Second Battle of Artois

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Neuville and reinforcements arriving to re-establish the OHL reserve behind the 6th Army were taken over; part of the 15th Division was sent to Douai as a new OHL reserve and Falkenhayn suggested that a special headquarters be set up to co-ordinate counter-attacks. Two liaison officers arrived from OHL to look into the possibility of a counter-attack by the two most endangered corps, which undermined the authority of the 6th Army HQ and Falkenhayn notified Rupprecht that a fresh corps en route should be used to counter-attack. Rupprecht took exception to this, inferring that it was a veiled criticism of Karl von Fassbender, the commander of the I Bavarian Reserve Corps. Rupprecht blamed Falkenhayn for ignoring warnings that the Bavarians needed reinforcing. On 13 June, Rupprecht repeated his orders to XIV Corps to hold Carency and Haenisch sent pioneers to dig a reserve trench behind the left flank of the 28th Division. French pressure on the Lorette Spur had eased and a regiment of the 58th Division retook trenches on the northern slope. No counter-attack was possible at Carency and the I Bavarian Reserve Corps concentrated on holding the line from Souchez to Neuville and St Laurent, which was attacked again during the afternoon.

2489:(Barricade Way) and the east end of Ablain. South of the stream, the line was held by a mixture of the 58th and 115th divisions, the remnants of the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division and a regiment of the 52nd Reserve Infantry Brigade. In reserve, the 16th Division (Lieutenant-General Fuchs) was ready to move into line from Souchez to Hill 123 on a 1.2 mi (2 km) front, the 15th Division and the new 1st Trench Mortar Battalion had arrived in the 6th Army area. Lochow took over from 14 May to 12 June and continued to reorganise mingled units and withdraw tired troops into reserve. Artillery command in each area was centralised for barrage fire, counter-battery bombardments and flanking fire into other areas. The 5th Bavarian Reserve and 58th divisions were relieved by the 16th Division and three corps sectors established, XIV Corps on the right with the 117th Division and 85th Reserve Brigade, VIII Corps with the 115th and 58th divisions from the Carency stream to the Arras–Lens road and the 1st Bavarian Reserve Corps, with the 1st Bavarian Reserve Division and 52nd Infantry Brigade, from the road to the Scarpe river. 2707:

divisional groups and batteries south of the Scarpe, maintained flanking fire on the French guns north of the river. A new trench line ordered by Lochow had been dug from Loos to Lens, Vimy and Thélus and a new line was planned east of Lens to Oppy and Feuchy, far enough back to negate the tactical advantage of artillery support from Vimy Ridge, should it be captured. Signs of another French attack increased and on 14 June, French reconnaissance patrols were active from Angres to Neuville and French artillery-fire grew in intensity. Super-heavy shells sufficient to penetrate concrete shelters fell in Souchez, Givenchy, Thélus and Farbus, destroying command posts and staging areas. At dawn on 16 June, much of the German wire had been cut, many trenches had been demolished and the defending infantry had suffered many casualties. At noon, the French attacked from Liévin to the Scarpe, with little return fire from the German artillery, which had been suppressed by counter-battery fire and under observation from French aircraft, which flew overhead unchallenged.

1112:) in March and April 1915, where reports of the failed operations were debated, particularly a condemnation of the April offensive against the St Mihiel salient. Joffre retained undivided command and freedom to conduct operations as he saw fit, which had been given at the beginning of the war but was instructed to consult with his subordinates; provisional army groups, which had been established in late 1914, were made permanent soon afterwards. The French government accepted that the task facing Joffre and the army was far more difficult than expected, after the winter fighting in Artois and Champagne. Despite costly mistakes, many lessons had been learned, methods had been changed and more weapons and equipment necessary for siege warfare had been delivered. The offensives had failed in their objectives but had become more powerful and better organised, except for the bungled effort at St Mihiel. The greater amount of heavy artillery gave grounds for confidence that further attacks could break the German front and liberate France. 2799:) to join on the northern flank and the 6th Division in 6th Army reserve when it arrived. The 3rd Bavarian, 1st Bavarian and 5th Bavarian Reserve divisions held the southern area and the 15th and 16th divisions were to be withdrawn. French attacks on 18 June, were smaller and optimism rose that the offensive was ending. OHL ordered that the defences were to be thinned quickly, to provide a new strategic reserve. The 6th Army headquarters and Lochow protested that the troop reductions were premature and on 24 June, Lochow predicted more attacks, emphasised the need for a flow of fresh divisions and that the number of casualties required consideration of a retirement to the new defence line behind Vimy Ridge. Until the end of June, the Germans tried to restore their front positions but failed to regain the Lorette Spur and the French artillery maintained a bombardment from Angres to Souchez. The 12th Division was brought forward to reinforce the area and French attacks on 25 July and 27 June were repulsed by counter-attacks. 2588:(Muddy Hollow) to Ablain and the south end of Souchez. Most of the trenches had been demolished and those near the river were 2 ft (0.61 m) deep in water. Delivery of supplies was intermittent, because field kitchens had to be set up well back to avoid shellfire. The remaining defences had been improvised between attacks many were overlooked from a flank and some from French positions behind them. A big attack on 21 May, pushed the defenders back and a counter-attack failed to restore the position, which was re-established further back along a track at the northern fringe of Ablain. Trenches were dug forwards towards the Lorette Spur, which gave some flank protection. II Battalion, Infantry Regiment 157 was severely depleted in the fighting and was relieved by units from six regiments. Constant French attacks slowly forced the surviving defenders back but the consequences of losing ground north-west of Souchez were so dangerous, that a stream of German units were sent to hold the area between late May and 7 June. 1911:

of German artillery range. An analysis of German defensive methods, described the use of small numbers of infantry equipped with large numbers of machine-guns, firing from flanks and the sheltering of infantry in deep dug-outs, immune to field artillery; French defensive positions were to be modelled on the German practice. Local attacks were resumed but while modestly successful and remaining within the material constraints on the Tenth Army, were hampered by a drastic loss of experience, caused by the extent of French losses. The tempo of limited attacks was beyond the capacity of the Tenth Army to supply and train replacement soldiers according to the requirements of Note 5779. An attempt to return to larger combined attacks by IX, XXI and XXXIII corps from 25 to 26 May failed in most places, because of increases in the capability of the German defence, the impossibility of obtaining surprise and a lack of time to plan operations or to rest troops.

3100: 1720:) by their ignorance of the positions of the infantry and left unable to fire a preparatory bombardment; the gunners concentrated on shelling German reserves seen advancing and on counter-battery fire. The most advanced French infantry were cut off by German barrage-fire, suffered from a serious shortage of water and frequently were counter-attacked, which rapidly reduced their ability to attack again, particularly in the units which had advanced the furthest. To the south of XXXIII Corps, the 39th Division attacked Neuville, on the orders of the corps commander, despite the reservations of the divisional and army commanders, suffering a costly repulse by devastating fire from the defenders. On the right, beyond the Arras–Béthune road, Neuville cemetery was taken and counter-attacks by German reserves brought up from Douai and Lens were repulsed. 3140:

more of the same could achieve a breakthrough if better organised, which formed the basis of the planning for the autumn offensives in Artois and Champagne. Pétain wrote that the attack on 9 May showed that a breakthrough was possible and that it could be achieved by careful preparation of communication trenches, jumping-off trenches and assembly positions, if the German defences were carefully reconnoitred and sufficiently bombarded by artillery. Since the defenders could close a gap quickly it would be necessary to maintain momentum, with reserve troops following up the attacking force closely. Attacks in open country were preferable to being bogged down in fighting for obstacles like villages and woods and the attack should be on a broad front, to allow centres of resistance to be outflanked and to disperse German firepower over a wider area.

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reserves pinned down, a feint attack was made north of the Lorette Spur towards Loos, which managed a small advance on the left, until stopped by the fire of German artillery in Angres. On the Lorette Spur, machine-gun fire from a German strong point near the chapel caused many French casualties. A counter-attack from the sugar refinery between Ablain and Souchez was seen assembling and the French attack in the area was suspended. Barrage fire by the French artillery prevented the German infantry from advancing and the French infantry descended from the spur towards the Ablain ravine. The attack on Carency continued and German counter-attacks recovered some of the communication trenches and tunnels connecting it with Souchez. During the day, houses east of the village were stormed and a hollow south of the Carency–Souchez road was captured.

164: 1893:. The 39th Division commander, General Nourrisson, objected to the continuation of large attacks but d'Urbal insisted that they continue as new defences were dug and fresh troops were brought forward. Until 15 May large rushed attacks continued, with many failures and a few costly successes. On 15 May a larger general attack was made and was another costly failure. Artillery support was inadequate due to losses from German counter-battery fire and barrel explosions from inferior ammunition. Artillery tactics were unchanged and the density of shell-fire diminished, which gave German reinforcements, which had arrived from 13 to 14 May time to dig in many new machine-guns and meet the attack with massed machine-gun fire supported by a heavy bombardment by the artillery, which stopped the attack as soon as it began. 1452:, a network covering 2 sq mi (5.2 km) of trenches, tunnels and dug-outs across the Arras–Lens road north of Ecurie and Roclincourt. The spur was the southern boundary of the plain north of the Béthune–La Bassée Canal, which was 6 mi (9.7 km) long and wooded in parts, except at the east end. From the north the slopes of the ridge were low but on the south side there were steep spurs separated by ravines. West of Ablain St Nazaire (Ablain) was Spur Mathis and to the east, the Great Spur, the Arabs' Spur, the Spur of the White Way and the Spur of Souchez, which dominated the east edge of Ablain and the sugar refinery between Ablain and Souchez. By 20 March the French had worked their way up to the foot of the Great Spur and by 14 April had closed up to Ablain. 2187:

attack on the southern flank was deluged with artillery and machine-gun fire and made no progress. On 18 June d'Urbal concentrated the remaining offensive capacity of the Tenth Army against Vimy Ridge. IX Corps was ordered to ignore the German defences in Neuville but General Balfourier the XX Corps commander, refused to attack with the northern flank unsupported. The attack on 18 June was another failure, in which French infantry were again confronted by German positions on reverse slopes, invisible to ground observation and undamaged, with uncut wire and alert defenders, who inflicted many casualties on the attackers. Foch suspended the offensive but d'Urbal reverted to piecemeal attacks for another week until Joffre intervened and ended the offensive.

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D'Urbal wanted a four-hour artillery bombardment to surprise the German defenders but this was over-ruled by Foch and Joffre. A four-day bombardment was substituted, based on the experience of the offensives of the winter and early spring (especially the St Mihiel offensive). Delays in the arrival of artillery led to a postponement of the attack from 1 May until 7 May and the bombardment began on 3 May. Bad weather reduced visibility and the bombardment was extended to six days and on 8 May, the artillery began a destructive bombardment on the German front defences, which were severely damaged. In the last four hours, all of the Tenth Army artillery bombarded the German wire and the first and reserve trench lines, ready for the infantry attack at

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the German artillery reinforcements, which severely inhibited the consolidation of captured ground and preparations for more attacks. Despite the change from attempts at continuous battle to methodical attacks, with pauses to reorganise and consolidate, the French took less ground, fewer prisoners and suffered more casualties. Foch concluded that a breakthrough was unlikely until the German armies in France had been depleted to a far greater extent; he advocated small step-by-step attacks, using methodical and economical methods. Fayolle wrote that the advocates of continuous battle were subject to a "grand illusion" and criticised Foch and d'Urbal for making unrealistic demands. André Laffargue, an artillery officer, was prompted to write

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exchanged with two burnt-out divisions and the 111th Division took over the line from the 8th Division; the 115th Division was relieved at Neuville by the 58th Division. French attacks continued from 25 to 26 May, from Liévin to Souchez which captured German trenches, then lost them to German counter-attacks. On 27 May, Ablain cemetery and trenches to the south were lost, which made the village untenable and on 28 May, the Germans retired to a line either side of the sugar refinery west of Souchez. Local attacks continued and on 29 May, a French attack up the road from Aix-Noulette to Souchez was repulsed by Reserve Infantry Brigade 85. Lochow suspected that the attack was a ruse and next day the French attacked further south.

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guns were registered on no man's land and had only to fire into the area to hit French infantry during an attack. The French counter-battery effort had to wait until German guns revealed themselves and then begin area fire near the German artillery, which was a waste of ammunition. Pétain wanted more air reconnaissance but aircraft wireless was of extremely short range and during attacks, confusion on the ground made artillery observation from the air impossible. As an alternative, Pétain suggested making highly detailed maps of the German rear areas and systematically bombarding German artillery emplacements continuously, rather than during attacks but the suggestions were impractical, because of the ammunition shortage.

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Revisions to the stipulations of Note 5779 in mid-June were of minor significance and an amendment of 18 June only referred to the importance of cavalry in mobile warfare. German defensive changes were easy to implement quickly and by June had made the French methods of May obsolete. For as long as the Germans were able to retain Souchez and Neuville, French attacks between them could not capture Vimy Ridge and the defences of the villages were too formidable to be overcome quickly. The original plan for a series of attacks might have been able to remove Souchez and Neuville as obstacles but the material constraints on the French in the spring of 1915, meant that the plan devised by Foch could not be implemented.

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garrisoned with four battalions of infantry and six companies of engineers. Field guns and machine-guns had been dug into the gardens and orchards, as well as behind the church, which made it impossible to attack the village except form the south and east. Trenches connected Carency with Ablain and Souchez on the Béthune–Arras road. Between Souchez and Arras at the hamlet of La Targette, the Germans had dug trenches, known as the White Works, under which lay a German fortress. To the east of La Targette, was the village of Neuville St Vaast, 1.5 mi (2.4 km) long and 700 yd (640 m) wide, between the Arras–Béthune and Arras–Lens roads, which had also been turned into an underground fortress.

1284:(GPN), proposed an offensive in which a "general action" on the Western Front including the British, to confuse the defenders and pin down reserves, would complement a "decisive action", to break through the German defences at a place where the Germans would not be able to establish a new defensive front by a short retirement. Joffre accepted the proposals on 23 March, with the objective being the seizure of Vimy Ridge and exploitation of the success by an eastwards advance into the Douai plain. The French army had not completed an adaptation to siege warfare and much of the equipment necessary, particularly heavy artillery, did not exist. It had been impossible to synchronise operations in Artois with the 3078:

in the capture of the village and an advance of 3 km (1.9 mi). From 21 April to 25 May, the British Second Army was engaged against the German 4th Army, in the Second Battle of Ypres which diverted British resources from the First Army. After 11 May, the Tenth Army began methodical local attacks, in which tactically important ground was attacked piecemeal, until another general attack could be made on Vimy Ridge. First-class French divisions had lost many experienced soldiers, which reduced them to mediocrity; the methods of Note 5779 had not been adopted consistently and became a greater problem when replacement troops with no experience, tried to continue the offensive.

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lines. Castelnau believed that it was still possible to advance through the German defences in one attack and that Champagne was a likely region for such an attempt, if the mistakes made on 9 May could be avoided. Pétain agreed with Foch but doubted that another offensive could quickly be prepared in Artois and was sceptical that any part of the Western Front was free of villages like Souchez and Neuville, which could be fortified and against which, only attacks even more limited than those advocated by Foch were practical. On 8 July, Joffre decided to make the principal attack in Champagne, with a supporting attack in Artois a few days earlier to attract German reserves.

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attacks were to be made with massed artillery support on limited objectives. Joffre supported the intervention by Foch and also ordered d'Urbal to restrict attacks to piecemeal efforts against local points of tactical importance. Until 15 June the French made many limited attacks on the flanks of the 77th and Moroccan divisions, using the same troops and same tactics. On 23 May the XXI Corps captured the rest of the Lorette Spur and on 27 May the 70th Division took Ablain cemetery, then the sugar refinery on 31 May, which made Souchez vulnerable to an attack from the west as well as the south. The limited narrow-front attacks were much better supported by the artillery.

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forcing the attacker to move artillery into range. On 7 June a copy of Note 5779 was captured on the Artois front and the local corps commander ordered that intensive digging be undertaken and stipulated that reserve positions were to be as solidly built as front line defences. Much of the new digging on the rest of the Western Front was done on reverse slopes, invisible to ground observers and capable of being engaged only by howitzer-fire. The French methods of attack had been made obsolete by the time of the resumption of the offensive in September 1915, when many French troops were killed on such slopes, in front of uncut wire, before an undamaged second position.

2348:. North of Ecurie, Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 12 took over more ground to the north and prevented the French from widening the breakthrough and in Neuville St Vaast a counter-attack by a battalion of Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 10 retook the east end of the village and many of the field guns which had been lost earlier. A defence line was improvised between Neuville and La Folie to the north and was used to engage the French troops further north with flanking fire. Bavarian Infantry Regiment 7 was rushed up from reserve to counter-attack the French on Vimy Ridge. The French were pushed back from the heights of Hill 145 and Hill 119 (the Pimple) by 1057:, which the Germans ended to reinforce the Artois front. The initial French attack broke through and captured Vimy Ridge, to the surprise of both sides. German counter-attacks forced them back about half-way to their jumping-off points before French reserves could reach the battlefield. The British attack at Aubers Ridge was a costly failure and two German divisions in reserve were diverted south against the Tenth Army. The British offensive was suspended until 15 May, when the Battle of Festubert began and French attacks from 15 May to 15 June were concentrated on the flanks to create jumping-off points for a second general offensive, which began on 16 June. 1853: 1724: 1436: 2092:

490 ft (150 m) or fewer laid down and that the infantry was already exhausted. In the rest of the Tenth Army the situation was the same, with infantry being set to hours of digging under German counter-bombardments. It was also discovered that the accuracy of French artillery-fire, was not sufficient to make it effective. An attack on 13 June, by a regiment of the 70th Division on the sugar refinery, captured a small length of the German front trench, where they were bombarded by French artillery. An attack on 14 June took another short length of trench but the regiment had to be relieved by part of the 13th Division during the night of

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communication trenches (fighting in the area continued sporadically from June–September). From 25 to 28 May French attacks towards Andres failed. D'Urbal continued the limited-objective attacks but transferred the main artillery effort south to Neuville. A three-day preparatory bombardment began on 2 June and on 6 June French infantry captured the main road through the village, as the German garrison replied with massed small-arms fire from cellars and demolished houses. German artillery-fire also caused many French casualties but by 11 June, the French had advanced 550 yd (500 m) on a 330 yd (300 m) front.

2632:, 4,900 ft (1,500 m) to the south. By 7 June the defence of Neuville had begun to collapse, despite exhortations from the German high command that the area was to be held at all costs. Officers of the 58th Division wanted permission to withdraw from the village but freedom to make a temporary limited withdrawal in a crisis was given but only to organise a counter-attack. The north-west of the village fell on 8 June, after the last defenders of Infantry Regiment 160 were bombarded by their own artillery. A battalion of the 15th Division was sent to counter-attack a French salient, near the 1265: 192: 1764:

to be captured, before resuming the attack on Vimy Ridge. XXI Corps was to resume the advance along the Lorette Spur, XXXIII Corps was to capture Carency and then attack Souchez, as XX Corps to the south attacked Neuville. Before dawn on 12 May, French Chasseurs attacked the strong point near the Chapel of Notre Dame de Lorette on the Lorette Spur; after hand-to-hand fighting the strong point and the remains of the Chapel were captured. At dawn, under a German artillery bombardment, the French pushed towards the Spur of the White Way, which commanded the valley from Ablain to Souchez.

