Law - Knowledge

3554: 1955: 4012: 1183: 1705: 3341: 1000: 2485: 1546: 3203: 4484: 4854:«In one of his elaborate orations in the United States Senate Mr. Charles Sumner spoke of "the generous presumption of the common law in favor of the innocence of an accused person;" yet it must be admitted that such a presumption cannot be found in Anglo-Saxon law, where sometimes the presumption seems to have been the other way. And in a very recent case in the Supreme Court of the United States, the case of Coffin, 156 U. S. 432, it is pointed out that this presumption was fully established in the Roman law, and was preserved in the canon law.» 67: 4050: 4639:, who sought to make clear the differences and connections between positive law, which lawyers learn and apply, and other forms of 'law' or social norms that regulate everyday life, generally preventing conflicts from reaching lawyers and courts. Contemporary research in the sociology of law is concerned with the way that law develops outside discrete state jurisdictions, being produced through social interaction in social arenas, and acquiring a diversity of sources of authority in national and transnational communal networks. 2696: 2364: 2986: 16987: 13777: 4699: 1389: 16951: 15065: 13791: 3171: 2587: 15075: 16976: 4643: 3882: 3662: 1565: 1142:. Hart argued law is a system of rules, divided into primary (rules of conduct) and secondary ones (rules addressed to officials to administer primary rules). Secondary rules are further divided into rules of adjudication (to resolve legal disputes), rules of change (allowing laws to be varied) and the rule of recognition (allowing laws to be identified as valid). Two of Hart's students continued the debate: In his book 2760: 16963: 4591:, where a noisy sweetmaker and a quiet doctor were neighbours and went to court to see who should have to move. Coase said that regardless of whether the judge ruled that the sweetmaker had to stop using his machinery, or that the doctor had to put up with it, they could strike a mutually beneficial bargain about who moves that reaches the same outcome of resource distribution. Only the existence of 4032:

is held by people known as beneficiaries. Trustees owe duties to their beneficiaries to take good care of the entrusted property. Another example of a trustee's duty might be to invest property wisely or sell it. This is especially the case for pension funds, the most important form of trust, where investors are trustees for people's savings until retirement. But trusts can also be set up for

4306: 1620:, was chosen to adjudicate. Decisions were not published in any systematic way, so any case law that developed was disguised and almost unrecognised. Each case was to be decided afresh from the laws of the State, which mirrors the (theoretical) unimportance of judges' decisions for future cases in civil law systems today. From 529 to 534 AD the 2195:, which is present in common law legal systems, especially in the US, and argumentative theories that occur in both systems. The latter are different rules (directives) of legal interpretation such as directives of linguistic interpretation, teleological interpretation or systemic interpretation as well as more specific rules, for instance, 5173: 3736:) means that the personal obligation of contract forms separately from the title of property being conferred. When contracts are invalidated for some reason (e.g. a car buyer is so drunk that he lacks legal capacity to contract) the contractual obligation to pay can be invalidated separately from the proprietary title of the car. 8775: 8320: 3989:, is that it is a right good against the world. Obligations, like contracts and torts, are conceptualised as rights good between individuals. The idea of property raises many further philosophical and political issues. Locke argued that our "lives, liberties and estates" are our property because we own our bodies and 3398:, and the state may do nothing except that which is authorised by law. Administrative law is the chief method for people to hold state bodies to account. People (wheresoever allowed) may potentially have prerogative to legally challenge (or sue) an agency, local council, public service, or government ministry for 4031:

than rigid rules. Whereas neither the common law nor civil law systems allow people to split the ownership from the control of one piece of property, equity allows this through an arrangement known as a trust. Trustees control property whereas the beneficial, or equitable, ownership of trust property

3259:

as the primary UN judicial organ) lack the capacity to penalise disobedience. The prevailing manner of enforcing international law is still essentially "self help"; that is the reaction by states to alleged breaches of international obligations by other states. However, a few bodies, such as the WTO,

2571:

in each house. Normally there will be several readings and amendments proposed by the different political factions. If a country has an entrenched constitution, a special majority for changes to the constitution may be required, making changes to the law more difficult. A government usually leads the

868:

But what, after all, is a law? When I say that the object of laws is always general, I mean that law considers subjects en masse and actions in the abstract, and never a particular person or action. On this view, we at once see that it can no longer be asked whose business it is to make laws, since

4657:

defined his "scientific" approach to law, identifying the "legal rational form" as a type of domination, not attributable to personal authority but to the authority of abstract norms. Formal legal rationality was his term for the key characteristic of the kind of coherent and calculable law that was

4458:

deals with all regulations and technical standards applicable to the safe operation of aircraft, and is an essential part both of pilots' training and pilot's operations. It is framed by national civil aviation acts (or laws), themselves mostly aligned with the recommendations or mandatory standards

1503:

at the expense of private law rights. Due to rapid industrialisation, today China is undergoing a process of reform, at least in terms of economic, if not social and political, rights. A new contract code in 1999 represented a move away from administrative domination. Furthermore, after negotiations

923:

said that it is obvious that it is impossible to define the word "law" and that it is also equally obvious that the struggle to define that word should not ever be abandoned. It is possible to take the view that there is no need to define the word "law" (e.g. "let's forget about generalities and get

4603:

solution. The idea is that law and regulation are not as important or effective at helping people as lawyers and government planners believe. Coase and others like him wanted a change of approach, to put the burden of proof for positive effects on a government that was intervening in the market, by

2920:

Many Muslim countries have developed similar rules about legal education and the legal profession, but some still allow lawyers with training in traditional Islamic law to practice law before personal status law courts. In China and other developing countries there are not sufficient professionally

2834:

Writing in the early 20th century, Max Weber believed that a definitive feature of a developed state had come to be its bureaucratic support. Weber wrote that the typical characteristics of modern bureaucracy are that officials define its mission, the scope of work is bound by rules, and management

2132:

elements of Sharia law. Since the mid-1940s, efforts have been made, in country after country, to bring Sharia law more into line with modern conditions and conceptions. In modern times, the legal systems of many Muslim countries draw upon both civil and common law traditions as well as Islamic law

3505:

Criminal law, also known as penal law, pertains to crimes and punishment. It thus regulates the definition of and penalties for offences found to have a sufficiently deleterious social impact but, in itself, makes no moral judgment on an offender nor imposes restrictions on society that physically

2246:

It is a real unity of them all in one and the same person, made by covenant of every man with every man, in such manner as if every man should say to every man: I authorise and give up my right of governing myself to this man, or to this assembly of men, on this condition; that thou givest up, thy

1785:

of 1215 also required that the King's entourage of judges hold their courts and judgments at "a certain place" rather than dispensing autocratic justice in unpredictable places about the country. A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making under this system, and

2853:

in a court proceeding emanates from this corollary—in England the function of barrister or advocate is distinguished from legal counselor. As the European Court of Human Rights has stated, the law should be adequately accessible to everyone and people should be able to foresee how the law affects

4262:

lay a basic framework for free trade and commerce across the world's oceans and seas, where outside of a country's zone of control. Shipping companies operate through ordinary principles of commercial law, generalised for a global market. Admiralty law also encompasses specialised issues such as

2560:. One criticism of bicameral systems with two elected chambers is that the upper and lower houses may simply mirror one another. The traditional justification of bicameralism is that an upper chamber acts as a house of review. This can minimise arbitrariness and injustice in governmental action. 1872:

also survives in some church communities. Often the implication of religion for law is unalterability, because the word of God cannot be amended or legislated against by judges or governments. Nonetheless, most religious jurisdictions rely on further human elaboration to provide for thorough and

4634:

are key areas for inquiry in this knowledge field. In the United States, the field is usually called law and society studies; in Europe, it is more often referred to as socio-legal studies. At first, jurists and legal philosophers were suspicious of sociology of law. Kelsen attacked one of its

3710:

Civil law jurisdictions treat contracts differently in a number of respects, with a more interventionist role for the state in both the formation and enforcement of contracts. Compared to common law jurisdictions, civil law systems incorporate more mandatory terms into contracts, allow greater

1376:

Codes became the most influential. In contrast to English common law, which consists of enormous tomes of case law, codes in small books are easy to export and easy for judges to apply. However, today there are signs that civil and common law are converging. EU law is codified in treaties, but

2344:

and others reshaped thinking on the extension of state. Modern military, policing and bureaucratic power over ordinary citizens' daily lives pose special problems for accountability that earlier writers such as Locke or Montesquieu could not have foreseen. The custom and practice of the legal

2462:, such as China, the courts are often regarded as parts of the executive, or subservient to the legislature; governmental institutions and actors exert thus various forms of influence on the judiciary. In Muslim countries, courts often examine whether state laws adhere to the Sharia: the 2660:

Although the role of the executive varies from country to country, usually it will propose the majority of legislation, and propose government agenda. In presidential systems, the executive often has the power to veto legislation. Most executives in both systems are responsible for

5166: 3789:. Having consumed half of it, Donoghue poured the remainder into a tumbler. The decomposing remains of a snail floated out. She claimed to have suffered from shock, fell ill with gastroenteritis and sued the manufacturer for carelessly allowing the drink to be contaminated. The 2217:

noted that the "basic pattern of legal reasoning is reasoning by example"—that is, reasoning by comparing outcomes in cases resolving similar legal questions. In a U.S. Supreme Court case regarding procedural efforts taken by a debt collection company to avoid errors, Justice

3052:

wrote of international law, "one of its primary modern sources is found in the responses of ordinary men and women, and of the non-governmental organizations which many of them support, to the human rights abuses they see on the television screen in their living rooms."

3079:, non-governmental organisations, neighbourhoods, churches, and religious associations. There is no clear legal definition of the civil society, and of the institutions it includes. Most of the institutions and bodies who try to give a list of institutions (such as the 7148:(1927) 43; "Equity is a roguish thing. For law we have a measure... equity is according to the conscience of him that is Chancellor, and as that is longer or narrower, so is equity. 'Tis all one as if they should make the standard for the measure a Chancellor's foot." 3984:

This case is used to support the view of property in common law jurisdictions, that the person who can show the best claim to a piece of property, against any contesting party, is the owner. By contrast, the classic civil law approach to property, propounded by

1363:

was formed so that merchants could trade with common standards of practice rather than with the many splintered facets of local laws. The Law Merchant, a precursor to modern commercial law, emphasised the freedom to contract and alienability of property. As

4815:

As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law worldwide. It also forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe and has played an important role in the creation of the idea of a common European culture (Stein,

2657:. In presidential systems, the executive acts as both head of state and head of government, and has power to appoint an unelected cabinet. Under a presidential system, the executive branch is separate from the legislature to which it is not accountable. 2572:

process, which can be formed from Members of Parliament (e.g. the UK or Germany). However, in a presidential system, the government is usually formed by an executive and his or her appointed cabinet officials (e.g. the United States or Brazil).

1634:. As one legal historian wrote, "Justinian consciously looked back to the golden age of Roman law and aimed to restore it to the peak it had reached three centuries before." The Justinian Code remained in force in the East until the fall of the 1746:

systems, legislative statutes are typically more detailed, and judicial decisions are shorter and less detailed, because the adjudicator is only writing to decide the single case, rather than to set out reasoning that will guide future courts.

873:; nor whether the prince is above the law, since he is a member of the State; nor whether the law can be unjust, since no one is unjust to himself; nor how we can be both free and subject to the laws, since they are but registers of our wills. 1464:

also adopted the common law system. The eastern Asia legal tradition reflects a unique blend of secular and religious influences. Japan was the first country to begin modernising its legal system along western lines, by importing parts of the

4291:

is a relatively new field dealing with aspects of international law regarding human activities in Earth orbit and outer space. While at first addressing space relations of countries via treaties, increasingly it is addressing areas such as

3593:

Criminal law offences are viewed as offences against not just individual victims, but the community as well. The state, usually with the help of police, takes the lead in prosecution, which is why in common law countries cases are cited as

3801:

The liability for negligence is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law, you must not injure your neighbour; and the

1164:. Raz argues that law is authority, identifiable purely through social sources and without reference to moral reasoning. In his view, any categorisation of rules beyond their role as authoritative instruments in mediation are best left to 2873:. Modern lawyers achieve distinct professional identity through specified legal procedures (e.g. successfully passing a qualifying examination), are required by law to have a special qualification (a legal education earning the student a 3770:

under civil law systems. To have acted tortiously, one must have breached a duty to another person, or infringed some pre-existing legal right. A simple example might be unintentionally hitting someone with a ball. Under the law of

3614:

are often used to determine the guilt of defendants on points of fact: juries cannot change legal rules. Some developed countries still condone capital punishment for criminal activity, but the normal punishment for a crime will be

3005:

concept of "civil society" dates back to Hobbes and Locke. Locke saw civil society as people who have "a common established law and judicature to appeal to, with authority to decide controversies between them." German philosopher

5168:

Natural Law; or The Science of Justice: A Treatise on Natural Law, Natural Justice, Natural Rights, Natural Liberty, and Natural Society; Showing that All Legislation Whatsoever is an Absurdity, a Usurpation, and a Crime. Part

7338: 3282:

supply chains across borders, as well as trading with overseas businesses, making the question of which country has jurisdiction even more pressing. Increasing numbers of businesses opt for commercial arbitration under the

1840:, from around 1760, was the first scholar to collect, describe, and teach the common law. But merely in describing, scholars who sought explanations and underlying structures slowly changed the way the law actually worked. 3698:

Consideration indicates the fact that all parties to a contract have exchanged something of value. Some common law systems, including Australia, are moving away from the idea of consideration as a requirement. The idea of

1774:

during the late 12th century, when Henry appointed judges that had authority to create an institutionalised and unified system of law common to the country. The next major step in the evolution of the common law came when

14669: 4666:

that as society becomes more complex, the body of civil law concerned primarily with restitution and compensation grows at the expense of criminal laws and penal sanctions. Other notable early legal sociologists included

3970:

ruled that even though the boy could not be said to own the jewel, he should be considered the rightful keeper ("finders keepers") until the original owner is found. In fact the apprentice and the boy both had a right of

3192: 3406:(law, ordinance, policy order). Such challenge vets the ability of actionable authority under the law, and that the government entity observed required procedure. The first specialist administrative court was the 1549:

Colour-coded map of the legal systems around the world, showing civil, common law, religious, customary and mixed legal systems. Common law systems are shaded pink, and civil law systems are shaded blue/turquoise.

2803:). Like the military and police, a legal system's government servants and bodies that make up its bureaucracy carry out the directives of the executive. One of the earliest references to the concept was made by 11601: 3723:

of contracts. They also do not require consideration for a contract to be binding. In France, an ordinary contract is said to form simply on the basis of a "meeting of the minds" or a "concurrence of wills".

1088:. Kelsen believed that although law is separate from morality, it is endowed with "normativity", meaning we ought to obey it. While laws are positive "is" statements (e.g. the fine for reversing on a highway 14164: 13934: 3048:. In post-modern theory, civil society is necessarily a source of law, by being the basis from which people form opinions and lobby for what they believe law should be. As Australian barrister and author 10123: 15566: 15030: 3962:'s boy found a jewel encrusted with precious stones. He took it to a goldsmith to have it valued. The goldsmith's apprentice looked at it, sneakily removed the stones, told the boy it was worth three 3012: 1106: 4370:

became popular and took management of services away from public law, private companies doing the jobs previously controlled by government have been bound by varying degrees of social responsibility.

3966:

and that he would buy it. The boy said he would prefer the jewel back, so the apprentice gave it to him, but without the stones. The boy sued the goldsmith for his apprentice's attempt to cheat him.

2411:. For most European countries the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg can overrule national law, when EU law is relevant. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg allows citizens of the 14493: 14398: 3122: 3075:

the law becomes to the people. The most familiar institutions of civil society include economic markets, profit-oriented firms, families, trade unions, hospitals, universities, schools, charities,

1793:

As time went on, many felt that the common law was overly systematised and inflexible, and increasing numbers of citizens petitioned the King to override the common law. On the King's behalf, the

6071: 4658:

a precondition for modern political developments and the modern bureaucratic state. Weber saw this law as having developed in parallel with the growth of capitalism. Another leading sociologist,

3351:

Constitutional and administrative law govern the affairs of the state. Constitutional law concerns both the relationships between the executive, legislature and judiciary and the human rights or

3284: 3806:'s question, Who is my neighbour? receives a restricted reply. You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. 8190: 6185:. 1a2ae, 90.4. Translated by J G Dawson. Ed d'Entreves. (Basil Blackwell). Latin: "nihil est aliud qau edam rationis ordinatio ad bonum commune, ab eo qi curam communitatis habet, promulgata". 5007:

According to Malloy, Smith established "a classical liberal philosophy that made individuals the key referential sign while acknowledging that we live not alone but in community with others".(

1307:

was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, but its detailed rules were developed by professional jurists and were highly sophisticated. Over the centuries between the rise and decline of the

3636: 2831:" aside, public services such as schooling, health care, policing or public transport are considered a crucial state function making public bureaucratic action the locus of government power. 6636: 3313:. These institutions are allowed the ability to enforce legal norms both against or for member states and citizens in a manner which is not possible through public international law. As the 1534:, typical of modern law, result in the sharing of many features traditionally considered typical of either common law or civil law. The third type of legal system is religious law, based on 14518: 13919: 8510: 6952: 15677: 15040: 2556:

system (as in Australia, Germany or the United States) or different voting configuration in a unitary system (as in France). In the UK the upper house is appointed by the government as a

1530:

In general, legal systems can be split between civil law and common law systems. Modern scholars argue that the significance of this distinction has progressively declined. The numerous

14498: 13939: 10362:

Farah, Paolo (August 2006). "Five Years of China WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives about China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism".

5771: 1125:

because he did not accept the primacy of abstract normative principles over concrete political positions and decisions. Therefore, Schmitt advocated a jurisprudence of the exception (

6487: 3775:, the most common form of tort, the injured party could potentially claim compensation for their injuries from the party responsible. The principles of negligence are illustrated by 2940:

who provides on-demand legal research through a library, a commercial service or freelance work. Many people trained in law put their skills to use outside the legal field entirely.

2745:

refers to states that cannot implement or enforce policies; their police and military no longer control security and order and society moves into anarchy, the absence of government.

14954: 7334: 4622:. It is a transdisciplinary and multidisciplinary study focused on the theorisation and empirical study of legal practices and experiences as social phenomena. The institutions of 977:

argues that law is a rational ordering of things, which concern the common good, that is promulgated by whoever is charged with the care of the community. This definition has both

4571:

trade through bilateral contracts on open markets until the costs of transactions mean that using corporations to produce things is more cost-effective. His second major article,

3981:

belong to someone), but the boy's possessory interest was considered better, because it could be shown to be first in time. Possession may be nine-tenths of the law, but not all.

3427:, councils, or committees deal with policy and procedures facilitating elections. These rules settle disputes or enable the translation of the will of the people into functioning 2811:

The real spirit of the laws in France is that bureaucracy of which the late Monsieur de Gournay used to complain so greatly; here the offices, clerks, secretaries, inspectors and

4351:

set minimum standards on the amounts of capital banks must hold, and rules about best practice for investment. This is to insure against the risk of economic crises, such as the

15169: 11053:

Kaldor, Mary; Anheier, Helmut; Glasius, Marlies (2003). "Global Civil Society in an Era of Regressive Globalisation". In Kaldor, Mary; Anheier, Helmut; Glasius, Marlies (eds.).

2849:

A corollary of the rule of law is the existence of a legal profession sufficiently autonomous to invoke the authority of the independent judiciary; the right to assistance of a

6889: 14388: 9233: 3863:, which occurs, for example, when a newspaper makes unsupportable allegations that damage a politician's reputation. More infamous are economic torts, which form the basis of 2133:

and custom. The constitutions of certain Muslim states, such as Egypt and Afghanistan, recognise Islam as the religion of the state, obliging legislature to adhere to Sharia.

15717: 15581: 14659: 8022: 5140: 4027:

on the other hand, as the King's keeper of conscience, could overrule the judge-made law if he thought it equitable to do so. This meant equity came to operate more through

4120: 14403: 14298: 3318: 2096:, judges, a fully articulated legal code, principles of legal interpretation, and coercive penalties, though it lacks civilly-binding force in most secular jurisdictions. 14488: 5267: 4618:

The sociology of law examines the interaction of law with society and overlaps with jurisprudence, philosophy of law, social theory and more specialised subjects such as

3183: 1786:

compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralised. In 1297, for instance, while the highest court in France had fifty-one judges, the

14190: 7981:(1669), 1 Mod. Rep. 3, 86 Eng. Rep. 684, where a knight said in a threatening tone to a layperson, "If it were not assize time, I would not take such language from you." 3097:

All legal systems deal with the same basic issues, but jurisdictions categorise and identify their legal topics in different ways. A common distinction is that between "

12361: 10931: 4906:

Although many scholars argue that "the boundaries between public and private law are becoming blurred", and that this distinction has become mere "folklore" (Bergkamp,

1538:. The specific system that a country is ruled by is often determined by its history, connections with other countries, or its adherence to international standards. The 1420:(c. 100–300 AD) were foundational treatises in India, and comprise texts considered authoritative legal guidance. Manu's central philosophy was tolerance and 15727: 15464: 15214: 14789: 13954: 4510:

presented a philosophical foundation for explaining the relationship between law and economics. The discipline arose partly out of a critique of trade unions and U.S.

16280: 15687: 15672: 15644: 15035: 14237: 14233: 11570: 4992: 3920:

which allows compensation for a loss, but not a particular thing back. Land law forms the basis for most kinds of property law, and is the most complex. It concerns

7628: 2610:, as with Britain, Italy, Germany, India, and Japan, the executive is known as the cabinet, and composed of members of the legislature. The executive is led by the 15611: 15431: 15301: 14994: 14899: 10651:

Haggard, Stephan; Shugart, Matthew Soberg (2001). "Institutions and Public Policy in Presidential Systems". In Haggard, Stephan; McCubbins, Mathew Daniel (eds.).

5404:

Fox, Jonathan; Sandler, Shmuel (1 April 2005). "Separation of Religion and State in the Twenty-First Century: Comparing the Middle East and Western Democracies".

3274:

a legal dispute between private parties should be heard in and which jurisdiction's law should be applied. Today, businesses are increasingly capable of shifting

1628:

codified and consolidated Roman law up until that point, so that what remained was one-twentieth of the mass of legal texts from before. This became known as the

15707: 15667: 14508: 10092: 8244: 4829:

Civil law jurisdictions recognise custom as "the other source of law"; hence, scholars tend to divide the civil law into the broad categories of "written law" (

15702: 15682: 15436: 15261: 15004: 14664: 14503: 13994: 11827:

Roeber, A. G. (October 2001). "What the Law Requires Is Written on Their Hearts: Noachic and Natural Law among German-Speakers in Early Modern North America".

9022: 8218: 6635:

McAuliffe, Karen (21 February 2013). "Precedent at the Court of Justice of the European Union: The Linguistic Aspect". In Michael Freeman; Fiona Smith (eds.).

4387: 3424: 2943:

Significant to the practice of law in the common law tradition is the legal research to determine the current state of the law. This usually entails exploring

2727:

and public executions to instill communities with fear to maintain control. The first modern police were probably those in 17th-century Paris, in the court of

2433: 1833: 889:

The philosophy of law is commonly known as jurisprudence. Normative jurisprudence asks "what should law be?", while analytic jurisprudence asks "what is law?"

601:

by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a

11918: 7711: 6014: 3071:

is formed. The more people are involved with, concerned by and capable of changing how political power is exercised over their lives, the more acceptable and

15441: 14949: 14869: 14513: 14229: 14094: 13899: 11097: 8438: 581: 9375: 8704: 8674: 5597: 3506:

prevent people from committing a crime in the first place. Investigating, apprehending, charging, and trying suspected offenders is regulated by the law of

14393: 14343: 14109: 13999: 11193: 9267: 7597: 4950:, 719) comments on the League of Nations' failure: "It was wrong to say that the League failed. It was rather the member states who had failed the League." 4796: 4420:) of the turn of the 20th century. It is used to control businesses who attempt to use their economic influence to distort market prices at the expense of 9780: 7058: 15331: 15291: 14959: 14934: 14849: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14323: 14089: 14054: 14039: 14024: 13979: 13914: 11859: 10895: 4116: 3345: 2711:

While military organisations have existed as long as government itself, the idea of a standing police force is a relatively modern concept. For example,

14458: 14220: 11901:

Rottleuthner, Hubert (1984). "Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts. Die Kontroverse zwischen Hans Kelsen und Eugen Ehrlich (1915/17)".

8590: 8081: 4581:

with one another to create the same allocation of resources, regardless of the way a court might rule in property disputes. Coase used the example of a

1156:

concept" that requires judges to find the best fitting and most just solution to a legal dispute, given their Anglo-American constitutional traditions.

