Berlin
4192:Hall, Richard C.:
3798:, pp. 125–126
3726:, pp. 123–124
3578:The Balkan cockpit
2831:Carol I of Romania
2808:Carol I of Romania
2641:Bulgarian victory
2555:Bulgarian victory
2369:Bulgarian victory
2214:Bosnia-Herzegovina
2070:(Alexandroupoli).
2033:
1897:
1874:Romanian Air Corps
1740:
1683:
1578:
1530:
1386:
1351:
1329:
1311:
1308:Carol I of Romania
1289:diplomatic capital
1272:
1220:
1159:defensive alliance
1155:
1139:
1011:war correspondents
766:a cholera outbreak
8076:Conflicts in 1913
8051:Second Balkan War
8038:
8037:
8034:
8033:
8030:
8029:
8026:
8025:
7915:Gagauzia conflict
7829:Treaty of Craiova
7807:
7806:
7767:Treaty of Trianon
7757:Directing Council
7673:Battle of Mărăști
7541:
7540:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7411:
7348:
7347:
7294:Battle of Glođane
7172:Operation Miracle
7047:Siege of Sarajevo
6974:Operation Baranja
6929:Battle of Kusonje
6919:Battle of Šibenik
6909:Battle of Vukovar
6894:Operation Stinger
6853:Battle of Zvornik
6808:Battle of Poljana
6773:Operation Delphin
6654:Battle of Neretva
6480:Battle of Florina
6383:Second Balkan War
6279:
6278:
6170:Kumanovo uprising
6147:Battle of Novšiće
6132:Battle of Fundina
6112:Battle of Kolašin
5837:
5836:
5774:Great Turkish War
5666:Battle of Trenčín
5606:Great Turkish War
5559:
5558:
5531:Battle of Çamurlu
5468:Battle of Sirmium
5415:Battle of Pantina
5360:Serbian–Byzantine
5323:Siege of Belgrade
5253:First Scutari War
5219:Serbian Despotate
5204:Battle of Pločnik
5186:Battle of Maritsa
5151:Early skirmishes
5076:Serbian–Bulgarian
5025:
5024:
4932:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
4811:Stiliyan Kovachev
4536:Second Balkan War
4509:London Conference
4341:Italo-Turkish War
4331:31 March Incident
4163:Jelavich, Barbara
4064:978-960-7897-07-7
3941:978-0-8047-6171-0
3878:Carnegie report,
3773:978-0-415-14125-3
3743:on 11 August 2010
3695:978-954-515-328-0
3449:978-0-8014-4634-4
3422:978-1-4437-7404-8
3240:978-0-521-27323-7
3207:978-1-113-88264-6
3110:978-90-04-33781-7
3021:. pp. 1–196.
2841:
2840:
2741:
2740:
2645:
2644:
2463:
2462:
2265:Khilafat Movement
2249:Protocol of Corfu
2226:Italo-Turkish War
1914:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
1775:and the next day
1422:Stiliyan Kovachev
1269:Peter I of Serbia
1006:to the Ottomans.
960:Second Balkan War
953:
952:
882:Second Balkan War
847:
846:
801:Montenegro: 1,201
579:Ahmed Izzet Pasha
344:Stiliyan Kovachev
161:
160:
26:Second Balkan War
8118:
8056:1913 in Bulgaria
7959:
7958:
7937:
7936:
7903:Transnistria War
7871:
7870:
7812:Disestablishment
7721:Institutions and
7620:
7619:
7572:Marie of Romania
7549:
7475:
7474:
7464:
7455:
7454:
7443:
7436:
7429:
7420:
7419:
7357:
7356:
7309:Battle of Košare
7264:Attack on Prekaz
7167:Battle of Vozuća
7152:Operation Leap 2
7147:Battle of Orašje
7142:Operation Leap 1
7137:Battle of Vlašić
7127:Operation Spider
7122:Operation Amanda
7117:Battle of Kupres
7067:Operation Jackal
7057:Siege of Goražde
7042:Battle of Kupres
6979:Operation Jackal
6914:Battle of Gospić
6904:Battle of Osijek
6743:Mostar operation
6727:Kozara Offensive
6696:Battle of Batina
6676:Battle of Mostar
6637:Battle of Kozara
6540:Toplica Uprising
6530:Vardar offensive
6520:Morava Offensive
6510:Macedonian front
6449:Serbian campaign
6441:Battle of Lovćen
6365:Siege of Scutari
6355:Battle of Prilep
6344:First Balkan War
6305:Fight on Čelopek
6288:
6287:
6215:Siege of Cattaro
6208:Battle of Vranje
6152:Battle of Murino
5846:
5845:
5827:Seven Years' War
5746:Battle of Lopate
5591:Battle of Szőlős
5568:
5567:
5521:Battle of Ankara
5511:Battle of Rovine
5383:Battle of Zvečan
5283:Crusade of Varna
5210:Battle of Kosovo
5072:
5071:
5052:
5045:
5038:
5029:
5028:
4991:Božidar Janković
4986:Stepa Stepanović
4858:Viktor Dousmanis
4707:Macedonian front
4702:Serbian campaign
4632:Treaty of Athens
4581:Southern Dobruja
4524:Treaty of London