238: 2101: 1915: 1897: 1456:

with the 11th and 39th divisions, XXXIII Corps with the Moroccan, 70th and 77th divisions, XXI Corps with the 13th and 43rd divisions and IX Corps with the 92nd Territorial Division and the 17th and 58th divisions, covering the ground up to the British First Army 15 mi (24 km) to the north. The IX Corps and XX Corps had been relieved by the British in Flanders and moved south from 9 to 16 April, although the IX Corps headquarters and the 18th, 152nd and 153rd divisions had to be rushed up to Flanders after the German gas attack at the Second Battle of Ypres

59: 1676: 1576: 2825:). The Arras front remained the most important area on the German Western Front and Falkenhayn planned to send divisions from the Eastern Front to protect against another Franco-British offensive. Rupprecht claimed that the 6th Army could hold its ground without reinforcement and the redeployments were cancelled. During July skirmishing took place around Souchez but the French offensive was not resumed. In August, the Western Army was reorganised, more units moved into reserve and a programme of trench digging was begun along all of the Western Front. 2178:

right. The 360th and 237th regiments were met by a wall of fire and were not able to advance, except on the far left flank, where the 13th Division had managed to push forward for 490 ft (150 m). The 48th Division on the northern flank of XXI Corps, advanced for about 0.62 mi (1 km) and took its initial objectives in 25 minutes, in a costly attack. At zero hour, the 43rd Division on the left of XXI Corps, blew a mine under the German defences opposite and rushed the crater with few losses before the Germans could counter-attack.

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French attack north of Arras. French artillery fire began to increase in May but the weather in Artois was mainly cloudy and overcast, which with French air superiority restricted German air reconnaissance and ground observation of the rear of the French Tenth Army. Infantry patrolling was also inhibited and the presence of the French XVII Corps was not detected until 8 May. An attack on the same day was made on the positions of the 28th Division west of Liévin by the French 43rd Division, which was eventually repulsed at great cost to both sides.

1297:(Purpose and Conditions for Comprehensive Offensive Action) 16 April 1915 (and Note 5779) which had been compiled from analyses of reports received from the front since 1914. The document contained instructions on infiltration tactics, "rolling" barrages and poison gas, which were to be used systematically for the first time. Although doubtful about the capacity of the British to attack, Joffre wanted an offensive on the northern flank of the Tenth Army, to force the Germans to disperse their defences. At a meeting on 29 March, with Sir 3046:

tactics which caused the German defenders great difficulty, even on the flanks where the attacks were repulsed. The extent and tempo of the French plans proved too ambitious, given the material constraints affecting the Tenth Army and French munitions production. XXXIII Corps was forced off Vimy Ridge by German artillery-fire and flanking fire from Souchez and Neuville. A considerable tactical advantage had been gained by the French, who had regained 6.2 sq mi (16 km) of ground before the offensive was terminated.

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resumed. "Bases of departure" were to be captured at Souchez and Neuville, before an attack on Vimy Ridge, which Foch expected to take eight to ten days. D'Urbal cancelled an attack due on 16 May and issued instructions to each corps to capture limited objectives. XXXIII Corps was given five objectives before an attack on Souchez and XXI Corps three objectives before supporting the attack on Souchez. The first limited objective attack was planned for 17 May but rainstorms forced a delay until 20 May and the night of

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captured the village. The defeat threatened the rest of the German line, Haenish ordered an immediate bombardment of the village and the 28th Division to dig a new line, from the Lorette Spur to the Ablain church and Souchez. A battalion of the 117th Division was sent to the 28th Division and a 16th Division regiment was moved to Lens as a replacement. By 13 June, the right flank of the 28th Division still held the northern slope of the Lorette Spur, the line either side of the Lorette Chapel had been lost from the

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Spur of the White Way and Spur Souchez during the local attacks by the French in March and April. On 9 May, the French line ran about 1,100 yd (1,000 m) west of the Chapel, to the summit of the Arabs' Spur and by the Great Spur and Spur Mathis, down to the valley west of Ablain. Five German trench lines had been dug from the Arabs' Spur, across the plateau to the Arras–Béthune road near Aix-Noulette. The trench lines were fortified with iron roofs, sandbags, concrete and barbed wire.

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manner which combined top-down and bottom-up processes. A flaw in Note 5779, was persistence with a concept of rapid breakthrough, even after many soldiers considered that the war had become a siege and that none of the French offensives of 1915, had been intended to return to mobile warfare. Changes made to the plan for the Second Battle of Artois, had been intended to secure the capture Vimy Ridge as a jumping-off point, rather than to achieve a breakthrough and return to mobile warfare.

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southern slopes of the ridge and those in Souchez the eastern face of the spur. Guns hidden in Angres and Liévin to the north-east of the plateau commanded the approaches from the plain to the north and along the spur. Below the southern side of the Lorette Spur were Ablain, Souchez and a sugar refinery in buildings along a 200 yd (180 m)-length of the banks of the St Nazaire stream, which had been fortified. To the south was Mill Malon and east of the sugar refinery lay marshes.

222: 177: 207: 1250:). On 4 May, Falkenhayn reiterated the need to improve reserve positions and also to build a rear position about 1.2–1.9 mi (2–3 km) behind the front line. During 1915, the German armies on the Western Front increased the front line from one to three trenches, built a second trench system 1,500–3,000 yd (0.85–1.70 mi; 1.4–2.7 km) behind the front line and developed the defensive use of machine-guns and artillery, to restrict an attack to a bend ( 1606:

trenches, as machine-guns in Ablain swept the French infantry. Fighting continued after dark and the French began to dig in. The German front trenches at Carency were captured and against orders, the French tried to continue into the village but fire from a strong point to the east stopped the French advance. XXI Corps had managed to advance 660 ft (200 m) through the maze of fortifications on the Lorette Spur and IX Corps beyond made a little progress.

2253: 2834: 3283:, the strategy was intended to make the Noyon salient untenable and regain a large portion of the occupied territories. Tactics used in the battles of May and June were revised and the creeping barrage became a standard method in all the Western Front armies. Improvements in French artillery tactics, were foreshadowed by the pauses in the creep of the 77th Division barrage on 9 May, which enabled the infantry to keep up and capture 1946: 2050:

on obvious avenues of attack, which required only notification by flare signals from the front line to commence firing. The Tenth Army also received substantial reinforcements of artillery but these made only a small net increase, due to losses from German artillery fire, mechanical failures and premature detonations. Infantry reinforcements were only marginally greater than losses. Artillery ammunition for the

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the French from the east end of the village and the western approach was blocked by infantry at a stone quarry, nearly 300 ft (91 m) deep. To the south, XX Corps made slow progress at Neuville, where the 39th Division held a front with a right-angle facing the western and northern fringes of the village, with the right-hand brigade attacking the village and the left-hand brigade attempting to capture

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station, which showed that the French offensive would continue. A counter-attack to capture Ecurie to disrupt the French artillery effort was considered and rejected due to the shortage of troops. Only at Neuville could troops assemble unseen and have good artillery observation. The 15th Division (Major-General Vollbrecht) at Neuville, was reinforced with troops from the 115th Division and attacked at

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that the effect of counter-battery fire, neutralising fire and changes in the pattern and timing of artillery-fire made no difference if the German wire was uncut when the infantry advance began. German field defences were dug in increasing quantity and complexity during the offensive and German artillery became much more active, as more guns and much more ammunition arrived at the battlefront.

318: 2523: 1478: 1288:, which ended on 17 March. Debate within the army as to means and ends had led to two schools of thought, those, like Joffre, who favoured "continuous battle" (an attack without pause involving all resources) and advocates of "methodical battle" like Foch, who wanted to conduct offensives as methodical series of attacks with pauses to reorganise and consolidate. 2204:

advance began. The Germans opened massed small-arms fire but were not able to prevent the British from entering the German front trench, where a bombing fight began. German infantry were well-supplied with hand grenades but the British were isolated by cross-fire along no man's land and were pushed back as they ran out of ammunition, the last troops retiring at

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flanking fire had stopped the XXXIII Corps from advancing on Souchez. On 15 May, another French attack on the Spur of the White Way failed and until 21 May, the French on the Lorette Spur consolidated, under fire from the German artillery at Angres and Liévin. In the valley, the Germans held on at the east end of Ablain and recaptured the church and cemetery.

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at La Madeleine en Lille and railway stations in the town, with little effect. By 19 May, German aircraft reinforcements could make reconnaissance flights behind the French front and reported massive concentrations of artillery and the assembly of troops at the Doullens railway station, which were interpreted as signs of another big French offensive.

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would lead to the loss of the German artillery around Vimy and La Folie. No forces were available for a spoiling attack and at Roclincourt, Reserve Infantry Regiment 99 had watched the French sapping forward to within 200 ft (60 m) of their positions and endured the French preparatory bombardment. The French shelling grew in weight until

3264:, for the offensive of 25 September and his views were circulated through the French and British armies. The autumn offensive was fought as a breakthrough attempt, with changes to avoid the mistakes made in Artois in May and had significant tactical success but did not achieve a breakthrough, which led to the adoption of limited attacks in 1916. 2778:(Moroccan Copse) on the Arras–Béthune road was lost. There were many German casualties and the 16th Division was relieved by the 11th Division of VI Corps; the 58th Division was kept in line for lack of a replacement. OHL provided the 15th Division, which had had only a few days' rest and the 123rd Division in an emergency. The 2330:(General Kress von Kressenstein) south of Carency, was pushed back to a line from Cabaret Rouge to Neuville St Vaast (Neuville) and French troops advanced as far as artillery positions around Givenchy-en-Gohelle (Givenchy), where reinforcements arrived at noon and managed to forestall a new French attack. To the south, the 2126:

arrived. The IX Corps divisions found that the German defences were intact when the attack began and the 17th Division was swept by artillery and machine-gun fire, forcing it back to its jumping-off trenches; the 18th Division managed to capture the German first position and a second attack was ordered for the afternoon.

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Spur beyond the Béthune–Lens road for a rest but around Liévin and Angres, the 7th Division (Lieutenant-General Riedel) and 8th Division (Major-General von Hanstein) held decrepit trenches which could not be repaired at night because French searchlights illuminated the ground to catch German troops in the open. At

2725:, between Angres and the chapel at Notre Dame de Lorette, were forced back. House-to-house fighting continued in Souchez and in the 16th Division area, where the front line for 0.62 mi (1 km) had been lost. Some French troops reached German artillery positions, beyond which were no trench defences. 1879:

to maintain contact with the new defensive positions to the east. On 13 May, the 70th Division cautiously followed up the German retirement and the 77th and 13th divisions made a converging attack on the sugar refinery. Engineers rebuilt trenches in the captured area ready for an attack on Souchez on 14 May.

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continue, which if repeated would leave the XXXIII Corps vulnerable to another advance into a salient. The artillery preparation was carefully observed from the front line and IX Corps troops were issued flares to signal to the artillery, who reported a highly accurate bombardment, particularly on the

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Krause wrote that the formulation Note 5779 showed that the French command system, was staffed by men who tried to improve the performance of the army and contradicts claims by Gudmundsson, that the Allied armies were too centralised to adapt. Lessons had been collected, analysed and distributed in a

3143:

German analysis of the battle was collected in a memorandum of June 1915 and led to renewed emphasis on infantry shelters, deep enough to be invulnerable to heavy artillery and to increase the number of defensive positions behind the front, which would slow an advance and delay subsequent attacks, by

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which stopped the French infantry attack and prevented troops moving up in support. Attempts to repeat the surprise of 9 May by ruses failed and a German counter-barrage had begun in no man's land within two minutes of the French infantry advance. The experience of the attacks on 16 June demonstrated

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The slow and piecemeal arrival of reserves was made worse by the failure of the supporting attack to the north by the British First Army, which was defeated on 9 May at the Battle of Aubers Ridge. Subsequently, the British offensive was postponed until the Battle of Festubert on 16 May which resulted

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Foch wrote a report in early August in which he explained that the failure to hold Hill 145 was due to XXXIII Corps and the Tenth Army reserves being too distant and not deployed according to a proper reinforcement plan. At the beginning of the attack the XXXIII Corps reserve was a brigade of the DM,

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On 9 May, five French corps had attacked two German divisions on a 16 mi (25 km) front and advanced 2.5 mi (4 km) on the front of the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division between the Lorette Spur and La Targette. The 77th Division and the DM of XXXIII Corps penetrated between Carency and

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Souchez. Two breastworks had been built near the Château and more fortifications had been built in Souchez. An absence of attacks in the 16th Division area had been used to repair the defences from Souchez to Hill 123 but the trenches in the 5th Division (Major-General von Gabain) area were derelict.

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the French further north, who had broken through at La Targette. Crown Prince Rupprecht applied to Falkenhayn, for the two divisions in OHL reserve and the 115th Division (Major-General von Kleist) was moved behind the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division. The 58th Division (Lieutenant-General von Gersdorf)

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and broke into the first line north of Fromelles. Fighting continued into the evening, when the trenches were recaptured. More British attacks occurred at Richbourg l'Avoué and at times penetrated to the German first line before being repulsed. Little ground was captured, none was held against German

2229:

The second and third waves rushed forward and ran into the British bombardment, which was not seen by the gunners due to the amount of mist and smoke created by the bombardment. The British still managed to reach the German second line and three German counter-attacks had only managed to push the 3rd

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and then postponed, leading to some units attacking too early, being pinned down in front of uncut wire and then being bombarded by French as well as German artillery. The 70th Division and the XXI Corps divisions on the northern flank, took several German positions in costly attacks but the IX Corps

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Reports from the IX and XX corps on the southern flank, described accurate French artillery fire and XXI Corps on the Lorette Spur had a commanding view of German defences. Maistre the corps commander, had made artillery observation a specialist role for trained men, who kept close to the infantry to

1993:

carefully observed on a 5,000 yd (4,600 m) front. The German breastwork was destroyed but many of the machine-gun posts underneath survived, as did infantry dugouts under the second line of breastworks. The attack was limited to an objective about 1,000 yd (910 m) forward along La

1000:

from Reims to Amiens had been formed in 1914 which menaced communications between Paris and the unoccupied parts of northern France. A reciprocal French advance eastwards in Artois could cut the rail lines supplying the German armies between Arras and Reims. French operations in Artois, Champagne and

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which evolved from Note 5779 and the offensive of September 1915 was planned on the basis of the experience in Artois in May and June. After the failure of the autumn breakthrough offensive, the French retained much of the material in Note 5779 to guide their operations at Verdun and on the Somme in

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From June, local French attacks on the Artois front continued against the German defences across the plain to the Béthune–La Bassée Canal. South of the Lorette Spur, French attacks advanced from the sugar refinery to the outskirts of Souchez. In the area of Neuville, constant fighting went on in the

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In September Foch wrote of the speed with which the Germans had moved reinforcements into the area from 9 to 18 May, dug new defensive lines and brought more heavy artillery into action, which from 18 May maintained barrages along the Tenth Army front. By 20 May the French artillery was dominated by

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continued and from 4 to 6 June, the French attacked Neuville. After an attack on 8 June, the defenders retired to a trench further east. French attacks on the Lorette Spur were co-ordinated with those at Neuville and exhausted the XIV Corps troops, which were replaced by the 7th and 8th divisions of

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Lochow planned a counter-attack by XIV Corps to regain the commanding ground of the Lorette Spur, which took place from 15 to 17 May and succeeded only in exhausting the 117th Division, which had to be withdrawn. Air reconnaissance observed huge numbers of French guns and troops arriving at Doullens

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On 11 May, Rupprecht was ordered by Falkenhayn not to retire under any circumstances, with the discretion to achieve this by attack or defence and Rupprecht replied that a counter-attack was not feasible. Next day, two regiments of the 117th Division were added to I Bavarian Reserve Corps to protect

2049:

The eight days, that Foch thought necessary to capture ground on the flanks of XXXIII Corps, took five weeks to achieve. Small advances were made but the Germans were able to improve their defences relatively easily, in dips and behind slopes. Artillery reinforcements were registered as they arrived

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A revised version of Note 5779 was issued on 20 May by GQG, which asserted that the version of 16 April had been vindicated by events. The new version endorsed "continuous battle" and emphasised that reserves must be pushed forward to avoid the mistake made on 9 May, when they had been held back out

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d'Urbal ordered the 18th Division to move up but it had been stationed 5.0 mi (8 km) back to be out of German artillery range. Reserve units had great difficulty in advancing through German artillery fire, which left the DM in a narrow salient and under fire from all directions. During the

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and advanced 1.9 mi (3 km) on a 2.8 mi (4.5 km) front. Attacks on high ground west of Metzeral from 5 to 7 May were repulsed but on 14 June the heights and the village of Sondernach were captured. Metzeral fell several days later and on 22 June, the Germans retired from the west

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aircraft began to reach front-line units. Reconnaissance aircraft detected increased movement behind the French Tenth Army front and more C-class aircraft were sent to the 6th Army, from the armies in quiet areas of the Western Front. Early on 9 May, French aircraft bombed the 6th Army headquarters

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In the XXI Corps area, the 70th Division was bombarded by German artillery as the attack began, in response to flares sent up from the German front line. The 42nd BCP took part of Château Carleul against determined German resistance but then stopped to maintain contact with the 77th Division to the

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On 15 June the commander of the 17th Division on the right of the IX Corps, wrote to General Curé, the corps commander, that preparations were incomplete and had not conformed to Note 5779, leaving the jumping-off trenches 660–980 ft (200–300 m) from the German front line, rather than the

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and Givenchy-en-Gohelle. IX Corps was moved from the northern boundary of the Tenth Army and placed between XXXIII Corps and XX Corps to take Vimy Ridge. During minor attacks in early June, the IX Corps divisions had gained little success and in one attack the infantry went to ground and refused to

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The Franco-British attack on 9 May had been on a front of 16 mi (25 km) and in June three supporting attacks were planned by the French Second, Sixth and Seventh armies, along with an attack by the British near Zillebeke in Flanders. The preliminary bombardment was due to begin on 13 June

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On 16 May Haig resumed the offensive with the Battle of Festubert, which was fought on the right flank of the Aubers Ridge battlefield, where British troops were ordered to press on to local objectives only after consolidating. By the morning of 17 May, the German 14th Division was forced to retire

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caused by artillery fire. The French attacked into the valley and on 31 May captured Mill Malon, advanced up a communication trench to the sugar refinery and rushed the German garrison, which was overwhelmed as dark fell. At midnight a German counter-attack gradually pushed the French back into the