1047:, the founder of a purely rationalistic system of natural law, argued that law arises from both a social impulse—as Aristotle had indicated—and reason. 14463: 14378: 14353: 14044: 7850: 2236:, to legal questions. The use of statistical methods in court cases and law review articles has grown massively in importance in the last few decades. 18871: 15576: 15489: 15421: 15346: 14989: 14874: 14626: 14363: 14333: 14144: 14119: 13964: 13944: 13909: 13894: 11166: 2323: 15459: 6066:

Williams, Glanville. International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Meaning of the Word "Law". Revised version published in Laslett (Editor),

4023:

Equity is a body of rules that developed in England separately from the "common law". The common law was administered by judges and barristers. The

3040:

were polar opposites, within the scheme of his dialectic theory of history. The modern dipole state–civil society was reproduced in the theories of

2447:

the constitution and all other laws. But in common law countries, where matters are not constitutional, the judiciary may also create law under the

1492:'s communists who won control of the mainland in 1949. The current legal infrastructure in the People's Republic of China was heavily influenced by 15722: 15281: 15159: 14879: 14859: 14443: 14368: 14348: 14216: 14207: 14198: 14129: 14084: 14014: 14009: 13959: 13879: 10834: 8341: 6652: 1738:(Latin for "to stand by decisions") means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts to assure that similar cases reach similar results. In 8498: 6944: 3572:

Examples of crimes include murder, assault, fraud and theft. In exceptional circumstances defences can apply to specific acts, such as killing in

1670:, modernised their legal codes. Both these codes heavily influenced not only the law systems of the countries in continental Europe, but also the 1575:

Civil law is the legal system used in most countries around the world today. In civil law the sources recognised as authoritative are, primarily,

15697: 15286: 14844: 14759: 14313: 14139: 14074: 14029: 13989: 13884: 5508: 4259: 12485: 8551: 1331:, Roman law was rediscovered around the 11th century when medieval legal scholars began to research Roman codes and adapt their concepts to the 17025: 15616: 15606: 15596: 14969: 14929: 14884: 14433: 14194: 14114: 14004: 13984: 13974: 13889: 11976: 3216:

can refer to three things: public international law, private international law or conflict of laws and the law of supranational organisations.

1826: 16145: 15692: 15649: 15571: 14889: 14556: 14275: 14124: 14034: 13924: 12535: 5452: 12461: 12269:

The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Edited with Introduction by Talcott Parsons – Translated in English by A. M. Henderson)

5745: 12182: 9972: 7179: 6461: 4919:

E.g. in England these seven subjects, with EU law substituted for international law, make up a "qualifying law degree". For criticism, see

3553: 3395: 3384: 3321:, European Union law constitutes "a new legal order of international law" for the mutual social and economic benefit of the member states. 2815:

are not appointed to benefit the public interest, indeed the public interest appears to have been established so that offices might exist.

2618:

of the legislature. Because popular elections appoint political parties to govern, the leader of a party can change in between elections.

12400: 8122: 7732: 5640: 2349:, whilst civil society is a term used to refer to the social institutions, communities and partnerships that form law's political basis. 1739: 1425: 8628: 7812: 6598: 17815: 17456: 10499: 9346: 2187:

There are distinguished methods of legal reasoning (applying the law) and methods of interpreting (construing) the law. The former are

12432: 5837: 5305: 2300:

between the political, legislature and executive bodies. Their principle was that no person should be able to usurp all powers of the

931:

One definition is that law is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behaviour. In

16330: 11446: 10447:

Fine, Tony F. (2001). "The Globalization of Legal Education in the United States". In Drolshammer, Jens I.; Pfeifer, Michael (eds.).

7991: 6878: 4927: 4495: 4460: 2835:

is composed of career experts who manage top down, communicating through writing and binding public servants' discretion with rules.

2287: 907:

suggested that no such definition could be produced. McCoubrey and White said that the question "what is law?" has no simple answer.

574: 9361: 6856: 1721: 18000: 13758: 12377: 9153: 8749: 7096: 2443:

A judiciary is theoretically bound by the constitution, just as all other government bodies are. In most countries judges may only

8026: 7754: 7659: 6922: 1277:. However, Athens had no legal science or single word for "law", relying instead on the three-way distinction between divine law ( 18608: 17910: 15538: 15111: 14979: 14523: 11318: 11076: 7816: 6292: 5104: 4011: 2738: 2429: 2379:

A judiciary is a number of judges mediating disputes to determine outcome. Most countries have systems of appeal courts, with an

1396:

is the longest written constitution for a country, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules, numerous amendments and 117,369 words.

1242:, by codifying and inscribing it in stone. Hammurabi placed several copies of his law code throughout the kingdom of Babylon as 18029: 13856: 10946: 6362: 6095: 6025: 5257: 3940:

and the statutory systems for land registration. Regulations on the use of personal property fall under intellectual property,

3080: 2065: 1954: 1836:

have always played an important part, both to collect overarching principles from dispersed case law, and to argue for change.

1770:, the law varied shire-to-shire based on disparate tribal customs. The concept of a "common law" developed during the reign of 904: 493: 10230:

Curtin, Deirdre; Wessel, Ramses A. (2005). "A Survey of the Content of Good Governance for some International Organisations".

8979: 8023:"Des Sergents de Ville et Gardiens de la Paix à la Police de Proximité : la Préfecture de Police au Service des Citoyens" 7447: 1182: 1015:

answer was that law is "commands, backed by threat of sanctions, from a sovereign, to whom people have a habit of obedience".

18017: 16232: 16217: 12509: 12389: 12333: 12322: 12233: 12211: 12171: 12143: 12124: 12096: 12064: 12038: 12019: 11817: 11755: 11724: 11705: 11683: 11664: 11636: 11559: 11540: 11517: 11495: 11404: 11348: 11306: 11274: 11182: 11156: 11110: 11086: 11062: 11043: 11024: 11001: 10976: 10920: 10881: 10862: 10814: 10795: 10697: 10679: 10660: 10641: 10619: 10600: 10581: 10546: 10527: 10479: 10456: 10437: 10412: 10340: 10318: 10296: 10277: 10258: 10239: 10220: 10198: 10176: 10054: 10035: 10016: 9997: 9909: 9887: 9866: 9847: 9828: 9809: 9715: 9696: 8945: 7568: 7216: 6481: 4096: 3518:, that a person is guilty of two things. First, the accused must commit an act which is deemed by society to be criminal, or 2463: 1023:, argue that law reflects essentially moral and unchangeable laws of nature. The concept of "natural law" emerged in ancient 201: 11034:

Kaiser, Dagmar (2005). "Leistungsstōrungen". In Staudinger, Julius von; Martinek, Michael; Beckmann, Roland Michael (eds.).

9946: 4975: 4171:

covers marriage and divorce proceedings, the rights of children and rights to property and money in the event of separation.

3550:), and negligence. Negligence does not carry criminal responsibility unless a particular crime provides for its punishment. 3255:. Public international law has a special status as law because there is no international police force, and courts (e.g. the 3170: 2677:. The election of a different executive is therefore capable of revolutionising an entire country's approach to government. 1368:

grew in the 18th and 19th centuries, the Law Merchant was incorporated into countries' local law under new civil codes. The

16227: 16198: 16155: 15779: 14704: 8386:

Zaleski, Pawel (2008). "Tocqueville on Civilian Society. A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality".

8197: 7691: 1273:, from about the 8th century BC was the first society to be based on broad inclusion of its citizenry, excluding women and 567: 14079: 9665: 9436: 5339: 3309:—seek to follow a similar model. In the EU, sovereign nations have gathered their authority in a system of courts and the 18718: 18628: 15712: 11427: 9941: 7616: 5222: 4756: 4100: 3692: 3025: 2804: 2625:

is apart from the executive, and symbolically enacts laws and acts as representative of the nation. Examples include the

2396: 18743: 7248: 3683:(agreements must be kept). In common law jurisdictions, three key elements to the creation of a contract are necessary: 17018: 7395: 4196:

sprang from the law of trusts, on the principle of separating ownership of property and control. The law of the modern

2384: 1469:, but mostly the German Civil Code. This partly reflected Germany's status as a rising power in the late 19th century. 911:

said that the meaning of the word "law" depends on the context in which that word is used. He said that, for example, "

8240: 1913:

or Five Books of Moses. This contains the basic code of Jewish law, which some Israeli communities choose to use. The

1704: 1408:

represent distinct traditions of law, and have historically had independent schools of legal theory and practice. The

16170: 14549: 14448: 14268: 13184: 12742: 12641: 11954: 10154: 8214: 6733: 6708: 6646: 6592: 6203: 6054: 5944: 5868: 5765: 5483: 3244: 1729: 1646:

used to interpret their own laws. Civil law codifications based closely on Roman law, alongside some influences from

12190:. Washington DC: Center for the Study of Voluntary Organisations and Services, Georgetown University. Archived from 11926: 11458: 9081: 9054: 3843:

Another example of tort might be a neighbour making excessively loud noises with machinery on his property. Under a

1265:

dates back to 1280 BC and takes the form of moral imperatives as recommendations for a good society. The small

18688: 17138: 16967: 13298: 13167: 10556: 8467: 4491: 2894: 2489: 2257: 2070: 1421: 1332: 12010:

Sherif, Adel Omar (2005). "Constitutions of Arab Countries and the Position of Sharia". In Yassari, Nadjma (ed.).

11116: 8435: 1152:

attacked Hart and the positivists for their refusal to treat law as a moral issue. Dworkin argues that law is an "

17644: 17495: 16903: 16275: 16123: 13753: 13100: 13001: 9382: 8696: 8666: 4712: 4153:

concern the rights of foreigners to live and work in a nation-state that is not their own and to acquire or lose

3206: 2175:. Academic opinion is divided on whether it is a separate system from civil law, given major deviations based on 1822: 1008: 942: 16991: 11232: 9777: 9264: 4837:) or custom. Yet they tend to dismiss custom as being of slight importance compared to legislation (Georgiadis, 1642:

and Germanic customary law until the Justinian Code was rediscovered in the 11th century, which scholars at the

18845: 18698: 17584: 16860: 16514: 16355: 16150: 15239: 13260: 12894: 11620: 9687:

Akhlaghi, Behrooz (2005). "Iranian Commercial Law and the New Investment Law FIPPA". In Yassari, Nadjma (ed.).

7066: 5585: 5476:

Sharia incorporated: a comparative overview of the legal systems of twelve Muslim countries in past and present

4201: 4104: 4074: 3256: 2968: 2650: 2211: 1790:

had five. This powerful and tight-knit judiciary gave rise to a systematised process of developing common law.

1521: 634: 458: 11882: 10903: 5201:

Revus. Journal for Constitutional Theory and Philosophy of Law / Revija za ustavno teorijo in filozofijo prava

4563:(1937), argued that the reason for the existence of firms (companies, partnerships, etc.) is the existence of 4277:

aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services. These are legal rights (

3340: 1051:

believed a moral imperative requires laws "be chosen as though they should hold as universal laws of nature".

18885: 18758: 17980: 17011: 16467: 16323: 14999: 14338: 12613: 10824: 8582: 8073: 4649:, who began his career as a lawyer, and is regarded as one of the founders of sociology and sociology of law 4065:

is the study of a tripartite industrial relationship between worker, employer and trade union. This involves

3904:, refers to everything else; movable objects, such as computers, cars, jewelry or intangible rights, such as 3822: 3007: 2172: 1978: 1818: 1787: 9219: 7842: 3067:

allow people to gather, discuss, criticise and hold to account their governments, from which the basis of a

2921:

trained people to staff the existing judicial systems, and, accordingly, formal standards are more relaxed.

2819:

Cynicism over "officialdom" is still common, and the workings of public servants is typically contrasted to

1160:, on the other hand, defended the positivist outlook and criticised Hart's "soft social thesis" approach in 18917: 18783: 18778: 18472: 17510: 17143: 16808: 16718: 14542: 14261: 13420: 12899: 12226:

Economy and Society, Volume I (Translated and edited by Claus Wittich, Ephraim Fischoff, and Guenther Roth)

8983: 4996: 4108: 3640: 3224: 3148: 2700: 2630: 2134: 1481: 994: 696:

has influenced secular matters and is, as of the 21st century, still in use in some religious communities.

7790: 6581:

Clarke, M. A.; Hooley, R. J. A.; Munday, R. J. C.; Sealy, L. S.; Tettenborn, A. M.; Turner, P. G. (2017).

2063:. The Eastern Catholic Churches, which developed different disciplines and practices, are governed by the 1724:

legal systems, decisions by courts are explicitly acknowledged as "law" on equal footing with legislative

18798: 18793: 18578: 16360: 16181: 15531: 15104: 13415: 10785: 10007:

Campbell, Tom D. (1993). "The Contribution of Legal Studies". In Robert E. Goodin; Philip Pettit (eds.).

8811: 8338: 7846: 3729: 3542:

is enough. Criminal systems of the civil law tradition distinguish between intention in the broad sense (

3535: 3391: 3252: 3236: 2741:. The military and police carry out enforcement at the request of the government or the courts. The term 2634: 2528: 2424: 2282: 2137:, and is governed on the basis of Islamic law. Iran has also witnessed a reiteration of Islamic law into 2000: 1929: 1779:

was forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws. This "great charter" or

967:

defined law as "the prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious." In his

17: 10828: 3627:. Modern criminal law has been affected considerably by the social sciences, especially with respect to 17463: 17123: 13849: 13390: 12889: 11964: 11829: 11451:"Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7" 9988:

Brody, David C.; Acker, James R.; Logan, Wayne A. (2001). "Introduction to the Study of Criminal Law".

7311: 4573: 4523: 4293: 4088: 3986: 3125:. International, constitutional and administrative law, criminal law, contract, tort, property law and 2437: 2407: 2392: 2016: 1678:

legal traditions. Today, countries that have civil law systems range from Russia and Turkey to most of

525: 432: 17780: 10704:

Harris, Ron (September 1994). "The Bubble Act: Its Passage and Its Effects on Business Organization".

9930:. New York, Chicago, Commerce Clearing House, Loose leaf Service division of the Corporation Trust Co. 9061: 5500: 4204:, passed in the United Kingdom, which provided investors with a simple registration procedure to gain 2827:. In fact private companies, especially large ones, also have bureaucracies. Negative perceptions of " 2145:

has been the call to restore the Sharia, which has generated a vast amount of literature and affected

1666: 1373: 17827: 17770: 17355: 16622: 16350: 16285: 16237: 15505: 15376: 15189: 14453: 13473: 12477: 11194:"Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral: Beyond Reason and Postmodernism – Chapter: Cycles of Economic Thought" 9800:

Auby, Jean-Bernard (2002). "Administrative Law in France". In Stroink, F.A.M.; Seerden, René (eds.).

9260: 8548: 8048: 7689:

Book XI: Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution, Chapters 6–7

7207:

Ferrari, Silvio (2012). "Chapter 4: Canon Law as a Religious Legal System". In Huxley, Andrew (ed.).

5975: 5531: 4352: 4314: 4274: 3990: 3867:

in some countries by making trade unions liable for strikes, when statute does not provide immunity.

3632: 3452: 3408: 3368: 3314: 3305:. Given the trend of increasing global economic integration, many regional agreements—especially the 2452: 1525: 1382: 1311:, law was adapted to cope with the changing social situations and underwent major codification under 1274: 999: 964: 194: 11968: 4880:

About "cabinet accountability" in both presidential and parliamentary systems, see Shugart–Haggard,

3889:, one of the world's first ever speculations and crashes, led to strict regulation on share trading. 18668: 16955: 16803: 16793: 16590: 16316: 16270: 15919: 15772: 14721: 14697: 14573: 14408: 13268: 13250: 8820: 6046: 4550: 4412:

doctrine. Modern competition law derives from the U.S. anti-cartel and anti-monopoly statutes (the

4379: 4133:

concern the rules that courts must follow as a trial and appeals proceed. Both concern a citizen's

4069:

regulation, and the right to strike. Individual employment law refers to workplace rights, such as

3967: 3963: 3587: 3525: 3456: 3356: 3302: 3267: 3248: 3220: 3162: 3114: 2824: 2484: 2418:

Some countries allow their highest judicial authority to overrule legislation they determine to be

2401: 2204: 2082: 2047: 1750:

Common law originated from England and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the

1743: 1559: 1505: 903:

There have been several attempts to produce "a universally acceptable definition of law". In 1972,

898: 779: 756: 673: 520: 478: 282: 275: 13602: 12531: 5441:"Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Church of the Province of Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia" 5440: 3260:

have effective systems of binding arbitration and dispute resolution backed up by trade sanctions.

1542:

that jurisdictions adopt as authoritatively binding are the defining features of any legal system.

692:, although on occasion this may be overturned by a higher court or the legislature. Historically, 18648: 18568: 17985: 17574: 17485: 16986: 16765: 16653: 16548: 15601: 15386: 13643: 13430: 12919: 12904: 12453: 11942: 11674:

Rasekh, Mohammad (2005). "Are Islamism and Republicanism Compatible?". In Yassari, Nadjma (ed.).

5980: 5361:

Berman, Harold J. (1983). "Religious Foundations of Law in the West: An Historical Perspective".

4310: 4249: 3644: 3582: 3448: 3002: 2929: 2890: 2731:, although the Paris Prefecture of Police claim they were the world's first uniformed policemen. 2615: 2533:

in Paris. By the principle of representative government people vote for politicians to carry out

2388: 2314: 2012: 1933: 1484:

retains the closest affinity to the codifications from that period, because of the split between

1473: 367: 297: 148: 112: 18382: 12570: 12191: 9966: 7176: 1813:. At first, equity was often criticised as erratic. Over time, courts of equity developed solid 1608:

in the 6th century, which were rediscovered by 11th century Italy. Roman law in the days of the

17975: 17955: 17805: 17475: 17103: 16875: 16595: 16423: 16058: 15524: 15479: 15296: 15097: 13698: 13683: 9767: 8882: 4968: 4731: 4623: 4600: 4559: 4245: 3072: 3068: 3060: 2581: 2512: 2444: 2292: 2051: 2003:, for the government of a Christian organisation or church and its members. It is the internal 1969: 1153: 1092:€500); law tells us what we "should" do. Thus, each legal system can be hypothesised to have a 38: 17842: 16296: 12412: 12408: 11331: 8119: 7813:"Entscheidungen des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (Decisions of the Federal Constitutional Court)" 5757: 1007:

Definitions of law often raise the question of the extent to which law incorporates morality.

18129: 18084: 17895: 17490: 16798: 16788: 16750: 16723: 16685: 16658: 16568: 16477: 16396: 16386: 16134: 13842: 13802: 13395: 13073: 12884: 11914: 11228: 10391: 8613: 7820: 6582: 5996: 4893:

In these cases sovereignty is eroded, and often warlords acquire excessive powers (Fukuyama,

4684: 4227: 4134: 4066: 3786: 3573: 3565: 3515: 3049: 3041: 2994: 2878: 2764: 2666: 2448: 2088:

Roman Catholic canon law is a fully developed legal system, with all the necessary elements:

1960: 1776: 1643: 1545: 1480:

in the form of six private law codes based mainly on the Japanese model of German law. Today

1393: 1294: 1020: 760: 503: 442: 17945: 12084: 10493: 6915:"Alphabetical Index of the 192 United Nations Member States and Corresponding Legal Systems" 6473: 2141:

after 1979. During the last few decades, one of the fundamental features of the movement of

1027:

concurrently and in connection with the notion of justice, and re-entered the mainstream of

18638: 18518: 18287: 18094: 17935: 17862: 17554: 17515: 17500: 17034: 16745: 16585: 16558: 16553: 16450: 16290: 16265: 16222: 14565: 14284: 13523: 12869: 12401:"The ideal of good government in Luigi Einaudi's Thought and Life: Between Law and Freedom" 10232:

Good Governance and the European Union: Reflections on Concepts, Institutions and Substance

9187: 5829: 5294: 4963: 4542:, and are hostile to state regulation or what they see as restrictions on the operation of 4519: 4348: 3777: 3720: 3684: 3413: 3092: 2902: 2642: 2626: 2607: 2591: 2508: 2455:, whereby the unelected judiciary may not overturn law passed by a democratic legislature. 2368: 2297: 2176: 2138: 2089: 1655: 1630: 508: 187: 31: 18109: 7999: 4924: 4285:) which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, literary and artistic fields. 2203:. There are also many other arguments and cannons of interpretation which altogether make 8: 18828: 18708: 18678: 18598: 18124: 18064: 17385: 17305: 16925: 16919: 16845: 16760: 16705: 16580: 16445: 16391: 16209: 16175: 16140: 15954: 15765: 15403: 15019: 14914: 14690: 14647: 14104: 13678: 12818: 12735: 11474: 6834: 5501:"Religious Legal Systems in Comparative Law: A Guide to Introductory Research – GlobaLex" 4781: 4427: 3900:, sometimes called 'real estate', refers to ownership of land and things attached to it. 3679: 3670: 3310: 3275: 3202: 2728: 2654: 2646: 2638: 2568: 2524: 1990: 1771: 1068: 912: 880: 665: 437: 336: 313: 217: 17872: 12428: 8727: 7088: 2932:

as a sole practitioner, in a government post or in a private corporation as an internal

2330:

took the separation of powers further by having two additional branches of government—a

1612:

and Empire was heavily procedural, and lacked a professional legal class. Instead a lay

18840: 18835: 18818: 18813: 18282: 17790: 17727: 16870: 16435: 16160: 16128: 15929: 15914: 15591: 15361: 14839: 14834: 14729: 14483: 14303: 13929: 13493: 13152: 13006: 12991: 12969: 12713: 12693: 12646: 12636: 12353: 12301: 12293: 12111: 11846: 11805: 11793: 11785: 11593: 11528: 11383: 11216: 11170: 10988: 10966: 10769: 10742: 10729: 10721: 10570: 10424: 10379: 10115: 10080: 9962: 9742: 9283: 9204: 9145: 9117: 7761: 7651: 7533: 7092: 6914: 6250: 6233: 5950: 5909: 5810: 5721: 5704: 5680: 5663: 5559: 5551: 5421: 5386: 5378: 5132: 5085: 4587: 4483: 4409: 4318: 4130: 3954: 3507: 3436: 3335: 3331: 3290: 3279: 3232: 3158: 3118: 2964: 2820: 2611: 2229: 2142: 2129: 2020: 1937: 1837: 1639: 1580: 1500: 1448:

legal tradition, along with Islamic law, were both supplanted by common law when India

1298: 1258:

and translated into various languages, including English, Italian, German, and French.

1138: 1126: 1084: 933: 908: 724: 720: 677: 555: 473: 468: 253: 18272: 11455:

The Spirit of Laws (translated in English by Thomas Nugent, revised by J. V. Prichard)

6284: 4680: 4049: 2861:

is typically overseen by either a government or independent regulating body such as a

1928:

to use religious laws only if they choose. Canon law is only in use by members of the

1414:, probably compiled around 100 AD (although it contains older material), and the 18803: 18748: 18588: 18377: 18039: 17965: 17940: 17742: 17544: 16840: 16835: 16823: 16818: 16690: 16680: 16600: 16543: 16487: 16025: 16008: 15934: 15924: 15876: 15271: 15251: 15154: 15074: 14829: 14779: 14749: 14739: 14169: 13478: 13400: 13238: 12981: 12976: 12929: 12854: 12848: 12688: 12606: 12404: 12385: 12318: 12305: 12229: 12207: 12167: 12139: 12120: 12092: 12085: 12034: 12015: 11950: 11813: 11797: 11751: 11720: 11701: 11679: 11660: 11632: 11625: 11555: 11536: 11513: 11491: 11400: 11375: 11344: 11302: 11270: 11224: 11178: 11152: 11135: 11106: 11082: 11058: 11039: 11020: 11013: 10997: 10972: 10916: 10877: 10858: 10810: 10791: 10773: 10733: 10693: 10675: 10656: 10637: 10615: 10596: 10577: 10542: 10523: 10475: 10467: 10452: 10433: 10408: 10387: 10383: 10336: 10314: 10292: 10273: 10254: 10235: 10216: 10194: 10172: 10150: 10119: 10050: 10031: 10012: 9993: 9924: 9905: 9883: 9862: 9843: 9824: 9805: 9711: 9692: 9137: 7564: 7391: 7212: 6729: 6704: 6642: 6588: 6477: 6199: 6050: 5940: 5901: 5864: 5802: 5761: 5726: 5685: 5479: 5390: 5214: 5124: 5077: 4943: 4771: 4592: 4478: 4437: 4431: 4205: 4174: 4016: 3901: 3860: 3737: 3677:

Contract law concerns enforceable promises, and can be summed up in the Latin phrase

3624: 3460: 3294: 3240: 3213: 3142: 3064: 3056: 2428:, the United States Supreme Court nullified many state statutes that had established 2419: 2412: 2327: 2305: 2111: 2032: 2024: 1860:

Religious law is explicitly based on religious precepts. Examples include the Jewish

1810: 1596: 1531: 1437: 1328: 1290: 1270: 1250:. The most intact copy of these stelae was discovered in the 19th century by British 1247: 1191: 861: 637:

to standard court litigation. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a

463: 427: 401: 331: 263: 175: 122: 86: 81: 17857: 12447: 11387: 11294: 11220: 10306: 8194: 6354: 5563: 4659: 3740:

law, rather than contract law, is then used to restore title to the rightful owner.