4363:First Balkan War
4228:
4221:
4214:
4205:
4204:
4182:
4158:
4134:
4098:
4087:
4068:
4047:
4036:
4017:
3990:
3962:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3925:
3919:
3916:The Sleepwalkers
3912:
3906:
3903:The Sleepwalkers
3900:
3898:
3896:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3855:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3778:
3777:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3700:
3699:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3630:
3624:
3618:
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3524:
3518:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3406:
3400:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3339:
3337:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3228:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3131:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3039:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3012:
3001:
2992:
2991:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2945:
2936:
2930:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2812:First Armistice
2785:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2748:
2747:
2714:First Armistice
2684:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2637:Božidar Janković
2628:18–19 July 1913
2612:Krastyu Marinov
2609:12–18 July 1913
2599:Serbian victory
2595:Božidar Janković
2578:Serbian victory
2574:Božidar Janković
2534:Serbian victory
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2470:
2469:
2398:Battle of Doiran
2356:19-21 June 1913
2344:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2307:
2306:
2284:Macedonian front
2280:Serbian Campaign
2241:Treaty of London
2153:of August 1914.
2124:Mehmed Talat Bey
2120:Grigor Nachovich
2100:Ottoman treaties
2087:Aegean Macedonia
2079:Vardar Macedonia
1998:Vasil Radoslavov
1859:
1766:
1514:Start of the war
1508:Southern Dobruja
1474:Viktor Dousmanis
1251:capturing Edirne
1077:Treaty of London
1029:First Balkan War
1023:First Balkan War
968:First Balkan War
885:
883:
873:
866:
859:
850:
849:
819:
817:
816:
800:
798:
797:
778:
776:
775:
756:
754:
753:
734:
732:
731:
693:
691:
690:
664:
663:
654:
653:
644:
643:
634:
633:
624:
623:
611:
610:
589:
588:
577:
576:
565:
564:
553:
552:
540:
539:
528:
527:
516:
515:
504:
503:
494:Viktor Dousmanis
492:
491:
480:
479:
468:
467:
458:Prince Ferdinand
456:
455:
444:
443:
432:
431:
422:Stepa Stepanović
420:
419:
408:
407:
396:
395:
378:
377:
366:
365:
354:
353:
342:
341:
330:
329:
318:
317:
306:
305:
294:
293:
282:
281:
257:
255:
254:
246:
242:
240:
239:
231:
227:
225:
224:
216:
212:
210:
209:
201:
197:
195:
194:
183:
179:
177:
176:
140:Vardar Macedonia
130:Southern Dobruja
116:Bulgaria cedes:
78:Balkan Peninsula
53:
52:
43:
23:
22:
8126:
8125:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8041:
8040:
8039:
8022:
8013:Centenary March
7994:
7984:Great Union Day
7953:
7928:
7910:Gagauz Republic
7862:
7803:
7777:
7772:Treaty of Paris
7722:
7716:
7625:
7611:
7550:
7537:
7501:
7495:Greater Romania
7466:
7449:
7447:
7417:
7408:
7344:
7304:Battle of Junik
7225:
7112:Operation Tiger
7097:Siege of Mostar
7025:
7020:Operation Storm
7009:Operation Flash
6989:Operation Tiger
6924:Battle of Zadar
6867:
6803:Operation Uzice
6758:Battle of Odžak
6691:Bihać Operation
6649:Battle of Livno
6589:
6546:
6415:
6329:
6275:
6264:Battle of Pirot
6158:
6090:
5945:Belgrade (1806)
5833:
5793:
5789:Battle of Senta
5750:
5741:Battle of Krusi
5685:
5661:Battle of Zsibó
5631:Battle of Lugos
5555:
5473:Battle of Gacko
5441:
5389:Battle of Haram
5354:
5198:Battle of Savra
5144:Serbian–Ottoman
5138:
5061:
5056:
5026:
5021:
5008:
4806:Radko Dimitriev
4796:Vasil Kutinchev
4754:
4713:
4661:
4652:
4636:
4600:
4551:Kilkis–Lachanas
4539:
4528:
4497:
4366:
4355:
4282:Eastern Rumelia
4237:
4232:
4189:
4179:
4155:
4131:
4106:
4104:Further reading
4101:
4084:
4065:
4033:
4006:
3998:. Basic Books.