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On 18 May, d'Urbal asked for the XVII and X corps to be withdrawn by 24 May because of the costly failure of their attacks but was over-ruled by Foch, who ordered an end to rushed attacks. Foch ordered a pause of eight days, to prepare an attack with the thoroughness of 9 May; in the interim, local

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Carency and the chapel on the Lorette Spur, placed the German garrison in Ablain in a salient and forced the Germans to withdraw on 12 May, to a line from Château Carleul to Souchez, the cemetery at Ablain and the sugar refinery. German troops in the remaining positions of the Lorette Spur withdrew

1813:

became intense. Ten minutes later, the infantry attacked and surprised the German defenders, artillery fire cutting all the German telephone lines to the rear. Visibility was poor due to smoke and dust and the bombardment proved less effective than assumed; much of the British shell-fire fell short

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field artillery and machine-guns in the area. On Thursday 13 May, in heavy rain a German counter-attack on the Spur of the White Way was repulsed by machine-gun fire. By the morning of 14 May, the French had captured most of the Lorette Spur and Carency but not the intervening positions, from which

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continued and the cemetery was captured. Pétain reported that machine-gun fire from both flanks and German artillery-fire had increased, which had caused far more casualties. The result of the attack on 11 May, led d'Urbal to order that the German defences on the flanks at Souchez and Neuville were

1733:

By 11 May, the Tenth Army had reorganised sufficiently to attempt another general offensive but the DM and the 77th Division, which were the most advanced, received the fewest reinforcements and supplies. Communication with the foremost troops was almost impossible through the German artillery-fire

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to make a deeper advance than the other corps but was stopped by German machine-gun fire in no man's land and was only able to establish small footholds in the first position. In the south of the attack front, the X Corps infantry were stopped in no man's land. By nightfall the Tenth Army had taken

1703:

On the main front, the French artillery had prepared the way for the infantry and creeping barrages had kept the surviving German infantry pinned down but where the French had fewer heavy guns and ammunition, the attacks had failed. The XVII Corps to the south of the attack front, had been expected

1605:

the infantry attack began in bright dry weather. Three of the trench lines on the Lorette Spur were captured by Chasseurs and supporting infantry of XXI Corps with many casualties. A fortified post in the centre of the German line was not captured and German artillery near Angres bombarded the lost

1556:

After the British attack at Neuve Chapelle, the local attacks which had occurred since December 1914 resumed, which resulted in minor changes of the front line. At the end of April, indications of a bigger attack in preparation and reports of new French units being formed suggested a more ambitious

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Since January French sappers in the Carency area had tunnelled 1.5 mi (2.4 km), to plant 30 long tons (30 t) of explosives in galleries under the German positions. The main French front of attack was from the chapel on the plateau of Notre Dame de Lorette Spur (Lorette spur) south to

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guns. West of Lille, the front line was in the marshy Flanders plain and south of La Bassée, the ground was criss-crossed by waterways and drainage ditches, which made fortification difficult. West of Lens, the high ground of Vimy Ridge and the Lorette Spur dominated the ground further to the west;

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divisions with one brigade headquarters commanding nine battalions in three regiments. The surplus regiments provided new divisions with a nucleus of trained and experienced troops; smaller divisions made it easier to move them from quiet sectors without undue disruption. On 3 March, Falkenhayn had

3388:

Falkenhayn wrote that an energetic commander was needed and nominated Claer, someone he knew that Rupprecht felt had failed. Falkenhayn then sent Lochow to command three of the 6th Army corps. Rupprecht formally complained to the Kaiser on 17 May against Falkenhayn for tampering with his authority

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for the German divisions most involved in the battle (1st and 5th Bavarian Reserve divisions, 3rd Bavarian, 5th, 11th, 15th, 16th and 115th divisions) noting that some figures are estimates believed to be too low but that the total was far fewer than French losses. In 2013 Jonathan Krause recorded

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The new German defences around the area were on ground overlooked from the Lorette Spur, were more costly to defend and made Vimy Ridge more vulnerable to attack. The apparent lost opportunity on 9 May, when Vimy Ridge was captured in the first rush, led the French army commanders to conclude that

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On 7 July, the III Bavarian Corps counter-attacked west of Apremont, captured French front trenches and resisted French attacks until 12 July, inflicting many losses. In late June, French attacks captured Gondrexon and next day the German 30th Reserve Division captured a hill at Ban-de-Sapt, until

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south of the Aix-Noulette–Souchez road was relatively protected from French artillery-fire but was covered in corpses, which revolted the troops who could not bury the dead. Many attempts were made to close a 980 ft (300 m) gap to a switch trench, which led towards the sugar refinery and

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French preparations for another general attack were observed by the German defenders and large amounts of artillery ammunition were brought forward. On 10 June the senior gunner in the 15th Division predicted a French attack from Vimy to La Folie, Thélus and Neuville St Vaast, which if successful,

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The French offensive had severely eroded the 6th Army, which had used up all the fresh units sent from the OHL reserve in France. The 2nd Guard Reserve Division was diverted to VII Corps opposite the British and units worn out by the French supporting attacks beyond Artois were needed, before they

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order, encouraged by the quietude of the French during the morning of 11 May. French attacks in the afternoon were poorly co-ordinated and repulsed with many casualties. A captured order showed that the French were making a maximum effort to break through; a regiment of the 117th Division was made

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By evening, Rupprecht knew that twelve French divisions had attacked four German divisions but believed that the French could be driven back. OHL sent the 117th Division to Douai and Rupprecht subordinated two regiments of the 58th Division to the I Bavarian Reserve Corps for the counter-attack at

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bombardment, in which an attempt to alleviate an acute ammunition shortage was made by relying on artillery observation and tactical reconnaissance by reinforced RFC squadrons. No covering fire was available for the attack and the German defenders were seen to have manned the front line before the

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on 17 May after an extensive bombardment led to a large number of German troops surrendering. Reinforcements doubled the German firepower in the new position, from which in the afternoon British attempts to continue the advance were repulsed. Low cloud and rain obscured the battlefield and it took

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The British adopted siege warfare tactics of limited attacks prepared by a greater weight of artillery fire, to capture more ground and hold it with fewer casualties. British attacks resumed near Festubert from Port Arthur 850 yd (780 m) north to Rue du Bois, with a night attack by three

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On 25 May IX, XXI and XXXIII corps attacked limited objectives simultaneously, after a day-long artillery bombardment but made little progress. The remnants of the garrison in Ablain were attacked again on 28 May in their remaining trenches around the cemetery. French artillery placed a barrage to

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Huge artillery bombardments preceded infantry attacks, intended to occupy several hundred square metres of ground at a time. On the afternoon of 21 May, the French attacked the Spur of the White Way from the north, south and west. A party attacking from the Arabs' Spur captured their objectives in

1924:

Pétain wrote that German barrages were being fired daily, which made infantry attacks almost impossible and that varying French bombardments to obtain surprise made little difference, now that the German artillery had been reinforced and was ready at a moment's notice to begin barrage fire. German

1804:

attacked on a 2,400 yd (1.4 mi; 2.2 km) front from the Rue du Bois and IV Corps attacked in the north on a 1,500 yd (1,400 m) front opposite Fromelles. The attack was intended to make two breaches in the German defences 6,000 yd (3.4 mi; 5.5 km) apart, after

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of the garrison surrendered. Conditions on the plateau were appalling, because bursting shells had disinterred the corpses of hundreds of French and German soldiers killed before the offensive. The French continued the advance from Carency towards Ablain, which suddenly caught fire, as the Germans

1747:

On 11 May, D'Urbal reinforced the XXXIII Corps and XX Corps with fresh divisions, ready to attack after a two-hour bombardment. The French captured the wood east of Carency, which overlooked German communication trenches with Souchez and prevented their use. A German party on a wooded hillock kept

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and by the XXI Corps with two divisions along the Notre-Dame de Lorette spur. The main attack was to capture Vimy Ridge and then consolidate to prevent German counter-attacks from recapturing the heights. Reserve divisions and cavalry would then begin a pursuit from the ridge into the Douai plain.

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General d'Urbal was appointed to the command of the Tenth Army on 2 April, which had six infantry corps, a cavalry corps and three divisions in reserve. On the right (southern) flank was X Corps with the 19th and 20th divisions, the XVII Corps to the left with the 34th and 33rd divisions, XX Corps

1243:

Falkenhayn ordered that the positions of the German armies in France were to be fortified to resist attacks with only small forces, to enable reserves to be sent to Russia. Should part of the front line be lost, it was to be retaken by counter-attack. Behind the line, new defences were to be built

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At the end of June, Joffre discussed strategy with the army group commanders and Pétain, who had been promoted to the command of the Second Army. Foch again advocated a series of limited attacks, particularly in Artois where strategically important railways were relatively close behind the German

2689:

On 7 June, Falkenhayn met the 6th Army commanders and accepted their claim that only with fresh troops could the 6th Army positions be held. The 5th and 123rd divisions were sent to the 6th Army and XIX Saxon Corps was relieved by IV Corps on 14 June. The 117th Division was moved from the Lorette

2670:

when a mine was sprung. French infantry attacked, broke into the position and the defenders built flanking barricades to prevent the French from rolling up the flanks of the German position. Other German troops formed a blocking position in front of the French penetration and the German artillery

2603:

from Souchez to Roclincourt, which was eventually repulsed. Late on 31 May, trenches between Angres, the Carency stream and the sugar refinery were lost and only the trenches to the north were recaptured on 1 June after many counter-attacks. During the evening, an attack from Neuville to Tsingtao

2377:

On 10 May, the I Bavarian Reserve Division managed to retain its positions despite French attacks, particularly at Neuville on the right flank but several counter-attacks, supported by parts of IV Corps and the 115th Division, recovered only small parts of the village. Next day, Fasbender doubted

2160:

German counter-attacks were made using many hand grenades, which caused many casualties. To the north, the 77th and 70th divisions attacked Souchez, where the chemical shells had little effect; the 77th divisional artillery had twice the number of shells than on 9 May but was nullified by the new

1838:

and German casualties had also been severe; the defensive position had been turned into a crater-field but German reserves were moved from the British front to Vimy Ridge on 12 May. Joffre and Foch met French that day to persuade him to resume the attack after the redeployment of German divisions

1743:

since 9 May; the 77th Division also gained little ground due to German flanking fire. On the evening of 11 May, the French captured the lower slopes of the Arabs' Spur in mutually costly fighting and a night counter-attack by German troops from the Spur of the White Way was repulsed. The 13th and

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and Neuville St Vaast was the edge of the heights bounding the plain between the Scarpe and the Béthune–La-Bassée–Lille Canal. Opposite the French Tenth Army, the XIV Corps held the front with the 29th and 28th divisions and to the south, I Bavarian Reserve Corps held the line from Souchez to the

1508:

obstacles had been placed in front of the German defences and tunnels, caves and trenches, cellars and loopholed buildings had been fortified; avenues of approach were surveyed and registered by the German artillery. The 6th Army had retained most of the plateau of the Lorette Spur and all of the

3081:

The attempt in June to capture Vimy Ridge with another set-piece attack was a costly failure, despite the intervening period of local attacks on the flanks of XXXIII Corps and the capture of the Lorette Spur. French tactics were unchanged and the constant local attacks left no time for training.

2510:

and advanced for about 490 ft (150 m) before being repulsed. French attacks in the opposite direction up to six times each day also failed, except for some ground on the Thélus road on the evening of 11 May. German reinforcements which had just arrived, were rushed forward to block the

2169:

only twelve hours before the attack. The 159th Regiment advanced over a hillock, met uncut wire and massed fire from small arms and artillery, out of view of the French front line. The 97th Regiment captured Souchez cemetery with few casualties but the repulse of the 159th Regiment uncovered the

2143:

and set many fires in Angres but not at Souchez, which had been bombarded so much that there was little combustible material left. The 17th Division managed to advance another 330 ft (100 m) and the 18th Division was stopped in no man's land. On the right flank, the 39th Division of XX

2125:

when a creeping barrage began to move from the French front line in 160 ft (50 m) bounds and a second barrage began at maximum range and crept backwards in 82 ft (25 m) bounds, until both barrages coincided on Vimy Ridge and became a standing barrage until the French infantry

1522:

At every 100 yd (91 m), a machine-gun nest had been built into the trench and small, fortified posts supported the defenders, one to the north-east of the Chapel of Notre Dame de Lorette, with dug-outs over 50 ft (15 m) deep. Artillery and machine-guns in Ablain commanded the

1060:

The British attacks at Festubert forced the Germans back 1.9 mi (3 km) and diverted reserves from the French but the Tenth Army gained little more ground, despite firing double the amount of artillery ammunition and many more casualties on both sides. On 18 June, the main offensive was

3257:

grenades in two days by the 53rd Division and the importance of attention to detail; Pétain of XXXIII Corps had ensured accurate preparatory bombardments and the tactical reflections written by Pétain were added to the thinking in Note 5779. The ideal characteristics of a network of jumping-off

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to control the units in the areas of the XIV and I Bavarian Reserve corps, to hold the existing positions and establish a defence line from Carency and Neuville. A counter-attack at the cemetery south of Souchez but failed without support from the Carency area, where a French attack at dusk had

2364:

During the night, a French attack captured the front trenches astride the Béthune–Lens road and Lieutenant-General von Haenisch sent the last corps reserve to the 29th Division (Lieutenant-General Isbert); a counter-attack in the morning recovered the trenches. To the south-west of Carency, the

2306:

on the left of XIV Corps and against I Bavarian Reserve Corps, from Lens to Arras, as a second attack began against the centre of XIV Corps along the Béthune–Lens road, which was repulsed by a counter-attack. The 28th Division on the Lorette Spur, was forced out of the front trenches, with many

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from 3 to 9 May. The preliminary bombardment was to begin on 10 June and concentrate on certain areas to conceal the imminence of an infantry attack. On the day of the attack, the artillery was to destroy defences repaired by the Germans overnight and conduct counter-battery fire until the last

1928:

Foch and d'Urbal met late on 15 May and ordered that the offensive was to end temporarily, as the attacks after 9 May had been poorly prepared and of diminishing effectiveness. Preparations with the standard of detail and organisation of the attack on 9 May, were to be made before the offensive

1526:

South of Ablain rose wooded heights towards Carency, with the village in a hollow, the houses in five groups, one in the centre and the others facing north, west, south and east, protected by four lines of trenches. Each street and house had been fortified, connected by underground passages and

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Regiment 39 and captured Hill 145, the highest point on Vimy Ridge The DM was then repulsed by local counter-attacks from Bavarian Infantry Regiment 7, which had been rushed forward from reserve. From 9 to 12 May the Tenth Army made the largest advance since trench warfare began, using the new

2355:

By afternoon, the left flank of XIV Corps had been uncovered near Carency. Rupprecht intended to use the remnants of the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division and the 115th Division to counter-attack and regain the lost positions. Instead, the 115th Division was sent to defend the right flank of the I

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In the XXXIII Corps area, the DM was fresh and easily overran the German front defences with minimal casualties. When the infantry pressed on, they found that the Germans had dug overlapping flanking positions and deep dugouts, which had protected German infantry from the French artillery. The

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It was soon discovered that the Germans had put barbed wire 160 ft (50 m) in front of the front line, rather than just in front and special bombardments were fired to cut the wire, after which patrols went forward to check the results, despite German counter-bombardments. On the 43rd

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A French artillery barrage was arranged and troops on the outskirts of Ablain advanced to the refinery along the stream, as the troops at the communication trench reorganised and attacked again. The Germans were forced back and by the evening of 1 June the position was connected with Ablain by

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From Ecurie southwards, the French were seen assembling and bombarded, which stopped the attack in no man's land. In the north, several footholds were gained and only recaptured during the night. Lochow requested more reinforcements, IV Corps south of Arras with the 8th and 7th divisions, was

1712:

On 10 May, Joffre and Foch decided that infantry attacks would have to reflect the capacity of the artillery to support them and a proposal by d'Urbal to attack south of Arras was rejected. Joffre ordered several cavalry divisions to move towards the Tenth Army area as a decoy. To keep German

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with a joint offensive, on a 70 mi (110 km) front, eastwards into the Douai plain, where an advance of 10–15 mi (16–24 km) would cut the railways supplying the German armies as far south as Reims. The French attacked Vimy Ridge and the British attacked further north in the

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Ablain and Souchez, with similar attack in the south against Neuville. Joffre sent the III Corps to the Tenth Army as reinforcement but also had to withdraw artillery to support the British attack due at Festubert. After 11 May, the French consolidated captured positions and moved the supply

1404:

began to build defences to a standard system, building a second position behind a barbed wire barricade, far enough behind the first position to require an attacker to pause to bring field artillery into range. The first position was elaborated into a zone, with camouflaged strong points and

2706:

and to the south the 1st Bavarian Reserve Division and the exhausted 52nd Reserve Infantry Brigade, which had held the line since the beginning of the offensive were still in the original front line, although the trenches were severely damaged. The German artillery had been reorganised into

1671:

and thirty machine-guns but was soon forced back to the Souchez–Neuville road, by German artillery-fire and counter-attacks. The French infantry also suffered many casualties and found that artillery support had diminished, as the field artillery was firing at the limit of its range. German

2765:

The 6th Army was reduced to a desperate position and OHL sent VI Corps units forward as they arrived. On 17 June the French attack resumed and broke into the 5th Division defences and was then pushed out from there and either side by counter-attacks. A French advance to the north along the

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being taken. The area was quickly consolidated and French field artillery galloped up to engage German troops nearby. The French pressed on to Neuville and advanced up the southern part of Vimy Ridge but troops of the 11th Division on the right flank, were held up by the defenders of the

2503:

continued, with frequent attacks to recover the first position in the centre, to relieve the right flank, which had been enveloped on three sides but without which Neuville could not be held. Bavarian Reserve Infantry Brigade 2 managed to assemble troops for a counter-attack towards the

1546:, on both sides of the Arras–Lens road, which contained tunnels and small strong points organised in a maze, with frequent blank walls and sally ports for the defenders to appear behind the attackers, linked by tunnels to Neuville St Vaast. About 2 mi (3.2 km) east of the 2315:

was sent forward. Further south, the villages of Ablain-St Nazaire (Ablain) and Carency were held against determined French attacks. By noon 2.5 mi (4 km) of the German front defences had fallen and the French had penetrated up to a depth of 1.9 mi (3 km).

3209:

The battle had great influence on the French army during the preparations for the autumn offensive of 1915 in Champagne and Artois, which were also based on an assumption that strategic victories were possible after one or two days of offensive action. Joffre ordered another

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the 58th Division began the German counter-attack, with parts of the 115th Division to the south and at first made good progress, before being stopped by French defensive fire. The 28th Division headquarters began to fear that the line between Ablain and Carency would fall.