3371:, have no such document. A "constitution" is simply those laws which constitute the 1351:) were compiled for guidance. In medieval England, royal courts developed a body of 919:" were contexts where the word "law" had two different and irreconcilable meanings. 18922: 18808: 18738: 18508: 18427: 18422: 18347: 18322: 18267: 18257: 18247: 18217: 18197: 18187: 18054: 18049: 18007: 17950: 17747: 17430: 17425: 17400: 17345: 17320: 16855: 16700: 16675: 16482: 16472: 16462: 16092: 15561: 15469: 15266: 15045: 14924: 14919: 14799: 14636: 14581: 13483: 13450: 12949: 12813: 12808: 12773: 12345: 12285: 11874: 11838: 11777: 11765: 11597: 11585: 11414: 11367: 11327: 11208: 10761: 10713: 10629: 10515: 10371: 10208: 10186: 10164: 10107: 10076: 9734: 9129: 8987: 8739: 7556: 7525: 7455: 6846: 6469: 6225: 5984: 5932: 5893: 5753: 5716: 5675: 5632: 5543: 5413: 5370: 5204: 5162: 5116: 5069: 4676: 4613: 4577:(1960), argued that if we lived in a world without transaction costs, people would 4564: 4421: 4112: 4092: 4033: 4028: 3973: 3925: 3886: 3712: 3577: 3488: 3472: 3444: 3263: 3154: 2990: 2948: 2874: 2844: 2712: 2674: 2670: 2553: 2467: 2335: 2273: 1855: 1814: 1635: 1621: 1601: 1461: 1457: 1227: 1218:

speech, social equality and impartiality. By the 22nd century BC, the ancient

1064: 1060: 1024: 978: 783: 602: 127: 66: 18412: 12501: 12049: 9877: 8942: 6032:. Third Edition. Stevens & Sons. London. 1972. Second Impression. 1975. p. 39. 5954: 5884:

Pound, Roscoe (1914). "The End of Law as Developed in Legal Rules and Doctrines".

5744:

Gordley, James (16 November 2006). Reimann, Mathias; Zimmermann, Reinhard (eds.).

3847:

claim the noise could be stopped. Torts can also involve intentional acts such as

1129:), which denied that legal norms could encompass all of the political experience. 1071:, who rejected the principle of equality, and believed that law emanates from the 1067:; that real law is entirely separate from "morality". Kant was also criticised by 786:. Law also raises important and complex issues concerning equality, fairness, and 18865: 18538: 18457: 18417: 18387: 18372: 18337: 18332: 18302: 18277: 18262: 18237: 18222: 18157: 18134: 18119: 18104: 18089: 17960: 17915: 17900: 17890: 17712: 17707: 17564: 17559: 17539: 17527: 16865: 16632: 16627: 16440: 16097: 16087: 16046: 15998: 15849: 15822: 15474: 15391: 15341: 15316: 15174: 14939: 14894: 14864: 14764: 14616: 14601: 14428: 14308: 13969: 13732: 13705: 13693: 13673: 13607: 13585: 13565: 13560: 13540: 13405: 13385: 13380: 13283: 13243: 12954: 12879: 12803: 12788: 12708: 12539: 10781: 10142: 10088: 10064: 9936: 9802:

Administrative Law of the European Union, its Member States and the United States

9784: 9271: 9058: 8949: 8901: 8555: 8442: 8345: 8201: 8126: 7695: 7602: 7183: 7158: 4979: 4972: 4931: 4668: 4568: 4527: 4393: 4359: 4344: 4330: 4209: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4126: 4024: 3905: 3836: 3829: 3711:

latitude for courts to interpret and revise contract terms and impose a stronger

3484: 3399: 3352: 3016: 2862: 2858: 2772: 2459: 2268:, representative parliaments, an accountable executive, the military and police, 2222:

cautioned that "legal reasoning is not a mechanical or strictly linear process".

2219: 2188: 2164: 2146: 2008: 1794: 1767: 1755: 1709: 1679: 1569: 1517: 1485: 1369: 1144: 1110: 1037: 1028: 969: 955: 685: 669: 598: 515: 422: 406: 346: 7688: 7560: 2695: 2383:

as the ultimate judicial authority. In the United States, this authority is the

2042:

The Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the

18855: 18763: 18753: 18482: 18357: 18342: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18252: 18227: 18182: 18162: 18024: 17995: 17970: 17925: 17905: 17867: 17822: 17702: 17692: 17549: 17380: 17193: 16980: 16828: 16740: 16735: 16492: 16413: 16408: 16339: 15980: 15964: 15626: 15547: 15381: 15371: 15321: 15234: 15229: 15219: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15179: 15164: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 14964: 14744: 14734: 14631: 14606: 14586: 14438: 14099: 14069: 14059: 14049: 13904: 13809: 13617: 13535: 13124: 13090: 13041: 13026: 12798: 12703: 12683: 12673: 11781: 11734: 11488:

The Athenian Revolution: Essays on Ancient Greek Democracy and Political Theory

11418: 10489: 10328: 9676: 9432: 5861:

Merging law and sociology : beyond the dichotomies in socio-legal research

4791: 4766: 4761: 4751: 4672: 4515: 4487: 4445: 4441: 4264: 4235: 4215: 4140: 3949: 3933: 3852: 3848: 3790: 3725: 3716: 3628: 3620: 3561: 3557: 3464: 3364: 3298: 3037: 2937: 2898: 2886: 2662: 2603: 2557: 2363: 2301: 2214: 2121: 2036: 2031:

varies widely among these three bodies of churches. In all three traditions, a

2004: 1751: 1609: 1592: 1539: 1453: 1266: 1255: 1251: 1239: 1149: 1052: 1032: 1012: 1003:

Bentham's utilitarian theories remained dominant in law until the 20th century.

974: 946: 945:

said law was "the command of a sovereign, backed by the threat of a sanction";

920: 752: 704:

principles is used as the primary legal system in several countries, including

488: 10765: 10717: 6945:"The Economist explains: What is the difference between common and civil law?" 6851: 5331: 5196: 1917:

is a code of Jewish law that summarizes some of the Talmud's interpretations.

1797:

started giving judgments to do what was equitable in a case. From the time of

18906: 18788: 18618: 18528: 18477: 18447: 18437: 18367: 18362: 18352: 18212: 18202: 18192: 18167: 18034: 18012: 17930: 17837: 17810: 17795: 17737: 17420: 16931: 16887: 16850: 16780: 16755: 16665: 16563: 16509: 16504: 16203: 15621: 15484: 15426: 15366: 15356: 15336: 15326: 15311: 15306: 15256: 15224: 15209: 15184: 15120: 15068: 15009: 14944: 14909: 14824: 14774: 14754: 14611: 14591: 14383: 14373: 14318: 14134: 13865: 13663: 13622: 13508: 13488: 13460: 13410: 13375: 13349: 13344: 13337: 13288: 13228: 13068: 13058: 13016: 12939: 12934: 12864: 12823: 12747: 11627:

Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy

11477:(1887). "Zweite Abhandlung: "Schuld", "schlechtes Gewissen" und Verwandtes". 11371: 11072: 10891: 10350: 9141: 7388:

he Medieval Origins of the Legal Profession: Canonists, Civilians, and Courts

7256: 6673:

For discussion of the composition and dating of these sources, see Olivelle,

6266: 6216:

Taylor, T. W. (January 1896). "The Conception of Morality in Jurisprudence".

5988: 5905: 5806: 5730: 5689: 5218: 5128: 5081: 4867:, 11–12). About the notion of "judicial independence" in China, see Findlay, 4636: 4631: 4539: 4371: 4367: 4334: 4282: 4255: 4223: 4219: 4197: 4162: 3959: 3941: 3897: 3688: 3607: 3476: 3468: 3440: 3360: 3306: 3239:, such as the United Nations (which was established after the failure of the 3033: 2980: 2951:

and legislation. Law practice also involves drafting documents such as court

2910: 2792: 2622: 2538: 2497: 2380: 2309: 2277: 2200: 2179:

ideology, such as subordinating the judiciary to the executive ruling party.

2158: 2043: 1906: 1877:

has some law, and it acts as a source of further law through interpretation,

1849: 1759: 1734: 1725: 1683: 1647: 1496: 1433: 1348: 1312: 1262: 1207: 1177: 1133: 1072: 1048: 938: 916: 857: 771: 693: 540: 530: 341: 171: 107: 91: 15744: 12050:"The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law: Is Restitution a Right or a Remedy" 11992:

Schermers, Henry G.; Blokker, Niels M. (1995). "Supervision and Sanctions".

11878: 10932:"Economic Ideas and the Labour Market – Chapter: Cycles of Economic Thought" 7374:

Studies in the Civil Law, and its Relation to the Law of England and America

2594:

meetings are composed of representatives of each country's executive branch.

18912: 18768: 18452: 18442: 18432: 18297: 18292: 18232: 18207: 18177: 18172: 18079: 18074: 17920: 17800: 17534: 17470: 17340: 17330: 17325: 17244: 17234: 17178: 17068: 16730: 16670: 16418: 16376: 16258: 16253: 16165: 16030: 16018: 15802: 15586: 15396: 15351: 15276: 15246: 15050: 14904: 14819: 14794: 14784: 14769: 14596: 14358: 14064: 14019: 13949: 13795: 13545: 13513: 13468: 13206: 13201: 13172: 13085: 13063: 13031: 12964: 12944: 12838: 12778: 12768: 12720: 12678: 12656: 12599: 12106: 11379: 11248: 11096:

Karkatsoulis, Panagioti (2004). "Civil Society and New Public Management".

10896:"Chapter XVII: Of the Causes, Generation, and Definition of a Commonwealth" 10400: 6102:. Third Edition. Stevens & Sons. London. 1972. Second Impression. 1975. 5636: 4627: 4554: 4535: 4455: 4405: 4401: 4240: 4084: 4078: 4070: 4002: 3921: 3876: 3815: 3500: 3420: 3372: 3271: 3228: 3193:

Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

2985: 2882: 2768: 2742: 2720: 2716: 2704: 2549: 2542: 2470:

ensures the compatibility of the legislation with the "criteria of Islam".

2331: 2168: 2117: 2093: 2055: 1806: 1699: 1671: 1588: 1493: 1477: 1410: 1401: 1360: 1320: 1308: 1203: 1118: 1044: 870: 728: 709: 661:

in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people.

638: 535: 386: 243: 162: 117: 50: 9073: 9051: 8744: 6019: 4726: 4268: 3810:

This became the basis for the four principles of negligence, namely that:

3728:

has a special approach to contracts, which ties into property law. Their '

2971:

techniques) are also important to legal practice, depending on the field.

27:

System of rules and guidelines, generally backed by governmental authority

18467: 18462: 18397: 18392: 18242: 18114: 18069: 18059: 17852: 17847: 17785: 17722: 17505: 17480: 17405: 17365: 17335: 17310: 17290: 17269: 17249: 17229: 17219: 17188: 17053: 16882: 16770: 16695: 16612: 16531: 16524: 16381: 16107: 16075: 16036: 15881: 15807: 15078: 14854: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14713: 14621: 14328: 13717: 13658: 13648: 13445: 13440: 13278: 13179: 13095: 13054: 13021: 12986: 12909: 12833: 12783: 12698: 11589: 11450: 10850: 10375: 9919: 8475: 7680: 7144: 5969: 4920: 4619: 4543: 4531: 4499: 4417: 4413: 4193: 4154: 4143:

involves which materials are admissible in courts for a case to be built.

3916: 3782: 3759: 3707:, can be used to create obligations during pre-contractual negotiations. 3661: 3129:

are regarded as the "traditional core subjects", although there are many

3106: 3102: 2956: 2870: 2866: 2754: 2493: 2479: 2372: 2319: 2269: 2264:

The main institutions of law in industrialised countries are independent

2225: 2196: 1921: 1798: 1781: 1713: 1675: 1625: 1605: 1600:. Modern civil law systems essentially derive from legal codes issued by 1576: 1449: 1405: 1365: 1344: 1338: 1316: 1122: 1079: 1016: 982: 803: 732: 606: 550: 545: 498: 376: 356: 292: 258: 233: 224: 153: 12376: 11339:

Mattei, Ugo (1997). "The Distinction between Common Law and Civil Law".

11212: 10725: 6835:"Civil Law and Common Law: Two Different Paths Leading to the Same Goal" 5814: 5425: 2885:

degree. Higher academic degrees may also be pursued. Examples include a

2415:

member states to bring cases relating to human rights issues before it.

1388: 18850: 18658: 18558: 18407: 18327: 18099: 17990: 17832: 17775: 17752: 17717: 17666: 17656: 17624: 17569: 17395: 17375: 17300: 17264: 17168: 17153: 17078: 17003: 16936: 16775: 16617: 16575: 16519: 16068: 15993: 15959: 15886: 15871: 15859: 15827: 15788: 14534: 14253: 13781: 13710: 13590: 13528: 13273: 13194: 13189: 13147: 13129: 13117: 13078: 12924: 12914: 12874: 12859: 12843: 12793: 12730: 12725: 12357: 12297: 12256: 12134:

Tamanaha, Brian Z. (2004). "Locke, Montesquieu the Federalist Papers".

11850: 11789: 11693: 11257: 11243: 10268:

Dicey, Albert Venn (2005). "Parliamentary Sovereignty and Federalism".

9771: 9746: 8908: 7551:

Smith, G. B. (1988). "Socialist Legality and the Soviet Legal System".

6237: 5936: 5913: 5555: 5382: 5209: 5136: 5089: 4786: 4704: 4578: 4507: 4494:

professor and the most cited legal scholar, until 2014 ran a blog with

4338: 4231: 4168: 4062: 3864: 3794: 3772: 3520: 3480: 3176: 3105:, and including constitutional, administrative and criminal law), and " 3098: 2960: 2944: 2724: 2586: 2233: 2074: 1910: 1893:. This is mainly contained in a body of law and jurisprudence known as 1763: 1695: 1660: 1613: 1489: 1466: 1416: 1356: 1157: 1136:

attacked Austin for his simplifications and Kelsen for his fictions in

1093: 1056: 960: 775: 764: 716: 697: 681: 626: 618: 11655:

Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich (1997). "Rule of Law and Constitutionalism".

10287:

Dörmann, Knut; Doswald-Beck, Louise; Kolb, Robert (2003). "Appendix".

10093:"The Problem of Social Cost (this online version excludes some parts)" 9149: 7537: 7223:

Divine law... is eternal and cannot be changed by any human authority.

2905:). There are few titles of respect to signify famous lawyers, such as 1591:. Codifications date back millennia, with one early example being the 605:

and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a group

18548: 18487: 18044: 17687: 17614: 17599: 17520: 17440: 17435: 17360: 17315: 17295: 17274: 17259: 17239: 17224: 17088: 17048: 16710: 16607: 16536: 16430: 16403: 16052: 16041: 16003: 15896: 13688: 13653: 13595: 13570: 13435: 13332: 13320: 13305: 13293: 13221: 13139: 13112: 12996: 12264: 12243: 12221: 12204:

Re-Examining Progressive Halakhah edited by Walter Jacob, Moshe Zemer

11052: 9754: 5586:"The Public Law-Private Law Distinction in European and American Law" 5417: 5060:

Gibbs, Jack P. (1968). "Definitions of Law and Empirical Questions".

4776: 4654: 4646: 4511: 4449: 4397: 4383: 4363: 4288: 4278: 4006: 3945: 3793:

decided that the manufacturer was liable for Mrs Donoghue's illness.

3666: 3428: 3126: 3045: 2850: 2734: 2599: 2563:

To pass legislation, a majority of the members of a legislature must

2537:

wishes. Although countries like Israel, Greece, Sweden and China are

2516: 2358: 2341: 2078: 2059: 1949: 1890: 1869: 1651: 1535: 1441: 1352: 1304: 1235: 1231: 1187: 1165: 813: 736: 689: 650: 622: 483: 396: 391: 381: 270: 143: 13776: 12349: 12289: 12248: 11842: 11571:"The Role of the State in Contract Law: The Common-Civil Law Divide" 10213:

Law, Culture and Society: Legal Ideas in the Mirror of Social Theory

9738: 7724: 6726:

Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State

6229: 5897: 5620: 5547: 5374: 5120: 5073: 4698: 3396:

the individual can do anything except that which is forbidden by law

18823: 18402: 18139: 17732: 17697: 17671: 17651: 17604: 17415: 17370: 17254: 17158: 17148: 17113: 17083: 16080: 15969: 15891: 15837: 15812: 13737: 13722: 13425: 13310: 13107: 12651: 11078:

Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (Translated by Mary Gregor)

10111: 9759: 9133: 7529: 4863:

E.g., the court president is a political appointee (Jensen–Heller,

4582: 3977:

in the jewel (a technical concept, meaning evidence that something

3937: 3914:

is a right to a specific piece of property, contrasting to a right

3893: 3881: 3856: 3844: 3700: 3656: 3603: 3530: 3511: 3380: 2952: 2925: 2828: 2690: 1925: 1445: 1432:

was established by the Muslim sultanates and empires, most notably

1324: 1223: 1215: 1211: 925: 763:; by contrast, the public-private law divide is less pronounced in 740: 646: 630: 322: 287: 16975: 16308: 9725:

Anderson, J.N.D. (January 1956). "Law Reform in the Middle East".

8614:"The EU as a Model for the African Union: the Limits of Imitation" 7039: 4642: 2598:

The executive in a legal system serves as the centre of political

2548:

In the 'lower house' politicians are elected to represent smaller

1564: 18860: 18773: 17661: 17629: 17619: 17390: 17350: 17183: 17108: 17093: 17073: 16457: 16063: 16013: 15987: 15864: 15817: 15516: 13627: 13575: 13555: 13503: 13315: 13233: 13049: 13011: 12959: 9857:

Beale, Hugh; Tallon, Denis (2002). "English Law: Consideration".

8324:, Chap. VII, Of Political or Civil_Society. Chapter 7, section 87 7516:

Quigley, J. (1989). "Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition".

7209:

Religion, Law and Tradition: Comparative Studies in Religious Law

4746: 4326: 3929: 3376: 2933: 2906: 2901:.), and are constituted in office by legal forms of appointment ( 2545:, meaning they have two separately appointed legislative houses. 2346: 2192: 2125: 1914: 1861: 1584: 1195: 950: 787: 748: 658: 654: 610: 238: 15089: 13834: 13821: 12532:

DRAGNET: Search of free legal databases from New York Law School

12012:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt

11715:

Redfem, Alan (2004). "Regulation of International Arbitration".

11676:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt

10911:

Jakobs, Lesley A. (2004). "Retrieving Equality of Opportunity".

10752:

Hatzis, Aristides N. (November 2002). "The Nature of the Firm".

9689:

The Sharīʻa in the Constitutions of Afghanistan, Iran, and Egypt

8832: 8830: 8448: 8350: 7948: 7946: 7416: 7332: 7255:. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from 5793:

Bor, Fredric L. (1974). "The nexus between philosophy and law".

3297:, i.e. an internationally accepted legal system, other than the 2767:

were powerful bureaucrats in imperial China (photograph shows a

2759: 2552:. The 'upper house' is usually elected to represent states in a 2116:

Until the 18th century, Sharia law was practiced throughout the

1210:

law, dating as far back as 3000 BC, was based on the concept of

807: 17609: 17410: 17198: 17173: 17163: 17133: 17118: 16102: 15974: 15832: 13727: 13580: 13325: 13216: 13211: 13157: 12828: 11550:

Papachristou, T.K. (1999). "The Sociological Approach of Law".

11173:. In R. A. W. Rhodes; Sarah A. Binder; Bert A. Rockman (eds.). 10472:

Constitutions in Crisis: Political Violence and the Rule of Law

7786: 7451: 7188: 6979: 6967: 5262: 4741: 4180: 4054: 3910: 3803: 3767: 3749: 3616: 3432: 3355:

of individuals against the state. Most jurisdictions, like the

3231:, practice and treaties between sovereign nations, such as the 3076: 2686: 2265: 2105: 1894: 1865: 1802: 1429: 642: 614: 14682: 11507:

Manu's Code of Law: A Critical Edition and Translation of the

11316:

Markovits, I. (December 2007). "The Death of Socialist Law?".

9821:

Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities

9641: 9234:

Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants

7123: 7111: 6070:(1956) p. 134 et seq. The original was published in (1945) 22 2669:

or other officials head a country's public offices, such as a

2228:

is the formal application of quantitative methods, especially

1809:

grew up alongside the rigid common law, and developed its own

629:

jurisdictions. Private individuals may create legally binding

17639: 17128: 17063: 15854: 15757: 13668: 13612: 13518: 13359: 13162: 12661: 12560: 9314: 8827: 8271: 8025:(in French). La Préfecture de Police de Paris. Archived from 7943: 7059:"The World Factbook – Field Listing – Legal system" 4375: 3403: 2501: 2028: 1996: 1902: 1879: 1874: 1243: 1219: 744: 701: 12550: 11923:

The Social Contract (translated in English by G. D. H. Cole)

10522:(First edition in English 2004 ed.). Editions Livanis. 9629: 9290: 8669:

Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen

5664:""Public" and "private" law: definition without distinction" 3121:, while trusts law is dealt with under statutory regimes or 2645:(elected by popular vote). The other important model is the 2247:

right to him, and authorise all his actions in like manner.

1964:, the fundamental collection of canon law for over 750 years 1868:—both of which translate as the "path to follow". Christian 963:

argues law is an "authority" to mediate people's interests.

17634: 17058: 13550: 13498: 13354: 12752: 12668: 12555: 12545: 9546: 9544: 4305: 3763: 3753: 3611: 3110: 2564: 2520: 2432:

schools, finding such statutes to be incompatible with the

1983: 1898: 1885: 735:

deals with legal disputes between parties in areas such as

705: 11991: 11295:"Adam Smith and the Modern Discourse of Law and Economics" 9593: 9531: 9529: 9240: 9034: 9032: 7916: 7428: 4923:' poignant comments attached to a previous version of the 4252:

are examples of codified common law commercial principles.

3524:(guilty act). Second, the accused must have the requisite 2807:, a German author who lived in France. In 1765, he wrote: 2737:

famously argued that the state is that which controls the

1476:

gave way to westernisation towards the final years of the

17203: 16281:

List of people considered a founder in a Humanities field

12586: 12581: 12565: 11486:

Ober, Josiah (1996). "The Nature of Athenian Democracy".

10193:. Edinburgh University Press/ Stanford University Press. 9463: 8171: 7906: 7904: 7865: 7729:

Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law

7499: 7497: 7062: 7027: 6137: 6135: 5031: 5029: 5027: 4993:

Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992

3580:. Another example is in the 19th-century English case of 2914: 1805:

to be appointed as Lord Chancellor, a systematic body of

1246:, for the entire public to see; this became known as the 351: 12576: 11717:

Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitration

11140:

Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law and Polity

10593:

A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights

10591:

Goldhaber, Michael D. (2007). "Europe's Supreme Court".

10270:

Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution

10026:

Churchill, Winston (1986). "Problems of War and Peace".

9791:

Arnold, Thurman W. (1935). "The Symbols of Government".

9541: 8136: 8134: 7933: 7931: 7470: 7335:"Apostolic Constitution Sacri Canones John Paul II 1990" 6814: 6502: 3785:(intended for the consumption of Donoghue) in a café in 3325: 759:

countries, particularly those with a separate system of

15907: 11247: 10985: 10612:

An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Private Law

10286: 10229: 9617: 9605: 9581: 9526: 9217:

e.g. concerning a British politician and the Iraq War,

9029: 8914: 8847: 8845: 7889: 7404: 7307: 6618: 6616: 6580: 6390: 6105: 4434:

and clauses to directives on airline baggage insurance.

4183:

focuses on the intersection of law and the biosciences.

2077:

during the medieval period through its preservation of

1202:

The history of law links closely to the development of

12591: 12313:

Wilson, William (2003). "Understanding Criminal Law".

12202:

Washofsky, Mark (2002). "Taking Precedent Seriously".

11996:. The Hague/London/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publisher. 9475: 9302: 8920: 8411: 7901: 7877: 7494: 6526: 6152: 6150: 6132: 5024: 4440:

is increasingly important, especially in light of the

3390:

The fundamental constitutional principle, inspired by

3223:

concerns relationships between sovereign nations. The

2451:. The UK, Finland and New Zealand assert the ideal of 2345:

profession is an important part of people's access to

1999:') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by 949:

describes law as an "interpretive concept" to achieve

12276:

Wehberg, Hans (October 1959). "Pacta Sunt Servanda".

11768:(January 1992). "The Justification of Bicameralism". 10632:; Hunt, Alan (2001) . "Max Weber and Eugen Ehrlich". 10610:

Gordley, James R.; von Mehren, Arthur Taylor (2006).

9576:

Rechtstheoritische Probleme der Sociologie des Rechts

9451: 8159: 8131: 8096: 7928: 6701:

Morality and Justice in Islamic Economics and Finance

5705:"Public And Private Law: A Private Lawyer's Response" 4400:

law, is an evolving field that traces as far back as

4218:

covers complex contract and property law. The law of

4177:

is the practice of law concerning business and money.