3987:
3970:
3965:
3953:
3949:
3942:
3926:
3922:
3913:
3909:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3865:
3858:
3842:
3838:
3826:
3824:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3794:
3781:
3774:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3722:
3703:
3696:
3678:
3674:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3608:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3527:
3519:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3469:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3407:
3403:
3398:Wayback Machine
3388:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3279:
3272:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3241:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3194:
3190:
3173:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3146:"Balkan crises"
3144:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3113:. p. 336:
3111:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3010:
3002:
2995:
2986:(in Romanian).
2980:
2973:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2836:Final Armistice
2776:
2774:
2760:
2758:
2746:
2736:Final Armistice
2679:
2677:
2664:
2662:
2650:
2615:Vukoman Aračić
2561:Battle of Pirot
2552:Vukoman Aračić
2548:Vasil Kutinchev
2498:
2496:
2482:
2480:
2468:
2446:27–31 July 1913
2423:26–27 June 1913
2379:19–21 June 1913
2335:
2333:
2319:
2317:
2305:
2300:
2298:List of battles
2288:national trauma
2233:Otranto Straits
2218:First World War
2202:Northern Epirus
2185:
2108:
2102:
2083:Pirin Macedonia
2039:
2022:
2014:Dimitur Tonchev
1994:
1989:
1969:Black Sea Fleet
1889:
1857:
1800:
1794:
1764:
1732:
1730:Greek offensive
1671:
1663:Main articles:
1661:
1554:
1548:
1522:
1516:
1402:Radko Dimitriev
1398:Vasil Kutinchev
1343:
1341:Opposing forces
1210:
1205:
1163:Austria-Hungary
1087:coast to Enos (
1025:
1019:
956:
955:
954:
949:
895:Kilkis–Lachanas
886:
881:
879:
877:
843:
828:
814:
812:
795:
793:
773:
771:
751:
749:
729:
727:
722:
713:
688:
686:
675:
666:
658:
648:
638:
628:
618:
605:
595:
583:
571:
559:
547:
544:
534:
522:
510:
498:
486:
474:
462:
450:
438:
426:
414:
402:
390:
384:
372:
360:
348:
336:
332:Radko Dimitriev
324:
312:
308:Vasil Kutinchev
300:
288:
276:
263:
252:
250:
247:
237:
235:
222:
220:
207:
205:
192:
190:
174:
172:
111:
80:
68:
46:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8124:
8114:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8066:1913 in Greece
8063:
8061:1913 in Serbia
8058:
8053:
8036:
8035:
8032:
8031:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8023:
8021:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8004:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7993:
7992:
7987:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7965:
7963:
7955:
7954:
7952:
7951:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7930:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7925:
7924:
7919:
7918:
7917:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7890:
7880:
7874:
7868:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7826:
7821:
7815:
7813:
7809:
7808:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7785:
7783:
7779:
7778:
7776:
7775:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7636:
7630:
7628:
7617:
7616:Accomplishment
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7586:Prime Minister
7579:
7569:
7558:
7556:
7552:
7551:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7497:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7472:
7468:
7467:
7446:
7445:
7438:
7431:
7423:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7365:
7363:
7354:
7350:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7323:
7318:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7269:Battle of Lođa
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7182:Operation Sana
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7102:Operation Irma
7099:
7094:
7092:Kravica attack
7089:
7087:Operation Bura
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7062:Siege of Doboj
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7033:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7023:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6798:Operation Trio
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6768:Operation Alfa
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6671:Battle of Knin
6668:
6663:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6607:
6599:
6597:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6548:
6547:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6537:
6535:Srem Offensive
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
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6406:
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6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6142:Velika attacks
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
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5752:
5751:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5705:Banat Uprising
5702:
5695:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
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5277:
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5054:
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5032:
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5022:
5020:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4976:Radomir Putnik
4973:
4968:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4917:Ali Rıza Pasha
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4887:Ottoman Empire
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4816:Georgi Todorov
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4715:
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4710:
4709:
4704:
4694:
4689:
4680:
4675:
4669:
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4663:
4662:
4657:
4654:
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4644:
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4608:
4606:
4602:
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4598:
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4578:
4573:
4568:
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4553:
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4545:
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4540:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4493:Second Çatalca
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4321:Bosnian Crisis
4318:
4313:
4308:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4280:Annexation of
4278:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4188:
4187:External links
4185:
4184:
4183:
4178:978-0521274593
4177:
4159:
4154:978-1405142915
4153:
4139:Ćirković, Sima
4135:
4130:978-2825119587
4129:
4113:, ed. (2005).
