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critical, however, due to the economic hardships suffered during the siege. Skanderbeg's only expectancy was for help to come from Italy, but the
Italian states, despite sending congratulatory messages, sent no financial aid. Hungary continued its defensive war and thus Skanderbeg's only remaining ally was Venice. Even Venice became skeptical of continuing the war and was alone in allying with Skanderbeg. Venice reported to Hungary that Mehmed had offered peace and was willing to accept it. Hungary also opted for peace, but Mehmed only sought peace with Venice in order to isolate Skanderbeg and thus peace was not signed. Skanderbeg and Venice continually began to worry about the Ottoman garrison in Elbasan. Skanderbeg led some assaults on the fortress after being urged to by Venice but failed to capture it due to lack of artillery. According to Critobulos, Mehmed was troubled after learning of the Ottoman defeat and began preparations for a new campaign. Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors who had grown wary of its increasing influence in the Balkans. With the western powers fighting among themselves, the road to Albania was open. Mehmed thus decided to send a force to subdue Albania conclusively which resulted in a new
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Ferdinand to award to
Skanderbeg what tribute would have been given to Rome. Skanderbeg lost all hope and decided to return to Albania before pleas from several cardinals convinced to stay, offering aid from their own pockets and hope in persuading Paul. A third consistory was convened on 13 February 1467 which, like the other two, came to nothing regarding aid to Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg thus began his departure from Rome. Paul met with Skanderbeg and gave him the authority to pull 7,500 ducats from Ferdinand's aforementioned tribute to Rome. This amount had not been gathered, however, and Paul thus offered Skanderbeg 2,300 ducats. Skanderbeg departed from Rome on 14 February and soon received news from Albania: the war was nearing its end and needed Skanderbeg to return; an Ottoman force sent to defeat the League of Lezhë definitively, however, had been defeated. He met with
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trusted forces would be assigned to another group under his command; Krujë's garrison would continue to defend the fortress. Moneta's and
Dukagjini's men would attack the besieging forces from the north and Skanderbeg's men would attack from south of Krujë while also blocking any possible Ottoman reinforcements from the east. Skanderbeg first assaulted the guarding force which Ballaban had left and he gained control of this strategic point. Skanderbeg then managed to defeat the Ottoman relief forces under Ballaban's brother, Jonuz, and captured him and his son. Four days later, an organized attack from Skanderbeg and the forces from Krujë was carried during which Ballaban forces retreated and he himself was killed in the resulting clashes by Gjergj Lleshi (
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split his army into three parts and surrounded the besiegers. Ballaban was killed during the fighting and the
Ottoman forces were left without a commander and a depleted force which was surrounded. Afterwards the Albanian-Venetian forces completed the rout by killing the remaining Ottoman forces before they could escape by way of Dibër. The victory was well received by both Albanians and Italians. This did not signal the end of the war, however, as soon after, Skanderbeg took up some assaults on Elbasan after being urged to by Venice, but was not able to take the fortress due to lack of artillery. Venice itself was in conflict with its Italian neighbors, which led Mehmed to begin another campaign against the Albanians. This would result in another
1258:. He was greeted by Italian ambassadors from the various states who offered "aid and favors" and by several bishops and prelates. Paul, however, was still wary of giving Skanderbeg aid because he reasoned that the Neapolitan threat was more powerful than the Ottoman one. Unlike his predecessors, Paul never attempted to form a crusade against the Ottomans and instead preferred the use of pacification methods. Nevertheless, Skanderbeg continued to stay in Rome, hoping that Paul would allocate part of his funds (of about 500,000 ducats) to Albania. Paul asserted to Skanderbeg that Venice's refusal to cooperate with him prevented him from directly helping Skanderbeg. Thus, Skanderbeg was sent to the Signoria to negotiate their stance.
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court, Ferdinand received an ambassador from Mehmed offering peace, signaling that the
Ottomans did not have any aggressive intentions towards Naples. Ferdinand accepted the proposal and Skanderbeg thus began his return to Albania. Ballaban continued to strengthen the siege against Krujë. Upon returning to Albania, the political situation began to change. The once distant Albanian nobles, among them Dukagjini, were now convinced of their impending defeat and allied themselves with Skanderbeg. Meanwhile, the Venetians ended their attempts to negotiate peace with Mehmed and accepted cooperation with Skanderbeg. Skanderbeg met with Dukagjini and other northern Albanian nobles in Alessio (
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was also worried that his interests could be inhibited by the pope and eventually he didn't send any resources to
Skanderbeg until disagreements with his neighbors were resolved. Thus, Skanderbeg departed from Naples without any definitive agreement on the aid that would be provided by Naples. Venice offered the same and Skanderbeg went to Paul after the latter had declared that the Christian League had raised 100,000 ducats for the planned crusade. Skanderbeg reached Rome on 12 December 1466 where he was greeted by the cardinals and their families. Here they received the impression of Skanderbeg as a poor old man, dressed as an ordinary soldier. He was offered residence in
1106:, a Greek historian for the sultan, also describes the resistance and its aftermath. The Albanians in his chronicle had likewise gained the mountaintops; the light Ottoman infantry climbed up the heights where they cornered the Albanians behind a cliff and fell on them. Many Albanians jumped from the cliffs to escape massacre. The soldiers then spread throughout the mountains and captured many as slaves while also taking anything of value. Furthermore, in order to secure future marches into Albania, Mehmed ordered forests through which the main roads ran through to be cut down. In this way, he created wide military roads which were secure.
1278:, the pope's appeal to fund Skanderbeg with only 5,000 ducats was heard and when the Cardinals responded that the fund was minimal, Paul explained that he would send more once Italy was pacified. Paul's decision led to a fierce debate on Italy's future which left Albania's fate undiscussed. A second consistory was called on 12 January but did not result in anything favorable for Skanderbeg. Contemporaries were critical of the pope's delays but he explained that he was waiting to see what Ferdinand of Naples was willing to offer before offering anything himself, in order not to waste funds.
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was completed, Venice urged its proveditors in
Albania to cooperate with the Italian and native forces in their proposed siege on Elbasan. Venetian faith in Skanderbeg began to subside, however, since the sultan took a much more aggressive approach in his relations with Venice. Since the Signoria still had not delivered its promised aid, Skanderbeg sent his son John to Venice. Even though the war was at its apogee, John returned from Venice empty-handed. This forced Skanderbeg to look towards Rome and Naples for aid.