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During the night the Germans in a group of houses to the south of the church were mopped up and outside the village a strong point was taken. Early on 29 May the remaining German positions at the church and rectory were captured. French casualties in the final attack were

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minutes and another party attacking from the north seized the main German communication trench, surrounding and taken the garrison prisoner. The attack from Ablain captured houses west of the church and the communications trench linking the White Way with Souchez was cut;

2238:

the German front trench from Menin road to Railway Wood was consolidated, which was short of Bellewaarde ridge and the German observation posts along it. Joffre criticised British "inaction", which enabled the Germans to concentrate resources against the Tenth Army.

2024:

achieved minor advances of the British line but found that the captured positions had been registered by German artillery, which maintained a heavy bombardment, which forced the British back at some places and inflicted many casualties. The fighting cost the British

1153:, intended for an offensive in France. Despite the French battle in Champagne in February, Falkenhayn was forced to cancel his plans to attack in the west and send the 11th Army to the Eastern Front, to support the Austro-Hungarian army, which has suffered more than 2408:

fell on the remaining German positions to the north of the village. The survivors were cut off and the village captured over the next two days. French attacks in the north began to diminish on 13 May, as rain storms turned the battlefield into a swamp but at

3389:

and received a reply on 23 May from the Kaiser agreeing with him and an apology from Falkenhayn. On 19 May Krafft von Delmensingen had been woken and abruptly transferred to the Italian front with Colonel Gustav von Lambsdorff parachuted in to replace him.

2230:

Division back to the first line, when the British ran short of ammunition. Support from a brigade of the 14th Division to exploit the success, was delayed by German artillery-fire and fewer than two battalions of the 3rd Division managed to advance at

1734:

but d'Urbal thought that the German defence was rapidly increasing in effectiveness and that delay would put the French at a greater disadvantage. To the north the 70th Division and the 13th Division of XXI Corps managed to advance at Ablain, Carency,

2464:

commander, took over the 16th, 58th, 115th and part of the 15th divisions from Souchez to Neuville. The reinforcement of the 6th Army had drained the OHL reserve and further claims by Rupprecht were refused, which led him to complain to the Kaiser.

1623:

and the sugar refinery. The division reached the fringes of the villages but the repulse of the right-hand regiment led the most advanced troops to withdraw to a line 660 yd (600 m) forward of the start-line. In the XXXIII Corps area, the

2610:. Lochow put Fasbinder in command with the 58th Division and moved the 15th Division to Neuville. British diversionary attacks around Givenchy-lez-la-Bassée, continued during early June and were repulsed in costly fighting by VII and XIX corps. In 1744:

43rd divisions captured the crest of the Lorette Spur during the night, which deprived the Germans of the commanding views from the ridge. German artillery in Angres and the machine-guns in Ablain kept a constant fire on the new French positions.

2004:

on the right by the 7th Division was successful in parts but with many casualties. Much of the German front line was destroyed and captured but scattered German parties in shell-holes blocked both flanks and prevented a further British advance.

2382:(General Kuntze) and sent the VIII Corps headquarters with the 16th Division to Douai as a replacement of the OHL reserve. To avoid a retirement, which would lead to the loss of the Lorette Spur, Rupprecht met the corps commanders and issued a 1685:

The 39th Division crossed the German trenches in front of La Targette, where two strong points contained artillery but the French advance was so swift, that only a few machine-gunners were able to engage them and the village was captured by

2436:

Rupprecht rated the 29th Division as worn out, the condition of the 28th Division as not much better and the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division as exhausted. The 1st Bavarian Reserve Division, 58th and 115th divisions were severely damaged and

1862:

Pétain proposed a combined attack on Souchez with the divisions of XXXIII and XXI corps for 12 May, which was rejected due to the exhaustion of the XXI Corps divisions. Pétain substituted a plan for three limited attacks against Carency,

2433:(Muddy Hollow) to the Ablain track. Most of Ablain had been captured but French attempts to advance further, had been repulsed in mutually costly fighting and a lull occurred, except for a small French attack at Neuville during the day. 1825:

Despite a "terrific" bombardment, the German machine-gun nests were not destroyed and the machine-gunners stopped the attack with flanking-fire. To assist the French, whose attack had been more successful, another attack was ordered for

1708:

ten field guns and fifty machine-guns. The success of XXXIII Corps had used up much of its ammunition and poor-quality shells had caused 24 premature explosions in its guns, against only four knocked out by German counter-battery fire.

1886:

casualties. The 39th Division advanced, the infantry moving behind a shower of hand grenades and trench mortar bombs but was forced back when the left-hand regiment was repulsed. The 11th Division was bogged down in Neuville and the

2365:

trench to Souchez was lost, which left Carency almost surrounded. Rupprecht and Haenisch planned to counter-attack from Souchez to Neuville, with the I Bavarian Reserve Corps and the 58th and 115th divisions, rather than retire. At

2746:. The 8th Division regained the second Lorette switch line and the 16th Division cleared a few isolated penetrations but not the area south of Souchez; artillery-fire prevented the digging of a switch trench. A continuous barrage ( 2671:

bombarded the lost ground and no man's land, to prevent French reserves from moving forward. Counter-attacks by troops held back in reserve were able to push the French out of their footholds but at the cost of "grievous" losses.

2356:

Bavarian Reserve Corps and the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division was found to be too depleted to attack. Troops managed to counter-attack at Souchez and retook some ground, before being stopped by massed French artillery-fire around

1738:

and along the Lorette Spur, which left the German garrison in Ablain outflanked on both sides. The attack by the XXXIII Corps was met by a huge volume of German artillery and small-arms fire and repulsed, the DM having suffered

1468:

Increased production of ammunition had not kept pace with demand and the French artillery remained short of high explosive shells; poor quality ammunition also caused a large number of premature detonations in French artillery.

1814:

and few of the German machine-guns were destroyed. German machine-gunners and artillery began to fire at the same time and in ten minutes inflicted many casualties on the British infantry as they advanced across no man's land.

1767:

At Carency, French infantry attacked after a bombardment, captured the wooded hillock east of the village and eventually took the stone quarry to the west. The French entered the western block of houses at the same time and at

2181:

D'Urbal ordered the attack to continue on 17 June, on the fronts of the 77th Division and IX Corps on either flank of XXXIII Corps, where the most advanced positions of the DM had become untenable. The attack was ordered for

1487:

The Tenth Army was to attack on a 9.3 mi (15 km) front, the main attack being made in the centre by the XVII, XX and XXXIII corps on a 6.2 mi (10 km) front, with supporting attacks along the spur south of

2212:

and took the German front line. The advance was stopped until the line was consolidated but the British and Canadian troops who had not been pinned down in their own trenches were forced back by a German counter-attack at

3228:

ammunition was reduced to increase quality and large orders were placed for aircraft and for gas shells. The growth of French war production by September 1915, enabled the French to attack in two places simultaneously.

2400:, north of the Lorette Spur and Souchez could not be closed and Carency was almost surrounded. The defences to the west and south had been lost on 9 May and constant French attacks slowly overwhelmed the defenders. At 1830:

and then cancelled as it became clear that another attack could not be launched. The extent of the British defeat had not been realised, due to the difficulty of communicating with the front line. The British suffered

2718:

but further to the left a French foothold was maintained by the weight of covering artillery-fire. By night, the French had consolidated in the 7th Division trenches at Liévin and Angres. The German survivors in the

2144:

Corps was repulsed in the first attack, despite creeping forward before zero hour to be clear of a German counter-bombardment and to catch the German infantry under cover. The division prepared a new bombardment for

5239:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. I (Imperial War Museum and Battery Press ed.). London: Macmillan. 2923:

German attacks in the Argonne from 20 June, captured French positions at La Hazarée and another attack on 13 July, captured high ground west of Boureuilles and near Le Four de Paris. The German attacks took

3258:

trenches and the time and labour necessary to build it were laid down, so that troops could advance simultaneously and reserve troops could be protected as they moved forward. Pétain wrote the plan for the

2302:; the German artillery reply was sparse. The French infantry assembled unseen and the advance began after several mines were sprung, obtaining a measure of surprise. The main French attack was received at 5317:

The World War 1914 to 1918, Military Land Operations Volume Eight: The Operations in the Year 1915: The Events in the West from the Spring into the Summer and in the East from the Summer to the Year's end

5312:

Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Militärischen Operationen zu Lande, Achter Band: Die Operationen des Jahres 1915: Die Ereignisse im Westen im Frühjahr im Sommer, im Osten vom Frühjahr bis zum Jahresschluß

1017:(GQG), to continue the offensive in Champagne against the German southern rail supply route and to plan an offensive in Artois against the lines from Germany supplying the German armies in the north. 977: 2139:

and rear areas. The shells were filled with carbon disulphide and phosphorus, which gave a combined asphyxiating and incendiary effect. The gas shells suppressed the German artillery opposite from

3304:

The province of Artois had been abolished during the French revolution and was replaced by the Départments of Somme and Pas de Calais but in French and British army nomenclature the term remained.

2935:

salient from 1 May to 20 June. The 9th Division was pushed back to the second line by five French attacks; after several more attacks, the neighbouring 10th Division relieved the pressure on the

1327:

would be relieved at Ypres by British units and on 1 April, French agreed to attack at the same time as the Tenth Army. French doubts about the efficiency of the BEF had not diminished after the

1256:) in the line. The Franco-British offensives in 1915 found the German defences in a state of continuous development, the building programme taking time to complete, due to a shortage of labour. 1061:

stopped and local French attacks were ended on 25 June. The French had regained 6.2 sq mi (16 km) of territory but their failure to capture Vimy Ridge, despite the expenditure of

2156:

where fire from Souchez stopped the advance. Supporting troops had lagged behind in communication trenches full of wounded and prisoners as German artillery-fire increased and only arrived at

2067:

moment, as a deception, then fall on the German front defences as the French infantry advanced, to mislead the Germans and get the infantry across no man's land before a German barrage began.

2477:

North of the Lorette Spur and in the area of the 1st Bavarian Reserve Division, most of the old front line was intact. North of the Carency stream, XIV Corps held parts of the front line in

1244:

and connected by communication trenches, to delay a further attack until reserves could be assembled for a counter-attack. Opposing reinforcements were to be obstructed by a shell-barrage (

1754:. Every attempt to advance was met with massed artillery-fire. IX Corps on the northern flank, X and XVII corps on the southern flank, made limited attacks, which were mostly repulsed. 2262:

The British First Army attacked in the Battle of Aubers Ridge, in support of the French offensive further south. North of La Bassée Canal, British artillery fire increased against the

3250:

Ammunition necessary for a methodical battle did not exist and the opportunity to attack the Germans, when so many divisions had been moved to the eastern front, could not be wasted.

1398:

The defences of the German army in the west had been improvised since late 1914 and in many places were vulnerable to the growing number of French heavy guns. During the spring, the

479: 2448:

Rupprecht requested more reinforcements to replace all of the worn-out divisions and Falkenhayn began to strip more units from the Western Front. Falkenhayn also appointed General

1409:

held a front of 56 mi (90 km) from Menin to the south of Arras with thirteen divisions and the 58th and 115th divisions in OHL reserve behind the front. The 6th Army had

7130: 7145: 5566: 1874:(jumping-off positions); depleted units were relieved and replacements trained by the survivors. The attacks by the 70th, part of the 77th and the 13th divisions which captured 1716:

A lull occurred on the main front as the French infantry reorganised and the surviving German defenders recovered from the effects of the attack. French gunners were hampered (

7329: 2626:

To the south, the French had taken the cemetery at Neuville and built a strong point, from which attacks on the rest of Neuville were made, threatening the German hold on the

2792:

held the north with the IV Corps headquarters, the 117th and 123rd Saxon divisions on the right, the 7th and 8th divisions on the left and the 3rd Ersatz Brigade in reserve.

2015:(strongpoint line) behind the front line, with the result that British bombardments and attacks met only small parties of rearguards. The Quadrilateral was captured at about 1337:

at Ypres on 22 April, when French troops had been routed by a German gas attack; Joffre had to agree to place reserves behind the Ypres front to secure British co-operation.

439: 368: 2951:) on 26 June. The Germans gained a commanding position, from which counter-attacks were repulsed on 3 and 6 July. The French operations gained a small amount of ground for 7777: 3236:

Joffre had accepted claims by Castelnau, that up to 6.2–7.5 mi (10–12 km) of ground could be gained in twenty-four hours and rejected a methodical battle, which

434: 2893:

at Arras. The Second Army attacked a German salient west of Serre on a 1.2 mi (1.9 km) front at Toutvent Farm, 19 mi (30 km) south of Souchez, from

2808:

continued until 24 June, when the 3rd Bavarian Division restored the old front line. The exhausted 52nd Reserve Infantry Brigade was relieved on 25 June and on 28 June

1324: 331: 5577: 2962:

advancing 3,300–4,900 ft (1,000–1,500 m) on a 3.1 mi (5 km) front and then 6,600 ft (2,000 m) on an 5.0 mi (8 km) front, with

1994:

Quinque Rue road. On the right flank the advance succeeded, a silent advance surprising the surviving Germans in the remains of the breastwork and then capturing the

7227: 5258:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: Macmillan. 1593:

the mines in the Carency sector and the Lorette Spur were sprung, as an intense bombardment of the first two German positions continued, until a ten-minute pause at

6864: 6035: 2148:

on the German front line, to at least advance across no man's land. The new attack also failed, as did the attacks of the 17th and 11th divisions on either flank.

1821:

after a forty-five-minute bombardment, which was repelled in no man's land by German defensive fire. A new attack was ordered for noon but was delayed until about

1504:

The German defences had been improved in the ridges, hollows and ravines between Arras and Lens, since the war of movement had ended late in 1914. Barbed wire and

444: 7782: 7306: 2279:

counter-attacks and German troops were soon sent south to reinforce the Arras front. French artillery bombarded the German lines overnight and then abated until

407: 2208:

A new attack on 15 June, using all of the artillery ammunition left was delayed by thick mist and the difficulty in reorganising the infantry but went ahead at

7334: 5848: 2815: 2515:

south of Neuve Chapelle and by 20 May, had advanced 1.9 mi (3 km) and drawn in German reinforcements, which were able to defeat British attacks from

2121:

were used in time to create several gaps in the wire. Visibility early on 16 June was poor and the French heavy artillery began with a slow bombardment until

1630:(DM) attacked with two waves of "shock troops", who were lightly-equipped and pushed forward as quickly as possible, leaving isolated German positions to the 7522: 7249: 6941: 5906: 472: 402: 3289:, the fanning-out barrages and hybrid barrages fired on 16 June, the use of chemical shells and artillery observation from aircraft equipped with wireless. 7787: 7629: 3253:

The offensive had been fought with unprecedented refinements of tactics and supply. Amendments to Note 5779 were suggested, to cover items like the use of

2497:

on 22 May; despite a 1st Trench Mortar Battalion bombardment and flame thrower support, the attack was a costly failure. To the south, the defence of the

1868:

infrastructure of the army, hospitals, depots, rail lines and headquarters forward. New artillery positions were prepared, ready for operations to secure

1644:

Vimy Ridge and dug in, having made an advance of over 4,300 yd (2.4 mi; 3.9 km), supported soon after by the arrival of machine-gun teams.

1031:(BEF), co-operated with the French strategy to capture Vimy Ridge by planning British attacks against Aubers Ridge. The attacks would confront the German 7752: 7537: 7292: 2662:

were as frequent as those further north and the 1st Bavarian Reserve Division counter-attacked in the early hours of 11 June, which recaptured a trench.

91: 1805:

which the infantry were to advance to Aubers Ridge about 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) beyond. The preliminary bombardment began on 9 May at

7532: 7222: 7173: 7088: 7772: 7376: 2866:

aircraft. New links between air units and the army were created, by the appointment of a staff officer for aviation to each army and in April, armed

2710:

Late on 16 June, the French attacked in a smoke-screen and reached the forward German positions, where several footholds was gained and protected by

1149:), when open warfare in the west ended. Eight new divisions were formed in February 1915 and another fourteen in April, which were formed into a new 361: 2911:

On 10 and 19 July, the 28th Reserve Division repulsed attacks near Fricourt. The 6th Army attacked a salient south of Quennevières near Noyon, from

1700:. In the centre, the French gained a foothold in houses at the south end of the village and near the cemetery and half of the village was captured. 7767: 3240:... would entail a month of combat, with a maximum expenditure of ammunition; at what point would we be able to declare ourselves ready for attack? 2036:. Fighting continued until 25 May for local objectives against German reinforcements, which were not available to oppose the French further south. 709: 465: 7217: 6582: 2782:

of VI Corps could not hasten its arrival before 19 June and the 187th Infantry Brigade was hurried north, the 53rd Reserve Division relieved the

771: 1882:

At Neuville the 11th Division and part of the 39th Division attacked again on 12 May, despite the costly failure on 11 May, when some units had

3099: 2225:

The British Second Army conducted the First Attack on Bellewaarde on 16 June with the 3rd Division, which took the German first line easily at

6013: 6075: 7277: 7207: 6846: 6065: 5976: 354: 2573:

shells. On 19 May, Krafft von Delmensingen, the 6th Army Chief of Staff, was replaced by Colonel von Wenge and sent to Italy with the new

7301: 6199: 5653: 1363:

artillery batteries. An offensive in the west was cancelled in April, due to the deteriorating situation on the Eastern Front, where the

1014: 227: 2752:) was maintained on the breakthrough, which prevented the French advancing further, except at the churchyard at Souchez and by dawn the 2170:

flanks of the 97th Regiment and the adjacent DM, which made an attack on Souchez village impossible. An attack by the 159th Regiment at

310: 5876: 1796:

Two areas of the German front line, on either side of the Neuve Chapelle battlefield, were attacked by the British First Army (General

6206: 3070:

to assist in consolidation and to be ready to defeat German counter-attacks, not to press on. The nearest Tenth Army reserve was the

2071:

and XXI Corps was to attack from the Lorette Spur towards Bois de Givenchy, XX Corps was to complete the capture of Neuville and the

1302: 1222:

behind the 6th Army. Indications of an attack in Artois had been detected but not signs of a general offensive on the Western Front.

1028: 692: 5858: 2387:

available to the 6th Army as a precaution and part of the 58th Division was moved closer to the 28th Division on the Lorette Spur.