3952:. An example of a basic case of most property law is 3665:

The famous Carbolic Smoke Ball advertisement to cure

2135:

Saudi Arabia recognises the Quran as its constitution

988: 10044: 9326: 8842: 8583:"Why the African Union wants to be more like the EU" 7760:. Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from 7725:"Chinese Constitutionalism: Five-Power Constitution" 7482: 7363:(New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1984), pg. 70. 7228: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6742: 6680: 6613: 6514: 6402: 6168:

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. "The Path of Law" (1897) 10

6077: 5274: 4694: 4595:

may prevent this. So the law ought to pre-empt what

3184:

Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union

1638:. Western Europe, meanwhile, relied on a mix of the 12000: 10537:Georgiadis, Apostolos S. (1997). "Sources of Law". 10468:"Constitutional Dissolution in the Weimar Republic" 10248: 9838:Bayles, Michael D. (1992). "A Critique of Austin". 8793: 7376:(Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1896), pg. 51. 7045: 7015: 7003: 6991: 6550: 6538: 6147: 4549:The most prominent economic analyst of law is 1991 4448:. Environmental protection also serves to penalise 4117:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

3781:. A friend of Donoghue ordered an opaque bottle of 3431:. Election law addresses issues who is entitled to 3346:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2039:; these canons formed the foundation of canon law. 1658:. Then, in the 19th century, both France, with the 1234:statements ("if … then ..."). Around 1760 BC, 1117:) instructing us to obey. Kelsen's major opponent, 1082:continued the positivist tradition in his book the 676:jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body 12448:Opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States 12110: 11969:"Zu welcher Classe von Rechten gehört der Besitz?" 11624: 11479:Zur Genealogie der Moral – Eine Streitschrift 11299:Adam Smith and the Philosophy of Law and Economics 11012: 10987: 10688:Hamilton, Michael S., and George W. Spiro (2008). 10569: 10423: 9923: 9400: 8259: 7601:, 130 S.Ct. 1605, 1614, 559 U.S. 573, 587 (2010), 6562: 6198:. Second Edition. Blackstone Press Limited. 1996. 6122: 6120: 5968: 4430:could include anything from regulations on unfair 2128:code in the 19th century being a first attempt at 2019:, and the individual national churches within the 1654:, continued to spread throughout Europe until the 1424:, and was cited across Southeast Asia. During the 715:The scope of law can be divided into two domains: 11533:The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe 10609: 9074:"§ 105 BGB Nichtigkeit der Willenserklärung" 7966:The New Parliaments of Central and Eastern Europe 7194: 7129: 7117: 6985: 6973: 6638:Law and Language: Current Legal Issues, Volume 15 6414: 5967: 5631:(961). Social Science Research Network: 691–702. 5041: 4467: 2909:, to indicate barristers of greater dignity, and 1075:, and cannot be labeled as "moral" or "immoral". 18904: 12271:. The Free Press of Glencoe. ASIN B-000-LRHAX-2. 12247: 12224:(1978). "Bureaucracy and Political Leadership". 12155:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 11698:The Authority of Law, Essays on Law and Morality 11297:. In Paul Malloy, Robin; Evensky, Jerry (eds.). 10992:. In Jensen, Eric G.; Heller, Thomas C. (eds.). 10009:A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy 6435:Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt 5931:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 18–19. 5863:. Berlin/Wisconsin: Galda and Wilch Publishing. 5237: 3635:. On the international field, 111 countries are 3568:in 1961, an example of a criminal law proceeding 3117:systems, contract and tort fall under a general 3010:distinguished the "state" from "civil society" ( 2665:, the military and police, and the bureaucracy. 1920:A number of countries are sharia jurisdictions. 1504:lasting fifteen years, in 2001 China joined the 770:Law provides a source of scholarly inquiry into 12380:(1997). "The System of Intellectual Property". 11554:(in Greek). Athens: A.N. Sakkoulas Publishers. 10449:The Internationalization of the Practice of Law 9987: 9758: 9708:Bureaucracy (Key Concepts in Political Science) 9381:. The Law Society. January 2008. Archived from 8877: 8836: 8725: 6117: 5532:"The History of the Public/Private Distinction" 5332:"Congressional Responses to Judicial Decisions" 2924:Once accredited, a lawyer will often work in a 2191:, which holds sway in civil law legal systems, 1121:, rejected both positivism and the idea of the 823: 817: 11358:Matthews, Paul (1995). "The Man of Property". 10650: 10355:Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law 8061:The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation 7952: 4514:law. The most influential proponents, such as 3293:is the first and so far the only example of a 2338:to manage the employment of public officials. 633:, including arbitration agreements that adopt 17019: 16324: 16146:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 15773: 15749: 15532: 15105: 14698: 14550: 14269: 13850: 12607: 12566:British and Irish Legal Information Institute 11175:The Oxford Handbook of Political Institutions 10425:"'Independence' and the Judiciary in the PRC" 9961: 7277: 6328:Friedrich Nietzsche and the Philosophy of Law 5929:Justice and Injustice in Law and Legal Theory 5194: 4797:Translating "law" to other European languages 3363:, have a single codified constitution with a 3227:for public international law development are 2046:, predating the evolution of modern European 1444:and various scholars of Islam. In India, the 1063:problem. Bentham and Austin argued for law's 575: 195: 17525: 14671:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 12587:Southern African Legal Information Institute 11900: 11857: 11750:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 11549: 11095: 10670:Hallaq, Wael Bahjat (2005). "Introduction". 10628: 10555: 9647: 9635: 8627:(2). Miami – Florida European Union Center. 8454: 8356: 7843:"Jurisprudence, publications, documentation" 7422: 7390:. University of Chicago Press. p. 116. 6839:Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 5927:Sarat, Austin; Kearns, Thomas, eds. (1996). 5621:"Public Law, Private Law, and Legal Science" 5258:"Is Law an Art or a Science?: A Bit of Both" 4969:A.C. 532, 1932 S.C. (H.L.) 31, All ER Rep 1 3623:, state supervision (such as probation), or 3235:. Public international law can be formed by 37:"Legal" redirects here. For other uses, see 17461: 12582:Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute 12152: 11746:Richardson, W.E.J. (2004). "Introduction". 11526: 11445: 11134: 10986:Jensen, Eric G.; Heller, Thomas C. (2003). 10805:Hazard, Geoffrey C.; Dondi, Angelo (2004). 10804: 10559:(1975). "Characteristics of Modern Islam". 10067:(November 1937). "The Nature of the Firm". 10045:Clarke, Paul A. B.; Linzey, Andrew (1996). 9856: 9199: 9197: 8814:'s seminal treatise of 1763–1764 is titled 8732:International Journal of Constitutional Law 8496: 8288: 8286: 8277: 8177: 6703:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 62–63. 5926: 4095:. These are laid down in codes such as the 3797:took a distinctly moral approach and said: 3179:has original text related to this article: 2507:Prominent examples of legislatures are the 1426:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 1336: 892: 719:concerns government and society, including 597:is a set of rules that are created and are 17026: 17012: 16331: 16317: 15780: 15766: 15539: 15525: 15112: 15098: 14705: 14691: 14557: 14543: 14276: 14262: 13857: 13843: 12614: 12600: 11745: 11733: 11654: 11645: 11568: 10541:(in Greek). Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. 10536: 10401:"Criminal Responsibility and Criminal Law" 10249:Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli; Levine, Ross (2001). 10207: 10185: 10163: 10047:Dictionary of Ethics, Theology and Society 9611: 9599: 9587: 9535: 9347:Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew 9038: 8726:Chalmers, D.; Barroso, L. (7 April 2014). 7385: 6508: 5403: 3643:, which was established to try people for 3419:A sub-discipline of constitutional law is 2857:In order to maintain professionalism, the 2466:may invalidate such laws, and in Iran the 1873:detailed legal systems. For instance, the 582: 568: 202: 188: 12278:The American Journal of International Law 12201: 12166:. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press. 11804: 11619: 11473: 11332:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112849 11315: 11191: 11142:(in Greek). Athens: Editions Kazantzakis. 10614:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 10590: 10025: 9675:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 8743: 8611: 7883: 7871: 7787:"The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom" 7503: 7333:Blessed John Paul II, Ap. Const. (1990). 7246: 6879:"Introduction to Civil Law Legal Systems" 6850: 6634: 5720: 5679: 5208: 5035: 4461:International Civil Aviation Organisation 4238:and sales law trace back to the medieval 2631:members of federal and state legislatures 1821:. In the 19th century in England, and in 17033: 14564: 14283: 13759:History of the American legal profession 12561:Australasian Legal Information Institute 12551:Commonwealth Legal Information Institute 12378:World Intellectual Property Organization 12161: 12133: 12033:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11913: 11527:Olson, David M.; Norton, Philip (1996). 11504: 11357: 11265:Luban, David (2001). "Law's Blindfold". 10964: 10939:Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal 10692:, 4th ed. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc. 10672:The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law 10514: 10305: 10251:Financial Structures and Economic Growth 10006: 9900:Bergkamp, Lucas (2001). "Introduction". 9899: 9818: 9795:. New Haven: Yale University Press: 379. 9724: 9686: 9550: 9296: 9194: 8980:"The States Parties to the Rome Statute" 8283: 7722: 7476: 7410: 6111: 6041:Mc Coubrey, Hilaire and White, Nigel D. 5583: 5105:"Toward a Comparative Definition of Law" 4971:). See the original text of the case in 4641: 4482: 4304: 4296:, property, liability, and other issues. 4048: 4010: 3880: 3660: 3560:(standing in glass booth at left) being 3552: 3339: 3201: 3130: 2984: 2758: 2694: 2585: 2483: 2362: 1953: 1703: 1689: 1563: 1544: 1387: 1181: 998: 941:argued that law is a "system of rules"; 609:or by a single legislator, resulting in 18609:Reflections on the Revolution in France 12577:New Zealand Legal Information Institute 12275: 12112:"Early Horizons of Justice in the West" 12028: 11963: 11941: 11739:Max Weber on Law and Economy in Society 11529:"Legislatures in Democratic Transition" 11319:Annual Review of Law and Social Science 11283: 11267:Conflict of Interest in the Professions 11149:A Short History of Western Legal Theory 11010: 10874:Living Law: Reconsidering Eugen Ehrlich 10871: 10421: 10398: 10349: 10327: 10011:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing. 9926:Modern Corporation and Private Property 9623: 9308: 8621:Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series 8385: 7755:"A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court" 7518:The American Journal of Comparative Law 7515: 7296:(Oxford University Press, 2015) pg. 13. 7294:Law: A Very Short Introduction, 2nd Ed. 7206: 7177:Book the First – Chapter the First 6832: 6723: 6587:. Oxford University Press. p. 14. 6532: 6459: 6432: 6271:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 6194:McCoubrey, Hilaire and White, Nigel D. 6141: 5858: 5758:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199296064.013.0024 5743: 5529: 5369:(1). Cambridge University Press: 3–43. 5161: 5109:Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 4958: 4956: 4833:) or legislation, and "unwritten law" ( 4358:Regulation deals with the provision of 3534:(guilty mind). However, for so called " 2739:monopoly on the legitimate use of force 14: 18905: 12331: 12312: 12180: 12009: 11858:Rottleuthner, Hubert (December 1989). 11826: 11770:International Political Science Review 11714: 11673: 11657:The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System 11394: 11338: 11292: 11033: 10929: 10910: 10890: 10849: 10751: 10703: 10669: 10488: 9875: 9837: 9790: 9705: 9457: 9362:Nestlé v National Westminster Bank plc 9332: 9246: 9104:The Structure of Unjust Enrichment Law 8926: 8851: 8580: 8546:The GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement System 8417: 8102: 7922: 7910: 7649: 7488: 7434: 7314:from the original on 28 September 2011 7299: 7280:Gender in History: Global Perspectives 7099:from the original on 10 September 2014 7033: 6698: 6622: 6462:"Egyptian Law, Saite to Roman Periods" 6408: 6352: 6215: 6083: 6026:Dennis Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Hampstead 5750:The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Law 5702: 5661: 5618: 5360: 5329: 5280: 5195:Núñez Vaquero, Álvaro (10 June 2013). 5047: 4039: 3896:law governs ownership and possession. 3715:, but are also more likely to enforce 3081:European Economic and Social Committee 2913:, to indicate a person who obtained a 2680: 2163:Socialist law is the legal systems in 2066:Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches 1568:First page of the 1804 edition of the 635:alternative ways of resolving disputes 494:Forum (alternative dispute resolution) 17007: 16312: 16233:National Endowment for the Humanities 16218:Humanities, arts, and social sciences 15761: 15748: 15520: 15093: 14686: 14538: 14257: 13838: 13825: 12595: 12512:from the original on 26 December 2005 12435:from the original on 10 November 2006 12398: 12382:Introduction to Intellectual Property 12364:from the original on 12 February 2020 12332:Willis, Hugh Evander (January 1926). 12263: 12242: 12220: 12153:Théodoridés, Aristide (1999). "law". 12105: 12082: 12047: 11860:"La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne" 11764: 11631:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11512:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11413: 11286:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 11264: 11249:"Second Treatise of Government" 11242: 11165: 11146: 11015:The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology 10823: 10780: 10754:European Journal of Law and Economics 10567: 10361: 10267: 10191:Emile Durkheim: Law in a Moral Domain 10169:The Sociology of Law: An Introduction 10141: 10087: 10063: 9918: 9753: 9663: 9481: 9469: 9406: 9320: 9220:George Galloway v Telegraph Group Ltd 8915:Dörmann, Doswald-Beck & Kolb 2003 8752:from the original on 26 February 2020 8497:D'Amato, Anthony (11 November 2010). 8265: 8191:The Sunday Times v The United Kingdom 8165: 8140: 7937: 7895: 7735:from the original on 25 February 2022 7662:from the original on 20 December 2019 7631:from the original on 25 February 2021 7614: 7550: 7234: 7021: 7009: 6997: 6955:from the original on 22 December 2019 6859:from the original on 8 September 2019 6820: 6808: 6796: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6748: 6686: 6568: 6556: 6520: 6474:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935390.013.48 6385:Carl Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism 5883: 5774:from the original on 31 December 2019 5703:Samuel, Geoffrey (1 September 1983). 5600:from the original on 12 February 2020 5536:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 5511:from the original on 31 December 2019 5507:. New York University School of Law. 5455:from the original on 31 December 2019 5342:from the original on 31 December 2019 5311:from the original on 31 December 2019 5292: 5270:from the original on 3 November 2018. 5255: 5243: 5225:from the original on 31 December 2019 5176:from the original on 31 December 2019 5102: 5059: 4119:legally binding in all member states 4097:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4019:, London, England, early 19th century 3326:Constitutional and administrative law 2614:, whose office holds power under the 2464:Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt 2239: 1901:respectively. Another example is the 1488:'s nationalists, who fled there, and 1198:, also revered as the god of justice. 668:, with their differences analysed in 16962: 16228:Moscow University for the Humanities 16199:Arts and Humanities Research Council 16156:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 12571:Canadian Legal Information Institute 12070:from the original on 19 January 2012 12001:Sealy, L.S.; Hooley, R.J.A. (2003). 11485: 11461:from the original on 18 January 2009 11433:from the original on 6 December 2006 11071: 10740: 10465: 10446: 10364:Legal Issues of Economic Integration 10129:from the original on 4 November 2018 9879:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law 9823:. The University of Michigan Press. 9799: 9673:Oxford Encyclopedia of Legal History 9084:from the original on 9 December 2006 8863:Dennis J. Baker, Glanville Williams 8799: 8634:from the original on 1 November 2019 8569:International Commercial Arbitration 8499:"Is International Law Really 'Law'?" 8294:The Globalisation of Legal Education 8084:from the original on 15 January 2009 7853:from the original on 9 February 2007 6544: 6460:Lippert, Sandra (11 February 2016). 6396: 5997:participating institution membership 5834:The Library of Economics and Liberty 5473: 5338:. Gale MacMillan. pp. 400–403. 4953: 4526:of economists and lawyers including 4121:except Poland and the United Kingdom 3996: 3743: 3136: 2936:. In addition a lawyer may become a 851: 18719:The End of History and the Last Man 18629:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 16338: 12506:Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary 12464:from the original on 5 January 2009 11979:from the original on 6 October 2008 11692: 11607:from the original on 3 January 2020 10830:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 9992:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 9968:Commentaries on the Laws of England 9942:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9934: 9572:La Sociologie du Droit en Allemagne 9156:from the original on 1 January 2020 9115: 8707:from the original on 9 January 2009 8593:from the original on 1 January 2020 8335:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 8247:from the original on 6 October 2014 8221:from the original on 6 October 2014 7617:"The Importance of Being Empirical" 7173:Commentaries on the Laws of England 6490:from the original on 3 January 2020 6420: 6359:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6289:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6156: 6126: 5792: 5746:"Comparative Law and Legal History" 5625:American Journal of Comparative Law 5438: 4757:Legal research in the United States 4101:European Convention on Human Rights 3693:intention to create legal relations 3631:, legal research, legislation, and 3514:case of a crime lies in the proof, 3026:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 2838: 2035:was originally a rule adopted by a 1059:, believed that this conflated the 621:; or established by judges through 24: 15546: 12421: 12228:. University of California Press. 11055:Global Civil Society Yearbook 2003 10837:from the original on 17 April 2021 10653:Presidents, Parliaments and Policy 10636:. Athens: Transaction Publishers. 10502:from the original on 17 April 2021 10081:10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x 9882:. American Philosophical Society. 8728:"What Van Gend en Loos stands for" 8677:from the original on 21 March 2007 8513:from the original on 3 August 2020 8503:Northwestern University Law Review 7585:An Introduction to Legal Reasoning 7341:from the original on 24 March 2016 7305: 6601:from the original on 15 April 2021 5722:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1983.tb02534.x 5681:10.1111/j.1468-2230.1980.tb01592.x 5643:from the original on 28 April 2020 5530:Horwitz, Morton J. (1 June 1982). 5498: 5302:James Cook University Mayo Lecture 4599:happen, and be guided by the most 4329:involves regulations that concern 3266:, or private international law in 2023:. The way that such church law is 1766:). In medieval England during the 1732:. The "doctrine of precedent", or 1319:. Although codes were replaced by 1297:innovations in the development of 1078:In 1934, the Austrian philosopher 1055:and his student Austin, following 989:Connection to morality and justice 755:. This distinction is stronger in 25: 18934: 15119: 13864: 13826: 12743:Restitution and unjust enrichment 12556:Asian Legal Information Institute 12546:World Legal Information Institute 12525: 12399:Paolo, Silvestri (11 June 2014). 12184:Civil Society and Good Governance 11578:Yale Journal of International Law 10965:Jary, David; Jary, Julia (1995). 10563:(in Greek). Athens: Poreuthentes. 10430:Law, Capitalism and Power in Asia 10428:. In Jayasuriya, Kanishka (ed.). 9949:from the original on 26 June 2007 9793:American Political Science Review 9376:"A Guide to the Treaty of Lisbon" 8612:Babarinde, Olufemi (April 2007). 7793:from the original on 24 July 2019 6925:from the original on 22 July 2016 6895:from the original on 18 June 2020 6282: 5827: 5336:Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court 5143:from the original on 19 July 2018 4664:The Division of Labour in Society 4386:are regulated industries in most 4366:is one example. Especially since 3828:the harm would not have occurred 3245:International Labour Organisation 3101:" (a term related closely to the 3083:) exclude the political parties. 2783:derives from the French word for 2120:in a non-codified form, with the 1995:'a straight measuring rod; a 18689:The Open Society and Its Enemies 16985: 16974: 16961: 16950: 16949: 15073: 15064: 15063: 14399:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 14165:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 13935:Democratic Republic of the Congo 13790: 13789: 13775: 12488:from the original on 2 July 2017 12157:. Routledge (UK). 0-415-18589-0. 12057:Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 11343:. University of Michigan Press. 11105:(in Greek). Athens: I. Sideris. 10311:The Division of Labor in Society 9975:from the original on 5 July 2011 9556: 9513: 9500: 9487: 9439:from the original on 19 May 2010 9425: 9412: 9368: 9354: 9338: 9276: 9252: 9226: 9211: 9180: 9168: 9109: 9096: 9066: 9044: 9015: 9002: 8972: 8959: 8932: 8889: 8870: 8857: 8805: 8780: 8764: 8719: 8689: 8659: 8646: 8605: 8574: 8561: 8538: 8525: 8490: 8472:About the United Nations/History 8460: 8423: 8398: 8379: 8362: 8327: 8312: 8299: 8233: 8207: 8183: 8146: 8108: 8066: 8053: 8041: 8014: 7984: 7971: 7958: 7835: 7805: 7779: 7747: 7716: 7700: 7674: 7643: 7608: 7590: 7577: 7544: 7509: 7440: 7379: 7366: 7353: 7326: 7286: 7271: 7240: 6365:from the original on 9 June 2007 6295:from the original on 9 June 2007 6068:Philosophy, Politics and Society 5840:from the original on 2 July 2019 5619:Saiman, Chaim N. (6 July 2008). 5505:Hauser Global Law School Program 5256:Rubin, Basha (13 January 2015). 5001: 4985: 4937: 4913: 4900: 4887: 4874: 4857: 4848: 4697: 4492:University of Chicago Law School 4396:, known in the United States as 3169: 2974: 2895:Bar Professional Training Course 2182: 2152: 2071:canon law of the Catholic Church 1843: 1511: 1499:, which essentially prioritises 1214:and characterised by tradition, 645:encoded therein. The law shapes 65: 17496:Family as a model for the state 16904:List of social science journals 16276:Humanities in the United States 16124:American Journal of Archaeology 14712: 13754:History of the legal profession 11994:International Institutional Law 11659:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 10968:Collins Dictionary of Sociology 10790:. University of Chicago Press. 10706:The Journal of Economic History 10539:General Principles of Civil Law 10451:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 9904:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 9656: 9287:(1722) 93 ER 664, 1 Strange 505 8654:International Institutional Law 8533:International Institutional Law 7652:"The rise of statistics in law" 7200: 7165: 7151: 7135: 7081: 7051: 7046:Demirgüç-Kunt & Levine 2001 6937: 6907: 6871: 6826: 6717: 6692: 6667: 6628: 6574: 6453: 6441: 6426: 6377: 6346: 6333: 6320: 6307: 6276: 6260: 6244: 6209: 6188: 6175: 6162: 6089: 6060: 6035: 6003: 5961: 5920: 5877: 5852: 5821: 5786: 5737: 5696: 5655: 5612: 5577: 5523: 5492: 5474:Otto, Jan Michiel, ed. (2010). 5467: 5432: 5397: 5354: 5323: 5286: 4839:General Principles of Civil Law 4823: 4809: 4604:analysing the costs of action. 3870: 3650: 3494: 3207:United Nations Security Council 3086: 1762:, and the Canadian province of 18846:Separation of church and state 18744:Collectivism and individualism 18699:The Origins of Totalitarianism 16861:Science and technology studies 16151:Journal of Controversial Ideas 15787: 15567:Federated States of Micronesia 15031:British Indian Ocean Territory 12138:. Cambridge University Press. 12091:. Cambridge University Press. 12031:Cannibalism and the Common Law 11490:. Princeton University Press. 11201:Catholic University Law Review 11081:. Cambridge University Press. 10915:. Cambridge University Press. 10674:. Cambridge University Press. 10655:. Cambridge University Press. 10407:. Oxford University Press US. 10291:. Cambridge University Press. 9710:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 8954:Cannibalism and the Common Law 7555:. Palgrave. pp. 137–162. 7282:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 37. 6699:Chapra, Muhammad Umer (2014). 6255:The World's Legal Philosophies 5249: 5197:"Five Models of Legal Science" 5188: 5155: 5096: 5053: 4468:Intersection with other fields 4452:within domestic legal systems. 4202:Joint Stock Companies Act 1856 4105:European Court of Human Rights 3257:International Court of Justice 3243:to prevent World War II), the 2748: 2473: 2334:for auditing oversight and an 2212:United States Attorney General 1832:In developing the common law, 1522:List of national legal systems 459:Alternative dispute resolution 13: 1: 18886:Category:Political philosophy 18759:Critique of political economy 12119:. Stanford University Press. 12087:Roman Law in European History 11650:. Cambridge University Press. 11399:. London: Sweet and Maxwell. 11341:Comparative Law and Economics 11284:Mallory, J.P. (1997). "Law". 10996:. Stanford University Press. 10809:. Stanford University Press. 10572:Legal Traditions of the World 10561:Islam – A General Survey 10272:. Adamant Media Corporation. 10147:Law : the Art of Justice 8878:Brody, Acker & Logan 2001 8837:Brody, Acker & Logan 2001 8388:Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte 7650:Posner, Eric (24 July 2015). 7361:American Law: An Introduction 7278:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry (2011). 