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and the masses of refugees. By 22 November, news came to Venice about the campaigns of Sinan bey against
Albania Veneta in order to pressure the Republic to accept a peace or a ceasefire. The Signoria was slow to come to terms with Mehmed due to the pressure put on it by Pope Paul, Hungary, and Naples to remain at war. The attempt to sway the Venetians failed and the campaign was cancelled. This had an adverse effect for the Ottomans since
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1220:, describing how he had devastated the country and at its center built a powerful fortress. Upon his exit from Albania, Marin Barleti says that Mehmed passed through Dibra and massacred 8,000 people, a figure close to the number given by the Ottoman chronicler Oruc ben Adil of 7,500. The importance of the fortress was further underscored by its position on the ancient
1054:, an army of 300,000 soldiers (a figure considered to be exaggerated) had marched into Albania, massacred 7,000 people, and sacked many populated areas, while Skanderbeg was preparing to flee to Italy. However, Skanderbeg had remained in Albania but he had sent twelve ships with many inhabitants of Krujë to Italy as refugees. With them, he sent his wife,
1266:, Skanderbeg's ally in northern Albania, decided to work without reservation with Skanderbeg against the Ottomans. In Rome, the pope continued to hold Skanderbeg and would only give him 300 ducats to support his stay. On Christmas Eve, Paul invited Skanderbeg to a ceremony where he was awarded with a sword and helmet and referred to him as
1357:. The Albanians thus began to annihilate the surrounded army before the Ottomans cut a narrow path through their opponents and fled through Dibra. On 23 April 1467, Skanderbeg entered Krujë. Meanwhile, the Venetians had taken advantage of Mehmed's absence in Albania and sent a fleet under Vettore Capello into the
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Skanderbeg's view of the situation worsened with news coming from
Albania, which strengthened his opinion that his time in Italy was becoming more and more irrational. His pessimism grew once he found out that Venice was now pressuring Paul into refusing Skanderbeg aid since they wished to put an end
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under his command. He offered rewards to the garrison if they surrendered, but the garrison responded by bombarding the
Ottoman positions. The Ottomans then began to heavily bombard the fortress but this came to no effect. According to documentary sources, the siege began in mid-June, one month after
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realized the power vacuum created after Pius died and he tried to take advantage of the situation. He thus attempted to sign a peace agreement with Hungary and Venice so that his forces could focus on Albania to gain a base for future campaigns in the Italian peninsula. His efforts were unsuccessful,
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With the death of Ballaban, Ottoman forces were left surrounded and according to Bernandino de Geraldinis, a Neapolitan functionary, 10,000 men remained in the besieging camp. Those inside the encirclement asked to leave freely to Ottoman territory, offering to surrender all that was within the camp
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and cut through the woods of Jonima to the boundaries of Krujë. Skanderbeg's commanders were assigned different groups for an assault on the main Ottoman camp: northern Albanian forces would be put under Dukagjini's command, Venetian battalions were under the command of Moneta, and Skanderbeg's most
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During the last weeks of the year in Albania, there was no fighting since the Ottomans did not normally engage in battle during the winter. But Krujë was still under siege and Ottoman garrisons in other areas remained. Life became harder for the population after the destruction of crops and villages
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and its central position in the Shkumbin valley from where the Ottomans could travel to the coast. Elbasan concerned not only the Albanians, but also the Venetians, who considered its proximity to Durazzo (30 mi (48 km)) alarmant. On 16 August, around the time that the building of Elbasan
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believes the work to have begun in July. Critobulus, who accompanied Mehmed in this campaign, describes that the men stationed in Elbasan would constantly harass the Albanians, to leave them no place for refuge, and to repel any Albanian force which descended from the mountains. Due to his personal
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The defeat of the Ottoman forces showed that the League of Lezhë had yet to be fully defeated. This allowed Skanderbeg to visit Ferdinand before his departure from Italy, but he received only 1,000 ducats, 300 carts of grain, and 500 ducats to support Krujë's munitions. While Skanderbeg was in his
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During October 1466, Skanderbeg travelled to Italy to reach an agreement with Ferdinand of Naples and Pope Paul II over the provisions, which they would be willing to provide. As a result of the inter-Italian rivalries, the possibility of a crusade was abandoned. Since Paul was Venetian, Ferdinand
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where they possessed territories. They also responded that they had had difficulty recruiting new soldiers due to financial trouble and could only send 1,000 ducats to its provveditores in Albania. Despite these difficulties, Skanderbeg and his men continued fighting. After becoming convinced that
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to Venice. On 7 July, Engjëlli informed the Venetians that the League of Lezhë continued and Krujë still stood, contrary to rumors that said otherwise. He thus requested the arrival of promised Venetian forces when they signed a treaty of alliance on 20 August 1463 and the promised contribution of
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Ferdinand's rule. The arrival of Albanian refugees further distressed the pope and many Italians who had come to believe that Albania had been conquered and that Mehmed was now preparing to march into Italy. News to the contrary also reached Rome saying that the League of Lezhë had not been broken
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did not send his promised forces and the Venetian forces under Cimarosto left Albania. During the autumn of 1465, Ottoman forces moved from the Morea and Bosnia in order to speed up the peace negotiations. Venice, however, refused peace and Skanderbeg believed that a new Albanian-Venetian campaign
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After his return the Venetians decided to send troops against the Ottoman advances. Skanderbeg gathered 13,400 men, among whom were many Venetians, to launch an assault on the Ottoman besieging camp, who had taken command once Mehmed left Albania after the construction of Elbasan. Skanderbeg had
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that the campaign was nearing its end and that if the necessary actions were not brought up to speed, Albania would fall along with Venice's possessions. Skanderbeg's requests for proper aid were continually rejected on the basis that Italy's peace must first be secured and instead Paul ordered
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The victory was also well received in Italy with contemporaries hoping for more such news. But, despite the Ottoman loss, the victory did not signal an end to the war. Skanderbeg's damaged forces, however, had been renewed with northern warriors and Venetian battalions. The situation remained
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Krujë would not be taken by force, Mehmed left 18,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry under Ballaban and in June 1466 withdrew with his main army. He withdrew from the siege to Durazzo where he pillaged the area in rage. When Mehmed withdrew from Albania, he deposed Dorotheos, the
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began planning his own crusade, but with means different from his predecessor. He planned to get the major European states to help fund the crusade while Venice, Hungary, and Albania would do the fighting. He also wanted to aid the Albanians as much as possible and urged the
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River valley. Both fielded men in the frontier regions, right and left of both valleys, and would engage in massacring the local populations, raiding inhabited areas, and burning every village which offered resistance. The populations thus decided to flee into safe areas.