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4088:
4082:
4069:
4063:
4048:
4037:
4031:
4018:
4004:
3991:
3985:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3947:
3940:
3920:
3907:
3871:
3856:
3836:
3827:|journal=
3800:
3779:
3772:
3754:
3728:
3701:
3694:
3672:
3645:(3): 411–431.
3625:
3606:
3594:
3592:, p. 261.
3582:
3569:
3554:
3552:, p. 259.
3542:
3525:
3498:
3486:
3467:
3465:, p. 115.
3455:
3448:
3428:
3421:
3401:
3382:
3370:
3355:
3340:
3325:
3311:
3297:
3285:
3270:
3258:
3246:
3239:
3213:
3206:
3188:
3167:
3155:
3132:
3119:
3109:
3091:
3062:
3044:, p. 12,
3024:
2993:
2971:
2960:(1): 159–170.
2937:
2922:
2920:, p. 323.
2910:
2877:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2771:
2755:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:Ottoman Empire
2675:
2659:
2656:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2605:Siege of Vidin
2601:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2565:6–8 July 1913
2563:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2544:4–7 July 1913
2542:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2530:Radomir Putnik
2527:
2522:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2493:
2477:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2436:Greek Victory
2434:
2429:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2415:Greek Victory
2413:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2392:Greek Victory
2390:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2330:
2314:
2311:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2272:Central Powers
2245:local autonomy
2210:Austro-Hungary
2198:Western Thrace
2190:Radicke Novine
2184:
2181:
2104:Main article:
2101:
2098:
2035:Main article:
2021:
2018:
2010:Titu Maiorescu
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1888:
1885:
1813:under General
1793:
1790:
1731:
1728:
1660:
1657:
1566:Pangaion Hills
1550:Main article:
1547:
1544:
1515:
1512:
1454:Radomir Putnik
1436:under general
1356:Bulgarian army
1342:
1339:
1240:Constantinople
1224:Tsar Ferdinand
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1098:uti possidetis
1053:Ottoman Empire
1021:Main article:
1018:
1015:
988:Ottoman Empire
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
891:
888:
887:
876:
875:
868:
861:
853:
845:
844:
842:
841:
838:
835:
829:
825:
822:
809:
806:
803:
790:
787:
784:
781:
779:Greece: 29,886
768:
764:1,600 dead of
762:
759:
757:Romania: 1,600
746:
743:
742:36,000 wounded
740:
735:Serbia: 50,000
725:
723:
721:
720:
714:
710:
709:3,049 deceased
707:
706:42,911 wounded
704:
701:
697:
682:
681:
677:
676:
674:
673:
667:
656:
646:
636:
626:
615:
613:
602:
601:
597:
596:
594:
593:
581:
569:
557:
545:
532:
520:
508:
496:
484:
472:
460:
448:
436:
424:
412:
410:Radomir Putnik
400:
387:
385:
383:
382:
380:Garegin Nzhdeh
370:
358:
346:
334:
322:
310:
298:
286:
273:
270:
269:
265:
264:
262:
261:
259:Ottoman Empire
248:
232:
217:
202:
186:
184:
168:
167:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:
150:Western Thrace
146:
136:
127:
125:Ottoman Empire
113:
107:
106:
105:
104:
99:
86:
82:
81:
76:
74:
70:
69:
67:
66:
63:
59:
57:
49:
48:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8123:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
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8019:
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8001:
7997:
7991:
7988:
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7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7941:
7938:
7935:
7933:Commemoration
7931:
7923:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7878:Moldavian SSR
7876:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7842:
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7632:
7631:
7629:
7627:
7621:
7618:
7614:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7597:Iancu Flondor
7595:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7583:
7580:
7577:
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7570:
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7563:
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7250:
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7239:
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7234:
7232:
7228:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7187:Operation Una
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
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7145:
7143:
7140:
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7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
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7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
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7100:
7098:
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7085:
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7058:
7055:
7053:
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7048:
7045:
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7034:
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7028:
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7015:
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7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
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6970:
6967:
6965:
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6957:
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6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
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6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6848:Syrmian Front
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6753:Niš operation
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6666:Raid on Drvar
6664:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6560:Carinthia War
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6455:Battle of Cer
6453:
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6450:
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6442:
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5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:Battle of Bar
5371:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5338:
5335:
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5034:
5033:
5030:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4981:Petar Bojović
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
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4937:
4933:
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4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4880:Janko Vukotić
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4833:Constantine I
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4801:Nikola Ivanov
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
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4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4716:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4597:
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4579:
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4507:
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4504:
4500:
4494:
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4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:First Çatalca
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Pente Pigadia
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4358:
4352:
4351:Balkan League
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4217:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4096:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4083:1-4191-5345-5
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4049:
4046:. Vojno delo.