7195:Gordley & von Mehren 2006 7130:Gordley & von Mehren 2006 7118:Gordley & von Mehren 2006 6986:Gordley & von Mehren 2006 6974:Gordley & von Mehren 2006 6100:Introduction to Jurisprudence 6030:Introduction to Jurisprudence 5584:Merryman, John Henry (1968). 5018: 4818:Roman Law in European History 4557:, whose first major article, 4534:, are generally advocates of 4271:, and injuries to passengers. 3766:under common law systems and 3586:, which tested a defence of " 3008:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 2099: 1788:English Court of Common Pleas 1168:, rather than jurisprudence. 1019:, on the other hand, such as 18784:Institutional discrimination 18779:History of political thought 17511:Negative and positive rights 16171:Revue des Études Arméniennes 14524:United States Virgin Islands 12384:. Kluwer Law International. 10930:Jakoby, Stanford M. (2005). 10913:Pursuing Equal Opportunities 10595:. Rutgers University Press. 10357:. Transaction Books reprint. 10335:. Harvard University Press. 10100:Journal of Law and Economics 8984:International Criminal Court 8581:Gaffey, Conor (4 May 2016). 8549:International Criminal Court 6341:Nietzsche in Law's Cathedral 5662:Harlow, Carol (1 May 1980). 4997:National Labor Relations Act 4732:Resources in other libraries 4662:, wrote in his classic work 4607: 4472: 4444:and the potential danger of 3641:International Criminal Court 3562:tried and sentenced to death 3149:Sources of international law 2963:and trusts. Negotiation and 2701:South African Police Service 2575: 2352: 2050:and common law systems. The 1984: 1943: 1553: 1194:by the Mesopotamian sun god 995:Rule according to higher law 793: 641:, written or tacit, and the 7: 18794:Justification for the state 18579:Two Treatises of Government 12482:Online Etymology Dictionary 12117:Human Law and Human Justice 11965:Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 11925:(in French). Archived from 11741:. Harvard University Press. 11700:. Oxford University Press. 11648:The State and Civil Society 11293:Malloy, Robin Paul (1994). 11269:. Oxford University Press. 11254:Two Treatises of Government 11177:. Oxford University Press. 11151:. Oxford University Press. 11057:. Oxford University Press. 10872:Hertogh, Marc, ed. (2009). 10787:The Constitution of Liberty 10576:. Oxford University Press. 10495:The Red Lily (Le lys rouge) 10474:. Oxford University Press. 10171:. Oxford University Press. 8370:The State and Civil Society 8243:. Collins Dictionary. n.d. 8241:"American English: Esquire" 8217:. Collins Dictionary. n.d. 8078:Online Etymology Dictionary 7561:10.1007/978-1-349-19172-7_7 7247:Boudinhon, Auguste (1910). 6641:. Oxford University Press. 6468:. Oxford University Press. 5478:. Leiden University Press. 5363:Journal of Law and Religion 4690: 4281:, trademarks, patents, and 3253:International Monetary Fund 3237:international organisations 2635:Queen of the United Kingdom 2425:Brown v. Board of Education 2283:Two Treatises of Government 2280:itself. John Locke, in his 2027:, interpreted and at times 1381:precedent laid down by the 1254:, and has since been fully 1132:Later in the 20th century, 1061:"is" and what "ought to be" 664:Legal systems vary between 613:; by the executive through 10: 18939: 17464:Bellum omnium contra omnes 13421:International legal theory 12900:International slavery laws 12895:International human rights 12890:International criminal law 12429:"House of Lords Judgments" 12048:Smith, Stephen A. (2003). 12005:. LexisNexis Butterworths. 11919:"Book II: Chapter 6 (Law)" 11830:William and Mary Quarterly 11782:10.1177/019251219201300107 11569:Pargendler, Maria (2018). 11505:Olivelle, Patrick (2005). 11036:Eckpfeiler Des Zivilrechts 10945:(1): 43–78. Archived from 10747:. Oxford University Press. 10568:Glenn, H. Patrick (2000). 10313:. The Free Press reprint. 10030:. Houghton Mifflin Books. 9664:Ahmad, Ahmad Atif (2009). 9521:The Problem of Social Cost 9508:The Problem of Social Cost 9495:The Problem of Social Cost 8215:"British English: Esquire" 7992:"History of Police Forces" 7953:Haggard & Shugart 2001 7386:A. Brundag, James (2010). 5795:Journal of Legal Education 4843:Taking Precedent Seriously 4611: 4574:The Problem of Social Cost 4476: 4210:separate legal personality 4000: 3987:Friedrich Carl von Savigny 3874: 3814:Stevenson owed Donoghue a 3747: 3654: 3498: 3329: 3270:countries, concerns which 3152: 3146: 3140: 3109:" (which covers contract, 3090: 2978: 2842: 2752: 2684: 2579: 2477: 2438:United States Constitution 2393:the Supreme Court of India 2356: 2173:People's Republic of China 2156: 2109: 2103: 2017:Oriental Orthodox Churches 1973: 1947: 1853: 1847: 1693: 1557: 1515: 1175: 1171: 992: 896: 855: 526:Peace and conflict studies 433:Mutual assured destruction 74:Foundations and Philosophy 36: 29: 18881: 18731: 18500: 18148: 17881: 17761: 17680: 17592: 17583: 17449: 17283: 17212: 17041: 16945: 16912: 16896: 16643: 16369: 16346: 16286:Outline of the humanities 16266:Criticism of mass culture 16246: 16238:National Humanities Medal 16191: 16116: 15947: 15795: 15755: 15750:Links to related articles 15658: 15635: 15554: 15498: 15450: 15412: 15127: 15059: 15018: 14978: 14720: 14645: 14572: 14499:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14417: 14291: 14178: 14153: 13872: 13832: 13769: 13746: 13636: 13474:Administration of justice 13459: 13368: 13259: 13138: 13040: 12761: 12629: 12573:(archived 4 October 2006) 11646:Pelczynski, A.Z. (1984). 10718:10.1017/S0022050700015059 9902:Liability and Environment 9270:22 September 2017 at the 9261:Hunter v Canary Wharf Ltd 9116:Lee, R. W. (April 1918). 8816:On Crimes and Punishments 8200:16 September 2006 at the 8125:14 September 2014 at the 7723:Caldwell, Ernest (2016). 7253:The Catholic Encyclopedia 7211:. Routledge. p. 51. 6852:10.26686/vuwlr.v32i3.5873 6196:Textbook on Jurisprudence 6043:Textbook on Jurisprudence 5976:Oxford English Dictionary 5499:Raisch, Marylin Johnson. 5103:Akers, Ronald L. (1965). 4908:Liability and Environment 4727:Resources in your library 4630:, dispute processing and 4353:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4315:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4275:Intellectual property law 4053:A trade union protest by 3859:. A better known tort is 3528:to do a criminal act, or 3416:assumed power in France. 3319:Van Gend en Loos decision 3315:European Court of Justice 3123:international conventions 2903:being admitted to the bar 2515:in Washington, D.C., the 2453:parliamentary sovereignty 2210:Law professor and former 1587:passed by government—and 1526:Comparative legal history 1383:European Court of Justice 1226:had formulated the first 684:systems, judges may make 678:codifies and consolidates 136:Methodological background 18669:The Revolt of the Masses 16271:Educational essentialism 15908:Interdisciplinary fields 15713:Northern Mariana Islands 14780:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 14519:Turks and Caicos Islands 13920:Central African Republic 13251:Basic structure doctrine 13101:Natural and legal rights 12982:Public international law 12538:3 September 2013 at the 12181:Warren, Mark E. (1999). 12029:Simpson, A.W.B. (1984). 11943:Salazar, Philippe-Joseph 11192:Linarelli, John (2004). 11099:The State in Transitions 10855:The Concept of Injustice 10557:Giannoulatos, Anastasios 10399:Feinman, Jay M. (2006). 9894:Roman ars boni et aequi. 9636:Gurvitch & Hunt 2001 9433:"The Becker-Posner Blog" 8948:28 February 2005 at the 8865:Textbook of Criminal Law 8821:Dei delitti e delle pene 8429:Kaldor–Anheier–Glasius, 7996:History.com Encyclopedia 7817:Bundesverfassungsgericht 7162:(1818) 2 Swans. 402, 414 6921:. University of Ottawa. 6833:Pejovic, Caslav (2001). 6355:"The Pure Theory of Law" 6315:Zur Genealogie der Moral 6218:The Philosophical Review 6096:Baron Lloyd of Hampstead 6047:Blackstone Press Limited 6015:Book II: Chapter 6 (Law) 5295:"The Judge as Law-maker" 5172:. A. Williams & Co. 5062:Law & Society Review 4978:16 February 2007 at the 4802: 4313:trading floor after the 4157:. Both also involve the 3968:Lord Chief Justice Pratt 3762:are grouped together as 3303:World Trade Organization 3285:New York Convention 1958 3249:World Trade Organisation 3221:Public international law 3163:Public international law 3021:bürgerliche Gesellschaft 2715:'s system of travelling 2490:House of Representatives 2402:Bundesverfassungsgericht 2205:statutory interpretation 2083:presumption of innocence 2001:ecclesiastical authority 1883:(reasoning by analogy), 1664:, and Germany, with the 1560:Civil law (legal system) 1506:World Trade Organization 1031:through the writings of 899:Analytical jurisprudence 893:Analytical jurisprudence 521:Non-aggression principle 479:Conflict style inventory 283:Nonviolent Communication 18649:The Communist Manifesto 17575:Tyranny of the majority 17486:Consent of the governed 16549:international relations 15678:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 15041:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13431:Principle of typicality 12905:International trade law 12621: 12162:VerSteeg, Russ (2002). 11879:10.3406/dreso.1989.1026 11810:Crimes Against Humanity 11719:. Sweet & Maxwell. 10994:Beyond Common Knowledge 10766:10.1023/A:1020749518104 10149:. Beaux Arts Editions. 9840:Hart's Legal Philosophy 9706:Albrow, Martin (1970). 9057:11 January 2007 at the 8940:R v Dudley and Stephens 8406:Crimes Against Humanity 8278:Hazard & Dondi 2004 8178:Hazard & Dondi 2004 8120:Bureaucratic Management 7694:3 February 2007 at the 7615:Heise, Michael (1999). 7359:Friedman, Lawrence M., 6886:Federal Judicial Center 6466:Oxford Handbooks Online 6353:Marmor, Andrei (1934). 5981:Oxford University Press 5293:Mason, Anthony (1996). 4311:New York Stock Exchange 4294:space commercialisation 4250:Uniform Commercial Code 3993:with our surroundings. 3818:to provide safe drinks; 3645:crimes against humanity 3583:R v Dudley and Stephens 3516:beyond reasonable doubt 2891:Master of Legal Studies 2324:Five Power Constitution 2013:Eastern Orthodox Church 1934:Eastern Orthodox Church 1825:, the two systems were 1667:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch 1474:traditional Chinese law 1355:which later became the 878:Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 838:while its plural meant 833:something laid or fixed 824: 818: 808: 368:International relations 298:Speaking truth to power 113:Judicial interpretation 17526: 17476:Clash of civilizations 17462: 16876:Quantum social science 16059:Liberal arts education 15170:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14449:British Virgin Islands 14285:Law of North America 12250:Politics as a Vocation 11973:Das Recht des Besitzes 11915:Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 11372:10.1093/medlaw/3.3.251 11171:"Public Bureaucracies" 11011:Johnson, Alan (1995). 10466:Finn, John E. (1991). 10422:Findlay, Marc (1999). 10289:Elements of War Crimes 9876:Berger, Adolf (1953). 9819:Barzilai, Gad (2003). 9783:8 October 2008 at the 9768:Frederic George Kenyon 9666:"Lawyers: Islamic Law" 9564:Fundamental Principles 8905:, 392 U.S. 514 (1968). 8886:, 370 U.S. 660 (1962). 8883:Robinson v. California 8776:Chapter 9, section 124 8441:17 August 2007 at the 8049:Politics as a Vocation 5989:10.1093/OED/4864419306 5859:Banakar, Reza (2003). 5637:10.5131/ajcl.2007.0023 4650: 4560:The Nature of the Firm 4503: 4322: 4246:Sale of Goods Act 1979 4058: 4020: 3890: 3808: 3674: 3569: 3348: 3210: 3069:deliberative democracy 3061:freedom of association 3020: 2998: 2817: 2776: 2708: 2595: 2582:Executive (government) 2504: 2376: 2293:The Spirit of the Laws 2249: 2052:1983 Code of Canon Law 1965: 1717: 1572: 1550: 1440:, compiled by emperor 1397: 1337: 1335:, giving birth to the 1199: 1114: 1004: 875: 39:Legal (disambiguation) 17491:Divine right of kings 16913:Other categorizations 16766:International studies 16751:History of technology 16686:Communication studies 16569:public administration 16135:History of Humanities 15661:and other territories 14566:Law of South America 14389:Saint Kitts and Nevis 14080:São Tomé and Príncipe 13940:Republic of the Congo 13426:Principle of legality 13185:Delegated legislation 12885:Intellectual property 12334:"A Definition of Law" 12317:. Pearson Education. 12083:Stein, Peter (1999). 11447:Montesquieu, Baron de 11395:McGhee, John (2000). 11038:. Walter de Gruyter. 10741:Hart, H.L.A. (1961). 10049:. London: Routledge. 9776:See original text in 9761:Athenian Constitution 9727:International Affairs 9574:, 109, Rottleuthner, 9420:Intellectual Property 8699:Flaminio Costa v ENEL 7789:. The Supreme Court. 7621:Pepperdine Law Review 6724:Jackson, Roy (2010). 5836:. Liberty Fund, Inc. 5709:The Modern Law Review 5668:The Modern Law Review 5590:Journal of Public Law 5330:Devins, Neal (2008). 4925:Notice to Law Schools 4685:William Graham Sumner 4645: 4506:In the 18th century, 4486: 4308: 4135:right to a fair trial 4067:collective bargaining 4052: 4014: 3884: 3799: 3730:abstraction principle 3664: 3566:Israeli Supreme Court 3556: 3483:, and issues such as 3479:, election disputes, 3425:Elections commissions 3343: 3205: 3147:Further information: 3050:Geoffrey Robertson QC 3042:Alexis de Tocqueville 2995:civil rights movement 2988: 2879:Bachelor of Civil Law 2809: 2762: 2698: 2589: 2541:, most countries are 2487: 2449:doctrine of precedent 2405:; and in France, the 2366: 2304:, in contrast to the 2244: 2110:Further information: 2081:doctrine such as the 1961:Corpus Juris Canonici 1957: 1707: 1690:Common law and equity 1644:University of Bologna 1567: 1548: 1394:Constitution of India 1391: 1230:, which consisted of 1185: 1021:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1002: 965:Oliver Wendell Holmes 869:they are acts of the 866: 761:administrative courts 443:Nuclear proliferation 18639:Democracy in America 18018:political philosophy 18001:political philosophy 17816:political philosophy 17645:political philosophy 17555:Separation of powers 17516:Night-watchman state 17501:Monopoly on violence 17035:Political philosophy 16746:Historical sociology 16291:Renaissance humanism 16223:Master of Humanities 14955:United Arab Emirates 13644:Barristers' chambers 13586:Legal representation 13524:Justice of the peace 12870:Financial regulation 12415:on 25 February 2022. 12164:Law in Ancient Egypt 11590:10.2139/ssrn.2848886 11475:Nietzsche, Friedrich 11147:Kelly, J.M. (1992). 10906:on 27 November 2010. 10376:10.54648/LEIE2006016 9551:Jary & Jary 1995 9388:on 10 September 2008 9188:Donoghue v Stevenson 9023:Austotel v Franklins 8967:Criminal Legislation 8880:, p. 205 about 8554:23 July 2011 at the 8431:Global Civil Society 8344:1 April 2007 at the 6888:. INPROL. May 2009. 6449:Law in ancient Egypt 6433:Théodoridés. "law". 6181:Aquinas, St Thomas. 5406:Comparative Politics 4995:; c.f. in the U.S., 4964:Donoghue v Stevenson 4930:20 June 2009 at the 4882:Presidential Systems 4869:Judiciary in the PRC 4569:Rational individuals 4349:financial regulation 3778:Donoghue v Stevenson 3721:specific performance 3705:culpa in contrahendo 3685:offer and acceptance 3610:) v ...". Also, lay 3093:List of areas of law 3032:Hegel believed that 3003:Classical republican 2993:during the American 2643:President of Austria 2627:President of Germany 2608:parliamentary system 2509:Houses of Parliament 2434:Fourteenth Amendment 2387:; in Australia, the 2369:Israel Supreme Court 2298:separation of powers 2288:Baron de Montesquieu 1758:, the U.S. state of 1631:Corpus Juris Civilis 1583:in constitutions or 1456:. Malaysia, Brunei, 1269:city-state, ancient 1162:The Authority of Law 822:. The singular form 509:Paradox of tolerance 32:Law (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 18918:Main topic articles 18829:Right-wing politics 18709:A Theory of Justice 18679:The Road to Serfdom 18599:The Social Contract 17306:Christian democracy 16926:Geisteswissenschaft 16920:Behavioral sciences 16846:Political sociology 16761:Information science 16706:Development studies 16210:Geisteswissenschaft 16176:Teaching Philosophy 15955:Abductive reasoning 15413:States with limited 14982:limited recognition 14404:Trinidad and Tobago 14299:Antigua and Barbuda 14155:States with limited 13679:Election commission 13391:Expressive function 12920:Landlord–tenant law 12819:Consumer protection 12338:Virginia Law Review 12197:on 29 October 2008. 11929:on 22 February 2008 11888:on 28 November 2006 11806:Robertson, Geoffrey 11621:Patterson, James T. 11535:. Frank Cass (UK). 11509:Manava-Dharmasastra 11213:10.2139/ssrn.421040 10690:The Dynamics of Law 9963:Blackstone, William 9935:Bix, Brian (2022). 9861:. Hart Publishing. 9472:, pp. 386–405. 9299:, pp. 251–274. 9249:, pp. 610–627. 9118:"Torts and Delicts" 9026:(1989) 16 NSWLR 582 9010:Pacta Sunt Servanda 8772:The Second Treatise 8745:10.1093/icon/mou003 8652:Schermers–Blokker, 8531:Schermers-Blokker, 8478:on 18 February 2010 8468:"History of the UN" 8457:, pp. 282–283. 8359:, pp. 277–278. 8154:Economy and Society 8002:on 29 December 2006 7979:Tuberville v Savage 7925:, pp. 115–116. 7823:on 21 November 2006 7437:, pp. 157–158. 7425:, pp. 274–275. 7372:William Wirt Howe, 7182:5 July 2011 at the 7069:on 26 December 2018 7036:, pp. 253–263. 6823:, pp. 263–304. 6399:, pp. 170–171. 6011:The Social Contract 5979:(Online ed.). 5830:"Law and Economics" 4782:Public interest law 4624:social construction 4212:of the corporation. 4161:and the problem of 4109:U.S. Bill of Rights 4103:(which founded the 4040:Further disciplines 4034:charitable purposes 3734:Abstraktionsprinzip 3680:pacta sunt servanda 3671:unilateral contract 3412:set up in 1799, as 3311:European Parliament 3131:further disciplines 2681:Military and police 2647:presidential system 2569:bill (proposed law) 2530:Assemblée nationale 2525:Parlamento Italiano 2488:The Chamber of the 2430:racially segregated 2167:such as the former 1817:, especially under 1069:Friedrich Nietzsche 953:in his text titled 913:early customary law 881:The Social Contract 438:Nuclear disarmament 337:Conflict escalation 314:Conflict management 218:Conflict resolution 18841:Political violence 18836:Political theology 18819:Left-wing politics 18814:Political spectrum 16981:Society portal 16468:auxiliary sciences 16297:Studia Humanitatis 14339:Dominican Republic 13637:Legal institutions 13504:Lawsuit/Litigation 13494:Dispute resolution 13299:Catholic canon law 13007:State of emergency 12970:Will and testament 12694:Law of obligations 12647:Constitutional law 12637:Administrative law 12458:Law.com Dictionary 12431:. House of Lords. 12206:. Berghahn Books. 12136:On the Rule of Law 11360:Medical Law Review 11136:Kazantzakis, Nikos 10744:The Concept of Law 10234:. Intersentia nv. 9284:Armory v Delamirie 9208:(1879) 11 Ch D 852 9205:Sturges v Bridgman 9052:§ 311 Abs. II 8956:, 212–217, 229–237 8895:See e.g. Feinman, 8788:On the Rule of Law 7685:The Spirit of Laws 7598:Jerman v. Carlisle 7093:Fordham University 6675:Manu's Code of Law 6317:, Second Essay, 11 6285:"Legal Positivism" 6251:Fritz Berolzheimer 6170:Harvard Law Review 6045:. Second Edition. 5955:10.3998/mpub.10283 5937:10.3998/mpub.10283 5886:Harvard Law Review 5439:Cox, Noel (2001). 5210:10.4000/revus.2449 4651: 4588:Sturges v Bridgman 4522:and the so-called 4504: 4498:winning economist 4410:restraint of trade 4323: 4319:banking regulation 4301:Law and regulation 4131:criminal procedure 4059: 4021: 3955:Armory v Delamirie 3891: 3885:A painting of the 3713:duty of good faith 3675: 3570: 3508:criminal procedure 3437:voter registration 3367:. A few, like the 3349: 3336:Constitutional law 3332:Administrative law 3317:noted in its 1963 3291:European Union law 3233:Geneva Conventions 3211: 3159:European Union law 3119:law of obligations 3113:and property). In 2999: 2967:skills (including 2965:dispute resolution 2821:private enterprise 2777: 2709: 2612:head of government 2596: 2505: 2422:. For example, in 2399:; in Germany, the 2377: 2367:Six judges of the 2296:, advocated for a 2272:organisation, the 2240:Legal institutions 2143:Islamic resurgence 2021:Anglican Communion 2007:law governing the 1966: 1938:Anglican Communion 1838:William Blackstone 1718: 1573: 1551: 1501:administrative law 1398: 1238:further developed 1200: 1139:The Concept of Law 1127:state of emergency 1085:Pure Theory of Law 1005: 934:The Concept of Law 909:Glanville Williams 725:administrative law 721:constitutional law 556:Track II diplomacy 504:Prisoner's dilemma 474:Conflict continuum 469:Conflict avoidance 254:Dispute resolution 18900: 18899: 18894: 18893: 18804:Philosophy of law 18749:Conflict theories 18589:The Spirit of Law 18496: 18495: 17545:Original position 17001: 17000: 16841:Political economy 16836:Political ecology 16691:Community studies 16681:Cognitive science 16644:Interdisciplinary 16544:Political science 16306: 16305: 16026:General knowledge 16009:Cultural literacy 15943: 15942: 15877:Religious studies 15813:Classical studies 15742: 15741: 15736: 15735: 15728:Wallis and Futuna 15636:Associated states 15514: 15513: 15087: 15086: 15024:other territories 14680: 14679: 14652:other territories 14532: 14531: 14421:other territories 14251: 14250: 14182:other territories 13955:Equatorial Guinea 13819: 13818: 13479:Constitutionalism 13401:Law and economics 13239:Act of parliament 12977:Product liability 12930:Legal archaeology 12855:Environmental law 12849:Entertainment law 12689:International law 12391:978-90-411-0938-5 12324:978-0-582-47301-0 12235:978-0-520-03500-3 12213:978-1-57181-404-3 12173:978-0-89089-978-6 12145:978-0-521-60465-9 12126:978-0-8047-0215-7 12098:978-0-521-64372-6 12040:978-0-226-75942-5 12021:978-3-16-148787-3 11819:978-0-14-102463-9 11766:Riker, William H. 11757:978-0-567-08158-2 11726:978-0-421-86240-1 11707:978-0-19-825493-5 11685:978-3-16-148787-3 11666:978-90-411-0933-0 11638:978-0-19-515632-4 11561:978-960-15-0106-2 11542:978-0-7146-4261-1 11519:978-0-19-517146-4 11497:978-0-691-00190-6 11415:Mises, Ludwig von 11406:978-0-421-85260-0 11350:978-0-472-06649-0 11308:978-0-7923-2796-7 11276:978-0-19-512863-5 11184:978-0-19-927569-4 11169:(November 2006). 11158:978-0-19-876244-7 11122:on 17 August 2007 11112:978-960-08-0333-4 11088:978-0-521-62695-8 11064:978-0-19-926655-5 11045:978-3-8059-1019-4 11026:978-1-55786-116-0 11003:978-0-8047-4803-2 10978:978-0-00-470804-1 10971:. HarperCollins. 10922:978-0-521-53021-7 10883:978-1-84113-898-5 10864:978-0-415-52441-4 10816:978-0-8047-4882-7 10797:978-0-226-32084-7 10698:978-0-7656-2086-6 10681:978-0-521-00580-7 10662:978-0-521-77485-7 10643:978-0-7658-0704-5 10630:Gurvitch, Georges 10621:978-0-521-68185-8 10602:978-0-8135-3983-6 10583:978-0-19-876575-2 10548:978-960-232-715-9 10529:978-960-14-1159-0 10516:Fukuyama, Francis 10481:978-0-19-505738-6 10458:978-90-411-1620-8 10439:978-0-415-19742-7 10414:978-0-19-517957-6 10342:978-0-674-51836-0 10320:978-0-684-83638-6 10298:978-0-521-81852-0 10279:978-1-4021-8555-7 10260:978-0-262-54179-4 10241:978-90-5095-381-8 10222:978-0-7546-2511-7 10209:Cotterrell, Roger 10200:978-0-7486-1339-7 10187:Cotterrell, Roger 10178:978-0-406-51770-8 10165:Cotterrell, Roger 10056:978-0-415-06212-1 10037:978-0-395-41058-5 10028:The Hinge of Fate 10018:978-0-631-19951-9 9999:978-0-8342-1083-7 9911:978-90-411-1645-1 9889:978-0-87169-432-4 9868:978-1-84113-237-2 9849:978-0-7923-1981-8 9830:978-0-472-11315-6 9811:978-90-5095-251-4 9717:978-0-333-11262-5 9698:978-3-16-148787-3 9682:on 26 March 2009. 9650:, pp. 81–82. 9648:Papachristou 1999 9050:e.g. in Germany, 8867:(London: 2012), 2 8455:Karkatsoulis 2004 8357:Karkatsoulis 2004 8280:, pp. 22–23. 7898:, pp. 37–82. 7847:Cour de cassation 7570:978-0-333-45919-5 7458:on 30 August 2006 7423:Giannoulatos 1975 7310:. CanonLaw.info. 7218:978-1-136-13250-6 6655:on 1 January 2020 6483:978-0-19-993539-0 5995:(Subscription or 5445:Deakin Law Review 5163:Spooner, Lysander 5009:Law and Economics 4948:The Hinge of Fate 4944:Winston Churchill 4841:, 19; Washofsky, 4772:Political science 4713:Library resources 4593:transaction costs 4565:transaction costs 4520:Oliver Williamson 4479:Law and economics 4438:Environmental law 4432:contractual terms 4317:, before tougher 4228:bills of exchange 4206:limited liability 4175:Transactional law 4075:health and safety 4017:Court of Chancery 3997:Equity and trusts 3926:rental agreements 3906:stocks and shares 3902:Personal property 3825:his duty of care; 3744:Torts and delicts 3738:Unjust enrichment 3669:was held to be a 3625:community service 3489:electoral silence 3461:electronic voting 3402:of the offending 3295:supranational law 3241:League of Nations 3214:International law 3143:International law 3137:International law 3065:individual rights 3057:Freedom of speech 2949:legal periodicals 2779:The etymology of 2663:foreign relations 2639:hereditary office 2413:Council of Europe 2408:Cour de Cassation 2395:; in the UK, the 2371:sitting at their 2328:Republic of China 2112:Sources of Sharia 1994: 1982: 1834:academic writings 1811:Court of Chancery 1532:legal transplants 1438:Fatawa-e-Alamgiri 1377:develops through 1329:Early Middle Ages 1291:Ancient Greek law 1281:), human decree ( 862:Philosophy of law 852:Philosophy of law 812:, comes from the 780:economic analysis 688:case law through 592: 591: 464:Anti-war movement 428:Nuclear blackmail 332:Communal violence 212: 211: 176:judicial opinions 123:Law and economics 16:(Redirected from 18930: 18809:Political ethics 18799:Machiavellianism 18739:Authoritarianism 18724: 18714: 18704: 18694: 18684: 18674: 18664: 18654: 18644: 18634: 18624: 18614: 18604: 18594: 18584: 18574: 18564: 18554: 18544: 18534: 18524: 18514: 17590: 17589: 17531: 17467: 17457:Balance of power 17431:Social democracy 17426:Social Darwinism 17401:Multiculturalism 17346:Environmentalism 17321:Communitarianism 17028: 17021: 17014: 17005: 17004: 16989: 16979: 16978: 16965: 16964: 16953: 16952: 16856:Regional science 16701:Cultural studies 16676:Business studies 16333: 16326: 16319: 16310: 16309: 16093:Self-realization 15905: 15904: 15782: 15775: 15768: 15759: 15758: 15746: 15745: 15718:Pitcairn Islands 15688:French Polynesia 15673:Christmas Island 15602:Papua New Guinea 15582:Marshall Islands 15555:Sovereign states 15541: 15534: 15527: 15518: 15517: 15451:Dependencies and 15387:Northern Ireland 15128:Sovereign states 15114: 15107: 15100: 15091: 15090: 15077: 15067: 15066: 15036:Christmas Island 14722:Sovereign states 14707: 14700: 14693: 14684: 14683: 14672: 14660:Falkland Islands 14574:Sovereign states 14559: 14552: 14545: 14536: 14535: 14489:Saint Barthélemy 14419:Dependencies and 14292:Sovereign states 14278: 14271: 14264: 14255: 14254: 14243: 14242:(United Kingdom) 14238:Tristan da Cunha 14234:Ascension Island 14226: 14213: 14204: 14180:Dependencies and 13873:Sovereign states 13859: 13852: 13845: 13836: 13835: 13823: 13822: 13794: 13793: 13792: 13780: 13779: 13603:Question of fact 13484:Criminal justice 12814:Construction law 12809:Conflict of laws 12774:Agricultural law 12616: 12609: 12602: 12593: 12592: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12444: 12442: 12440: 12416: 12411:. Archived from 12395: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12328: 12309: 12272: 12260: 12254: 12239: 12217: 12198: 12196: 12189: 12177: 12158: 12149: 12130: 12114: 12102: 12090: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12069: 12063:(2): 1037–1062. 