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to supply Skanderbeg with able forces. Venice began to consider peace with the Ottomans since its resources had significantly decreased, while Hungary adopted a defensive strategy, however, pressure from the Pope and Skanderbeg forced them to abort their efforts.
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reported that the number was 30,000. Ottoman forces were ready to enter the Kingdom of Naples and pressured Ferdinand to form an alliance with Mehmed. The situation was not clear in the Balkans, however, as it was thought that the Ottomans could march against
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guidance, Mehmed was able to see the construction finish before the summer ended. There would also be inhabitants inside to serve the 400 soldiers stationed there along with cannons and catapults; the fortress would be under the command of Ballaban Badera.
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Ballaban's camp was located on the hills southwest of Krujë and at the bottom of the mountain nowadays known as Mt. Sarisalltëk, he placed a guarding force. The rest of his army surrounded Krujë. Skanderbeg and his allies marched through the mouth of the
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News arrived from eastern Albania that the Ottomans had initiated massacres in the area. The pope was distressed by this and called on the Christian princes of Europe to aid Skanderbeg. Soon after, Mehmed's men marched into Albania. Unlike his father
931:. In the meantime, Mehmed continued to negotiate peace with Hungary and Venice. Skanderbeg found himself isolated during these negotiations, even if they did not succeed, as the conflicting powers temporarily ceased conflict. Furthermore,
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the Ottoman forces under Şeremet bey stationed there on 14 or 15 September. The Venetian Senate informed the Hungarians of the joint Albanian-Venetian success on 29 September. Mehmed, sensing the weakness in his frontier, assigned
944:(Venetian Senate), which sent him to Albania to inform Skanderbeg that troops were being raised, although only 300 had been recruited at the time, with Cimarosto as the commander. Venice was also in the process of sending its
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to the Albanians. Skanderbeg was prepared to accept, but many nobles refused. Among them was Dukagjini, who wanted to attack and destroy the Turkish camp. Demetrio Franco described Dukagjini's proposal with the Albanian word
843:, one of Skanderbeg's major benefactors, died and his plans for a crusade against the Ottoman Empire disintegrated. The alliances and promises for help from the major Christian powers were canceled with the exception of the
1034:, the main Albanian fortress, by reducing Skanderbeg's manpower, supplies, and political and moral backing. Afterwards, Krujë would be put under siege. The Ottoman campaign was thus sent in two directions: one through the
740:, withstood the siege while Skanderbeg roamed Albania to gather forces and facilitate the flight of refugees from the civilian areas that were attacked by the Ottomans. Krujë managed to withstand the siege put on it by
1304:) where they gathered an army to assault Ballaban's forces. Together with 400 of Dukagjini's cavalry and a large number of infantry, 600 heavily armed Italian soldiers, and 4,000 locals from Durazzo, Scutari, Alessio,
960:, and ten barrels of gunpowder. Throughout April, rumors spread that the Ottomans were preparing to march into Albania. By 18 April 1466, Venice received knowledge that the Ottomans were heading towards Albania.
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Mehmed began his campaign to force the eastern regions of Albania into submission. Mehmed's campaigns there had put Skanderbeg under massive strain while the latter had yet to receive financial aid from abroad.
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which would allow the Ottomans to send ships into the Adriatic and threaten Venetian colonies. Seeing that his situation had become unfavorable, Skanderbeg made a trip to Italy where he would try to convince
1208:, located in a Shkumbin valley, where the geographic conditions were regarded as favorable. Since the resources had been gathered and stored beforehand, Elbasan was built within a short time (one month) and
1086:, however, says that Mehmed's campaign was a response to the breaking of the ceasefire in 1463 when Skanderbeg learned that the crusade against the Ottomans organized by Pius II was ready to set off from
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were allowed to raid the country, a decision which, according to scholar Mehmed Neshriu, was an act of reprisal regarding Skanderbeg's raids in Macedonia in 1464, which interrupted his siege on Jajce.
1316:, one of Skanderbeg's primary biographers and personal associates, who also served in Skanderbeg's ranks. Among those who joined Skanderbeg was Nicolo Moneta, a lord of Scutari and wealthy Venetian
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The personal care and attention Mehmed paid to Elbasan's construction testifies its importance in the sultan's plans. This is further testified by the message Mehmed gave to his son, the future
1009:, or Albania. By the beginning of May, however, it was clear that the Ottomans would attack Albania because of the approach of Mehmed's troops towards Albania after the end of his campaigns in
1204:). According to Ottoman chronicler Kemal Pashazade, the sultan would place several hundred men to patrol the area and defend the fortress. The foundations were built upon a field called
1196:. He also decided to build a powerful fortress in central Albania to counterbalance Krujë's position and to form a base for further Ottoman campaigns. The fortress would be called
831:, his main fort, he led the league in the Ottoman-Albanian wars. Having defeated the Ottomans in many battles he allied with Western Christian states and leaders, especially with
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which would provide a perennial base for future Ottoman assaults on Skanderbeg's domains. The fortress especially worried Venice since Elbasan was constructed on the banks of the
1377:, the Ottoman commander in Greece, led a relief force to Patras where he was initially repelled before turning on his pursuers, forcing them to flee, terminating their campaign.
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The League of Lezhë saw a massive struggle against Ottoman forces and its front was expanded throughout Albania. Skanderbeg retreated to the mountains surrounding
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to give him aid for his war. Despite many promises from the pope, Skanderbeg received little due to the fear of a Neapolitan war with Rome and infighting in the
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likewise deferred Skanderbeg's requests to the pope. By the time he left Italy, the League of Lezhë had been weakened and needed his intervention.