7527: 5341:

Deutschlands Krieg in der Luft: ein Rückblick auf die Entwicklung und die Leistungen unserer Heeres-Luftstreitkräfte im Weltkriege

7459: 7297: 7284: 7241: 7150: 6876: 6685: 6592: 6494: 6252: 5899: 2802:

In the old 16th Division area south of Souchez, the 11th Division gradually recaptured the area lost on 16 June. Fighting at the

2644:, as soon as it arrived on the Artois front, supported by grenade teams and flame-thrower detachments. The attack failed but the 2538: 2534: 2456:

commander to control the units being sent to the 6th Army. The 117th Division began to relieve the 28th Division on the night of

2379: 1219: 2342:

On the southern flank of the breakthrough, French attacks were also pushing slowly through the network of trenches known as the

7651: 7641: 7509: 1215: 7762: 7423: 7357: 7194: 7073: 6746: 5772: 5628: 5545: 5514: 5470: 5451: 5432: 5413: 5390: 5371: 5352: 5299: 5280: 5244: 5225: 5203: 5184: 1306: 1340:

The number of divisions in the German Army was increased over the winter with large intakes of recruits and by reorganising

7598: 7018: 5810: 5571: 3074:, 7.5 mi (12 km) away. Foch wrote that no-one had expected the DM to advance 2.5 mi (4 km) in an hour. 1239:) and in the Argonne, west of Verdun, until August to cut the main rail line from Paris to Verdun. In memoranda issued on 7369: 6328: 5833: 3007:

into August. The supporting attacks had minimal artillery support, took less ground than the Tenth Army and cost another

2867: 7583: 7568: 6858: 6267: 6025: 2862:, with the formation of five new air units in Germany to provide replacements and expedite the introduction of the new 2199:

IV Corps of the British First Army, attacked north-west of La Bassée with the 7th, 51st and Canadian divisions after a

2000:(support trench) before digging in. On the left German return fire stopped the advance in no man's land. An attack at 557: 7443: 7137: 6953: 6232: 5703: 2320: 510: 268: 2339:

went into the 6th Army reserve and closed up to Lens, as artillery also released from the OHL reserve came forward.

1274:

In March 1915, Joffre concluded that a period of inactivity would benefit the Germans more than the French; General

6695: 6630: 5668: 1619:

On the northern flank of XXXIII Corps, the 70th Division attacked Ablain, Carency and Souchez and strong points at

926: 3185:

casualties. Jack Sheldon recorded the same figures for French casualties, quoting the French official history and

2133:

which contained poison gas and incendiary material on Neuville, Souchez and Angres, German artillery positions at

1355:(Breakthrough Army) to be the main attacking force on the Western Front. On 30 March, its Chief of Staff, Colonel 7694: 7499: 7479: 7266: 7202: 7025: 6894: 5805: 5725: 5663: 3071: 2897:

against the 52nd Division and gained 3,000 ft (900 m) on a 1.2 mi (2 km) front, at a cost of

2111:

Division front, it was discovered that field artillery was only shifting the barbed wire around and not damaging

1656:

afternoon, the DM was counter-attacked and forced off the ridge, managing to take several guns, machine-guns and

628: 6366: 3314: 3058:

3.7 mi (6 km) back, to keep them out of German artillery range. Three battalions were sent forward at

7494: 7489: 7484: 7474: 7168: 5820: 5795: 5693: 5534:

Flesh and Steel During the Great War: The Transformation of the French Army and the Invention of Modern Warfare

2284: 1817:

The failure of the attack to gain more than a few footholds in the German first line led to a second attack at

1298: 1024: 3218:(240 mm (9.4 in)) and 340 mm (13 in) trench mortar was increased and manufacture began of 2599:

On 30 May, French artillery-fire fell in the south and extended into the VIII Corps area, before an attack at

2378:

that the line from Ablain to Carency could be held and asked for more reinforcements. Falkenhayn released the

7469: 7464: 7428: 7362: 7254: 7100: 6690: 6542: 6080: 6008: 5939: 5708: 5678: 5673: 3361:

The French convention of describing military operations from left to right has been observed in this section.

2844: 2779: 2542: 2331: 2327: 2275: 650: 3028: 574: 7418: 7045: 6985: 6882: 6787: 6557: 6343: 6047: 5886: 5785: 5319:] (in German). Vol. VIII (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. 749: 579: 2582:

At the Lorette Spur, the 117th Division was sent forward to relieve the 28th Division on 18 May, from the

1672:

communication trenches between Carency and Souchez were blocked, which cut off Carency except via Ablain.

7656: 7093: 7078: 6936: 6888: 6660: 6211: 6085: 5998: 5993: 5762: 5750: 5745: 2783: 2369:

French attacks began on the Lorette Spur and at Carency but were not able to push back the defenders. At

2296:

Lulls in the fire were ruses to prompt German infantry to emerge from shelter, only to be caught in more

2267: 1797: 989: 949: 921: 901: 734: 489: 46: 6272: 5561: 5273:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich Von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

2795:

VIII Corps held the central area with the 11th and 5th divisions, the 12th Division (Lieutenant-General

2591:

After several days of minor operations, French infantry attacked from the Lorette Spur to the Scarpe at

2460:

and the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division remnants were relieved during the day. General Julius Riemann the

2020:

three days for the British to identify the new line. A series of attacks by four British divisions from

1435: 591: 7757: 7636: 7593: 6870: 6635: 6620: 6522: 6391: 5959: 5871: 5828: 5596: 5237:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Winter 1914–15 Battle of Neuve Chapelle: Battles of Ypres

3280: 2461: 1839:

south against the Tenth Army; French agreed to relieve a French division south of La Bassée by 15 May.

1310: 896: 886: 864: 798: 714: 704: 677: 505: 5310: 2885:

The French made secondary attacks along the Western Front, to pin down German reserves as part of the

2786:

which then replaced the 58th Division and another thirteen heavy batteries were sent to the 6th Army.

2009:

to a new breastwork dug .75 mi (1.21 km) behind the original front position, connecting the

7802: 7578: 7346: 6930: 6918: 6680: 6665: 6386: 6277: 5971: 5949: 5698: 5688: 5621: 5345:

Germany's War in the Air: the Development and Operations of German Military Aviation in the World War

3338: 2796: 2453: 1852: 1723: 1285: 1150: 944: 916: 871: 854: 810: 724: 645: 601: 596: 6532: 2545:

remained in the OHL reserve. Artillery reinforcements increased the firepower of the 6th Army, from

2394:

Gaps either side of Hill 123 were closed by counter-attacks but a gap between a depression known as

2161:

German defences on reverse slopes, which were immune to fire from guns and could only be engaged by

7797: 7553: 7040: 7030: 6959: 6912: 6900: 6840: 6655: 6650: 6572: 5981: 5954: 5658: 1406: 1328: 1131: 1032: 911: 849: 825: 729: 655: 7792: 7624: 7616: 7558: 7318: 7013: 6776: 6610: 6605: 6537: 6396: 6381: 6376: 6237: 6114: 2820: 2728:

Against the 5th Division in the south, the French attacks collapsed but the 58th Division at the

2263: 1314: 876: 837: 815: 606: 532: 6577: 5334:– via Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich (The Upper Austrian Provincial Library). 2740:, the 7th Division recaptured trenches at Liévin and Angres but failed to the south-west and at 336:

Artois, a region of northern France including the cities of Arras, Saint-Omer, Lens and Béthune.

7391: 7115: 7050: 6906: 6640: 6567: 6517: 6502: 6484: 6457: 6371: 6338: 6003: 5964: 5944: 5755: 5648: 5540:]. Translated by Uffindell, A. (Eng. trans. ed.). Barnsley: pen & Sword Military. 3272: 1489: 1232: 1074: 1051: 1037: 891: 859: 820: 788: 719: 687: 660: 633: 542: 28: 2958:

About 43 mi (70 km) beyond St Mihiel, The Army Detachment of Lorraine attacked from

2880: 2334:(Lieutenant-General Göringer) managed to repulse the French in hand-to-hand fighting and then 670: 429: 7381: 7035: 6924: 6700: 6670: 6600: 6547: 6469: 6437: 6411: 6361: 6292: 6194: 6147: 5931: 5800: 5683: 5591: 5364:

Germany's Western Front, 1915: Translations from the German Official History of the Great War

2335: 1598: 1364: 1142: 1125: 1098:

and at St Mihiel had been costly failures, leading to criticism of the leadership of General

906: 881: 739: 621: 525: 169: 2352:

At the east end of the Lorette Spur the 28th Division was forced out of the first position.

7731: 7646: 6333: 6307: 6257: 5614: 3215: 3093: 1418:

to the south, around Arras, the ground was overlooked from the ridge at Thilloy beyond the

1120: 1116: 1095: 793: 142:

French regain 6 sq mi (16 km); British advance 1.9 mi (3.1 km) at

6282: 5256:

Military Operations France and Belgium, 1915: Battles of Aubers Ridge, Festubert, and Loos

2100: 2088:

crossroads and a derelict mill, which were the principal German defensive works opposite.

1914: 1896: 58: 8: 7713: 6852: 6716: 6675: 6552: 6512: 6507: 6452: 6135: 6129: 6030: 5480: 3418: 2711: 1979: 1956:

the east of the cemetery, cutting off the garrison before the infantry attacked and took

1801: 1661: 1345: 1264: 1041: 803: 759: 754: 569: 547: 414: 24: 7666: 2859: 2734:

and areas just to the south were broken through. In counter-attacks during the night by

2310: 1675: 1601:. As the infantry began their attack, the bombardment changed to a creeping barrage. At 1575: 1103: 1069:

led to recriminations against Joffre. The defence of the ridge cost the German 6th Army

7673: 7588: 6947: 6811: 6793: 6758: 6722: 6562: 6527: 6479: 6464: 6351: 6302: 6141: 6100: 5780: 3055: 2975:

bank of the Fecht to a line from Mühlbach east to the Hilsenfirst. The French suffered

2323: 2283:

when a bombardment, slowly increasing in intensity began on the fronts of VII, XIV and

1135: 1010: 997: 776: 616: 537: 5538:

La chair et l'acier: l'armée française et l'invention de la guerre moderne (1914–1918)

3051: 1291:

The theoretical bases of the forthcoming French offensive in Artois were collected in

1231:

was forced to remain on the defensive, except for limited attacks in Flanders, in the

515: 7706: 7700: 7661: 7563: 7396: 6979: 6834: 6817: 6625: 6447: 6427: 6262: 6247: 6177: 6165: 5866: 5843: 5790: 5541: 5510: 5486: 5466: 5447: 5428: 5409: 5386: 5367: 5348: 5320: 5295: 5276: 5259: 5240: 5221: 5213: 5199: 5180: 842: 783: 586: 259: 3414: 3128:

fired from 3 to 9 May. The Germans had managed to fire a heavy artillery barrage of

1553:

south bank of the Scarpe at Arras, with the 5th and 1st Bavarian Reserve divisions.

6764: 6734: 6728: 6645: 6474: 6442: 6432: 6171: 6095: 6090: 6018: 5838: 5738: 5383:

Early Trench Tactics in the French Army: the Second Battle of Artois, May–June 1915

2449: 1791: 1157:

by March 1915. Nine divisions were transferred to Russia in May, which reduced the

744: 520: 397: 20: 2915:

and advanced 1,600 ft (500 m) on a 0.62 mi (1 km) front, with

2679: 1530: 1512: 1359:, recommended an offensive between Arras and Albert, requiring fourteen corps and 7573: 7413: 6752: 6312: 6287: 5986: 5894: 5733: 5581: 1505: 1388: 1356: 1341: 993: 981: 968: 939: 611: 50: 1385:

were sent east and the initiative in the west was left with the Entente armies.

7406: 7386: 7057: 6770: 6615: 6406: 6297: 6153: 6057: 6040: 3276: 2714:. German counter-attacks later in the evening eliminated one foothold and took 2700:

In the I Bavarian Reserve Corps area, the 58th Division still held much of the

2077:

and XXIII Corps was shifted slightly north to attack Souchez, Château Carleul,

1419: 1275: 682: 552: 346: 182: 2948: 7746: 7517: 6805: 6799: 6242: 6159: 6070: 5324: 3164:

were incurred in secondary operations. The German official historians of the

2970:

The Seventh Army attacked 12 mi (20 km) to the west of Colmar from

2361:

Souchez. Artillery was sent to the east of Vimy Ridge to support the attack.

2252: 1099: 1020: 1006: 1002: 564: 255: 243: 106: 93: 5263: 3320:

which achieved great success but did not decisively defeat the Russian army.

1134:

and attacked westwards, parallel to the North Sea coast, culminating in the

6967: 6401: 5177:

Haig's Enemy: Crown Prince Rupprecht and Germany's War on the Western Front

4729: 2932: 1942:

on 22 May, a German counter-attack from a foothold in Ablain was repulsed.

1636:(cleaners) following them. The German wire was found to be well cut and by 263: 5490: 5347:] (in German) (trans. Battery Press ed.). Leipzig: K.F. Koehler. 1344:

twelve-battalion divisions (in two brigades with two regiments each) into

7178: 7083: 6781: 6216: 5637: 3352:

The document was revised twice during the battle to reflect developments.

1777:

withdrew to houses at the eastern fringe of the village. The French took

1106:, arranged several meetings between Joffre and the Council of Ministers ( 212: 4645: 2863: 3214:

to double the number per brigade by 1 January 1916. Production of the

1609: 1460:

Artillery reinforcements increased the quantity of heavy artillery to

6973: 6740: 5586: 2833: 143: 4539: 4537: 4500: 4498: 4449: 4447: 4422: 4420: 2604:

Trench captured the trench, which threatened the German hold on the

7233: 2162: 1535:

Map of Neuville St Vaast and vicinity (commune FR insee code 62609)

1405:

machine-gun nests built of concrete behind the front trenches. The

1102:, within the army and the French government. The French President, 4777: 4717: 4705: 4657: 5366:. Vol. II. Waterloo Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 4794: 4792: 4597: 4561: 4534: 4522: 4495: 4483: 4444: 4432: 4417: 4378: 4354: 2814:

was dissolved and replaced by the VI Corps headquarters (General

5218:

Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

3033:

Tenth Army offensive and German counter-attacks, 9 May – 18 June

2234:

up a flat open slope and were repulsed with many casualties. At

1945: 1130:(OHL) of the German army since 14 September, had reinforced the 457: 3845: 3843: 2511:

French advance on Thélus. The British attacked on the night of

1091: 197: 84: 5606: 4816: 4789: 4765: 4693: 4681: 4633: 3271:

In the autumn offensive which began on 25 September, with the

2853:(Chief of Field Air Forces) and began to increase the size of 7401: 5154: 5152: 5091: 5089: 4920: 4918: 4585: 4330: 3538: 3536: 3054:, 1.9 mi (3 km) behind the front and a regiment at 5601: 4753: 4236: 4234: 4221: 4219: 4206: 4204: 4179: 4177: 4162: 4099: 4038: 4036: 3994: 3840: 3379:"Hill 145" is referred to in old publications as "Hill 140". 1331:

and British doubts about the French had increased after the

5509:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. 4843: 4116: 4114: 3960: 3958: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3734: 3732: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3663: 3661: 3659: 2979:

and the 19th Reserve Division with attached units suffered

2684:

Map of the Liévin–Angres area (commune FR insee code 62510)

2522: 1477: 1379:) faced collapse. The 11th Army and other divisions of the 5149: 5113: 5086: 5026: 4915: 4903: 4879: 4833: 4831: 4741: 4405: 4318: 4189: 3982: 3901: 3899: 3855: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3673: 3632: 3584: 3533: 2058:

guns was much greater for the second general attack, with

4990: 4966: 4855: 4669: 4306: 4282: 4270: 4258: 4231: 4216: 4201: 4174: 4089: 4087: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4033: 3945: 3943: 3690: 3688: 3560: 3509: 3497: 3461: 3449: 3092:, an example of the trend to artillery-based tactics and 3089:Étude sur l'attaque dans le période actuelle de la guerre 1050:

The battle was fought during the German offensive of the

297:

British: 27,809 (Aubers Ridge: 11,161, Festubert: 16,648)

5406:

François Faber: On Tour de France in the Field of Honour

4891: 4621: 4609: 4573: 4549: 4471: 4395: 4393: 4294: 4111: 4023: 4021: 3955: 3911: 3867: 3811: 3780: 3729: 3712: 3656: 3644: 3620: 3608: 2623:

IV Corps, which had been reserved for a counter-attack.

2413:

on 15 May a hurricane bombardment fell on Souchez until

5014: 4930: 4828: 4804: 3896: 3884: 3828: 3792: 3485: 3473: 3152:

French sources put casualties from 3 May to 18 June at

3001:

was captured on 27 July; local fighting went on at the

1664:, the cemetery at Souchez, Château de Carleul and took 1196:

heavy guns and ten super-heavy howitzers. A reserve of

1090:

After the Marne campaign in 1914, French offensives in

5137: 5125: 5101: 5074: 5038: 4978: 4942: 4867: 4366: 4342: 4150: 4138: 4126: 4084: 3940: 3928: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3685: 3596: 3548: 5062: 5050: 4954: 4390: 4246: 4018: 4006: 3700: 3521: 1440:

Topography of the Arras–Lens area showing ridge lines

5402:

François Faber: Du Tour de France au champ d'honneur

5002: 2287:

corps, which from mid-morning reached the extent of

2174:

was also stopped immediately by German return fire.