12054: 12044: 12025: 12014:. Mohr Siebeck. 12006: 11997: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11960: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11910: 11897: 11895: 11893: 11887: 11881:. Archived from 11867:Droit et Société 11864: 11854: 11833:. Third Series. 11823: 11801: 11761: 11748:Hammurabi's Laws 11742: 11730: 11711: 11689: 11678:. Mohr Siebeck. 11670: 11651: 11642: 11630: 11616: 11614: 11612: 11606: 11575: 11565: 11552:Sociology of Law 11546: 11523: 11501: 11482: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11432: 11425: 11410: 11391: 11354: 11335: 11312: 11289: 11280: 11261: 11251: 11239: 11238:on 9 March 2019. 11237: 11231:. Archived from 11198: 11188: 11162: 11143: 11138:(1998) . "Law". 11131: 11129: 11127: 11121: 11115:. Archived from 11104: 11092: 11068: 11049: 11030: 11018: 11007: 10991: 10982: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10951: 10936: 10926: 10907: 10902:. Archived from 10887: 10868: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10820: 10801: 10782:Hayek, Friedrich 10777: 10748: 10737: 10685: 10666: 10647: 10634:Sociology of Law 10625: 10606: 10587: 10575: 10564: 10552: 10533: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10485: 10462: 10443: 10427: 10418: 10395: 10358: 10346: 10324: 10302: 10283: 10264: 10245: 10226: 10204: 10182: 10160: 10143:Cohen, Morris L. 10138: 10136: 10134: 10128: 10097: 10091:(October 1960). 10089:Coase, Ronald H. 10084: 10065:Coase, Ronald H. 10060: 10041: 10022: 10003: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9931: 9929: 9915: 9896: 9872: 9853: 9834: 9815: 9796: 9775: 9766:. Translated by 9765: 9750: 9721: 9702: 9691:. Mohr Siebeck. 9683: 9681: 9670: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9570:, Rottleuthner, 9560: 9554: 9548: 9539: 9533: 9524: 9517: 9511: 9504: 9498: 9491: 9485: 9484:, pp. 1–44. 9479: 9473: 9467: 9461: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9444: 9429: 9423: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9387: 9380: 9372: 9366: 9358: 9352: 9350: 9342: 9336: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9294: 9288: 9280: 9274: 9256: 9250: 9244: 9238: 9230: 9224: 9215: 9209: 9201: 9192: 9184: 9178: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9161: 9122:Yale Law Journal 9113: 9107: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9089: 9070: 9064: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9027: 9019: 9013: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8986:. Archived from 8976: 8970: 8963: 8957: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8899:, 260–261 about 8893: 8887: 8874: 8868: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8840: 8834: 8825: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8784: 8778: 8768: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8757: 8747: 8723: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8693: 8687: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8663: 8657: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8633: 8618: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8578: 8572: 8565: 8559: 8542: 8536: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8518: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8474:. Archived from 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8402: 8396: 8395: 8383: 8377: 8372:, 1–13; Warren, 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8331: 8325: 8316: 8310: 8303: 8297: 8290: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8256: 8254: 8252: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8211: 8205: 8204:Case no. 6538/74 8187: 8181: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8150: 8144: 8138: 8129: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089: 8070: 8064: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8018: 8012: 8011: 8009: 8007: 7998:. Archived from 7988: 7982: 7975: 7969: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7941: 7935: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7908: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7828: 7819:. Archived from 7809: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7720: 7714: 7704: 7698: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7647: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7612: 7606: 7594: 7588: 7583:Edward H. Levi, 7581: 7575: 7574: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7454:. Archived from 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7402: 7401: 7383: 7377: 7370: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7306:Peters, Edward. 7303: 7297: 7290: 7284: 7283: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7259:on 31 March 2019 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7204: 7198: 7192: 7186: 7169: 7163: 7155: 7149: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7104: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7065:. Archived from 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6951:. 17 July 2013. 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6894: 6883: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6854: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6782: 6776: 6770: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6660: 6651:. Archived from 6632: 6626: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6430: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6350: 6344: 6337: 6331: 6324: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6280: 6274: 6264: 6258: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6213: 6207: 6192: 6186: 6183:Summa Theologica 6179: 6173: 6166: 6160: 6159:, pp. 3–36. 6154: 6145: 6139: 6130: 6124: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6093: 6087: 6081: 6075: 6064: 6058: 6039: 6033: 6023: 6017: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5992: 5972: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5741: 5735: 5734: 5724: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5683: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5542:(6): 1423–1428. 5527: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5460: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5418:10.2307/20072892 5401: 5395: 5394: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5310: 5299: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5212: 5192: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5150: 5148: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5012: 5005: 4999: 4989: 4983: 4960: 4951: 4941: 4935: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4835:ius non-scriptum 4827: 4821: 4813: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4677:Georges Gurvitch 4614:Sociology of law 4422:consumer welfare 4408:and the English 4404:decrees against 4188:Law and commerce 4113:Treaty of Lisbon 4093:human rights law 3887:South Sea Bubble 3835:his act was the 3548:dolus eventualis 3536:strict liability 3526:malicious intent 3473:election systems 3445:campaign finance 3423:. It along with 3264:Conflict of laws 3173: 3155:Conflict of laws 3015: 2991:Washington, D.C. 2959:, contracts, or 2945:case-law reports 2938:legal researcher 2875:Bachelor of Laws 2845:Legal profession 2839:Legal profession 2713:Medieval England 2699:Officers of the 2675:defence ministry 2671:foreign ministry 2527:in Rome and the 2468:Guardian Council 2460:communist states 2420:unconstitutional 2336:Examination Yuan 2274:legal profession 2260: 2177:Marxist–Leninist 2165:communist states 2139:its legal system 1989: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1889:(consensus) and 1856:Law and religion 1823:1937 in the U.S. 1636:Byzantine Empire 1359:. A Europe-wide 1342: 1293:contained major 1208:Ancient Egyptian 1190:is revealed the 1109: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1025:Greek philosophy 885: 847: 844: 841: 837: 834: 831: 827: 821: 811: 584: 577: 570: 214: 213: 204: 197: 190: 128:Sociology of law 69: 46: 45: 21: 18938: 18937: 18933: 18932: 18931: 18929: 18928: 18927: 18903: 18902: 18901: 18896: 18895: 18890: 18877: 18866:Totalitarianism 18727: 18722: 18712: 18702: 18692: 18682: 18672: 18662: 18652: 18642: 18632: 18622: 18612: 18602: 18592: 18582: 18572: 18562: 18552: 18542: 18539:Treatise on Law 18532: 18522: 18512: 18492: 18150: 18144: 17883: 17877: 17763: 17757: 17676: 17579: 17565:State of nature 17560:Social contract 17540:Ordered liberty 17528:Noblesse oblige 17445: 17279: 17208: 17037: 17032: 17002: 16997: 16973: 16941: 16908: 16892: 16866:Science studies 16650:Administration 16639: 16365: 16342: 16340:Social sciences 16337: 16307: 16302: 16242: 16187: 16112: 16098:Self-reflection 16088:Moral character 16047:Human condition 15999:Critical theory 15939: 15903: 15850:Performing arts 15791: 15786: 15751: 15743: 15738: 15737: 15732: 15660: 15654: 15637: 15631: 15612:Solomon Islands 15550: 15548:Law of Oceania 15545: 15515: 15510: 15494: 15452: 15446: 15432:Northern Cyprus 15414: 15408: 15302:North Macedonia 15123: 15118: 15088: 15083: 15055: 15023: 15014: 14995:Northern Cyprus 14981: 14974: 14716: 14711: 14681: 14676: 14670: 14653: 14651: 14641: 14568: 14563: 14533: 14528: 14422: 14420: 14413: 14287: 14282: 14252: 14247: 14246: 14241: 14224: 14211: 14202: 14183: 14181: 14174: 14158: 14156: 14149: 13868: 13863: 13828: 13820: 13815: 13788: 13774: 13765: 13742: 13733:Political party 13706:Legal education 13694:Law enforcement 13674:Court of equity 13632: 13608:Question of law 13561:Practice of law 13541:Judicial review 13455: 13406:Legal formalism 13386:Comparative law 13381:Contract theory 13364: 13284:Legal pluralism 13255: 13244:Act of Congress 13168:Executive order 13134: 13036: 12955:Nationality law 12880:Immigration law 12804:Competition law 12757: 12625: 12620: 12540:Wayback Machine 12528: 12515: 12513: 12500: 12491: 12489: 12476: 12467: 12465: 12452: 12438: 12436: 12427: 12424: 12422:Further reading 12419: 12392: 12367: 12365: 12350:10.2307/1065717 12325: 12290:10.2307/2195750 12236: 12214: 12194: 12187: 12174: 12146: 12127: 12099: 12073: 12071: 12067: 12052: 12041: 12022: 11982: 11980: 11957: 11932: 11930: 11891: 11889: 11885: 11862: 11843:10.2307/2674504 11820: 11758: 11727: 11708: 11686: 11667: 11639: 11610: 11608: 11604: 11573: 11562: 11543: 11520: 11498: 11464: 11462: 11436: 11434: 11430: 11423: 11407: 11351: 11309: 11277: 11235: 11196: 11185: 11159: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11113: 11102: 11089: 11065: 11046: 11027: 11004: 10979: 10955: 10953: 10952:on 14 June 2007 10949: 10934: 10923: 10884: 10865: 10840: 10838: 10817: 10798: 10682: 10663: 10644: 10622: 10603: 10584: 10549: 10530: 10505: 10503: 10490:France, Anatole 10482: 10459: 10440: 10415: 10343: 10329:Dworkin, Ronald 10321: 10307:Durkheim, Émile 10299: 10280: 10261: 10242: 10223: 10201: 10179: 10157: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10095: 10075:(16): 386–405. 10057: 10038: 10019: 10000: 9978: 9976: 9952: 9950: 9912: 9890: 9869: 9850: 9831: 9812: 9804:. Intersentia. 9785:Wayback Machine 9778:Perseus program 9739:10.2307/2607811 9718: 9699: 9679: 9668: 9659: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9622: 9618: 9612:Cotterrell 1999 9610: 9606: 9600:Rheinstein 1954 9598: 9594: 9588:Cotterrell 2006 9586: 9582: 9561: 9557: 9549: 9542: 9536:Cotterrell 1992 9534: 9527: 9518: 9514: 9505: 9501: 9492: 9488: 9480: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9456: 9452: 9442: 9440: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9417: 9413: 9405: 9401: 9391: 9389: 9385: 9378: 9374: 9373: 9369: 9359: 9355: 9344: 9343: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9319: 9315: 9307: 9303: 9295: 9291: 9281: 9277: 9272:Wayback Machine 9257: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9231: 9227: 9216: 9212: 9202: 9195: 9185: 9181: 9173: 9169: 9159: 9157: 9114: 9110: 9101: 9097: 9087: 9085: 9072: 9071: 9067: 9059:Wayback Machine 9049: 9045: 9039:Pargendler 2018 9037: 9030: 9020: 9016: 9007: 9003: 8993: 8991: 8990:on 23 June 2011 8978: 8977: 8973: 8964: 8960: 8952:, see Simpson, 8950:Wayback Machine 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8913: 8909: 8902:Powell v. Texas 8894: 8890: 8875: 8871: 8862: 8858: 8850: 8843: 8835: 8828: 8812:Cesare Beccaria 8810: 8806: 8798: 8794: 8785: 8781: 8769: 8765: 8755: 8753: 8724: 8720: 8710: 8708: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8680: 8678: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8651: 8647: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8616: 8610: 8606: 8596: 8594: 8579: 8575: 8566: 8562: 8556:Wayback Machine 8543: 8539: 8530: 8526: 8516: 8514: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8466: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8443:Wayback Machine 8428: 8424: 8420:, pp. 5–6. 8416: 8412: 8403: 8399: 8384: 8380: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8346:Wayback Machine 8332: 8328: 8321:Second Treatise 8317: 8313: 8304: 8300: 8291: 8284: 8276: 8272: 8264: 8260: 8250: 8248: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8222: 8213: 8212: 8208: 8202:Wayback Machine 8188: 8184: 8176: 8172: 8164: 8160: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8132: 8127:Wayback Machine 8113: 8109: 8101: 8097: 8087: 8085: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8058: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8032: 8030: 8021: 8019: 8015: 8005: 8003: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7976: 7972: 7963: 7959: 7951: 7944: 7936: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7874:, pp. 1–2. 7870: 7866: 7856: 7854: 7841: 7840: 7836: 7826: 7824: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7785: 7784: 7780: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7748: 7738: 7736: 7721: 7717: 7706:Thomas Hobbes, 7705: 7701: 7696:Wayback Machine 7679: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7632: 7613: 7609: 7595: 7591: 7587:(2013), p. 1-2. 7582: 7578: 7571: 7553:Soviet Politics 7549: 7545: 7514: 7510: 7502: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7471: 7461: 7459: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7384: 7380: 7371: 7367: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7331: 7327: 7317: 7315: 7304: 7300: 7292:Raymond Wacks, 7291: 7287: 7276: 7272: 7262: 7260: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7205: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7184:Wayback Machine 7170: 7166: 7159:Gee v Pritchard 7156: 7152: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7102: 7100: 7087: 7086: 7082: 7072: 7070: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6831: 6827: 6819: 6815: 6807: 6803: 6795: 6791: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6767: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6722: 6718: 6711: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6672: 6668: 6658: 6656: 6649: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6595: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6523:, pp. 5–6. 6519: 6515: 6509:Richardson 2004 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6484: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6431: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6382: 6378: 6368: 6366: 6351: 6347: 6338: 6334: 6325: 6321: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6283:Green, Leslie. 6281: 6277: 6273:, 42 (par. 434) 6265: 6261: 6249: 6245: 6230:10.2307/2176104 6214: 6210: 6193: 6189: 6180: 6176: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6148: 6140: 6133: 6125: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6094: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6065: 6061: 6040: 6036: 6024: 6020: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5966: 5962: 5947: 5925: 5921: 5898:10.2307/1325958 5882: 5878: 5871: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5828:Rubin, Paul H. 5826: 5822: 5791: 5787: 5777: 5775: 5768: 5742: 5738: 5701: 5697: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5601: 5582: 5578: 5568: 5566: 5548:10.2307/3311976 5528: 5524: 5514: 5512: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5472: 5468: 5458: 5456: 5437: 5433: 5402: 5398: 5375:10.2307/1051071 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5328: 5324: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5297: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5254: 5250: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5226: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5177: 5160: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5121:10.2307/1141239 5101: 5097: 5074:10.2307/3052897 5058: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5025: 5021: 5016: 5015: 5006: 5002: 4990: 4986: 4980:Wayback Machine 4961: 4954: 4942: 4938: 4932:Wayback Machine 4918: 4914: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4879: 4875: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4810: 4805: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4703: 4696: 4693: 4683:in Europe, and 4681:Leon Petrażycki 4669:Hugo Sinzheimer 4616: 4610: 4528:Milton Friedman 4481: 4475: 4470: 4394:Competition law 4362:and utilities. 4360:public services 4331:value added tax 4200:began with the 4159:right of asylum 4151:nationality law 4147:Immigration law 4127:Civil procedure 4057:while on strike 4045:Law and society 4042: 4025:Lord Chancellor 4009: 4001:Main articles: 3999: 3879: 3873: 3837:proximate cause 3832:his breach; and 3756: 3748:Main articles: 3746: 3717:penalty clauses 3659: 3653: 3503: 3497: 3485:electoral fraud 3465:voting machines 3400:judicial review 3353:civil liberties 3338: 3330:Main articles: 3328: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3188: 3174: 3165: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3095: 3089: 3063:and many other 3011: 2983: 2977: 2863:bar association 2859:practice of law 2847: 2841: 2773:mandarin square 2757: 2751: 2717:criminal courts 2693: 2685:Main articles: 2683: 2649:, found in the 2584: 2578: 2558:house of review 2523:in Moscow, the 2519:in Berlin, the 2511:in London, the 2482: 2476: 2361: 2355: 2262: 2252:Thomas Hobbes, 2251: 2242: 2189:legal syllogism 2185: 2161: 2155: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2073:influenced the 2009:Catholic Church 1952: 1946: 1930:Catholic Church 1858: 1852: 1846: 1799:Sir Thomas More 1795:Lord Chancellor 1768:Norman conquest 1754:(except Malta, 1710:John of England 1702: 1694:Main articles: 1692: 1640:Theodosian Code 1597:Codex Hammurabi 1570:Napoleonic Code 1562: 1556: 1528: 1518:Comparative law 1516:Main articles: 1514: 1486:Chiang Kai-shek 1275:enslaved people 1248:Codex Hammurabi 1180: 1174: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1038:Treatise on Law 1029:Western culture 1017:Natural lawyers 997: 991: 970:Treatise on Law 905:Baron Hampstead 901: 895: 887: 877: 864: 856:Main articles: 854: 845: 842: 839: 835: 832: 829: 796: 767:jurisdictions. 670:comparative law 588: 516:Liaison officer 423:Nuclear warfare 407:Multilateralism 347:Just war theory 208: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18936: 18926: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18898: 18897: 18892: 18891: 18889: 18888: 18882: 18879: 18878: 18876: 18875: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18856:Social justice 18853: 18848: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18832: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18764:Egalitarianism 18761: 18756: 18754:Contractualism 18751: 18746: 18741: 18735: 18733: 18729: 18728: 18726: 18725: 18715: 18705: 18695: 18685: 18675: 18665: 18655: 18645: 18635: 18625: 18615: 18605: 18595: 18585: 18575: 18565: 18555: 18545: 18535: 18525: 18515: 18504: 18502: 18498: 18497: 18494: 18493: 18491: 18490: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18385: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18365: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18235: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18160: 18154: 18152: 18146: 18145: 18143: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18107: 18102: 18097: 18092: 18087: 18082: 18077: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18027: 18022: 18021: 18020: 18010: 18005: 18004: 18003: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17978: 17973: 17968: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17887: 17885: 17879: 17878: 17876: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17819: 17818: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17788: 17783: 17778: 17773: 17767: 17765: 17759: 17758: 17756: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17684: 17682: 17678: 17677: 17675: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17649: 17648: 17647: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17596: 17594: 17587: 17581: 17580: 17578: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17552: 17550:Overton window 17547: 17542: 17537: 17532: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17459: 17453: 17451: 17447: 17446: 17444: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17381:Libertarianism 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17287: 17285: 17281: 17280: 17278: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17247: 17242: 17237: 17232: 17227: 17222: 17216: 17214: 17210: 17209: 17207: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17191: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17151: 17146: 17141: 17136: 17131: 17126: 17121: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17101: 17096: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17056: 17051: 17045: 17043: 17039: 17038: 17031: 17030: 17023: 17016: 17008: 16999: 16998: 16996: 16995: 16983: 16971: 16959: 16946: 16943: 16942: 16940: 16939: 16934: 16929: 16922: 16916: 16914: 16910: 16909: 16907: 16906: 16900: 16898: 16894: 16893: 16891: 16890: 16885: 16880: 16879: 16878: 16873: 16863: 16858: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16832: 16831: 16826: 16821: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16809:social science 16806: 16801: 16796: 16791: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16753: 16748: 16743: 16741:Global studies 16738: 16736:Gender studies 16733: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16721: 16719:social science 16715:Environmental 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16662: 16661: 16656: 16647: 16645: 16641: 16640: 16638: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16583: 16573: 16572: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16529: 16528: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16512: 16507: 16497: 16496: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16428: 16427: 16426: 16421: 16416: 16414:macroeconomics 16411: 16409:microeconomics 16401: 16400: 16399: 16394: 16389: 16384: 16373: 16371: 16367: 16366: 16364: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16347: 16344: 16343: 16336: 16335: 16328: 16321: 16313: 16304: 16303: 16301: 16300: 16293: 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16250: 16248: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16214: 16213: 16201: 16195: 16193: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16185: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16131: 16126: 16120: 16118: 16114: 16113: 16111: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16084: 16083: 16073: 16072: 16071: 16066: 16056: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16022: 16021: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15984: 15981:Belles-lettres 15977: 15972: 15967: 15965:Antipositivism 15962: 15957: 15951: 15949: 15945: 15944: 15941: 15940: 15938: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15911: 15909: 15902: 15901: 15900: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15847: 15842: 15841: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15799: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15785: 15784: 15777: 15770: 15762: 15756: 15753: 15752: 15740: 15739: 15734: 15733: 15731: 15730: 15725: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15708:Norfolk Island 15705: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15668:American Samoa 15664: 15662: 15656: 15655: 15653: 15652: 15647: 15641: 15639: 15638:of New Zealand 15633: 15632: 15630: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15579: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15558: 15556: 15552: 15551: 15544: 15543: 15536: 15529: 15521: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15508: 15506:European Union 15502: 15500: 15499:Other entities 15496: 15495: 15493: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15456: 15454: 15453:other entities 15448: 15447: 15445: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15418: 15416: 15410: 15409: 15407: 15406: 15401: 15400: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15377:United Kingdom 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15190:Czech Republic 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15131: 15129: 15125: 15124: 15117: 15116: 15109: 15102: 15094: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15071: 15060: 15057: 15056: 15054: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15027: 15025: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14986: 14984: 14976: 14975: 14973: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14757: 14752: 14747: 14742: 14737: 14732: 14726: 14724: 14718: 14717: 14710: 14709: 14702: 14695: 14687: 14678: 14677: 14675: 14674: 14667: 14662: 14656: 14654: 14646: 14643: 14642: 14640: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14578: 14576: 14570: 14569: 14562: 14561: 14554: 14547: 14539: 14530: 14529: 14527: 14526: 14521: 14516: 14511: 14509:Sint Eustatius 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14456: 14454:Cayman Islands 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14425: 14423: 14418: 14415: 14414: 14412: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14295: 14293: 14289: 14288: 14281: 14280: 14273: 14266: 14258: 14249: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14227: 14214: 14205: 14191:Canary Islands 14187: 14186: 14184: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14173: 14172: 14167: 14161: 14159: 14154: 14151: 14150: 14148: 14147: 14142: 14137: 14132: 14127: 14122: 14117: 14112: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13876: 13874: 13870: 13869: 13866:Law of Africa 13862: 13861: 13854: 13847: 13839: 13833: 13830: 13829: 13817: 13816: 13814: 13813: 13806: 13799: 13785: 13782:Law portal 13770: 13767: 13766: 13764: 13763: 13762: 13761: 13750: 13748: 13744: 13743: 13741: 13740: 13735: 13730: 13725: 13720: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13703: 13702: 13701: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13651: 13646: 13640: 13638: 13634: 13633: 13631: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13618:Trial advocacy 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13599: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13558: 13553: 13548: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13532: 13531: 13526: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13481: 13476: 13471: 13465: 13463: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13372: 13370: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13362: 13357: 13352: 13347: 13342: 13341: 13340: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13265: 13263: 13257: 13256: 13254: 13253: 13248: 13247: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13226: 13225: 13224: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13198: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13177: 13176: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13155: 13150: 13148:Ballot measure 13144: 13142: 13136: 13135: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13125:Legal treatise 13122: 13121: 13120: 13115: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13093: 13091:Letters patent 13088: 13083: 13082: 13081: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13052: 13046: 13044: 13042:Sources of law 13038: 13037: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13027:Unenforced law 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12799:Commercial law 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12765: 12763: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12755: 12750: 12745: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12711: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12633: 12631: 12627: 12626: 12619: 12618: 12611: 12604: 12596: 12590: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12527: 12526:External links 12524: 12523: 12522: 12498: 12474: 12450: 12445: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12417: 12396: 12390: 12374: 12344:(3): 203–214. 