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was also reinforced after Skanderbeg's counsel and the walls were rebuilt. On 19 April 1466, news spread that the sultan was going to march into
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1098:(fortified towers) which were dismantled when captured; those inside, especially the young men and women, were sold to slavery for 3,000–4,000
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however, since neither Venice nor Hungary accepted his proposed treaty. Mehmed thus kept his armies stationed in the Balkans, one force near
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in eastern Albania to weaken Skanderbeg's domains. The new Ottoman possessions were collected and placed under the administration of the
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as commander, replacing Şeremet. Ballaban was an Albanian by birth who had been incorporated into the Ottoman army through the
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Despite his inability to subdue Krujë, Mehmed decided that the Ottoman presence would not depart from Albania. He organized a
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Skanderbeg did not expect such a campaign and his army was not ready to halt the advances. According to an act released
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The victory was well received among the Albanians, and Skanderbeg's recruits increased as documented by Geraldini:
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3,000 ducats. The Venetians responded that they were already in a difficult situation due to the Ottoman threat in
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1168:'s campaigns since many of them supported Skanderbeg and his fight. He took with him 3,000 Albanian prisoners.
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and 200 Neapolitan marksmen. Skanderbeg removed his men from the fortress of Krujë in a manner similar to the
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in Scutari, the Venetian provveditore in Albania Veneta, where he gathered help from Venetian nobles.
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Skanderbeg led an incursion into Ottoman territory near Ohrid with the aid of Venetian forces under a
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Once news of the Ottoman approach arrived, Venice sent reinforcements to its cities along Albania;
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but refused it and instead wanted to stay with another Albanian whose house later took the name
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The first phase of the Ottoman campaign to isolate Krujë lasted for two months. According to
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Skanderbeg was in his camp with 16,000 men and every day his camp grows with young warriors.
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The Ottoman-Albanian war continued through 1465 with Ballaban Badera meeting Skanderbeg at
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to the war and capitulate Krujë. During the first days of February, news arrived from the
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Main Albanian towns during the 15th century, including settlements in neighboring regions
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named Antonio da Cosenza, also known as Cimarosto, on 6 September 1464. Together, they
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The grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II, conqueror of Constantinople and master of an empire
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Comentario de le cose de' Turchi, et del S. Georgio Scanderbeg, principe d' Epyr
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Skanderbeg's portrait above the entrance to the palace where he stayed in Rome
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as defenders of the castle. This force included 1,000 Venetian infantry under
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convened where Skanderbeg and the pope were present. According to Cardinal
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The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century
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This article is about the second siege of Krujë. For other events, see
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1078:(Shkodër) where he collected men to relieve Krujë. Mehmed's
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Mehmed had decided to construct a fortress in what is now
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to recruit men. They would also send four cannons, ten
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Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu: jeta dhe vepra, 1405–1468
940:, his ambassador, in constant correspondence with the
2493:. Bollingen Series 96. Translated from the German by
2694:. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society.
1171:
2709:Shukarova, Aneta (2008), Todor Chepreganov (ed.),
2623:"Rrethimi i dytë dhe i tretë i Krujës (1466–1467)"
278:
226:
2583:Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero
988:(Vlorë) with an army of 100,000 men although the
3701:
1020:
1361:. Capello attacked and occupied the islands of
980:(Durrës) had already garrisoned 3,000 men. The
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2344:
2342:
2305:
2303:
2203:
2201:
2164:
2162:
2093:
2091:
2089:
1944:
1942:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1754:
1752:
1691:
1689:
1649:
1647:
1610:
1608:
1568:
1566:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
63:The second siege of Krujë by Jost Amman (1467)
2795:
2755:(in Serbian), Belgrade: Arheološki institut,
2450:
2448:
2385:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2137:
2135:
2038:
1954:
1927:
1701:
1498:
1496:
1435:
1433:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1369:after which he sailed back and laid siege to
264:
2110:
2108:
2106:
1818:
1816:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1664:
1662:
1595:
1593:
2421:
2354:
2339:
2300:
2264:
2252:
2198:
2174:
2159:
2147:
2086:
2074:
2050:
2014:
2002:
1966:
1939:
1903:
1876:
1794:
1749:
1686:
1644:
1632:
1605:
1578:
1563:
1532:
1520:
1066:, a castle awarded to Skanderbeg after his
3565:Ottoman – Albanian nobility
2802:
2788:
2577:
2460:
2445:
2391:
2288:
2237:
2231:
2186:
2132:
2120:
2044:
2026:
1978:
1960:
1933:
1893:
1891:
1737:
1713:
1707:
1680:
1620:
1493:
1481:
1469:
1430:
1399:
1138:In the beginning of July, Skanderbeg sent
271:
257:
3219:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars
2715:, Skopje: Institute of National History,
2708:
2620:
2409:
2373:
2327:
2213:
2103:
1846:
1813:
1789:
1776:
1764:
1659:
1590:
1551:
1508:
1457:
1418:
1090:. The resistance itself was described by
2527:
2483:
2427:
2367:
2348:
2309:
2270:
2258:
2207:
2180:
2168:
2153:
2097:
2080:
2056:
2020:
2008:
1996:
1972:
1948:
1921:
1909:
1882:
1807:
1758:
1695:
1653:
1638:
1614:
1584:
1572:
1545:
1526:
1502:
1487:
1475:
1451:
1439:
1412:
1335:
1232:
1175:
967:
805:
795:
75:June 1466 – 23 April 1467
3745:Sieges involving the Republic of Venice
2663:
2650:George Castroiti Scanderbeg (1405–1468)
2629:, Tirana: Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nëntori",
2585:, London: Centre for Albanian Studies,
2466:
2454:
2433:
2397:
2315:
2294:
2246:
2192:
2141:
2126:
2062:
2032:
1984:
1888:
1743:
1725:
1719:
1626:
1557:
1514:
1463:
1424:
1130:. Mehmed had marched into Albania with
14:
3702:
2684:
2627:Pesë mijë vjet fortifikime në Shqipëri
2559:
2534:(in Albanian), Tiranë: Botimet Toena,
2509:
2415:
2379:
2333:
2282:
2219:
2114:
1834:
1822:
1770:
1668:
1599:
2783:
1228:
720:took place from 1466 to 1467. Sultan
252:
2652:, International Universities Press,
2644:
2439:
2403:
2321:
2068:
1897:
1731:
656:Resistance until the Fall of Shkodra
3740:Sieges involving the Ottoman Empire
902:in 1464 and 1465. In the meantime,
728:led an army into Albania to defeat
24:
2810:Albanians under the Ottoman Empire
2767:from the original on 23 April 2023
2749:Srpsko arheološko društvo (1951),
2609:from the original on 23 April 2023
2548:from the original on 12 April 2023
1340:Map of Southeastern Europe in 1464
25:
3766:
2737:from the original on 6 March 2016
2633:from the original on 4 March 2016
2605:, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences,
2599:Institut za balkanistika (1984),
2490:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
51:Albanian–Ottoman Wars (1432–1479)
3684:
3683:
2712:History of the Macedonian People
2564:, New York: The Overlook Press,
1294:
1172:Construction of Elbasan Fortress
898:system and was sanjakbey of the
225:
218:
57:
3755:Battles of Mehmed the Conqueror
2276:
1990:
1915:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1674:
1349:which in modern Albanian means
1268:Alexander, king of the Epirotes
1038:valley and another through the
1859:Srpsko arheološko društvo 1951
1445:
280:Medieval Albanian–Ottoman Wars
13:
1:
2915:Massacre of the Albanian Beys
2514:, Venice: Altobello Salkato,
1871:Institut za balkanistika 1984
1392:
1021:Ottoman activities in Albania
791:
1071:and that Krujë still stood.