1757:

To the south, the French attack on Neuville and the

7778:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

5507:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

3970: 3572: 1294:

But et conditions d'une action offensive d'ensemble

4510: 4459: 1580:French attack on Notre Dame de Lorette, 9 May 1915 1200:guns and mortars was also being prepared. OHL had 5562:German Official History situation map, 9 May 1915 5179:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2417:but no infantry attack followed the bombardment. 1857:Capture of Neuville St Vaast, 9 May – 9 June 1915 1842: 63:Western Front, Artois: Arras sector, January 1915 7744: 2561:guns by 22 May, with plenty of ammunition. From 1517:Map of Liévin area (commune FR insee code 62510) 1001:Alsace from November–December 1914, led General 988:) from 9 May to 18 June 1915, took place on the 376: 218: 6583:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 3313:The Austro-German forces in the east began the 2931:In the south-east, the First Army attacked the 1989:on 15 May, after a three-day bombardment, with 1901:Attack on Notre Dame de Lorette, 18–20 May 1915 1660:prisoners with them. The 77th Division reached 1374: 7783:Battles of World War I involving British India 5485:. Vol. VI. London: The Times. 1914–1921. 5361: 4822: 4798: 4783: 4771: 4735: 4723: 4711: 4699: 4687: 4663: 4651: 4639: 4603: 4591: 4567: 4543: 4528: 4504: 4489: 4453: 4438: 4426: 4384: 4360: 4336: 3370:German time was one hour ahead of French time. 2856:Die Fliegertruppen des deutschen Kaiserreiches 2220: 5622: 3224:(ALGP, long-range heavy guns); production of 1589:with registration of targets for an hour. At 473: 362: 5425:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 5234: 3455: 3431: 3400: 3336: 3330: 3284: 3259: 3219: 3165: 3110: 3104: 3087: 3040: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2942: 2936: 2874: 2854: 2848: 2809: 2803: 2787: 2773: 2767: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2720: 2701: 2691: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2639: 2633: 2627: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2583: 2574: 2505: 2498: 2484: 2478: 2469: 2428: 2421: 2395: 2343: 2308: 2297: 2288: 2217:after which further attacks were cancelled. 2190: 2134: 2112: 2083: 2072: 2010: 1995: 1919:Attack on Notre Dame de Lorette, 22 May 1915 1888: 1869: 1758: 1749: 1695: 1647:Divisional reserves were ordered forward at 1631: 1625: 1547: 1541: 1447: 1399: 1380: 1368: 1350: 1332: 1318: 1292: 1279: 1251: 1245: 1226: 1172: 1158: 1123: 1107: 7788:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion 7066: 1171:French, British and Belgian divisions. The 7753:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 5629: 5615: 5463:The German Army on the Western Front, 1915 5362:Humphries, M. O.; Maker, J., eds. (2010). 5289: 3822: 2772:untenable and it was abandoned overnight; 2062:available from 16 to 18 June, compared to 2039: 480: 466: 369: 355: 5479: 5422: 5294:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4168: 4120: 4105: 4000: 3964: 3922: 3878: 3849: 3786: 3738: 3723: 3667: 3650: 2967:French counter-attacks on 8 and 24 July. 2307:losses and in the evening a battalion of 1938:prisoners and a field gun were taken. At 1085: 280:9 French and British divisions (initial) 7773:Battles of World War I involving Germany 6865:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 5338: 4747: 3204: 3098: 3027: 2832: 2678: 2521: 2251: 2099: 1944: 1913: 1895: 1851: 1722: 1674: 1608: 1574: 1565: 1540:South of Neuville St Vaast extended the 1529: 1511: 1476: 1434: 1387: 1263: 1259: 188: 160: 7768:Battles of World War I involving France 7242:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 5574:Early Trench Tactics in the French Army 5460: 5444:The German Army on Vimy Ridge 1914–1917 5441: 5408:] (in French). Paris: L'Harmattan. 5308: 5292:The French Army and the First World War 5253: 5212: 5196:Paths of Glory: The French Army 1914–18 5193: 5044: 5032: 4996: 4972: 4936: 4885: 4873: 4861: 4837: 4810: 4759: 4675: 4627: 4615: 4579: 4555: 4477: 4411: 4399: 4372: 4348: 4324: 4312: 4300: 4195: 4132: 4093: 3988: 3949: 3934: 3861: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3706: 3694: 3679: 3638: 3602: 3590: 3554: 3542: 3515: 3503: 3467: 2105:French attack on Hill 119, 16 June 1915 1973: 203: 7745: 5597:Photo essay on the Artois battlefields 5380: 5235:Edmonds, J. E.; Wynne, G. C. (1995) . 5158: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5080: 5068: 5020: 5008: 4984: 4960: 4948: 4924: 4909: 4897: 4849: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4240: 4225: 4210: 4183: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4027: 4012: 3905: 3890: 3834: 3805: 3578: 3566: 3015:of the casualties incurred in Artois. 2468: 2319:In the I Bavarian Reserve Corps area ( 1499: 1430: 1073:A lull in the area followed until the 7195:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 6538:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 5610: 5602:Battles of the Western Front (French) 5504: 5399: 5270: 5056: 4156: 4144: 3976: 3626: 3614: 3527: 3491: 3479: 2656:was recovered. French attacks at the 1785: 1680:French attack on Hill 119, 9 May 1915 461: 350: 7599:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 5531: 5174: 4516: 4465: 3335:permanent on 13 June and GPN became 3221:artillerie lourde à grande puissance 3120:From 10 to 16 June the French fired 7528:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 6329:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 3421:, died in the battle on 9 May 1915. 2404:on 12 May, a French bombardment of 1370:Landstreitkräfte Österreich-Ungarns 13: 6268:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 5525: 5385:(1st ed.). Farnham: Ashgate. 2995:from 20 to 22 July failed but the 2919:the German 18th Division suffered 2519:over the Estaires–La Bassée road. 2242: 1728:Attack on Neuville St Vaast, 9 May 1640:the advanced troops reached point 16:1915 Allied offensive, World War I 14: 7814: 5555: 3066:and the rest of the battalion at 2828: 2420:Late on 12 May Rupprecht created 2195:In the Second Action of Givenchy 1393:Modern course of the River Scarpe 487: 269:Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria 6631:Second Battle of the Piave River 6253:Russian invasion of East Prussia 5220:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. 3424: 3408: 3392: 3175: 102,500 French casualties 2533:had been rested. Only the tired 2165:, which were brought forward on 1800:). In the south I Corps and the 316: 309: 236: 220: 205: 190: 175: 162: 57: 7695:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 6895:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 5636: 5309:Haeften, Hans von, ed. (1932). 3382: 3373: 3364: 3355: 3346: 3323: 2904:killed; German casualties were 2766:Aix-Noulette–Souchez road made 2044: 1847: 1585:The final bombardment began at 1214:divisions in reserve, with the 7518:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 7377:Deportations from East Prussia 7174:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 5290:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2014). 3307: 3298: 2860:(Imperial German Flying Corps) 1843:Second phase, 12 May – 12 June 1472: 317: 127: 1: 7429:Ukrainian Canadian internment 5465:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 5446:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 5167: 3186: 3171: 3147: 3129: 2952: 2905: 2889:, intended to complement the 2845:Hermann von der Lieth-Thomsen 2674: 2543:8th Bavarian Reserve Division 2438: 2332:1st Bavarian Reserve Division 2328:5th Bavarian Reserve Division 2276:6th Bavarian Reserve Division 2129:IX, XX and XXXIII corps used 2030: 1832: 1665: 1570: 1178: 1080: 973:Deuxième bataille de l'Artois 7763:History of the Pas-de-Calais 7584:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 6883:Estonian War of Independence 6558:Southern Palestine offensive 5482:The Times History of the War 4738:, pp. 210–211, 215–217. 3443: 3018: 2941:road, with an attack on the 2274:an attack began against the 1376:Császári és Királyi Hadsereg 380:Second Battle of Artois 1915 7: 7538:USA against Austria-Hungary 6937:Turkish War of Independence 6889:Latvian War of Independence 6621:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 6212:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 3023: 2758:had been recaptured. About 2247: 2221:First Attack on Bellewaarde 1303:British Expeditionary Force 1029:British Expeditionary Force 950:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 7819: 7621:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 7169:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 6636:Second Battle of the Marne 6523:Second battle of the Aisne 6392:Second Battle of Champagne 6233:German invasion of Belgium 4823:Humphries & Maker 2010 4799:Humphries & Maker 2010 4784:Humphries & Maker 2010 4772:Humphries & Maker 2010 4736:Humphries & Maker 2010 4724:Humphries & Maker 2010 4712:Humphries & Maker 2010 4700:Humphries & Maker 2010 4688:Humphries & Maker 2010 4664:Humphries & Maker 2010 4652:Humphries & Maker 2010 4640:Humphries & Maker 2010 4604:Humphries & Maker 2010 4592:Humphries & Maker 2010 4568:Humphries & Maker 2010 4544:Humphries & Maker 2010 4529:Humphries & Maker 2010 4505:Humphries & Maker 2010 4490:Humphries & Maker 2010 4454:Humphries & Maker 2010 4439:Humphries & Maker 2010 4427:Humphries & Maker 2010 4385:Humphries & Maker 2010 4361:Humphries & Maker 2010 4337:Humphries & Maker 2010 3281:Second Battle of Champagne 3124:with less effect than the 2938:Grande Tranchée de Calonne 2878: 2097:ensure efficient liaison. 1977: 1789: 1425: 1349:formed the 11th Army, the 1311:Secretary of State for War 1121:Chief of the General Staff 18: 7727: 7686: 7607: 7546: 7508: 7452: 7441: 7402:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 7345: 7317: 7265: 7187: 7161: 7113: 7006: 6999: 6931:Irish War of Independence 6827: 6709: 6681:Armistice of Villa Giusti 6666:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 6591: 6493: 6420: 6321: 6278:First Battle of the Marne 6225: 6187: 6122: 6113: 6056: 5930: 5919: 5885: 5857: 5819: 5771: 5724: 5717: 5644: 3261:Groupe d'armées du Centre 2956: 16,200 casualties. 2875:French supporting attacks 2797:Martin Chales de Beaulieu 2257:Souchez–Neuville St Vaast 2191:Second Action of Givenchy 1950:Souchez, June–August 1915 1597:followed by a ten-minute 1560: 1313:, it was agreed that the 1286:First Battle of Champagne 1281:Groupe Provisoire du Nord 497: 388: 304: 289: 274: 249: 153: 67: 56: 44: 39: 7554:Constantinople Agreement 6847:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 6710:Co-belligerent conflicts 6686:Second Romanian campaign 6656:Third Transjordan attack 6367:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 6273:Battle of Grand Couronné 4654:, pp. 196, 204–205. 3456:Edmonds & Wynne 1995 3315:Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive 3292: 3190: 30,000 casualties 2442: 20,000 casualties 1836: 11,000 casualties 1614:Attack on Carency, 9 May 1329:Battle of Neuve Chapelle 1147:19 October – 22 November 7617:Modus vivendi of Acroma 7569:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 6877:Greater Poland Uprising 6777:National Protection War 6661:Meuse–Argonne offensive 6611:German spring offensive 6606:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 6382:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 6357:Second Battle of Artois 6238:Battle of the Frontiers 5592:Second Battle of Artois 5427:. London: Aurum Press. 5254:Edmonds, J. E. (1928). 3339:Groupe d'armées du Nord 2850:Chef des Feldflugwesens 2650:and some ground at the 2565:the 6th Army had fired 2444:had been incurred from 2040:Third phase, 13–18 June 1464:and field artillery to 1301:, the commander of the 965:Second Battle of Artois 838:German spring offensive 393:Second Battle of Artois 40:Second Battle of Artois 7642:Paris Peace Conference 7630:Ukraine–Central Powers 7424:Massacres of Albanians 7392:Late Ottoman genocides 7199:Bulgarian occupations 6907:Third Anglo-Afghan War 6871:Hungarian–Romanian War 6696:Naval Victory Bulletin 6691:Armistice with Germany 6641:Hundred Days Offensive 6568:Battle of La Malmaison 6518:Second battle of Arras 6485:Battle of Transylvania 6339:Second Battle of Ypres 6207:Sarajevo assassination 6096:South African Republic 5587:Battle of Aubers Ridge 5505:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 5423:Sheffield, G. (2011). 5339:Hoeppner, E. (1994) . 3433:La Battaille Offensive 3432: 3401: 3337: 3331: 3318:(1 May – 19 September) 3285: 3273:Third Battle of Artois 3260: 3248: 3220: 3195:100,000–121,000 French 3177:from 9 May to18 June, 3166: 3133: 100,000 shells, 3117: 3111: 3105: 3088: 3041: 3035: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2943: 2937: 2855: 2849: 2840: 2810: 2804: 2788: 2774: 2768: 2762:prisoners were taken. 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2721: 2702: 2692: 2686: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2584: 2575: 2529: 2506: 2499: 2485: 2479: 2470: 2429: 2423:Armee–Gruppe Fasbender 2422: 2396: 2344: 2309: 2298: 2289: 2259: 2135: 2113: 2107: 2084: 2073: 2011: 1996: 1966:communication trench. 1952: 1921: 1903: 1889: 1870: 1859: 1759: 1750: 1730: 1696: 1682: 1632: 1626: 1616: 1582: 1548: 1542: 1537: 1519: 1490:Bailleul-Sir-Berthoult 1484: 1448: 1442: 1400: 1395: 1381: 1375: 1369: 1351: 1333: 1319: 1293: 1280: 1271: 1269:Artois front, May 1915 1252: 1246: 1241:7 and 25 January 1915, 1233:Second Battle of Ypres 1227: 1173: 1159: 1124: 1115:In late 1914, General 1108: 1086:Strategic developments 1075:Third Battle of Artois 1052:Second Battle of Ypres 1038:Battle of Aubers Ridge 1015:Grand Quartier Général 985: 972: 250:Commanders and leaders 29:Second Battle of Ypres 7652:Treaty of St. Germain 7625:Russia–Central Powers 7579:Sykes–Picot Agreement 7407:Pontic Greek genocide 7382:Destruction of Kalisz 7358:Eastern Mediterranean 6919:Polish–Lithuanian War 6701:Armistice of Belgrade 6671:Armistice of Salonica 6601:Operation Faustschlag 6548:Third Battle of Oituz 6470:Baranovichi offensive 6438:Lake Naroch offensive 6412:Battle of Robat Karim 6387:Vistula–Bug offensive 6362:Battles of the Isonzo 6293:First Battle of Ypres 5271:Foley, R. T. (2005). 3238: 3205:Subsequent operations 3160:were killed; another 3112:Notre Dame de Lorette 3102: 3031: 2836: 2784:3rd Bavarian Division 2682: 2616:, the battle for the 2525: 2255: 2103: 1948: 1917: 1899: 1855: 1726: 1678: 1612: 1599:hurricane bombardment 1578: 1566:First phase, 9–20 May 1533: 1515: 1480: 1438: 1391: 1365:Austro-Hungarian Army 1267: 1260:Tactical developments 1143:First Battle of Ypres 1126:Oberste Heeresleitung 1109:Conseil des ministres 1065:and the suffering of 290:Casualties and losses 7647:Treaty of Versailles 7363:Mount Lebanon famine 7278:in the United States 7246:Russian occupations 6960:Turkish–Armenian War 6901:Polish–Ukrainian War 6841:Ukrainian–Soviet War 6788:Central Asian Revolt 6578:Armistice of Focșani 6308:Battle of Sarikamish 6258:Battle of Tannenberg 5654:Military engagements 5567:Podcast by J. Krause 5461:Sheldon, J. (2012). 5442:Sheldon, J. (2008). 5194:Clayton, A. (2003). 4852:, pp. 81–83, 8. 4762:, pp. 181, 190. 3216:240 mm Trench Mortar 3199:50,000–80,000 German 3062:half a battalion at 2816:Kurt von Pritzelwitz 1669: 500 prisoners 1458:(21 April – 25 May). 1155:2,000,000 casualties 1139:(16–31 October 1914) 1117:Erich Von Falkenhayn 945:French Army mutinies 940:1914 Christmas truce 710:Hohenzollern Redoubt 332:class=notpageimage| 285:18 divisions (final) 282:20 divisions (final) 75:9 May – 18 June 1915 7714:They shall not pass 7637:Treaty of Bucharest 7594:Treaty of Bucharest 7533:USA against Germany 7510:Declarations of war 7214:German occupations 7127:British casualties 6986:Soviet–Georgian War 6913:Egyptian Revolution 6853:Armeno-Georgian War 6717:Somaliland campaign 6676:Armistice of Mudros 6553:Battle of Caporetto 6543:Battle of Mărășești 6513:Zimmermann telegram 6508:February Revolution 6453:Battle of the Somme 6377:Bug-Narew Offensive 6352:Battle of Gallipoli 6344:Sinking of the RMS 6136:Scramble for Africa 6130:Franco-Prussian War 5786:Sinai and Palestine 5381:Krause, J. (2013). 5198:. London: Cassell. 5161:, pp. 164–166. 5122:, pp. 162–164. 5098:, pp. 158–161. 4927:, pp. 157–158. 4912:, pp. 140–142. 4786:, pp. 199–200. 4726:, pp. 209–210. 4714:, pp. 207–209. 4666:, pp. 205–206. 4606:, pp. 194–196. 4570:, pp. 191–193. 4546:, pp. 190–191. 4531:, pp. 188–190. 4507:, pp. 186–188. 4492:, pp. 185–186. 4456:, pp. 184–185. 4441:, pp. 182–184. 4429:, pp. 181–182. 4414:, pp. 123–124. 4387:, pp. 180–181. 4363:, pp. 179–180. 4327:, pp. 161–162. 4291:, pp. 139–140. 4279:, pp. 138–139. 4267:, pp. 135–138. 4243:, pp. 132–135. 4228:, pp. 130–132. 4213:, pp. 128–129. 4198:, pp. 163–164. 4186:, pp. 127–128. 4171:, pp. 117–118. 4108:, pp. 225–226. 4081:, pp. 116–117. 4069:, pp. 113–116. 4057:, pp. 109–113. 4045:, pp. 106–109. 4003:, pp. 115–117. 3991:, pp. 129–135. 3864:, pp. 159–160. 3852:, pp. 218–219. 3682:, pp. 172–174. 3641:, pp. 177–179. 3629:, pp. 163–164. 3617:, pp. 158–163. 3593:, pp. 157–158. 3569:, pp. 4–5, 20. 3545:, pp. 155–156. 3518:, pp. vii–xii. 3506:, pp. 175–176. 3494:, pp. 127–155. 3482:, pp. 156–163. 3470:, pp. 151–152. 3430:In 1916 Foch wrote 3419:1909 Tour de France 3212:5,500 machine-guns, 3050:with a regiment at 2881:Battle of Hébuterne 2843:On 11 March, Major 2811:Armee-Gruppe Lochow 2789:Armee-Gruppe Lochow 2737:Armee-Gruppe Lochow 2613:Armee-Gruppe Lochow 2471:Armee-Gruppe Lochow 1980:Battle of Festubert 1662:Givenchy-en-Gohelle 1500:German preparations 1431:French preparations 1278:, commander of the 1182: 4,000 modern 1067:102,500 casualties, 1055:(21 April – 25 May) 1042:Battle of Festubert 1027:, commander of the 934:Associated articles 651:Hartmannswillerkopf 511:Invasion of Belgium 422:Associated articles 103: / 25:Battle of Festubert 7674:Treaty of Lausanne 7589:Paris Economy Pact 7523:UK against Germany 7453:Entry into the war 7419:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 7138:Ottoman casualties 6948:Franco-Turkish War 6828:Post-War conflicts 6812:Russian Revolution 6794:Invasion of Darfur 6759:Kelantan rebellion 6747:Kurdish rebellions 6723:Mexican Revolution 6563:October Revolution 6528:Kerensky offensive 6503:Capture of Baghdad 6480:Monastir offensive 6465:Brusilov offensive 6303:Battle of Kolubara 6142:Russo-Japanese War 5580:2015-09-23 at the 5532:Goya, M. (2018) . 5400:Leroy, P. (2006). 5275:. Cambridge: CUP. 5035:, pp. 93, 96. 4888:, pp. 47, 85. 4315:, pp. 98–102. 3118: 3039:Neuville, overran 3036: 3009:37,500 casualties, 2964:32,395 casualties. 