12329: 12323: 12310: 12284:(4): 775–786. 12273: 12261: 12240: 12234: 12218: 12212: 12199: 12178: 12172: 12159: 12150: 12144: 12131: 12125: 12103: 12097: 12080: 12045: 12039: 12026: 12020: 12007: 12003:Commercial Law 11998: 11989: 11961: 11955: 11939: 11911: 11898: 11855: 11837:(4): 883–912. 11824: 11818: 11802: 11776:(1): 101–116. 11762: 11756: 11743: 11735:Rheinstein, M. 11731: 11725: 11712: 11706: 11690: 11684: 11671: 11665: 11652: 11643: 11637: 11617: 11584:(1): 143–189. 11566: 11560: 11547: 11541: 11524: 11518: 11502: 11496: 11483: 11471: 11443: 11411: 11405: 11397:Snell's Equity 11392: 11366:(3): 251–274. 11355: 11349: 11336: 11313: 11307: 11290: 11281: 11275: 11262: 11240: 11189: 11183: 11163: 11157: 11144: 11132: 11111: 11093: 11087: 11073:Kant, Immanuel 11069: 11063: 11050: 11044: 11031: 11025: 11019:. Blackwells. 11008: 11002: 10989:"Introduction" 10983: 10977: 10962: 10927: 10921: 10908: 10892:Hobbes, Thomas 10888: 10882: 10869: 10863: 10847: 10821: 10815: 10802: 10796: 10778: 10760:(3): 253–263. 10749: 10738: 10712:(3): 610–627. 10701: 10686: 10680: 10667: 10661: 10648: 10642: 10626: 10620: 10607: 10601: 10588: 10582: 10565: 10553: 10547: 10534: 10528: 10520:State-Building 10512: 10486: 10480: 10463: 10457: 10444: 10438: 10419: 10413: 10396: 10370:(3): 263–304. 10359: 10351:Ehrlich, Eugen 10347: 10341: 10325: 10319: 10303: 10297: 10284: 10278: 10265: 10259: 10246: 10240: 10227: 10221: 10205: 10199: 10183: 10177: 10161: 10155: 10139: 10112:10.1086/466560 10085: 10061: 10055: 10042: 10036: 10023: 10017: 10004: 9998: 9985: 9959: 9932: 9916: 9910: 9897: 9888: 9873: 9867: 9854: 9848: 9835: 9829: 9816: 9810: 9797: 9788: 9751: 9722: 9716: 9703: 9697: 9684: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9640: 9638:, p. 142. 9628: 9626:, p. 156. 9616: 9604: 9602:, p. 336. 9592: 9580: 9555: 9553:, p. 636. 9540: 9525: 9512: 9499: 9486: 9474: 9462: 9450: 9424: 9411: 9399: 9367: 9353: 9337: 9325: 9323:, Section 123. 9313: 9301: 9289: 9275: 9251: 9239: 9225: 9210: 9193: 9179: 9175:Bolton v Stone 9167: 9134:10.2307/786478 9128:(6): 721–730. 9108: 9095: 9065: 9043: 9028: 9014: 9001: 8971: 8958: 8931: 8929:, p. 333. 8919: 8917:, p. 491. 8907: 8888: 8869: 8856: 8841: 8826: 8804: 8792: 8779: 8763: 8738:(1): 105–134. 8718: 8688: 8658: 8645: 8604: 8573: 8560: 8537: 8524: 8489: 8459: 8447: 8422: 8410: 8397: 8378: 8361: 8349: 8326: 8311: 8298: 8282: 8270: 8258: 8232: 8206: 8182: 8170: 8168:, p. 371. 8158: 8145: 8143:, p. 367. 8130: 8107: 8095: 8065: 8052: 8040: 8013: 7983: 7970: 7957: 7942: 7940:, p. 101. 7927: 7915: 7913:, p. 158. 7900: 7888: 7884:Patterson 2001 7876: 7872:Goldhaber 2007 7864: 7834: 7804: 7778: 7767:on 6 July 2017 7746: 7715: 7699: 7673: 7642: 7627:(4): 807–834. 7607: 7589: 7576: 7569: 7543: 7530:10.2307/840224 7524:(4): 781–808. 7508: 7504:Markovits 2007 7493: 7481: 7479:, p. 127. 7469: 7448:"Saudi Arabia" 7439: 7427: 7415: 7403: 7397:978-0226077598 7396: 7378: 7365: 7352: 7325: 7298: 7285: 7270: 7239: 7237:, p. 159. 7227: 7217: 7199: 7187: 7164: 7150: 7143:Table Talk of 7134: 7122: 7110: 7080: 7050: 7048:, p. 204. 7038: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6990: 6978: 6966: 6936: 6906: 6870: 6825: 6813: 6811:, p. 309. 6801: 6799:, p. 307. 6789: 6787:, p. 305. 6777: 6775:, p. 304. 6765: 6763:, p. 287. 6753: 6751:, p. 273. 6741: 6734: 6716: 6709: 6691: 6689:, p. 276. 6679: 6666: 6647: 6627: 6612: 6593: 6584:Commercial Law 6573: 6561: 6549: 6547:, p. 121. 6537: 6535:, p. 346. 6525: 6513: 6501: 6482: 6452: 6440: 6425: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6376: 6345: 6332: 6319: 6306: 6275: 6267:Kant, Immanuel 6259: 6243: 6208: 6187: 6174: 6161: 6146: 6144:, p. 410. 6131: 6116: 6114:, p. 184. 6104: 6088: 6076: 6059: 6034: 6018: 6002: 5960: 5945: 5919: 5892:(3): 195–234. 5876: 5869: 5851: 5820: 5801:(4): 539–543. 5785: 5766: 5736: 5715:(5): 558–583. 5695: 5674:(3): 241–265. 5654: 5611: 5576: 5522: 5491: 5484: 5466: 5431: 5396: 5353: 5322: 5285: 5283:, p. 525. 5273: 5248: 5236: 5187: 5154: 5115:(3): 301–306. 5095: 5068:(3): 429–446. 5052: 5040: 5036:Robertson 2006 5022: 5020: 5017: 5014: 5013: 5000: 4984: 4952: 4936: 4912: 4899: 4895:State-Building 4886: 4873: 4856: 4847: 4822: 4820:, 2, 104–107). 4807: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4794: 4792:Sources of law 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4767:Outline of law 4764: 4762:Legal treatise 4759: 4754: 4752:Law dictionary 4749: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4692: 4689: 4673:Theodor Geiger 4660:Émile Durkheim 4612:Main article: 4609: 4606: 4524:Chicago School 4516:Richard Posner 4488:Richard Posner 4477:Main article: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4453: 4446:climate change 4442:Kyoto Protocol 4435: 4425: 4391: 4356: 4342: 4321:was introduced 4303: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4286: 4283:related rights 4272: 4269:maritime liens 4253: 4236:bankruptcy law 4216:Commercial law 4213: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4144: 4138: 4124: 4082: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4038: 3998: 3995: 3991:mix our labour 3950:commercial law 3875:Main article: 3872: 3869: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3826: 3819: 3791:House of Lords 3745: 3742: 3655:Main article: 3652: 3649: 3633:rehabilitation 3576:, or pleading 3558:Adolf Eichmann 3544:dolus directus 3499:Main article: 3496: 3493: 3475:and formulas, 3471:of elections, 3409:Conseil d'État 3369:United Kingdom 3365:bill of rights 3327: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3299:United Nations 3288: 3261: 3251:(WTO), or the 3189: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3167: 3166: 3141:Main article: 3138: 3135: 3088: 3085: 3077:debating clubs 2979:Main article: 2976: 2973: 2899:Doctor of Laws 2887:Master of Laws 2843:Main article: 2840: 2837: 2805:Baron de Grimm 2771:official with 2753:Main article: 2750: 2747: 2682: 2679: 2629:(appointed by 2580:Main article: 2577: 2574: 2550:constituencies 2478:Main article: 2475: 2472: 2357:Main article: 2354: 2351: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2215:Edward H. Levi 2184: 2181: 2157:Main article: 2154: 2151: 2147:world politics 2122:Ottoman Empire 2104:Main article: 2101: 2098: 2037:church council 2005:ecclesiastical 1948:Main article: 1945: 1942: 1848:Main article: 1845: 1842: 1752:British Empire 1728:and executive 1691: 1688: 1648:religious laws 1610:Roman Republic 1558:Main article: 1555: 1552: 1513: 1510: 1454:British Empire 1295:constitutional 1285:) and custom ( 1256:transliterated 1252:Assyriologists 1240:Babylonian law 1236:King Hammurabi 1176:Main article: 1173: 1170: 1150:Ronald Dworkin 1053:Jeremy Bentham 1035:, notably his 1033:Thomas Aquinas 990: 987: 975:Thomas Aquinas 947:Ronald Dworkin 921:Thurman Arnold 897:Main article: 894: 891: 865: 853: 850: 802:, attested in 795: 792: 753:commercial law 590: 589: 587: 586: 579: 572: 564: 561: 560: 559: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 512: 511: 506: 496: 491: 489:Family therapy 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 453: 452: 448: 447: 446: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 417: 416: 412: 411: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 371: 370: 364: 363: 362: 361: 360: 359: 349: 344: 339: 334: 326: 325: 319: 318: 317: 316: 308: 307: 303: 302: 301: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 279: 278: 276:Party-directed 268: 267: 266: 261: 256: 246: 241: 236: 228: 227: 221: 220: 210: 209: 207: 206: 199: 192: 184: 181: 180: 179: 178: 166: 165: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 138: 137: 133: 132: 131: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 102: 101: 97: 96: 95: 94: 89: 84: 76: 75: 71: 70: 62: 61: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18935: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18910: 18908: 18887: 18884: 18883: 18880: 18874: 18873: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18859: 18857: 18854: 18852: 18849: 18847: 18844: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18789:Jurisprudence 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18736: 18734: 18730: 18721: 18720: 18716: 18711: 18710: 18706: 18701: 18700: 18696: 18691: 18690: 18686: 18681: 18680: 18676: 18671: 18670: 18666: 18661: 18660: 18656: 18651: 18650: 18646: 18641: 18640: 18636: 18631: 18630: 18626: 18621: 18620: 18619:Rights of Man 18616: 18611: 18610: 18606: 18601: 18600: 18596: 18591: 18590: 18586: 18581: 18580: 18576: 18571: 18570: 18566: 18561: 18560: 18556: 18551: 18550: 18546: 18541: 18540: 18536: 18531: 18530: 18529:De re publica 18526: 18521: 18520: 18516: 18511: 18510: 18506: 18505: 18503: 18499: 18489: 18486: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18234: 18231: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18159: 18156: 18155: 18153: 18149:20th and 21st 18147: 18141: 18138: 18136: 18133: 18131: 18128: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18101: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18086: 18083: 18081: 18078: 18076: 18073: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18026: 18023: 18019: 18016: 18015: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18002: 17999: 17998: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17977: 17974: 17972: 17969: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17907: 17904: 17902: 17899: 17897: 17894: 17892: 17889: 17888: 17886: 17882:18th and 19th 17880: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17824: 17821: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17792: 17789: 17787: 17784: 17782: 17779: 17777: 17774: 17772: 17769: 17768: 17766: 17760: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17738:Nizam al-Mulk 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17685: 17683: 17679: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17653: 17650: 17646: 17643: 17642: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17597: 17595: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17582: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17551: 17548: 17546: 17543: 17541: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17530: 17529: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17466: 17465: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17454: 17452: 17448: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17421:Republicanism 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17288: 17286: 17282: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17258: 17256: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17246: 17243: 17241: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17231: 17228: 17226: 17223: 17221: 17218: 17217: 17215: 17211: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17190: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17140: 17137: 17135: 17132: 17130: 17127: 17125: 17122: 17120: 17117: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17100: 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17075: 17072: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17055: 17052: 17050: 17047: 17046: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17029: 17024: 17022: 17017: 17015: 17010: 17009: 17006: 16994: 16993: 16988: 16984: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16970: 16969: 16960: 16958: 16957: 16948: 16947: 16944: 16938: 16935: 16933: 16932:Human science 16930: 16928: 16927: 16923: 16921: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16911: 16905: 16902: 16901: 16899: 16895: 16889: 16888:Vegan studies 16886: 16884: 16881: 16877: 16874: 16872: 16869: 16868: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16852: 16851:Public health 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16837: 16834: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16822: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16786: 16785:Philosophies 16784: 16782: 16781:Media studies 16779: 16777: 16774: 16772: 16769: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16756:Human ecology 16754: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16716: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16666:Anthrozoology 16664: 16660: 16657: 16655: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16648: 16646: 16642: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16610: 16609: 16606: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16591:developmental 16589: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16577: 16574: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16564:public policy 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16546: 16545: 16542: 16538: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16530: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16515:legal systems 16513: 16511: 16510:legal history 16508: 16506: 16505:jurisprudence 16503: 16502: 16501: 16498: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16460: 16459: 16456: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16433: 16432: 16429: 16425: 16422: 16420: 16417: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16405: 16402: 16398: 16395: 16393: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16379: 16378: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16368: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16345: 16341: 16334: 16329: 16327: 16322: 16320: 16315: 16314: 16311: 16299: 16298: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16260: 16257: 16256: 16255: 16252: 16251: 16249: 16245: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16212: 16211: 16207: 16206: 16205: 16204:Human science 16202: 16200: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16190: 16184: 16183: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16136: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16115: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16082: 16079: 16078: 16077: 16074: 16070: 16067: 16065: 16062: 16061: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16054: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16020: 16017: 16016: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15989: 15985: 15983: 15982: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15952: 15950: 15946: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15920:Environmental 15918: 15916: 15913: 15912: 15910: 15906: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15848: 15846: 15843: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15825: 15824: 15823:Language arts 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15800: 15798: 15794: 15790: 15783: 15778: 15776: 15771: 15769: 15764: 15763: 15760: 15754: 15747: 15729: 15726: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15703:New Caledonia 15701: 15699: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15689: 15686: 15684: 15683:Easter Island 15681: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15665: 15663: 15657: 15651: 15648: 15646: 15643: 15642: 15640: 15634: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15578: 15575: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15559: 15557: 15553: 15549: 15542: 15537: 15535: 15530: 15528: 15523: 15522: 15519: 15507: 15504: 15503: 15501: 15497: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15465:Faroe Islands 15463: 15461: 15458: 15457: 15455: 15449: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15437:South Ossetia 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15419: 15417: 15411: 15405: 15402: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15379: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15262:Liechtenstein 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15132: 15130: 15126: 15122: 15121:Law in Europe 15115: 15110: 15108: 15103: 15101: 15096: 15095: 15092: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15070: 15062: 15061: 15058: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15028: 15026: 15021: 15017: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15005:South Ossetia 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14987: 14985: 14983: 14977: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14756: 14753: 14751: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14738: 14736: 14733: 14731: 14728: 14727: 14725: 14723: 14719: 14715: 14708: 14703: 14701: 14696: 14694: 14689: 14688: 14685: 14673: 14668: 14666: 14665:French Guiana 14663: 14661: 14658: 14657: 14655: 14649: 14644: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14575: 14571: 14567: 14560: 14555: 14553: 14548: 14546: 14541: 14540: 14537: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14424: 14416: 14410: 14409:United States 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14296: 14294: 14290: 14286: 14279: 14274: 14272: 14267: 14265: 14260: 14259: 14256: 14239: 14235: 14231: 14228: 14222: 14218: 14215: 14209: 14206: 14200: 14196: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14185: 14177: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14152: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14116: 14113: 14111: 14108: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13995:Guinea-Bissau 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13877: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13860: 13855: 13853: 13848: 13846: 13841: 13840: 13837: 13831: 13827:Law by region 13824: 13812: 13811: 13807: 13805: 13804: 13800: 13798: 13797: 13786: 13784: 13783: 13778: 13772: 13771: 13768: 13760: 13757: 13756: 13755: 13752: 13751: 13749: 13745: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13712: 13709: 13708: 13707: 13704: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13664:Civil society 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13641: 13639: 13635: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13623:Trier of fact 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13552: 13549: 13547: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13521: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13509:Legal opinion 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13489:Court-martial 13487: 13485: 13482: 13480: 13477: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13461:Jurisprudence 13458: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13367: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13350:Statutory law 13348: 13346: 13345:Socialist law 13343: 13339: 13338:Byzantine law 13336: 13335: 13334: 13331: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13289:Religious law 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13261:Legal systems 13258: 13252: 13249: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13230: 13229:Statutory law 13227: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13182: 13181: 13178: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13160: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13141: 13137: 13131: 13128: 13126: 13123: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13106: 13102: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13089: 13087: 13084: 13080: 13077: 13076: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13059:Statutory law 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13017:Transport law 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12962: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12935:Legal fiction 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12865:Financial law 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12824:Corporate law 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12760: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12748:Statutory law 12746: 12744: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12706: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12663: 12660: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12634: 12632: 12630:Core subjects 12628: 12624: 12617: 12612: 12610: 12605: 12603: 12598: 12597: 12594: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12541: 12537: 12533: 12530: 12529: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12475: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12425: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12397: 12393: 12387: 12383: 12379: 12375: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12316: 12311: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12295: 12291: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12253: 12251: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12215: 12209: 12205: 12200: 12193: 12186: 12185: 12179: 12175: 12169: 12165: 12160: 12156: 12151: 12147: 12141: 12137: 12132: 12128: 12122: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12107:Stone, Julius 12104: 12100: 12094: 12089: 12088: 12081: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12051: 12046: 12042: 12036: 12032: 12027: 12023: 12017: 12013: 12008: 12004: 11999: 11995: 11990: 11978: 11975:(in German). 11974: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11958: 11956:9781485133148 11952: 11948: 11944: 11940: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11912: 11908: 11905:(in German). 11904: 11903:Rechtstheorie 11899: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11869:(in French). 11868: 11861: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11831: 11825: 11821: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11753: 11749: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11722: 11718: 11713: 11709: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11681: 11677: 11672: 11668: 11662: 11658: 11653: 11649: 11644: 11640: 11634: 11629: 11628: 11622: 11618: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11572: 11567: 11563: 11557: 11553: 11548: 11544: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11525: 11521: 11515: 11511: 11508: 11503: 11499: 11493: 11489: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11429: 11422: 11421: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11402: 11398: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11356: 11352: 11346: 11342: 11337: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11321: 11320: 11314: 11310: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11291: 11287: 11282: 11278: 11272: 11268: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11241: 11234: 11230: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11202: 11195: 11190: 11186: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11150: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11118: 11114: 11108: 11101: 11100: 11094: 11090: 11084: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11056: 11051: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11032: 11028: 11022: 11017: 11016: 11009: 11005: 10999: 10995: 10990: 10984: 10980: 10974: 10970: 10969: 10963: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10933: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10914: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10875: 10870: 10866: 10860: 10857:. Routledge. 10856: 10852: 10848: 10836: 10833:(in German). 10832: 10831: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10812: 10808: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10750: 10746: 10745: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10677: 10673: 10668: 10664: 10658: 10654: 10649: 10645: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10627: 10623: 10617: 10613: 10608: 10604: 10598: 10594: 10589: 10585: 10579: 10574: 10573: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10464: 10460: 10454: 10450: 10445: 10441: 10435: 10432:. Routledge. 10431: 10426: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10285: 10281: 10275: 10271: 10266: 10262: 10256: 10253:. MIT Press. 10252: 10247: 10243: 10237: 10233: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10156:9780883633120 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10052: 10048: 10043: 10039: 10033: 10029: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10010: 10005: 10001: 9995: 9991: 9986: 9974: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9960: 9948: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9937:"John Austin" 9933: 9928: 9927: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9898: 9895: 9891: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9851: 9845: 9841: 9836: 9832: 9826: 9822: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9803: 9798: 9794: 9789: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9773: 9769: 9764: 9762: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9744: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9719: 9713: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9690: 9685: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9662: 9661: 9649: 9644: 9637: 9632: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9608: 9601: 9596: 9589: 9584: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9559: 9552: 9547: 9545: 9537: 9532: 9530: 9522: 9516: 9509: 9503: 9496: 9490: 9483: 9478: 9471: 9466: 9460:, p. 53. 9459: 9454: 9438: 9434: 9428: 9421: 9415: 9408: 9403: 9384: 9377: 9371: 9364: 9363: 9357: 9349: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9311:, p. 25. 