289:Early Ottoman invasions and
7:
3226:Declaration of Independence
963:
10:
3771:
3715:1467 in the Ottoman Empire
3710:1466 in the Ottoman Empire
2621:Karaiskaj, Gjerak (1981),
2476:
583:Ballaban's fourth Campaign
464:Mehmed II's first Campaign
29:
3725:Battles involving Albania
3679:
3578:
3520:
3477:
3470:
3337:
3196:
3130:
3054:
2938:
2930:Mustafa Pasha's Rebellion
2833:
2826:
2815:
2528:Frashëri, Kristo (2002),
2510:Franco, Demetrio (1539),
872:, and another one in the
700:
621:Contemporaneous Campaigns
286:
213:
200:
155:
134:
126:Albanian–Venetian victory
67:
56:
48:
43:
3181:1912 – 13
3176:1478 – 79
3156:1477 – 78
3146:1466 – 67
2868:1843 – 44
2863:1432 – 36
1308:(Drisht), and Antivari (
1246:, in what is now called
1109:
1270:. By 7 January 1467, a
239:Location within Albania
3586:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2841:Skanderbeg's rebellion
1341:
1238:
1185:
1062:. They were headed to
973:
813:
803:
704:Wars involving Albania
398:Skanderbeg's Rebellion
156:Commanders and leaders
3750:Warfare by Skanderbeg
2905:Ali Pasha's Rebellion
2900:Albanian–Venetian War
2560:Freely, John (2009),
1339:
1236:
1179:
971:
936:would begin. He kept
933:Ferdinand I of Naples
839:. On 14 August 1464,
809:
799:
770:Ferdinand I of Naples
718:second siege of Krujë
107:41.50750°N 19.79500°E
44:Second siege of Krujë
27:Second siege of Krujë
18:Second Siege of Krujë
3275:Partition of Albania
3204:Albanian Renaissance
2920:Mehmed II's campaign
2665:Schmitt, Oliver Jens
1244:Palazzo di San Marco
1068:campaigns to restore
819:had been an Ottoman
776:. Ferdinand and the
732:, the leader of the
324:Bayezid I's Campaign
236:class=notpageimage|
3720:Angelic apparitions
2910:Ballaban's campaign
2851:Macedonian campaign
2671:, Tiranë: K&B,
1154:Archbishop of Ohrid
1124:Baldassare Perducci
833:Alfonso V of Aragon
744:, sanjakbey of the
639:Dukagjini Civil War
532:Macedonian Campaign
175:Baldassare Perducci
103: /
2846:Italian expedition
2686:Setton, Kenneth M.
2285:, pp. 344–345
1999:, pp. 438–439
1924:, pp. 433–434
1837:, pp. 343–344
1683:, pp. 209–210
1342:
1284:Republic of Ragusa
1255:Palazzo Scanderbeg
1239:
1229:Skanderbeg in Rome
1186:
1104:Michael Critobulus
974:
853:Republic of Venice
845:Kingdom of Hungary
814:
804:
778:Republic of Venice
647:Italian Expedition
145:Republic of Venice
112:41.50750; 19.79500
3730:Conflicts in 1466
3697:
3696:
3675:
3674:
3333:
3332:
2722:978-9989-159-24-4
2678:978-3-7917-2229-0
2646:Noli, Fan Stilian
2592:978-1-873928-13-4
2579:Hodgkinson, Harry
2571:978-1-59020-248-7
1276:Francesco Gonzaga
1064:Monte Sant'Angelo
909:Kingdom of Naples
849:Matthias Corvinus
711:
710:
693:
685:
677:
669:
660:
651:
643:
635:
626:
615:
607:
598:
591:
579:
571:
563:
554:
547:
540:
528:
520:
512:
504:
496:
488:
479:
472:
460:
452:
444:
436:
428:
420:
412:
403:
392:
384:
376:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
312:
304:
296:
247:
246:
130:
129:
16:(Redirected from
3762:
3687:
3686:
3475:
3474:
2858:Albanian revolts
2831:
2830:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2705:
2681:
2660:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2595:
2574:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2524:
2506:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1792:
1787:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1331:Georgius Alexius
1289:Giosafat Barbaro
1180:The fortress in
982:Scutari Fortress
691:
683:
675:
667:
658:
649:
641:
633:
624:
613:
605:
596:
589:
577:
569:
561:
552:
545:
538:
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
477:
470:
458:
450:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
401:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
350:
342:
334:
326:
318:
310:
302:
294:
281:
273:
266:
259:
250:
249:
229:
228:
222:
191:
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
96:
69:
68:
61:
41:
40:
21:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3759:
3735:Ottoman Albania
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3671:
3574:
3516:
3466:
3329:
3325:Vithkuqi script
3310:Skanderbeg myth
3284:Principalities
3268:North Macedonia
3192:
3126:
3050:
2934:
2822:
2811:
2808:
2778:
2770:
2768:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2702:
2679:
2636:
2634:
2612:
2610:
2593:
2572:
2551:
2549:
2542:
2522:
2485:Babinger, Franz
2479:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2392:Hodgkinson 1999
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2238:
2232:Hodgkinson 1999
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2104:
2096:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2045:Hodgkinson 1999
2043:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1961:Hodgkinson 1999
1959:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1934:Hodgkinson 1999
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1795:
1788:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1708:Hodgkinson 1999
1706:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1681:Hodgkinson 1999
1679:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1509:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1400:
1395:
1314:Demetrio Franco
1297:
1231:
1194:Sanjak of Dibra
1174:
1132:Ballaban Badera
1112:
1058:, and his son,
1023:
966:
900:Sanjak of Ohrid
892:Ballaban Badera
825:League of Lezhë
794:
746:Sanjak of Ohrid