2899:10,351 casualties, 2841: 2838:Fokker Eindecker I 2775:Marokkanerwäldchen 2687: 2530: 2324:Karl von Fasbender 2285:I Bavarian Reserve 2260: 2108: 1974:British First Army 1953: 1922: 1904: 1860: 1786:British First Army 1731: 1683: 1627:Division Marocaine 1617: 1583: 1538: 1520: 1485: 1443: 1396: 1272: 1163:(Western Army) to 1136:Battle of the Yser 1071:73,072 casualties. 1011:Commander in Chief 7758:Conflicts in 1915 7740: 7739: 7723: 7722: 7707:The Golden Virgin 7701:Mutilated victory 7682: 7681: 7662:Treaty of Trianon 7657:Treaty of Neuilly 7564:Damascus Protocol 7437: 7436: 7397:Armenian genocide 7354:Allied blockades 7326:Belgian refugees 7109: 7108: 7019:Strategic bombing 6995: 6994: 6980:Franco-Syrian War 6954:Greco-Turkish War 6942:Anglo-Turkish War 6925:Polish–Soviet War 6859:German Revolution 6835:Russian Civil War 6818:Finnish Civil War 6651:Battle of Megiddo 6626:Battle of Goychay 6573:Battle of Cambrai 6533:Battle of Mărăști 6448:Battle of Jutland 6428:Erzurum offensive 6283:Siege of Przemyśl 6263:Siege of Tsingtao 6248:Battle of Galicia 6178:Second Balkan War 6166:Italo-Turkish War 6123:Pre-War conflicts 6109: 6108: 5999:Portuguese Empire 5915: 5914: 5877:German New Guinea 5859:Asian and Pacific 5547:978-1-47388-696-4 5516:978-0-8371-5029-1 5472:978-1-84884-466-7 5453:978-1-84415-680-1 5434:978-1-84513-691-8 5415:978-2-296-00847-2 5392:978-1-4094-5500-4 5373:978-1-55458-259-4 5354:978-0-89839-195-4 5301:978-1-107-60568-8 5282:978-0-521-04436-3 5246:978-0-89839-218-0 5227:978-0-674-01880-8 5205:978-0-304-35949-3 5186:978-0-19-967046-8 5175:Boff, J. (2018). 4999:, pp. 86–89. 4975:, pp. 85–86. 4900:, pp. 81–83. 4864:, pp. 46–47. 4750:, pp. 34–41. 4678:, pp. 82–85. 4630:, pp. 78–82. 4618:, pp. 66–78. 4582:, pp. 60–65. 4558:, pp. 54–60. 4480:, pp. 53–54. 4303:, pp. 92–97. 4159:, pp. 61–62. 4147:, pp. 60–61. 3908:, pp. 77–81. 3893:, pp. 74–77. 3837:, pp. 69–73. 3808:, pp. 73–74. 3530:, pp. 15–17. 3332:Groupes Provisoir 3162:37,500 casualties 2983:An attack on the 2921:1,763 casualties. 2917:7,905 casualties; 2909: 4,000 men. 2152:infantry reached 2114:cheveaux de frise 2027:16,644 casualties 1482:Artois area, 1915 1307:Herbert Kitchener 1247:Geschoss-schleier 1237:21 April – 25 May 958: 957: 784:Nivelle offensive 558:Trouée de Charmes 455: 454: 345: 344: 149: 148: 7810: 7803:June 1915 events 7667:Treaty of Sèvres 7559:Treaty of London 7450: 7449: 7228:Northeast France 7159: 7158: 7131:Parliamentarians 7064: 7063: 7026:Chemical weapons 7004: 7003: 6765:Senussi campaign 6735:Muscat rebellion 6729:Maritz rebellion 6646:Vardar offensive 6475:Battle of Romani 6443:Battle of Asiago 6433:Battle of Verdun 6397:Kosovo offensive 6172:First Balkan War 6120: 6119: 6019:Russian Republic 5928: 5927: 5722: 5721: 5664:Economic history 5631: 5624: 5617: 5608: 5607: 5572:Introduction to 5551: 5520: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5476: 5457: 5438: 5419: 5396: 5377: 5358: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5305: 5286: 5267: 5250: 5231: 5209: 5190: 5162: 5156: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5023:, pp. 9–10. 5018: 5012: 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4958: 4952: 4946: 4940: 4934: 4928: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4787: 4781: 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4493: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4229: 4223: 4214: 4208: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4031: 4025: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3909: 3903: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3809: 3803: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3727: 3721: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3438: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3417:, winner of the 3412: 3406: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3342: 3334: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3288: 3263: 3256: 3246: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3108: 3091: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3044: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2978: 2977:6,667 casualties 2973: 2972:5 May to 22 June 2965: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2946: 2940: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2858: 2852: 2824: 2813: 2807: 2791: 2777: 2771: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2724: 2717: 2705: 2695: 2669: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2594: 2587: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2502: 2496: 2488: 2482: 2473: 2459: 2450:Ewald von Lochow 2447: 2443: 2440: 2432: 2425: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2314: 2305: 2301: 2292: 2282: 2273: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2185: 2173: 2168: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2095: 2087: 2080: 2076: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2035: 2032: 2029:and the Germans 2028: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2003: 1999: 1992: 1988: 1964: 1959: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1892: 1885: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1812: 1808: 1798:Sir Douglas Haig 1792:Battle of Aubers 1780: 1779:2,000 prisoners, 1775: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1742: 1741:5,120 casualties 1737: 1707: 1706:3,000 prisoners, 1699: 1692: 1689: 1670: 1667: 1659: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1622: 1604: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1551: 1545: 1506:chevaux-de-frise 1496: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1451: 1416: 1412: 1403: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1362: 1354: 1352:Durchbruchsarmee 1336: 1322: 1296: 1283: 1255: 1249: 1242: 1238: 1230: 1213: 1212: 1208: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1156: 1148: 1140: 1129: 1111: 1104:Raymond Poincaré 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:2,155,862 shells 1056: 1046: 1040:(9 May) and the 996:. A German-held 980: 897:St Quentin Canal 492: 482: 475: 468: 459: 458: 383: 381: 371: 364: 357: 348: 347: 320: 319: 313: 295:French: 102,500 242: 240: 239: 230: 226: 224: 223: 215: 211: 209: 208: 200: 196: 194: 193: 181: 179: 178: 172: 168: 166: 165: 118: 117: 115: 114: 113: 108: 107:50.500°N 2.750°E 104: 101: 100: 99: 96: 69: 68: 61: 37: 36: 21:Battle of Aubers 7818: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7807: 7798:May 1915 events 7743: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7719: 7678: 7610: 7603: 7574:Treaty of Darin 7542: 7504: 7460:Austria-Hungary 7446: 7433: 7414:Rape of Belgium 7341: 7313: 7261: 7255:Western Armenia 7250:Eastern Galicia 7183: 7157: 7121: 7120:Civilian impact 7119: 7105: 7062: 6991: 6823: 6753:Ovambo Uprising 6705: 6587: 6489: 6416: 6334:Battle of Łomża 6317: 6313:Christmas truce 6288:Race to the Sea 6221: 6183: 6105: 6076:Austria-Hungary 6052: 5987:Empire of Japan 5924: 5922: 5911: 5895:U-boat campaign 5881: 5853: 5815: 5767: 5713: 5694:Popular culture 5640: 5635: 5582:Wayback Machine 5558: 5548: 5528: 5526:Further reading 5523: 5517: 5495: 5493: 5473: 5454: 5435: 5416: 5393: 5374: 5355: 5329: 5327: 5302: 5283: 5247: 5228: 5206: 5187: 5170: 5165: 5157: 5150: 5142: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5094: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4951:, pp. 8–9. 4947: 4943: 4935: 4931: 4923: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4790: 4782: 4778: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 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3247: 3244: 3225: 3211: 3207: 3198: 3194: 3189: 3182: 3181:casualties and 3178: 3174: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3132: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3034: 3026: 3021: 3012: 3008: 2992:Reichsackerkopf 2980: 2976: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2926:6,663 prisoners 2925: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2891:decisive action 2883: 2877: 2839: 2831: 2818: 2759: 2715: 2685: 2677: 2667: 2647:Tsingtau-Graben 2600: 2592: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2528: 2516: 2512: 2494: 2475: 2457: 2445: 2441: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397:Artilleriemulde 2370: 2366: 2357: 2349: 2303: 2280: 2271: 2258: 2250: 2245: 2243:German 6th Army 2235: 2231: 2226: 2223: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2183: 2171: 2166: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2140: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2106: 2093: 2078: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2042: 2033: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2012:Stützpunktlinie 2001: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1962: 1957: 1951: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1920: 1902: 1883: 1875: 1871:bases de départ 1864: 1858: 1850: 1845: 1835: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1810: 1806: 1794: 1788: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1705: 1690: 1687: 1681: 1668: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1641: 1637: 1620: 1615: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1536: 1518: 1502: 1494: 1483: 1475: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1414: 1410: 1394: 1360: 1357:Hans von Seeckt 1320:9 Corps d'Armée 1270: 1262: 1240: 1236: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1168: 1164: 1154: 1146: 1138: 1088: 1083: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1054: 1044: 994:First World War 986:Lorettoschlacht 976: 961: 960: 959: 954: 931: 735:Vimy Ridge 1916 612:Race to the Sea 580:1st St. Quentin 502: 493: 488: 486: 456: 451: 440:1st Bellewaarde 419: 384: 379: 377: 375: 341: 340: 339: 338: 337: 334: 328: 327: 326: 325: 321: 300:Germany: 73,072 296: 281: 262: 258: 237: 235: 221: 219: 206: 204: 191: 189: 176: 174: 173: 163: 161: 138: 111: 109: 105: 102: 97: 94: 92: 90: 89: 88: 62: 51:First World War 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7816: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7793:1915 in France 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7734: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7717: 7710: 7703: 7698: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7639: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7619: 7613: 7611: 7609:Peace treaties 7608: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7495:United Kingdom 7492: 7487: 7485:Ottoman Empire 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7447: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7389: 7387:Sack of Dinant 7384: 7379: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7366: 7365: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7338: 7337: 7335:United Kingdom 7332: 7323: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7295: 7289:POW locations 7287: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7271: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7244: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7165: 7163: 7156: 7155: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7124: 7122: 7114: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7089:United Kingdom 7086: 7084:Ottoman Empire 7081: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7061: 7060: 7058:Trench warfare 7055: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7010: 7008: 7001: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6815: 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6785: 6779: 6774: 6771:Volta-Bani War 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6616:Zeebrugge Raid 6613: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6499: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6407:Battle of Loos 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6298:Black Sea raid 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6229: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6200:Historiography 6191: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6175: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6154:Bosnian Crisis 6151: 6148:Tangier Crisis 6145: 6139: 6133: 6126: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6081:Ottoman Empire 6078: 6073: 6068: 6062: 6060: 6058:Central Powers 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6041:British Empire 6036:United Kingdom 6033: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6016: 6014:Russian Empire 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5990: 5989: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5936: 5934: 5932:Entente Powers 5925: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5900:North Atlantic 5891: 5889: 5883: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5811:Central Arabia 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5773:Middle Eastern 5769: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5760: 5759: 5758: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5730: 5728: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5674:Historiography 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5634: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5569: 5564: 5557: 5556:External links 5554: 5553: 5552: 5546: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5502: 5477: 5471: 5458: 5452: 5439: 5433: 5420: 5414: 5397: 5391: 5378: 5372: 5359: 5353: 5336: 5306: 5300: 5287: 5281: 5268: 5251: 5245: 5232: 5226: 5214:Doughty, R. A. 5210: 5204: 5191: 5185: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5148: 5146:, p. 166. 5136: 5134:, p. 165. 5124: 5112: 5110:, p. 161. 5100: 5085: 5083:, p. 169. 5073: 5061: 5059:, p. 118. 5049: 5037: 5025: 5013: 5001: 4989: 4987:, p. 167. 4977: 4965: 4953: 4941: 4939:, p. 156. 4929: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4840:, p. 165. 4827: 4825:, p. 202. 4815: 4813:, p. 109. 4803: 4801:, p. 200. 4788: 4776: 4774:, p. 199. 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4702:, p. 207. 4692: 4690:, p. 206. 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4642:, p. 196. 4632: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4594:, p. 194. 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4533: 4521: 4509: 4494: 4482: 4470: 4458: 4443: 4431: 4416: 4404: 4389: 4377: 4375:, p. 124. 4365: 4353: 4351:, p. 123. 4341: 4339:, p. 180. 4329: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4255:, p. 134. 4245: 4230: 4215: 4200: 4188: 4173: 4169:Sheffield 2011 4161: 4149: 4137: 4135:, p. 163. 4125: 4123:, p. 226. 4121:The Times 1916 4110: 4106:The Times 1916 4098: 4096:, p. 162. 4083: 4071: 4059: 4047: 4032: 4030:, p. 105. 4017: 4015:, p. 104. 4005: 4001:Sheffield 2011 3993: 3981: 3969: 3967:, p. 223. 3965:The Times 1916 3954: 3952:, p. 161. 3939: 3937:, p. 160. 3927: 3925:, p. 222. 3923:The Times 1916 3910: 3895: 3883: 3881:, p. 219. 3879:The Times 1916 3866: 3854: 3850:The Times 1916 3839: 3827: 3810: 3791: 3789:, p. 217. 3787:The Times 1916 3779: 3777:, p. 267. 3767: 3765:, p. 179. 3755: 3753:, p. 172. 3743: 3741:, p. 216. 3739:The Times 1916 3728: 3726:, p. 215. 3724:The Times 1916 3711: 3699: 3697:, p. 158. 3684: 3672: 3670:, p. 214. 3668:The Times 1916 3655: 3653:, p. 213. 3651:The Times 1916 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3605:, p. vii. 3595: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3557:, p. 204. 3547: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3423: 3415:François Faber 3407: 3391: 3381: 3372: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3322: 3306: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3277:Battle of Loos 3242: 3206: 3203: 3179:32,000 British 3149: 3146: 3126:265,430 rounds 3122:497,122 shells 3103: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 2928:from 20 June. 2887:general action 2879:Main article: 2876: 2873: 2847:was appointed 2837: 2830: 2829:Air operations 2827: 2683: 2676: 2673: 2569:artillery and 2557:howitzers and 2549:howitzers and 2539:123rd Division 2535:111th Division 2527:Artois in 1915 2526: 2507:Lossow-Arkaden 2474: 2467: 2380:117th Division 2256: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2222: 2219: 2192: 2189: 2141:1:00–2:30 p.m. 2136:ferme La Folie 2131:10,000 shells, 2104: 2060:718,551 shells 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 1978:Main article: 1975: 1972: 1958:400 prisoners. 1949: 1918: 1900: 1856: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1790:Main article: 1787: 1784: 1751:ferme La Folie 1727: 1679: 1613: 1579: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1534: 1516: 1501: 1498: 1481: 1474: 1471: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1392: 1276:Ferdinand Foch 1268: 1261: 1258: 1220:115th Division 1169:110–112 larger 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077:in September. 1013:) and head of 956: 955: 953: 952: 947: 942: 930: 929: 927:Lys and Escaut 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 868: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 807: 806: 801: 796: 791: 781: 774: 763: 762: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 674: 673: 663: 658: 656:Neuve Chapelle 653: 648: 637: 636: 631: 629:Winter actions 626: 625: 624: 619: 609: 604: 599: 594: 592:Grand Couronné 589: 584: 583: 582: 577: 572: 562: 561: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 530: 529: 528: 523: 518: 508: 498: 495: 494: 485: 484: 477: 470: 462: 453: 452: 450: 449: 448: 447: 442: 437: 432: 418: 417: 412: 411: 410: 405: 395: 389: 386: 385: 374: 373: 366: 359: 351: 343: 342: 335: 330: 329: 323: 322: 315: 314: 308: 307: 306: 305: 302: 301: 298: 292: 291: 287: 286: 283: 277: 276: 272: 271: 266: 260:Victor d'Urbal 252: 251: 247: 246: 233: 232: 231: 228:United Kingdom 216: 201: 183:British Empire 156: 155: 151: 150: 147: 146: 140: 134: 133: 124: 120: 119: 83: 81: 77: 76: 73: 65: 64: 54: 53: 42: 41: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7815: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7733: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7551: 7549: 7545: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7507: 7501: 7500:United States 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7440: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7117: 7112: 7102: 7101:United States 7099: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7051:Convoy system 7049: 7048: 7047: 7046:Naval warfare 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6917: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6806:Kaocen revolt 6804: 6801: 6800:Easter Rising 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6372:Great Retreat 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6347: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6243:Battle of Cer 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6224: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6160:Agadir Crisis 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6048:United States 6046: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5965:French Empire 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5918: 5908: 5907:Mediterranean 5905: 5901: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5887:Naval warfare 5884: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5763:Italian Front 5761: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5751:Eastern Front 5749: 5747: 5746:Western Front 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5704:Puppet states 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5620: 5618: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5529: 5518: 5512: 5508: 5503: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5474: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5384: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5337: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5192: 5188: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5145: 5140: 5133: 5128: 5121: 5116: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5092: 5090: 5082: 5077: 5071:, p. 14. 