4045:
4044:
4038:
4034:
4032:0-415-22946-4
4028:
4025:. Routledge.
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3986:0-275-97888-5
3982:
3978:
3973:
3972:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3924:
3917:
3911:
3904:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3869:, p. 125
3868:
3863:
3861:
3854:, pp. 168–169
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3832:
3819:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3742:
3738:
3732:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3623:, p. 118
3622:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3573:
3567:, p. 260
3566:
3561:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3540:, p. 121
3539:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3523:, p. 120
3522:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3496:, p. 111
3495:
3490:
3484:, p. 110
3483:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3386:
3380:, p. 113
3379:
3374:
3365:
3359:
3353:, p. 112
3352:
3347:
3345:
3335:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3294:
3289:
3283:, p. 327
3282:
3281:Erickson 2003
3277:
3275:
3268:, p. 108
3267:
3262:
3256:, p. 104
3255:
3250:
3242:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3217:
3209:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3151:
3148:. Texas.net.
3147:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3129:
3123:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3089:, p. 119
3088:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3008:
3000:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2944:
2942:
2935:, p. 135
2934:
2929:
2927:
2919:
2918:Erickson 2003
2914:
2908:, p. 117
2907:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2848:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:Vulko Velchev
2726:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2676:
2672:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2618:Peace treaty
2617:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2494:
2490:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2458:
2456:
2455:Constantine I
2453:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2432:Constantine I
2430:
2428:
2427:Nikola Ivanov
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2412:
2411:Constantine I
2409:
2407:
2406:Nikola Ivanov
2404:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2388:Constantine I
2386:
2384:
2383:Nikola Ivanov
2381:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2365:Constantine I
2363:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:Andrei Toshev
2113:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1902:Vulko Velchev
1893:
1884:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:under Prince
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1659:Serbian front
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1481:Janko Vukotić
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:Constantine I
1467:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1438:Nikola Ivanov
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1410:Stefan Toshev
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1214:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1111:Kriva Palanka
1106:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:coast, on an
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:Balkan League
1030:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
892:
889:
884:
874:
869:
867:
862:
860:
855:
854:
851:
839:
836:
833:
830:
826:
823:
821:
810:
807:
804:
802:
791:
788:
785:
782:
780:
769:
767:
763:
760:
758:
747:
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:
724:
718:
715:
711:
708:
705:
703:9,694 missing
702:
699:
698:
695:
684:
683:
678:
671:
668:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
616:
614:
609:
604:
603:
598:
592:
587:
582:
580:
575:
570:
568:
563:
558:
556:
551:
546:
543:
542:Janko Vukotić
538:
533:
531:
530:Prince Danilo
526:
521:
519:
514:
509:
507:
502:
497:
495:
490:
485:
483:
482:Constantine I
478:
473:
471:
466:
461:
459:
454:
449:
447:
442:
437:
435:
434:Petar Bojović
430:
425:
423:
418:
413:
411:
406:
401:
399:
394:
389:
388:
386:
381:
376:
371:
369:
368:Nikola Zhekov
364:
359:
357:
356:Stefan Toshev
352:
347:
345:
340:
335:
333:
328:
323:
321:
320:Nikola Ivanov
316:
311:
309:
304:
299:
297:
292:
287:
285:
280:
275:
274:
272:
271:
266:
260:
249:
245:
233:
230:
218:
215:
203:
200:
188:
187:
185:
182:
170:
169:
164:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
135:
131:
128:
126:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
109:
108:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
64:
61:
60:
58:
55:
54:
50:
42:
37:
34:
29:
24:
19:
7979:Bukovina Day
7893:Transnistria
7888:Independence
7782:Unifications
7774:(unenforced)
7730:Sfatul Țării
7527:
7361:Peacekeeping
7353:21st century
7325:
7313:
7236:
7196:
7018:
6879:Pakrac clash
6872:Croatian War
6838:Srb uprising
6725:
6658:
6641:
6609:
6602:
6595:World War II
6447:
6428:
6382:
6381:
6342:
6284:20th century
6219:
6200:
6016:
5857:
5842:19th century
5564:Foreign rule
5217:
5178:
5003:Ismail Kemal
4786:Mihail Savov
4781:Stoyan Danev
4759:Participants
4658:
4576:Kresna Gorge
4535:
4534:
4403:Kirk Kilisse
4361:
4297:Cretan State
4167:
4143:
4120:
4115:
4093:
4073:
4053:
4042:
4022:
3995:
3976:
3955:
3950:
3930:
3923:
3915:
3910:
3902:
3893:. Retrieved
3879:
3874:
3844:Kemal Karpat
3839:
3818:cite journal
3803:
3763:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3741:the original
3731:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3597:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3545:
3489:
3458:
3438:
3431:
3411:
3404:
3385:
3373:
3363:
3358:
3333:
3328:
3319:
3314:
3305:
3300:
3295:, p. 24
3288:
3261:
3249:
3224:
3216:
3197:
3191:
3177:
3170:
3165:, p. 97
3158:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3100:
3094:
3053:, retrieved
3040:(in Greek),
3033:
3027:
3006:
2957:
2953:
2913:
2868:. Retrieved
2705:Mihail Savov
2632:Mihail Savov
2590:Mihail Savov
2586:8 July 1913
2569:Mihail Savov
2525:Mihail Savov
2450:Mihail Savov
2402:23 June 1913
2269:
2261:
2253:
2230:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2174:
2155:
2136:
2109:
2091:
2072:
2044:Vardar River
2040:
2007:
2002:Nikola Pašić
1995:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1966:
1954:
1934:
1898:
1878:
1866:Belogradchik
1851:
1808:
1801:
1781:
1741:
1711:Mihail Savov
1708:
1706:on 18 July.