742:Ballaban Badera
734:League of Lezhë
714:
713:
712:
707:
696:
388:Arianiti Revolt
372:Albanian Revolt
282:
279:
277:
243:
242:
241:
240:
238:
232:
231:
230:
193:
187:
182:Ballaban Badera
176:
174:
170:
166:
143:
141:League of Lezhë
111:
109:
105:
102:
97:
94:
92:
90:
89:
88:
62:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3768:
3758:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3633:Western Thrace
3630:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2784:
2777:
2776:
2746:
2721:
2706:
2700:
2682:
2677:
2661:
2642:
2618:
2602:Balkan studies
2596:
2591:
2575:
2570:
2557:
2540:
2525:
2520:
2507:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2459:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2353:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2197:
2185:
2173:
2158:
2146:
2131:
2119:
2102:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1847:Shukarova 2008
1839:
1827:
1812:
1793:
1790:Karaiskaj 1981
1775:
1763:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1685:
1673:
1658:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1604:
1589:
1577:
1562:
1550:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1429:
1417:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:siege on Krujë
1353:or in English
1296:
1293:
1264:Lekë Dukagjini
1249:Piazza Venezia
1230:
1227:
1210:Franz Babinger
1173:
1170:
1111:
1108:
1036:Shkumbin River
1022:
1019:
965:
962:
950:Albania Veneta
793:
790:
786:siege on Krujë
761:Shkumbin River
726:Ottoman Empire
709:
708:
701:
698:
697:
695:
694:
686:
678:
670:
653:
652:
644:
636:
617:
616:
608:
600:
580:
572:
564:
556:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
461:
453:
445:
437:
429:
421:
413:
394:
393:
385:
377:
369:
361:
353:
345:
337:
329:
321:
313:
305:
287:
284:
283:
276:
275:
268:
261:
253:
245:
244:
234:
233:
224:
223:
217:
216:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
203:
202:
198:
197:
178:
172:Lekë Dukagjini
158:
157:
153:
152:
150:Ottoman Empire
147:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
124:
120:
119:
83:
81:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
54:
53:
46:
45:
39:
38:
32:Siege of Krujë
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3767:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Grand Viziers
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3055:Congregations
3053:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2701:0-87169-127-2
2697:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2547:
2543:
2541:99927-1-627-4
2537:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:99943-1-042-9
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2495:Ralph Manheim
2492:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2469:, p. 401
2468:
2463:
2457:, p. 402
2456:
2451:
2449:
2442:, p. 335
2441:
2436:
2430:, p. 457
2429:
2428:Frashëri 2002
2424:
2418:, p. 112
2417:
2412:
2406:, p. 334
2405:
2400:
2394:, p. 217
2393:
2388:
2382:, p. 346
2381:
2376:
2370:, p. 456
2369:
2368:Frashëri 2002
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2351:, p. 455
2350:
2349:Frashëri 2002
2345:
2343:
2336:, p. 345
2335:
2330:
2324:, p. 333
2323:
2318:
2312:, p. 454
2311:
2310:Frashëri 2002
2306:
2304:
2297:, p. 400
2296:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2273:, p. 453
2272:
2271:Frashëri 2002
2267:
2261:, p. 451
2260:
2259:Frashëri 2002
2255:
2249:, p. 399
2248:
2243:
2241:
2234:, p. 216
2233:
2228:
2222:, p. 344
2221:
2216:
2210:, p. 450
2209:
2208:Frashëri 2002
2204:
2202:
2195:, p. 396
2194:
2189:
2183:, p. 449
2182:
2181:Frashëri 2002
2177:
2171:, p. 448
2170:
2169:Frashëri 2002
2165:
2163:
2156:, p. 447
2155:
2154:Frashëri 2002
2150:
2144:, p. 395
2143:
2138:
2136:
2129:, p. 382
2128:
2123:
2117:, p. 111
2116:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2100:, p. 446
2099:
2098:Frashëri 2002
2094:
2092:
2090:
2083:, p. 445
2082:
2081:Frashëri 2002
2077:
2071:, p. 332
2070:
2065:
2059:, p. 442
2058:
2057:Frashëri 2002
2053:
2047:, p. 215
2046:
2041:
2035:, p. 393
2034:
2029:
2023:, p. 441
2022:
2021:Frashëri 2002
2017:
2011:, p. 440
2010:
2009:Frashëri 2002
2005:
1998:
1997:Frashëri 2002
1993:
1987:, p. 391
1986:
1981:
1975:, p. 438
1974:
1973:Frashëri 2002
1969:
1963:, p. 211
1962:
1957:
1951:, p. 437
1950:
1949:Frashëri 2002
1945:
1943:
1936:, p. 212
1935:
1930:
1923:
1922:Frashëri 2002
1918:
1912:, p. 433
1911:
1910:Frashëri 2002
1906:
1900:, p. 331
1899:
1894:
1892:
1885:, p. 253
1884:
1883:Babinger 1978
1879:
1872:
1867:
1861:, p. 181
1860:
1855:
1849:, p. 133
1848:
1843:
1836:
1831:
1825:, p. 279
1824:
1819:
1817:
1810:, p. 431
1809:
1808:Frashëri 2002
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1773:, p. 343
1772:
1767:
1761:, p. 430
1760:
1759:Frashëri 2002
1755:
1753:
1746:, p. 372
1745:
1740:
1734:, p. 330
1733:
1728:
1722:, p. 380
1721:
1716:
1710:, p. 210
1709:
1704:
1698:, p. 429
1697:
1696:Frashëri 2002
1692:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1671:, p. 109
1670:
1665:
1663:
1656:, p. 428
1655:
1654:Frashëri 2002
1650:
1648:
1641:, p. 427
1640:
1639:Frashëri 2002
1635:
1629:, p. 374
1628:
1623:
1617:, p. 426
1616:
1615:Frashëri 2002
1611:
1609:
1602:, p. 110
1601:
1596:
1594:
1587:, p. 425
1586:
1585:Frashëri 2002
1581:
1575:, p. 424
1574:
1573:Frashëri 2002
1569:
1567:
1560:, p. 365
1559:
1554:
1548:, p. 423
1547:
1546:Frashëri 2002
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1529:, p. 422
1528:
1527:Frashëri 2002
1523:
1517:, p. 361
1516:
1511:
1505:, p. 421
1504:
1503:Frashëri 2002
1499:
1497:
1490:, p. 420
1489:
1488:Frashëri 2002
1484:
1478:, p. 419
1477:
1476:Frashëri 2002
1472:
1466:, p. 359
1465:
1460:
1454:, p. 418
1453:
1452:Frashëri 2002
1448:
1442:, p. 417
1441:
1440:Frashëri 2002
1436:
1434:
1427:, p. 363
1426:
1421:
1415:, p. 252
1414:
1413:Babinger 1978
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1295:Final battles
1292:
1290:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:Tanush Thopia
1117:
1116:Marin Barleti
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Idris Bitlisi
1081:
1077:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
970:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
946:provveditores
943:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
888:
884:
883:
877:
875:
871:
867:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
812:
808:
802:
798:
789:
787:
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
706:
705:
699:
690:
687:
682:
679:
674:
671:
666:
663:
662:
661:
657:
648:
645:
640:
637:
632:
629:
628:
627:
623:
622:
612:
609:
604:
601:
595:
588:
584:
581:
576:
573:
568:
565:
560:
557:
551:
544:
537:
533:
530:
525:
522:
517:
514:
509:
506:
501:
498:
493:
490:
485:
482:
476:
469:
465:
462:
457:
454:
449:
446:
441:
438:
433:
430:
425:
422:
417:
414:
409:
406:
405:
404:
400:
399:
389:
386:
381:
380:Muzaka Revolt
378:
373:
370:
365:
364:Kastrioti War
362:
357:
354:
349:
346:
341:
338:
333:
330:
325:
322:
317:
314:
309:
306:
301:
298:
297:
293:
292:
285:
274:
269:
267:
262:
260:
255:
254:
251:
237:
221:
212:
208:
205:
204:
199:
196:
192:
190:
184:
183:
179:
177:Nicolo Moneta
173:
169:
168:Tanush Thopia
165:
164:
160:
159:
154:
151:
148:
146:
142:
139:
138:
133:
125:
122:
121:
116:
86:
82:
79:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3555:20th century
3550:19th century
3545:18th century
3540:17th century
3535:16th century
3530:15th century
3490:Islamization
3248:Mësonjëtorja
3236:Bashi-Bazouk
3197:Other events
3145:
2925:Morea revolt
2817:
2769:, retrieved
2751:
2741:11 September
2739:, retrieved
2711:
2690:
2668:
2649:
2635:, retrieved
2626:
2611:, retrieved
2601:
2582:
2561:
2550:, retrieved
2530:
2511:
2489:
2467:Schmitt 2009
2462:
2455:Schmitt 2009
2435:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2329:
2317:
2295:Schmitt 2009
2290:
2278:
2266:
2254:
2247:Schmitt 2009
2227:
2215:
2193:Schmitt 2009
2188:
2176:
2149:
2142:Schmitt 2009
2127:Schmitt 2009
2122:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2033:Schmitt 2009
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1985:Schmitt 2009
1980:
1968:
1956:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1878:
1873:, p. 71
1866:
1854:
1842:
1830:
1766:
1744:Schmitt 2009
1739:
1727:
1720:Schmitt 2009
1715:
1703:
1676:
1634:
1627:Schmitt 2009
1622:
1580:
1558:Schmitt 2009
1553:
1522:
1515:Schmitt 2009
1510:
1483:
1471:
1464:Schmitt 2009
1459:
1447:
1425:Schmitt 2009
1420:
1381:
1379:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1330:
1322:
1298:
1280:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1215:
1205:
1197:
1187:
1140:Pal Engjëlli
1137:
1113:
1095:
1073:
1045:
1024:
975:
938:Pal Engjëlli
925:Vaikal again
914:
904:Pope Paul II
880:
878:
841:Pope Pius II
837:Papal States
815:
782:
766:Pope Paul II
754:
717:
715:
702:
655:
654:
631:Venetian War
620:
619:
618:
602:
396:
395:
340:Zenevisi War
288:
188:
180:
161:
135:Belligerents
36:
3579:Communities
3253:Nationalism
3214:Balkan Wars
3102:Manastir II
2416:Freely 2009
2380:Franco 1539
2334:Franco 1539
2283:Franco 1539
2220:Franco 1539
2115:Freely 2009
1835:Franco 1539
1823:Setton 1978
1771:Franco 1539
1669:Freely 2009
1600:Freely 2009
1222:Via Egnatia
1128:first siege
882:condottiero
774:Roman Curia
659:(1468–1479)
625:(1447–1462)
402:(1443–1468)
295:(1385–1443)
110: /
3704:Categories
3495:Bektashism
3305:Rum Millet
3097:Manastir I
2819:Background
2669:Skënderbeu
1393:References
1272:consistory
1218:Bayezid II
1166:Skanderbeg
1092:Tursun Bey
1040:Black Drin
1007:Negroponte
958:springalds
817:Skanderbeg
801:Skanderbeg
792:Background
730:Skanderbeg
356:Muzaka War
206:13,400 men
163:Skanderbeg
98:19°47′42″E
95:41°30′27″N
3645:Arbëreshë
3628:Souliotes
3618:Arvanites
3436:Vilayets
3360:Pashaliks
3338:Geography
3320:Stratioti
3293:Kastrioti
3288:Dukagjini
3241:Devshirme
3231:Janissary
3209:Armatoles
3188:Svetigrad
3016:Oranik II
2976:Martinići
2834:Rebellion
2731:276645834
2503:164968842
2440:Noli 1947
2404:Noli 1947
2322:Noli 1947
2069:Noli 1947
1898:Noli 1947
1732:Noli 1947
1355:Upon them
1326:Mat River
1318:patrician
1184:, Albania
1011:Wallachia
868:, one in
857:Mehmed II
855:. Sultan
821:sanjakbey
811:Mehmed II
722:Mehmed II
692:(1478–79)
684:(1477–78)
668:(1473–79)
650:(1460–62)
642:(1456–57)
634:(1447–48)
606:(1466–67)
440:Svetigrad
408:Svetigrad
383:(1437–38)
375:(1432–36)
367:(1428–30)
359:(1415–17)
343:(1414–18)
195:Mehmed II
87:, Albania
3689:Category
3601:Arbanasi
3591:Bulgaria
3507:Nobility
3455:Manastir
3420:Monastir
3415:Ioannina
3381:Sanjaks
3348:Ioannina
3344:Eyalets
3167:Shkodër
3072:Dukagjin
3036:Torvioll
3011:Oranik I
2991:Mokra II
2946:Albulena
2765:archived
2752:Starinar
2735:archived
2688:(1978).