5070: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5047:, p. 89. 5046: 5041: 5034: 5029: 5022: 5017: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4986: 4981: 4974: 4969: 4963:, p. 19. 4962: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4876:, p. 76. 4875: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4851: 4846: 4839: 4834: 4832: 4824: 4819: 4812: 4807: 4800: 4795: 4793: 4785: 4780: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4748:Hoeppner 1994 4744: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4612: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4525: 4519:, p. 77. 4518: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4491: 4486: 4479: 4474: 4468:, p. 76. 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4413: 4408: 4402:, p. 46. 4401: 4396: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4374: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4345: 4338: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4278: 4273: 4266: 4261: 4254: 4249: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4037: 4029: 4024: 4022: 4014: 4009: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3979:, p. 43. 3978: 3973: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3951: 3946: 3944: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3907: 3902: 3900: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3863: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3836: 3831: 3825:, p. 92. 3824: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3709:, p. 70. 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3681: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3537: 3529: 3524: 3517: 3512: 3505: 3500: 3493: 3488: 3481: 3476: 3469: 3464: 3458:, p. 68. 3457: 3452: 3448: 3434: 3427: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3385: 3376: 3367: 3358: 3349: 3341: 3340: 3333: 3326: 3316: 3310: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3251: 3245:Joseph Joffre 3241: 3237: 3234: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3202: 3183:73,072 German 3168: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3097: 3096:by infantry. 3095: 3090: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3073: 3072:18th Division 3057: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3030: 3016: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2968: 2960:5 to 22 June, 2950: 2945: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2895:7 to 13 June, 2892: 2888: 2882: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2846: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2780:12th Division 2776: 2770: 2763: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2716:205 prisoners 2713: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2694: 2681: 2672: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2635:Lossow-Arkade 2630: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2597: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571:105,000 heavy 2567:508,000 field 2544: 2540: 2536: 2524: 2520: 2508: 2501: 2490: 2487: 2486:Barrikadenweg 2481: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2434: 2431: 2424: 2418: 2406:23,000 shells 2398: 2392: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2362: 2353: 2346: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2277: 2270:corps and at 2269: 2265: 2254: 2240: 2218: 2197:(15–16 June), 2188: 2179: 2175: 2164: 2149: 2137: 2127: 2115: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2086: 2075: 2068: 2064:265,430 fired 2037: 2013: 2006: 1998: 1991:26,000 shells 1985:divisions at 1981: 1971: 1967: 1947: 1943: 1926: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1880: 1872: 1854: 1840: 1815: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1783: 1774:1,000 members 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1745: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1701: 1698: 1691:350 prisoners 1677: 1673: 1663: 1645: 1634: 1628: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1577: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1544: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1507: 1497: 1491: 1479: 1470: 1453: 1450: 1437: 1423: 1421: 1408: 1402: 1390: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1371: 1366: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1248: 1234: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1216:58th Division 1175: 1161: 1152: 1144: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1105: 1101: 1100:Joseph Joffre 1097: 1093: 1078: 1076: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1021:Field Marshal 1018: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007:Generalissimo 1004: 1003:Joseph Joffre 999: 995: 991: 990:Western Front 987: 983: 979: 974: 970: 966: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 937: 936: 935: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 902:Meuse-Argonne 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 845: 841: 840: 839: 836: 835: 834: 833: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 816:Passchendaele 814: 812: 809: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 786: 785: 782: 780: 779: 775: 773: 770: 769: 768: 767: 761: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 701: 700: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 678:2nd Champagne 676: 672: 669: 668: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 646:1st Champagne 644: 643: 642: 641: 635: 632: 630: 627: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 566: 565:Great Retreat 563: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 534: 531: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 513: 512: 509: 507: 504: 503: 501: 496: 491: 490:Western Front 483: 478: 476: 471: 469: 464: 463: 460: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 427: 426: 425: 424: 423: 416: 413: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 387: 382: 372: 367: 365: 360: 358: 353: 352: 349: 333: 312: 303: 299: 294: 293: 288: 284: 279: 278: 273: 270: 267: 265: 261: 257: 256:Joseph Joffre 254: 253: 248: 245: 244:German Empire 234: 229: 217: 214: 202: 199: 187: 186: 185: 184: 171: 158: 157: 152: 145: 141: 136: 135: 131: 130: 125: 122: 121: 116: 112:50.500; 2.750 86: 82: 79: 78: 74: 71: 70: 66: 60: 55: 52: 48: 47:Western Front 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 7712: 7705: 7693: 7300: / 7232: 7067:Conscription 7031:Cryptography 6968:Iraqi Revolt 6402:Siege of Kut 6356: 6345: 5923:participants 5872:German Samoa 5806:South Arabia 5573: 5537: 5533: 5506: 5494:. Retrieved 5481: 5462: 5443: 5424: 5405: 5401: 5382: 5363: 5344: 5340: 5328:. Retrieved 5316: 5311: 5291: 5272: 5255: 5236: 5217: 5195: 5176: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5103: 5076: 5064: 5052: 5045:Sheldon 2008 5040: 5033:Haeften 1932 5028: 5016: 5011:, p. 8. 5004: 4997:Sheldon 2008 4992: 4980: 4973:Sheldon 2008 4968: 4956: 4944: 4937:Doughty 2005 4932: 4905: 4893: 4886:Sheldon 2008 4881: 4874:Edmonds 1928 4869: 4862:Sheldon 2008 4857: 4845: 4838:Doughty 2005 4818: 4811:Edmonds 1928 4806: 4779: 4767: 4760:Haeften 1932 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4683: 4676:Sheldon 2008 4671: 4659: 4647: 4635: 4628:Sheldon 2008 4623: 4616:Sheldon 2008 4611: 4599: 4587: 4580:Sheldon 2008 4575: 4563: 4556:Sheldon 2008 4551: 4524: 4512: 4485: 4478:Sheldon 2008 4473: 4461: 4434: 4412:Sheldon 2012 4407: 4400:Sheldon 2008 4380: 4373:Sheldon 2012 4368: 4356: 4349:Sheldon 2012 4344: 4332: 4325:Doughty 2005 4320: 4313:Edmonds 1928 4308: 4301:Edmonds 1928 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4196:Doughty 2005 4191: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4133:Doughty 2005 4128: 4101: 4094:Doughty 2005 4074: 4062: 4050: 4008: 3996: 3989:Sheldon 2012 3984: 3972: 3950:Doughty 2005 3935:Doughty 2005 3930: 3886: 3862:Doughty 2005 3857: 3830: 3782: 3775:Edmonds 1928 3770: 3763:Haeften 1932 3758: 3751:Haeften 1932 3746: 3707:Clayton 2003 3702: 3695:Doughty 2005 3680:Haeften 1932 3675: 3646: 3639:Haeften 1932 3634: 3622: 3610: 3603:Sheldon 2012 3598: 3591:Doughty 2005 3586: 3581:, p. 5. 3574: 3562: 3555:Haeften 1932 3550: 3543:Doughty 2005 3523: 3516:Sheldon 2012 3511: 3504:Haeften 1932 3499: 3487: 3475: 3468:Doughty 2005 3463: 3451: 3426: 3410: 3394: 3384: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3348: 3325: 3309: 3300: 3270: 3266: 3252: 3249: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3208: 3201:casualties. 3167:Reichsarchiv 3151: 3142: 3138: 3119: 3106:Lorettohöhen 3094:infiltration 3084: 3080: 3076: 3052:Mont St Éloi 3048: 3037: 2969: 2933:Saint-Mihiel 2930: 2913:6 to 16 June 2890: 2886: 2884: 2842: 2801: 2794: 2764: 2727: 2712:box-barrages 2709: 2699: 2688: 2664: 2625: 2598: 2590: 2581: 2563:9 to 19 May, 2531: 2491: 2476: 2446:9 to 13 May. 2435: 2419: 2393: 2389: 2383: 2376: 2363: 2354: 2341: 2318: 2299:Trommelfeuer 2295: 2290:Trommelfeuer 2261: 2224: 2194: 2180: 2176: 2150: 2128: 2109: 2090: 2069: 2048: 2034: 5,500 2022:18 to 25 May 2007: 1983: 1968: 1954: 1927: 1923: 1909: 1905: 1881: 1861: 1816: 1802:Indian Corps 1795: 1766: 1756: 1746: 1732: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1702: 1684: 1658:1,500 German 1646: 1618: 1584: 1555: 1539: 1525: 1521: 1503: 1486: 1454: 1444: 1397: 1339: 1290: 1273: 1224: 1194:510 obsolete 1188:field guns, 1186:350 obsolete 1165:97 divisions 1114: 1089: 1059: 1049: 1019: 964: 962: 933: 932: 892:Saint-Mihiel 860:Belleau Wood 843: 831: 830: 821:La Malmaison 777: 765: 764: 730:Kink Salient 698: 697: 693:Gas: Wieltje 665: 639: 638: 499: 435:2nd Givenchy 421: 420: 398:Aubers Ridge 392: 378: 264:Douglas Haig 159: 154:Belligerents 128: 45:Part of The 32: 7330:Netherlands 7307:Switzerland 7188:Occupations 7179:Spanish flu 6956:(1919–1922) 6950:(1918–1921) 6944:(1918–1923) 6933:(1919–1921) 6927:(1919–1921) 6921:(1919–1920) 6897:(1918–1920) 6891:(1918–1920) 6885:(1918–1920) 6867:(1918–1920) 6849:(1918–1920) 6843:(1917–1921) 6837:(1917–1921) 6784:(1916-1918) 6782:Arab Revolt 6773:(1915–1917) 6767:(1915–1917) 6755:(1914-1917) 6749:(1914–1917) 6743:(1914–1921) 6737:(1913–1920) 6725:(1910–1920) 6719:(1900–1920) 6217:July Crisis 6138:(1880–1914) 5801:Mesopotamia 5679:Home fronts 5638:World War I 5496:14 December 5330:25 November 5159:Krause 2013 5144:Krause 2013 5132:Krause 2013 5120:Krause 2013 5108:Krause 2013 5096:Krause 2013 5081:Krause 2013 5069:Krause 2013 5021:Krause 2013 5009:Krause 2013 4985:Krause 2013 4961:Krause 2013 4949:Krause 2013 4925:Krause 2013 4910:Krause 2013 4898:Krause 2013 4850:Krause 2013 4289:Krause 2013 4277:Krause 2013 4265:Krause 2013 4253:Krause 2013 4241:Krause 2013 4226:Krause 2013 4211:Krause 2013 4184:Krause 2013 4079:Krause 2013 4067:Krause 2013 4055:Krause 2013 4043:Krause 2013 4028:Krause 2013 4013:Krause 2013 3906:Krause 2013 3891:Krause 2013 3835:Krause 2013 3806:Krause 2013 3579:Krause 2013 3567:Krause 2013 3286:ouvrage 123 3255:23,000 hand 3013:40 per cent 2949:Les Éparges 2902:1,760 being 2819: [ 2769:Schlammulde 2743:Schlammulde 2722:Schlammulde 2693:Schlammulde 2585:Schlammulde 2480:Schlammulde 2430:Schlammulde 2264:II Bavarian 2167:15/16 June, 2123:12:15 p.m., 2117:but modern 2094:15/16 June. 1963:200, mainly 1884:50 per cent 1688:11:15 a.m., 1638:11:30 a.m., 1473:French plan 1466:1,075 guns. 1305:(BEF), and 1299:John French 1045:(15–25 May) 1025:John French 992:during the 912:2nd Cambrai 750:Boar's Head 740:Mont Sorrel 408:Rue du Bois 137:Territorial 110: / 7747:Categories 7547:Agreements 7347:War crimes 7223:Luxembourg 7116:Casualties 5994:Montenegro 5829:South West 5709:Technology 5699:Propaganda 5689:Opposition 5168:References 5057:Leroy 2006 4157:Wynne 1976 4145:Wynne 1976 3977:Wynne 1976 3627:Foley 2005 3615:Foley 2005 3528:Wynne 1976 3492:Foley 2005 3480:Foley 2005 3402:Labyrinthe 3193:ranges of 3158:35,000 men 3154:102,500 of 3148:Casualties 3060:1:00 p.m., 3004:Barrenkopf 2986:Barrenkopf 2864:Fokker E.I 2805:Labyrinthe 2760:700 French 2755:Labyrinthe 2731:Labyrinthe 2703:Labyrinthe 2675:16–18 June 2668:11:30 a.m. 2659:Labyrinthe 2653:Labyrinthe 2641:Labyrinthe 2629:Labyrinthe 2619:Labyrinthe 2607:Labyrinthe 2576:Alpenkorps 2513:15/16 May, 2500:Labyrinthe 2462:VIII Corps 2371:7:00 p.m., 2345:Labyrinthe 2304:11:00 a.m. 2272:6:00 a.m., 2232:3:30 p.m., 2119:155mm guns 2074:Labyrinthe 2045:Tenth Army 2017:10:15 a.m. 1997:Wohngraben 1936:300 German 1931:20/21 May. 1890:Labyrinthe 1848:Tenth Army 1760:Labyrinthe 1697:Labyrinthe 1649:10:15 a.m. 1633:Nettoyeurs 1603:10:00 a.m. 1595:9:40 a.m., 1587:6:00 a.m., 1571:Tenth Army 1549:Labyrinthe 1543:Labyrinthe 1495:10:00 a.m. 1449:Labyrinthe 1346:triangular 1253:Ausbeulung 1190:825 modern 1081:Background 725:Wulverghem 688:3rd Artois 666:2nd Artois 634:1st Artois 445:Hooge 1915 19:See also: 7444:Diplomacy 7151:Olympians 7074:Australia 7041:Logistics 6974:Vlora War 6903:(1918–19) 6879:(1918–19) 6873:(1918–19) 6861:(1918–19) 6808:(1916–17) 6790:(1916–17) 6741:Zaian War 6731:(1914–15) 6458:first day 6346:Lusitania 6174:(1912–13) 6168:(1911–12) 6156:(1908–09) 6150:(1905–06) 6132:(1870–71) 5921:Principal 5781:Gallipoli 5684:Memorials 5669:Geography 5659:Aftermath 5325:838300036 4517:Boff 2018 4466:Boff 2018 3444:Footnotes 3170:recorded 3068:4:00 p.m. 3064:3:30 p.m. 3019:Aftermath 2998:Lingekopf 2749:Dauerfeur 2601:5:00 p.m. 2593:4:00 p.m. 2555:209 heavy 2547:100 heavy 2517:20–21 May 2495:8:30 p.m. 2458:13/14 May 2454:III Corps 2415:6:00 p.m. 2411:2:00 p.m. 2402:9:00 a.m. 2384:standfast 2367:4:00 p.m. 2358:8:00 p.m. 2350:1:00 p.m. 2281:6:00 a.m. 2268:XIX Saxon 2236:6:00 p.m. 2227:4:15 a.m. 2215:8:00 p.m. 2210:4:45 p.m. 2206:4:00 a.m. 2184:4:00 p.m. 2172:4:00 p.m. 2163:Howitzers 2158:8:00 p.m. 2154:Côte 119, 2146:3:20 p.m. 2085:5 Chemins 2056:805 field 2052:355 heavy 2002:3:15 a.m. 1940:2:00 a.m. 1876:Bois 125, 1865:Bois 125, 1828:8:00 p.m. 1823:5:00 p.m. 1819:8:00 a.m. 1811:5:30 a.m. 1807:5:00 a.m. 1770:5.30 p.m. 1718:paralysed 1653:1:30 p.m. 1591:8:00 a.m. 1415:150 heavy 1413:guns and 1411:660 field 1361:150 heavy 1198:276 heavy 1151:11th Army 1096:Champagne 978:‹See Tfd› 907:5th Ypres 887:2nd Somme 865:2nd Marne 855:3rd Aisne 804:The Hills 799:2nd Aisne 760:Fromelles 755:1st Somme 705:The Bluff 671:Hébuterne 661:2nd Ypres 622:1st Ypres 602:1st Aisne 597:1st Marne 570:Le Cateau 548:Charleroi 533:Frontiers 430:Hébuterne 415:Festubert 403:Fromelles 144:Festubert 129:Aftermath 7732:Category 7319:Refugees 7285:Italians 7274:Germans 7234:Ober Ost 7014:Aviation 6115:Timeline 6086:Bulgaria 5867:Tsingtao 5844:Togoland 5791:Caucasus 5726:European 5718:Theatres 5578:Archived 5264:58962526 5216:(2005). 3279:and the 3243:— 3042:Landwehr 3024:Analysis 2944:Bergnase 2559:98 heavy 2553:guns to 2551:74 heavy 2483:, along 2336:enfilade 2248:9–14 May 2079:Côte 119 1987:11:30 pm 1736:Bois 125 1621:Bois 125 1462:293 guns 1407:6th Army 1401:Westheer 1382:Westheer 1325:XX Corps 1315:IX Corps 1228:Westheer 1218:and the 1174:Westheer 1167:against 1160:Westheer 1141:and the 1132:4th Army 1033:6th Army 917:Courtrai 872:Soissons 811:Messines 778:Alberich 587:Maubeuge 543:Ardennes 538:Lorraine 506:Moresnet 275:Strength 87:, France 80:Location 7470:Germany 7370:Germany 7298:Germany 7218:Belgium 7203:Albania 7162:Disease 7142:Sports 7094:Ireland 7007:Warfare 7000:Aspects 6195:Origins 6188:Prelude 6091:Senussi 6071:Germany 6066:Leaders 6004:Romania 5945:Belgium 5940:Leaders 5839:Kamerun 5821:African 5756:Romania 5734:Balkans 5649:Outline 2868:C-class 2638:in the 2326:), the 2321:General 2201:60-hour 1809:and at 1651:and at 1426:Prelude 1334:débâcle 1209:⁄ 998:salient 882:Ailette 850:The Lys 844:Michael 826:Cambrai 720:Hulluch 715:St Eloi 607:Antwerp 139:changes 132:section 95:50°30′N 49:of the 7490:Russia 7465:France 7293:Canada 7208:Serbia 7079:Canada 7036:Horses 6988:(1921) 6982:(1920) 6976:(1920) 6970:(1920) 6962:(1920) 6915:(1919) 6909:(1919) 6855:(1918) 6820:(1918) 6814:(1917) 6802:(1916) 6796:(1916) 6761:(1915) 6180:(1913) 6162:(1911) 6144:(1905) 6101:Darfur 6026:Serbia 6009:Russia 5972:Greece 5960:France 5950:Brazil 5796:Persia 5739:Serbia 5544: 5513: 5491:642276 5489: 5469: 5450: 5431: 5412: 5389: 5370: 5351: 5323: 5298: 5279: 5262: 5243: 5224: 5202: 5183: 3343:(GAN). 3011:about 2981:3,676. 2452:, the 1772:about 1642:140 on 1561:Battle 1420:Scarpe 1342:square 1323:) and 1309:, the 1092:Artois 982:German 969:French 922:Sambre 877:Amiens 745:Verdun 575:Étreux 521:Dinant 324:Artois 241: 225: 210: 198:Canada 195: 180: 170:France 167: 123:Result 98:2°45′E 85:Artois 27:, and 7687:Other 7480:Japan 7475:Italy 7302:camps 7146:Rugby 5982:Japan 5977:Italy 5955:China 5849:North 5536:[ 5404:[ 5343:[ 5315:[ 3437:1916. 3293:Notes 3226:75 mm 3156:whom 2823:] 2311:Jäger 789:Arras 772:Ancre 526:Namur 516:Liège 213:India 7267:POWs 6593:1918 6495:1917 6421:1916 6322:1915 6226:1914 6031:Siam 5834:East 5542:ISBN 5511:ISBN 5498:2013 5487:OCLC 5467:ISBN 5448:ISBN 5429:ISBN 5410:ISBN 5387:ISBN 5368:ISBN 5349:ISBN 5332:2013 5321:OCLC 5296:ISBN 5277:ISBN 5260:OCLC 5241:ISBN 5222:ISBN 5200:ISBN 5181:ISBN 3197:and 2989:and 2541:and 2266:and 2054:and 1446:the 1225:The 1192:and 1184:and 1177:had 1023:Sir 963:The 832:1918 794:Vimy 766:1917 699:1916 683:Loos 640:1915 617:Yser 553:Mons 500:1914 126:See 72:Date 3056:Acq 7749:: 5151:^ 5088:^ 4917:^ 4830:^ 4791:^ 4536:^ 4497:^ 4446:^ 4419:^ 4392:^ 4233:^ 4218:^ 4203:^ 4176:^ 4113:^ 4086:^ 4035:^ 4020:^ 3957:^ 3942:^ 3913:^ 3898:^ 3869:^ 3842:^ 3813:^ 3794:^ 3731:^ 3714:^ 3687:^ 3658:^ 3535:^ 3275:, 3187:c. 3172:c. 3130:c. 2953:c. 2906:c. 2821:de 2579:. 2537:, 2439:c. 2293:. 2031:c. 1833:c. 1666:c. 1422:. 1179:c. 1119:, 1094:, 1047:. 1005:, 984:: 975:, 971:: 23:, 7118:/ 5630:e 5623:t 5616:v 5550:. 5519:. 5500:. 5475:. 5456:. 5437:. 5418:. 5395:. 5376:. 5357:. 5304:. 5285:. 5266:. 5249:. 5230:. 5208:. 5189:. 3405:. 3115:) 3109:( 2947:( 1373:/ 1367:( 1317:( 1235:( 1211:2 1207:1 1204:+ 1202:7 1145:( 1009:( 967:( 481:e 474:t 467:v 370:e 363:t 356:v

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Knowledge

Second Battle of Artois

Index