1693:
1684:
1641:Struma River
1599:7th Division
1583:
1579:
1555:
1531:
1485:
1478:
1458:
1442:
1387:
1366:
1352:
1330:
1312:
1297:Stoyan Danev
1273:
1259:Transylvania
1248:
1232:maximalistic
1221:
1172:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1128:Thessaloniki
1107:
1096:
1026:
1008:
959:
957:
945:Kresna Gorge
880:
831:
811:
792:
770:
748:
739:9,000 killed
726:
716:
700:7,583 killed
685:
669:
296:Mihail Savov
166:Belligerents
115:
88:
31:Part of the
18:
7969:Dobruja Day
7626:World War I
7607:Iuliu Maniu
7602:Pan Halippa
7462:Marea Unire
7457:Great Union
7384:Ivory Coast
7030:Bosnian War
6421:World War I
6335:Balkan Wars
5701:(1593–1606)
5582:'s uprising
5580:Jovan Nenad
4897:Nazim Pasha
4791:Ivan Fichev
4776:Ivan Geshov
4771:Ferdinand I
4687:World War I
4413:Lule Burgas
4378:Sarantaporo
4235:Balkan Wars
3979:. Praeger.
3590:Gedeon 1998
3565:Gedeon 1998
3550:Gedeon 1998
3034:Calculation
2826:Ferdinand I
2803:Ferdinand I
2731:Ahmed Pasha
2710:Enver Pasha
2139:Kırk Kilise
2056:Ivan Fichev
2030:Balkan Wars
1950:Enver Pasha
1827:Danube Army
1815:Ioan Culcer
1761:Blagoevgrad
1637:Struma Pass
1620:Demir Hisar
1558:Dojran Lake
1203:Preparation
1184:arbitration
1180:Kutzovlachs
1073:East Thrace
1027:During the
808:961 wounded
567:Enver Pasha
470:Ioan Culcer
284:Ferdinand I
121:East Thrace
110:Territorial
33:Balkan Wars
8045:Categories
7624:Romania in
7471:Background
7230:Kosovo War
6716:Case White
6711:Case Black
6237:AU-BiH War
6054:Kragujevac
5885:Kragujevac
5764:Morean War
4907:Esad Pasha
4902:Zeki Pasha
4870:Nicholas I
4865:Montenegro
4718:Atrocities
4561:Bregalnica
4423:Adrianople
4336:Goudi coup
4242:Background
4005:0465027326
3055:14 January
2870:12 January
2844:References
2786:Commander
2770:Commander
2688:Commander
2674:Commander
2508:Commander
2492:Commander
2459:Stalemate
2345:Commander
2329:Commander
2256:revanchist
2222:Dodecanese
2064:Wilhelm II
1940:by Sultan
1862:Vrazhdebna
1796:See also:
1743:Minister,
1724:Greek Army
1719:Bregalnica
1715:Kalimantsi
1498:and three
1432:area. The
1416:, and the
1414:Kyustendil
1361:Army Corps
1315:Russophile
1093:Aegean Sea
1045:Montenegro
1017:Background
1004:Adrianople
1002:, it lost
940:Adrianople
905:Bregalnica
805:240 killed
672::1,093,802
518:Nicholas I
244:Montenegro
8000:Centenary
7867:Aftermath
7723:documents
6064:Karanovac
6039:Požarevac
5920:Ivankovac
5910:Karanovac
5905:Požarevac
5572:Habsburgs
5488:Mačva War
4927:Enver Bey
4666:Aftermath
4571:Kalimanci
4566:Knjaževac
4383:Kardzhali
4259:Bulgarian
4144:The Serbs
3867:Hall 2000
3796:Hall 2000
3724:Hall 2000
3667:202282745
3659:1360-2004
3621:Hall 2000
3602:Hall 2000
3538:Hall 2000
3521:Hall 2000
3494:Hall 2000
3482:Hall 2000
3463:Hall 2000
3378:Hall 2000
3351:Hall 2000
3293:Hall 2000