2667:(2009),
2648:(1947),
2631:archived
2607:archived
2581:(1999),
2546:archived
2487:(1978).
1375:Ömer Bey
1162:Istanbul
1147:and the
1145:Dalmatia
1048:Monopoli
1028:Murad II
1003:Dalmatia
990:Ragusans
964:Campaign
942:Signoria
896:devşirme
887:defeated
851:and the
835:and the
750:devşirme
508:Albulena
416:Torvioll
201:Strength
80:Location
49:Part of
3667:Ukraine
3652:Romania
3596:Croatia
3478:Culture
3471:Society
3460:Scutari
3440:Albania
3430:Scutari
3405:Elbasan
3395:Delvina
3385:Albania
3370:Scutari
3353:Rumelia
3258:Albania
3122:Prizren
3117:Preveza
3082:Frashër
3077:Elbasan
3021:Otonetë
3001:Novšiće
2986:Mokra I
2939:Battles
2827:History
2761:1586392
2477:Sources
1347:Embetha
1306:Drivast
1202:Elbasan
1198:Ilbasan
1182:Elbasan
1076:Scutari
1015:Karaman
986:Avlonya
978:Durazzo
929:Kashari
827:. From
757:Elbasan
724:of the
689:Shkodra
673:Shkodra
594:Kashari
468:Modrica
432:Otonetë
189:†
3662:Turkey
3613:Greece
3570:Pashas
3522:People
3512:Tribes
3450:Kosovo
3445:Janina
3410:Görice
3390:Avlona
3375:Yanina
3315:Spahiu
3298:Muzaka
3280:Piracy
3263:Kosovo
3137:Krujë
3131:Sieges
3046:Vaikal
3041:Ulcinj
2996:Murino
2966:Lopate
2961:Kosovo
2951:Ankara
2771:16 May
2759:
2729:
2719:
2698:
2675:
2658:732882
2656:
2637:5 July
2613:16 May
2589:
2568:
2552:16 May
2538:
2518:
2501:
1371:Patras
1367:Lemnos
1363:Imbros
1359:Aegean
1351:Mbë ta
1149:Aegean
1102:each.
1088:Ancona
1080:akıncı
1056:Donika
1052:Apulia
999:Serbia
995:Bosnia
954:ducats
952:3,000
927:, and
917:Vaikal
866:Bosnia
847:under
676:(1474)
665:Himarë
614:(1467)
597:(1465)
590:(1465)
587:Vajkal
578:(1465)
570:(1465)
567:Vajkal
562:(1464)
553:(1462)
546:(1462)
543:Pollog
539:(1462)
527:(1462)
519:(1459)
511:(1457)
503:(1456)
500:Oranik
495:(1455)
487:(1453)
484:Pollog
478:(1452)
471:(1452)
459:(1450)
451:(1448)
448:Oranik
443:(1448)
435:(1446)
427:(1445)
419:(1444)
411:(1443)
391:(1443)
351:(1415)
335:(1395)
327:(1394)
319:(1389)
316:Kosovo
311:(1385)
303:(1375)
209:30,000
185:
123:Result
3657:Syria
3640:Italy
3608:Egypt
3502:Kanun
3425:Ohrid
3400:Dibra
3365:Berat
3163:Berat
3092:Lezhë
3067:Dibra
3062:Dibër
3031:Savra
3026:Polog
3006:Ohrid
2981:Meçad
2956:Deçiq
1302:Lezhë
1206:Jundi
1190:timar
1158:Ohrid
1110:Siege
1096:kulle
1032:Krujë
921:Meçad
874:Morea
870:Ohrid
862:Jajce
829:Krujë
738:Krujë
681:Krujë
611:Krujë
603:Krujë
575:Meçad
559:Ohrid
550:Livad
536:Mokra
524:Mokra
492:Berat
475:Meçad
456:Krujë
424:Mokra
348:Krujë
332:Ohrid
308:Savra
300:Ohrid
85:Krujë
3623:Cham
3485:Besa
3171:1474
3151:1467
3141:1450
3112:Peja
3087:Kuçi
2971:Lumë
2893:1912
2888:1911
2883:1910
2878:1847
2873:1845
2773:2016
2757:OCLC
2743:2017
2727:OCLC
2717:ISBN
2696:ISBN
2673:ISBN
2654:OCLC
2639:2011
2615:2016
2587:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2554:2016
2536:ISBN
2516:ISBN
2499:OCLC
1365:and
1100:akçe
1060:Gjon
768:and
716:The
516:Sati
291:rule
72:Date
3107:Mat
1333:).
1310:Bar
1160:to
1050:in
948:in
864:in
3706::
2763:,
2733:,
2725:,
2625:,
2544:,
2447:^
2356:^
2341:^
2302:^
2239:^
2200:^
2161:^
2134:^
2105:^
2088:^
1941:^
1890:^
1815:^
1796:^
1778:^
1751:^
1688:^
1661:^
1646:^
1607:^
1592:^
1565:^
1534:^
1495:^
1432:^
1401:^
1389:.
1373:.
1320:.
1013:,
1005:,
1001:,
997:,
923:,
919:,
876:.
788:.
592:•
548:•
541:•
473:•
2803:e
2796:t
2789:v
2704:.
2505:.
1200:(
599:)
585:(
555:)
534:(
480:)
466:(
272:e
265:t
258:v
34:.
20:)
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