3266:Hall 2000
3254:Hall 2000
3163:Hall 2000
3087:Hall 2000
2933:Hall 2000
2906:Hall 2000
2183:Aftermath
2132:Halil Bey
1992:Armistice
1962:Armenians
1938:conquered
1831:Ferdinand
1811:5th Corps
1767:south of
1717:, at the
1704:Kalimanci
1688:Zletovska
1285:ultimatum
1124:Gevgelija
1091:) on the
1085:Black Sea
1083:) on the
1061:Macedonia
978:, on 16 (
935:Kalimanci
910:Knjaževac
148:Parts of
90:Bulgarian
7962:Holidays
7478:Ideology
7379:DR Congo
6552:Interwar
6084:Batočina
6069:Batočina
6059:Jagodina
6049:Družetić
5990:Varvarin
5940:Deligrad
5895:Čokešina
5875:Svileuva
5691:Ottomans
5067:Medieval
5017:Category
4892:Mehmed V
4828:George I
4766:Bulgaria
4453:Merhamli
4448:Kaliakra
4438:Monastir
4398:Kumanovo
4393:Sorovich
4254:Albanian
4165:(1983).
4141:(2004).
4014:49323460
3889:Archived
3846:(1985),
3747:4 August
3394:Archived
3183:Archived
3150:Archived
3046:archived
3015:Chișinău
2966:26203545
2864:Archived
2767:Bulgaria
2671:Bulgaria
2489:Bulgaria
2326:Bulgaria
2282:and the
2237:Adriatic
2147:Rhodopes
2112:Komotini
2068:Dedeagac
1930:4th Army
1926:3rd Army
1922:2nd Army
1918:1st Army
1910:Gelibolu
1835:Oryahovo
1819:Tutrakan
1783:towards
1777:Komotini
1649:Nevrokop
1629:Strumica
1562:Lachanas
1500:mountain
1496:howitzer
1434:2nd Army
1175:Silistra
1037:Bulgaria
964:Bulgaria
612:600,000+
600:Strength
555:Mehmed V
181:Bulgaria
138:Most of
73:Location
7555:Figures
7404:Somalia
7394:Liberia
7389:Lebanon
6095:Ottoman
6079:Valjevo
5995:Loznica
5980:Suvodol
5975:Prahovo
5955:Loznica
5915:Adakale
5351:in 1499
5342:in 1479
5336:in 1459
5316:in 1454
5310:in 1454
5301:in 1444
5295:in 1443
5244:in 1413
5238:in 1412
5232:in 1402
5212:in 1389
5206:in 1386
5200:in 1385
5194:in 1381
5188:in 1371
5173:in 1364
5167:in 1352
4999:Albania
4966:Peter I
4944:Carol I
4939:Romania
4659:General
4544:Battles
4468:Korytsa
4458:Driskos
4418:Yenidje
4408:Scutari
4371:Battles
4269:Serbian
3968:Sources
3918:, p. 45
3895:9 April
2789:Result
2783:Romania
2751:Battle
2691:Result
2655:Battle
2511:Result
2473:Battle
2348:Result
2310:Battle
2276:Entente
1942:Murad I
1906:Çatalca
1847:Montana
1843:Nikopol
1803:Romania
1785:Mehomia
1757:Simitli
1624:Evzones
1612:Nigrita
1452:, with
1450:Peter I
1430:Radoviš
1424:in the
1412:around
1293:Sazonov
1196:Balchik
1081:Kıyıköy
1065:Sandžak
1057:Albania
984:Romania
920:Dobruja
665:255,000
645:148,000
635:330,000
625:348,000
446:Carol I
398:Peter I
214:Romania
134:Romania
123:to the
112:changes
92:defeat
7506:Events
7374:Cyprus
6044:Rudnik
6024:Ljubić
6005:Ravnje
5970:Jasika
5930:Vrbica
5925:Rudnik
5890:Drlupa
5870:Rudnik
5865:Vračar
5799:Russia
5756:Venice
5707:(1594)
5433:(1334)
5411:(1154)
5385:(1094)
5334:Serbia
4961:Serbia
4823:Greece
4556:Doiran
4488:Bizani
4483:Şarköy
4478:Bulair
4473:Lemnos
4433:Himara
4428:Prilep
4304:&
4196:, in:
4175:
4151:
4127:
4080:
4061:
4029:
4012:
4002:
3983:
3938:
3770:
3692:
3665:
3657:
3446:
3419:
3237:
3204:
3107:
2964:
2780:
2764:
2683:
2668:
2505:Serbia
2502:
2486:
2342:Greece
2339:
2323:
2206:Serbia
2160:, and
2158:Pomaks
2060:Kavala
2048:Struma
1957:Yambol
1916:. The
1858:116 km
1854:Vratsa
1773:Xanthi
1753:Cannae
1645:Kavala
1633:Dojran
1616:Doxato
1593:, and
1539:Struma
1535:Kilkis
1462:Epirus
1446:Skopje
1426:Kočani
1334:Vardar
1280:Slavic
1236:Edirne
1167:Geshov
1120:Bitola
1075:. The
1069:Thrace
1049:Greece
1041:Serbia
976:Greece
972:Serbia
930:Danube
900:Doiran
818:
799:
777:
755:
733:
692:
655:12,800
256:
241:
229:Greece
226:
211:
199:Serbia
196:
178:
154:Greece
144:Serbia
85:Result
7576:Queen
6163:Other
6074:Užice
6034:Palež
6029:Čačak
6000:Mačva
5985:Drina
5965:Čegar
5935:Mišar
5900:Šabac
5446:Other
4641:Other
4596:Pirot
4591:Vidin
4264:Greek
4119:[
3684:[
3663:S2CID
3049:(PDF)
3038:(PDF)
3011:(PDF)
2754:Year
2658:Year
2476:Date
2313:Date
2212:over
1870:Vidin
1839:Gigen
1823:Varna
1769:Sofia
1765:76 km
1696:Pirot
1504:Krupp
1492:field
1374:Drama
1370:Seres
1115:Ohrid
992:Sofia
925:Vidin
915:Pirot
832:Total
717:Total
670:Total
7566:King
7399:Mali
5349:Zeta
4685:and
4463:Elli
4302:IMRO
4173:ISBN
4149:ISBN
4125:ISBN
4078:ISBN
4059:ISBN
4027:ISBN
4010:OCLC
4000:ISBN
3981:ISBN
3936:ISBN
3897:2015
3831:help
3768:ISBN
3749:2010
3690:ISBN
3655:ISSN
3444:ISBN
3417:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3202:ISBN
3105:ISBN
3057:2010
2962:PMID
2872:2012
2822:1913
2799:1913
2724:1913
2701:1913
2290:and
2162:Roma
2130:and
2118:and
2052:Štip
1928:and
1908:and
1841:and
1667:and
1618:and
1605:and
1537:and
1400:and
1392:and
1388:The
1238:and
1194:and
1089:Enez
1067:and
1047:and
980:O.S.
974:and
958:The
56:Date
3647:doi
2235:in
1763:),
1700:Niš
1607:6th
1603:1st
1595:5th
1591:2nd
1587:4th
1418:4th
1406:5th
1394:3rd
1390:1st
152:to
142:to
132:to
8047::
4008:.
3901:,
3887:.
3882:,
3859:^
3850:,
3822::
3820:}}
3816:{{
3782:^
3704:^
3661:.
3653:.
3643:39
3641:.
3637:.
3609:^
3557:^
3528:^
3501:^
3470:^
3343:^
3273:^
3233:.
3231:62
3135:^
3065:^
3017::
2996:^
2974:^
2958:13
2956:.
2952:.
2940:^
2925:^
2880:^
2862:.
2851:^
2294:.
2251:.
1924:,
1856:,
1837:,
1726:.
1614:,
1589:,
1372:,
1105:.
1063:,
1059:,
1043:,
1039:,
7588:)
7584:(
7578:)
7574:(
7568:)
7564:(
7465:)
7459:(
7442:e
7435:t
7428:v
5051:e
5044:t
5037:v
5005:)
5001:(
4227:e
4220:t
4213:v
4200:.
4181:.
4157:.
4133:.
4086:.
4067:.
4035:.
4016:.
3989:.
3944:.
3899:.
3833:)
3829:(
3776:.
3751:.
3698:.
3669:.
3649::
3452:.
3425:.
3368:.
3338:.
3243:.
3210:.
3060:.
2990:.
2968:.
2874:.
1428:–
1122:–
1113:–
1035:(
872:e
865:t
858:v
834::
696::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.