9310: 9305: 9298: 9297:Matthews 1995 9293: 9286: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9269: 9266: 9263: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9243: 9236: 9235: 9229: 9222: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9206: 9200: 9198: 9190: 9189: 9183: 9176: 9171: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9099: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9060: 9056: 9053: 9047: 9040: 9035: 9033: 9025: 9024: 9018: 9011: 9005: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8968: 8962: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8944: 8943:14 QBD 273 DC 8941: 8935: 8928: 8923: 8916: 8911: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8892: 8885: 8884: 8879: 8873: 8866: 8860: 8853: 8848: 8846: 8838: 8833: 8831: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8813: 8808: 8802:, p. 75. 8801: 8796: 8789: 8783: 8777: 8773: 8767: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8722: 8706: 8702: 8700: 8692: 8676: 8672: 8670: 8662: 8655: 8649: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8615: 8608: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8564: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8541: 8534: 8528: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8469: 8463: 8456: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8419: 8414: 8407: 8401: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8374:Civil Society 8371: 8368:(Pelczynski, 8365: 8358: 8353: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8330: 8323: 8322: 8315: 8308: 8307:Civil Society 8302: 8295: 8289: 8287: 8279: 8274: 8267: 8262: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8220: 8216: 8210: 8203: 8199: 8196: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8179: 8174: 8167: 8162: 8155: 8149: 8142: 8137: 8135: 8128: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8105:, p. 16. 8104: 8099: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8074:"bureaucracy" 8069: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8029:on 6 May 2008 8028: 8024: 8017: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7987: 7980: 7974: 7967: 7961: 7955:, p. 71. 7954: 7949: 7947: 7939: 7934: 7932: 7924: 7919: 7912: 7907: 7905: 7897: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7852: 7848: 7845:(in French). 7844: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7815:(in German). 7814: 7808: 7792: 7788: 7782: 7763: 7756: 7750: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7677: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7618: 7611: 7604: 7600: 7599: 7593: 7586: 7580: 7572: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7498: 7490: 7485: 7478: 7477:Akhlaghi 2005 7473: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7436: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7413:, p. 43. 7412: 7411:Anderson 1956 7407: 7399: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7375: 7369: 7362: 7356: 7340: 7336: 7329: 7313: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7289: 7281: 7274: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7231: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7203: 7197:, p. 17. 7196: 7191: 7185: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7168: 7161: 7160: 7154: 7147: 7146: 7141:Pollock (ed) 7138: 7131: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7089:"Magna Carta" 7084: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7035: 7030: 7024:, p. 43. 7023: 7018: 7012:, p. 35. 7011: 7006: 7000:, p. 32. 6999: 6994: 6988:, p. 21. 6987: 6982: 6976:, p. 18. 6975: 6970: 6954: 6950: 6949:The Economist 6946: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6874: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6822: 6817: 6810: 6805: 6798: 6793: 6786: 6781: 6774: 6769: 6762: 6757: 6750: 6745: 6737: 6735:9781136950360 6731: 6728:. Routledge. 6727: 6720: 6712: 6710:9781783475728 6706: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6670: 6654: 6650: 6648:9780199673667 6644: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6625:, p. 71. 6624: 6619: 6617: 6600: 6596: 6594:9780199692088 6590: 6586: 6585: 6577: 6570: 6565: 6559:, p. 39. 6558: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6534: 6529: 6522: 6517: 6511:, p. 11. 6510: 6505: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6436: 6429: 6423:, p. 37. 6422: 6417: 6411:, p. 21. 6410: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6386: 6380: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6336: 6329: 6326:Kazantzakis, 6323: 6316: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6252: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6205: 6204:1-85431-582-X 6201: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6178: 6171: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6138: 6136: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6113: 6112:Campbell 1993 6108: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6086:, p. 36. 6085: 6080: 6073: 6069: 6063: 6056: 6055:1-85431-582-X 6052: 6048: 6044: 6038: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5971: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5946:9780472096251 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5870:1-931255-13-X 5866: 5862: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5789: 5773: 5769: 5767:9780199296064 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5487: 5485:9789087280574 5481: 5477: 5470: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5326: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5289: 5282: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5240: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5203:(19): 53–81. 5202: 5198: 5191: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5044: 5038:, p. 90. 5037: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5023: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4973:UK Law Online 4970: 4966: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4933: 4929: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4909: 4903: 4896: 4890: 4883: 4877: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4851: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4826: 4819: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4706: 4700: 4695: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4653:Around 1900, 4648: 4644: 4640: 4638: 4637:Eugen Ehrlich 4633: 4632:legal culture 4629: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4540:privatisation 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4462: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4429: 4426: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4368:privatisation 4365: 4361: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4336: 4335:corporate tax 4332: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4256:Admiralty law 4254: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4224:insurance law 4221: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4004: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3960:chimney sweep 3957: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898:Real property 3895: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3689:consideration 3686: 3682: 3681: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3538:" crimes, an 3537: 3533: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3477:vote counting 3474: 3470: 3469:accessibility 3466: 3462: 3458: 3457:apportionment 3454: 3453:redistricting 3450: 3449:party funding 3446: 3442: 3441:ballot access 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394:, holds that 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3357:United States 3354: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3307:African Union 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3034:civil society 3030: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2981:Civil society 2975:Civil society 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955:, persuasive 2954: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2911:Doctor of law 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2823:motivated by 2822: 2816: 2814: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793:Ancient Greek 2790: 2786: 2782: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2651:United States 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:head of state 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2499: 2498:National Diet 2495: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2397:Supreme Court 2394: 2390: 2386: 2385:Supreme Court 2382: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2350: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2310:Thomas Hobbes 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2284: 2279: 2278:civil society 2275: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2201:mischief rule 2198: 2194: 2190: 2183:Legal methods 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2159:Socialist law 2153:Socialist law 2150: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2107: 2097: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2044:western world 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1971: 1970:Ancient Greek 1963: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1907:Old Testament 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1850:Religious law 1844:Religious law 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1735:stare decisis 1731: 1727: 1723: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1687: 1685: 1684:Latin America 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1656:Enlightenment 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581:codifications 1578: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1547: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1512:Legal systems 1509: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1497:Socialist law 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482:Taiwanese law 1479: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:Mughal Empire 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:Theodosius II 1310: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1263:Old Testament 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1178:Legal history 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1134:H. L. A. Hart 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1073:will to power 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1049:Immanuel Kant 1046: 1042: 1040: 1039: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1001: 996: 986: 984: 980: 976: 973: 971: 966: 962: 958: 957: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:H. L. A. Hart 937: 935: 929: 927: 922: 918: 917:municipal law 914: 910: 906: 900: 890: 886: 883: 882: 874: 872: 863: 859: 858:Jurisprudence 849: 826: 820: 815: 810: 805: 801: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772:legal history 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 694:religious law 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:jurisdictions 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625:, usually in 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 585: 580: 578: 573: 571: 566: 565: 563: 562: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 541:Peacebuilding 539: 537: 534: 532: 531:Peace process 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 456: 455: 454: 450: 449: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 419: 418: 414: 413: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 373: 372: 369: 366: 365: 358: 355: 354: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 342:De-escalation 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 329: 328: 327: 324: 321: 320: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 305: 304: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 277: 274: 273: 272: 269: 265: 264:Collaborative 262: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 230: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 215: 205: 200: 198: 193: 191: 186: 185: 183: 182: 177: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 164: 161: 160: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 140: 139: 135: 134: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 108:Jurisprudence 106: 105: 104: 103: 99: 98: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 78: 77: 73: 72: 68: 64: 63: 60: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 18870: 18769:Elite theory 18717: 18707: 18697: 18687: 18677: 18667: 18657: 18647: 18637: 18627: 18617: 18607: 18597: 18587: 18577: 18567: 18557: 18547: 18537: 18527: 18517: 18507: 17806:Guicciardini 17762:Early modern 17585:Philosophers 17535:Open society 17471:Body politic 17341:Distributism 17331:Conservatism 17326:Confucianism 17245:Gerontocracy 17235:Dictatorship 17189:Sovereignty‎ 17179:Ruling class 17098: 17069:Emancipation 17054:Citizenship‎ 16990: 16966: 16954: 16924: 16731:Food studies 16671:Area studies 16499: 16424:mathematical 16419:econometrics 16377:Anthropology 16295: 16259:Philistinism 16254:Antihumanism 16208: 16180: 16166:Nova Religio 16133: 16051: 16031:Hermeneutics 15986: 15979: 15844: 15803:Anthropology 15659:Dependencies 15645:Cook Islands 15442:Transnistria 15404:Vatican City 15020:Dependencies 14950:Turkmenistan 14915:Saudi Arabia 14714:Law of Asia 14648:Dependencies 14514:Sint Maarten 14494:Saint Martin 14230:Saint Helena 14201: 14105:South Africa 14095:Sierra Leone 13900:Burkina Faso 13808: 13801: 13787: 13773: 13546:Jurisdiction 13514:Legal remedy 13469:Adjudication 13369:Legal theory 13207:Ratification 13202:Promulgation 13173:Proclamation 13153:Codification 13086:Human rights 13074:Divine right 13064:Constitution 13032:Women in law 12950:Military law 12945:Marriage law 12940:Maritime law 12839:Election law 12779:Aviation law 12769:Abortion law 12721:Property law 12657:Criminal law 12622: 12514:. Retrieved 12505: 12490:. Retrieved 12481: 12466:. Retrieved 12457: 12437:. Retrieved 12413:the original 12381: 12366:. Retrieved 12341: 12337: 12315:Criminal Law 12314: 12281: 12277: 12268: 12255:– via 12249: 12225: 12203: 12192:the original 12183: 12163: 12154: 12135: 12116: 12086: 12072:. Retrieved 12060: 12056: 12030: 12011: 12002: 11993: 11981:. Retrieved 11972: 11946: 11931:. Retrieved 11927:the original 11922: 11906: 11902: 11890:. Retrieved 11883:the original 11870: 11866: 11834: 11828: 11809: 11773: 11769: 11747: 11738: 11716: 11697: 11675: 11656: 11647: 11626: 11609:. Retrieved 11581: 11577: 11551: 11532: 11510: 11506: 11487: 11481:(in German). 11478: 11463:. Retrieved 11454: 11435:. Retrieved 11419: 11396: 11363: 11359: 11340: 11323: 11317: 11301:. Springer. 11298: 11285: 11266: 11256:– via 11253: 11233:the original 11204: 11200: 11174: 11148: 11139: 11124:. Retrieved 11117:the original 11098: 11077: 11054: 11035: 11014: 10993: 10967: 10954:. Retrieved 10947:the original 10942: 10938: 10912: 10904:the original 10899: 10873: 10854: 10851:Heinze, Eric 10839:. Retrieved 10829: 10825:Hegel, Georg 10807:Legal Ethics 10806: 10786: 10757: 10753: 10743: 10709: 10705: 10689: 10671: 10652: 10633: 10611: 10592: 10571: 10560: 10538: 10519: 10504:. Retrieved 10494: 10471: 10448: 10429: 10404: 10367: 10363: 10354: 10333:Law's Empire 10332: 10310: 10288: 10269: 10250: 10231: 10212: 10190: 10168: 10146: 10131:. Retrieved 10103: 10099: 10072: 10068: 10046: 10027: 10008: 9990:Criminal Law 9989: 9977:. Retrieved 9967: 9951:. Retrieved 9940: 9925: 9920:Berle, Adolf 9901: 9893: 9878: 9859:Contract Law 9858: 9842:. Springer. 9839: 9820: 9801: 9792: 9770:– via 9760: 9733:(1): 43–51. 9730: 9726: 9707: 9688: 9677:the original 9672: 9657:Bibliography 9643: 9631: 9624:Johnson 1995 9619: 9607: 9595: 9583: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9520: 9515: 9507: 9502: 9494: 9489: 9477: 9465: 9453: 9441:. Retrieved 9427: 9419: 9414: 9402: 9390:. Retrieved 9383:the original 9370: 9360: 9356: 9351: (1998). 9345: 9340: 9335:, p. 7. 9328: 9316: 9309:Savigny 1803 9304: 9292: 9282: 9278: 9265:2 All ER 426 9259: 9254: 9242: 9232: 9228: 9218: 9213: 9203: 9186: 9182: 9174: 9170: 9158:. Retrieved 9125: 9121: 9111: 9103: 9098: 9086:. Retrieved 9077: 9068: 9046: 9021: 9017: 9009: 9004: 8992:. Retrieved 8988:the original 8974: 8966: 8961: 8953: 8939: 8934: 8922: 8910: 8900: 8896: 8891: 8881: 8872: 8864: 8859: 8854:, p. 2. 8839:, p. 2. 8819: 8815: 8807: 8795: 8787: 8782: 8771: 8766: 8754:. Retrieved 8735: 8731: 8721: 8709:. Retrieved 8698: 8691: 8679:. Retrieved 8668: 8661: 8653: 8648: 8636:. Retrieved 8624: 8620: 8607: 8595:. Retrieved 8586: 8576: 8568: 8563: 8545: 8544:Petersmann, 8540: 8532: 8527: 8515:. Retrieved 8506: 8502: 8492: 8480:. Retrieved 8476:the original 8471: 8462: 8450: 8434: 8430: 8425: 8413: 8405: 8400: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8352: 8334: 8329: 8319: 8314: 8306: 8301: 8293: 8273: 8261: 8251:23 September 8249:. Retrieved 8235: 8225:23 September 8223:. Retrieved 8209: 8195:ECHR 1 at 49 8189: 8185: 8180:, p. 1. 8173: 8161: 8153: 8148: 8115: 8110: 8098: 8086:. Retrieved 8077: 8068: 8060: 8055: 8043: 8031:. Retrieved 8027:the original 8016: 8004:. Retrieved 8000:the original 7995: 7986: 7978: 7973: 7965: 7960: 7918: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7855:. Retrieved 7837: 7825:. Retrieved 7821:the original 7807: 7795:. Retrieved 7781: 7769:. Retrieved 7762:the original 7749: 7737:. Retrieved 7728: 7718: 7707: 7702: 7684: 7676: 7664:. Retrieved 7655: 7645: 7633:. Retrieved 7624: 7620: 7610: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7579: 7552: 7546: 7521: 7517: 7511: 7491:, p. 1. 7484: 7472: 7460:. Retrieved 7456:the original 7442: 7430: 7418: 7406: 7387: 7381: 7373: 7368: 7360: 7355: 7343:. Retrieved 7328: 7318:24 September 7316:. Retrieved 7301: 7293: 7288: 7279: 7273: 7261:. Retrieved 7257:the original 7252: 7242: 7230: 7222: 7208: 7202: 7190: 7172: 7171:Blackstone, 7167: 7157: 7153: 7142: 7137: 7132:, p. 3. 7125: 7120:, p. 4. 7113: 7101:. Retrieved 7083: 7071:. Retrieved 7067:the original 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6957:. Retrieved 6948: 6939: 6927:. Retrieved 6918: 6909: 6897:. Retrieved 6885: 6873: 6861:. Retrieved 6842: 6838: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6780: 6768: 6756: 6744: 6725: 6719: 6700: 6694: 6682: 6674: 6669: 6657:. Retrieved 6653:the original 6637: 6630: 6603:. Retrieved 6583: 6576: 6571:, p. 1. 6564: 6552: 6540: 6533:Mallory 1997 6528: 6516: 6504: 6492:. Retrieved 6465: 6455: 6448: 6443: 6434: 6428: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6384: 6383:Bielefeldt, 6379: 6367:. Retrieved 6358: 6348: 6340: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6314: 6309: 6297:. Retrieved 6288: 6278: 6270: 6262: 6254: 6246: 6224:(1): 36–50. 6221: 6217: 6211: 6195: 6190: 6182: 6177: 6169: 6164: 6142:Dworkin 1986 6107: 6099: 6091: 6079: 6067: 6062: 6042: 6037: 6029: 6021: 6010: 6005: 5974: 5963: 5928: 5922: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5860: 5854: 5842:. Retrieved 5833: 5823: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5776:. Retrieved 5749: 5739: 5712: 5708: 5698: 5671: 5667: 5657: 5645:. Retrieved 5628: 5624: 5614: 5602:. Retrieved 5593: 5589: 5579: 5567:. Retrieved 5539: 5535: 5525: 5513:. Retrieved 5504: 5494: 5475: 5469: 5457:. Retrieved 5448: 5444: 5434: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5366: 5362: 5356: 5344:. Retrieved 5335: 5325: 5313:. Retrieved 5301: 5288: 5276: 5261: 5251: 5239: 5227:. Retrieved 5200: 5190: 5178:. Retrieved 5167: 5157: 5145:. Retrieved 5112: 5108: 5098: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5043: 5008: 5003: 4987: 4962: 4947: 4939: 4915: 4907: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4881: 4876: 4868: 4865:Introduction 4864: 4859: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831:ius scriptum 4830: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4717: 4687:in the U.S. 4663: 4652: 4628:social norms 4617: 4596: 4586: 4572: 4558: 4555:Ronald Coase 4548: 4544:free markets 4536:deregulation 4505: 4456:Aviation law 4428:Consumer law 4406:price fixing 4241:Law Merchant 4239: 4165:individuals. 4141:Evidence law 4089:civil rights 4085:Human rights 4079:minimum wage 4071:job security 4022: 4003:Equity (law) 3983: 3978: 3972: 3953: 3915: 3909: 3892: 3877:Property law 3871:Property law 3842: 3839:of her harm. 3816:duty of care 3809: 3800: 3776: 3760:civil wrongs 3757: 3733: 3709: 3704: 3697: 3678: 3676: 3651:Contract law 3617:imprisonment 3599: 3595: 3592: 3581: 3574:self defence 3571: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3519: 3504: 3501:Criminal law 3495:Criminal law 3421:election law 3418: 3407: 3389: 3373:body politic 3350: 3272:jurisdiction 3212: 3191: 3190: 3182: 3181: 3096: 3087:Areas of law 3055: 3031: 3024: 3000: 2942: 2923: 2919: 2883:Juris Doctor 2856: 2848: 2833: 2818: 2812: 2810: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2778: 2769:Qing dynasty 2743:failed state 2733: 2710: 2705:Johannesburg 2659: 2620: 2597: 2562: 2547: 2534: 2529: 2506: 2457: 2442: 2423: 2417: 2406: 2400: 2391:; in India, 2378: 2340: 2332:Control Yuan 2313: 2291: 2281: 2270:bureaucratic 2263: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2224: 2209: 2186: 2169:Soviet Union 2162: 2118:Muslim world 2115: 2087: 2064: 2058: 2056:Latin Church 2054:governs the 2041: 1967: 1959: 1919: 1884: 1878: 1864:and Islamic 1859: 1831: 1801:, the first 1792: 1780: 1749: 1733: 1719: 1700:Equity (law) 1665: 1659: 1629: 1617: 1595: 1579:—especially 1574: 1529: 1478:Qing Dynasty 1471: 1415: 1411:Arthashastra 1409: 1399: 1378: 1361:Law Merchant 1345:legal maxims 1309:Roman Empire 1303: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1260: 1204:civilization 1201: 1192:code of laws 1161: 1154:interpretive 1145:Law's Empire 1143: 1137: 1131: 1119:Carl Schmitt 1089: 1083: 1077: 1045:Hugo Grotius 1043: 1036: 1006: 968: 956:Law's Empire 954: 932: 930: 902: 888: 879: 876: 871:general will 867: 799: 797: 769: 729:criminal law 714: 710:Saudi Arabia 680:the law. In 663: 639:constitution 594: 593: 536:Peace treaty 387:Brinkmanship 248: 244:Conciliation 163:Legal debate 149:Prescriptive 118:Positive law 100:Legal theory 58: 43: 18643:(1835–1840) 18523:(c. 350 BC) 18513:(c. 375 BC) 18130:Tocqueville 18095:Saint-Simon 18060:Montesquieu 17911:Bolingbroke 17843:Machiavelli 17723:Ibn Khaldun 17688:Alpharabius 17681:Middle Ages 17506:Natural law 17481:Common good 17406:Nationalism 17366:Imperialism 17336:Corporatism 17311:Colonialism 17291:Agrarianism 17270:Technocracy 17250:Meritocracy 17230:Bureaucracy 17220:Aristocracy 16992:Wikiversity 16883:Social work 16771:Linguistics 16696:Criminology 16613:criminology 16596:personality 16554:comparative 16532:Linguistics 16525:private law 16382:archaeology 16108:Work of art 16076:Metaphysics 16037:Historicism 15882:Visual arts 15808:Archaeology 15796:Disciplines 15592:New Zealand 15480:Isle of Man 15415:recognition 15362:Switzerland 15297:Netherlands 15079:Asia portal 14980:States with 14900:Philippines 14840:South Korea 14835:North Korea 14730:Afghanistan 14484:Puerto Rico 14394:Saint Lucia 14344:El Salvador 14157:recognition 14110:South Sudan 14000:Ivory Coast 13718:Legislature 13649:Bureaucracy 13446:Rule of man 13441:Rule of law 13416:Libertarian 13279:Chinese law 13180:Legislation 13130:Regulations 13118:Law reports 13096:Natural law 12992:Reparations 12987:Refugee law 12910:Jurimetrics 12851:(Media law) 12789:Banking law 12784:Amnesty law 12762:Disciplines 12699:Private law 12468:10 February 12439:10 November 11892:10 February 11873:: 101–120. 11812:. Penguin. 11694:Raz, Joseph 11437:10 November 11420:Bureaucracy 11326:: 233–253. 11244:Locke, John 11207:: 413–457. 11126:2 September 10956:12 February 10506:11 February 10215:. Ashgate. 9965:(1765–69). 9566:, Hertogh, 9458:Jakoby 2005 9392:1 September 9333:McGhee 2000 9247:Harris 1994 9191:AC 532, 580 8994:10 February 8927:Kaiser 2005 8852:Wilson 2003 8711:1 September 8703:. Eur-Lex. 8673:. Eur-Lex. 8482:1 September 8418:Jakobs 2004 8404:Robertson, 8116:Bureaucracy 8103:Albrow 1970 8088:2 September 8006:10 December 7923:Rasekh 2005 7911:Sherif 2005 7857:11 February 7827:10 November 7797:12 November 7771:10 November 7681:Montesquieu 7656:ERIC POSNER 7635:18 December 7489:Hallaq 2005 7462:2 September 7435:Sherif 2005 7308:"Home Page" 7249:"Canon Law" 7145:John Selden 7103:10 November 7034:Hatzis 2002 6863:31 December 6623:Mattei 1997 6605:10 December 6409:Bayles 1992 6339:Linarelli, 6313:Nietzsche, 6299:10 December 6172:457 at 461. 6084:Arnold 1935 5844:31 December 5778:31 December 5752:: 752–774. 5515:31 December 5459:31 December 5346:31 December 5315:31 December 5281:Berger 1953 5229:31 December 5180:31 December 5048:Willis 1926 4991:In the UK, 4921:Peter Birks 4897:, 166–167). 4620:criminology 4585:case named 4551:Nobel Prize 4532:Gary Becker 4500:Gary Becker 4496:Nobel Prize 4418:Clayton Act 4414:Sherman Act 4345:Banking law 4248:and the US 4194:Company law 4155:citizenship 4137:or hearing. 3942:company law 3917:in personam 3783:ginger beer 3598:v ..." or " 3481:referendums 3429:democracies 3344:The French 3107:private law 2989:A march in 2871:law society 2867:bar council 2781:bureaucracy 2755:Bureaucracy 2749:Bureaucracy 2725:show trials 2641:), and the 2494:lower house 2480:Legislature 2474:Legislature 2320:Sun Yat-sen 2230:probability 2226:Jurimetrics 2197:golden rule 2029:adjudicated 1968:Canon law ( 1922:Israeli law 1782:Magna Carta 1730:regulations 1714:Magna Carta 1626:Justinian I 1606:Justinian I 1577:legislation 1472:Similarly, 1450:became part 1366:nationalism 1339:jus commune 1327:during the 1317:Justinian I 1123:rule of law 1080:Hans Kelsen 1013:utilitarian 1009:John Austin 943:John Austin 804:Old English 733:private law 619:regulations 607:legislature 599:enforceable 551:Rule of man 546:Peacemaking 499:Game theory 377:Appeasement 293:Negotiation 259:Rule of law 234:Arbitration 225:Nonviolence 154:Jurimetrics 18:Secular law 18907:Categories 18851:Separatism 18659:On Liberty 18559:The Prince 18288:Huntington 17791:Campanella 17718:al-Ghazali 17667:Thucydides 17625:Lactantius 17570:Statolatry 17396:Monarchism 17376:Liberalism 17301:Capitalism 17284:Ideologies 17265:Plutocracy 17213:Government 17169:Revolution 17154:Propaganda 17104:Legitimacy 17079:Government 16937:Humanities 16871:historical 16804:psychology 16776:Management 16618:demography 16576:Psychology 16559:philosophy 16520:public law 16451:integrated 16069:Quadrivium 15994:Creativity 15960:Aesthetics 15887:Filmmaking 15872:Philosophy 15828:Literature 15789:Humanities 15332:San Marino 15292:Montenegro 15272:Luxembourg 15252:Kazakhstan 15155:Azerbaijan 14960:Uzbekistan 14935:Tajikistan 14850:Kyrgyzstan 14830:Kazakhstan 14750:Bangladesh 14740:Azerbaijan 14479:Montserrat 14474:Martinique 14469:Guadeloupe 14324:Costa Rica 14212:(Portugal) 14170:Somaliland 14090:Seychelles 14055:Mozambique 14040:Mauritania 14025:Madagascar 13980:The Gambia 13915:Cape Verde 13711:Law school 13591:Prosecutor 13529:Magistrate 13316:Jewish law 13274:Common law 13195:Rulemaking 13190:Regulation 13140:Law making 13079:Divine law 13055:Legal code 13002:Sports law 12925:Law of war 12875:Health law 12860:Family law 12844:Energy law 12794:Bankruptcy 12731:Punishment 12726:Public law 12516:9 February 12492:9 February 12265:Weber, Max 12257:Wikisource 12244:Weber, Max 12222:Weber, Max 12074:9 February 11983:11 October 11933:8 November 11909:: 521–551. 11465:14 January 11258:Wikisource 11167:Kettl, Don 10133:4 November 9772:Wikisource 9568:Living Law 9523:, VIII, 23 9482:Coase 1960 9470:Coase 1937 9407:Berle 1932 9365:1 WLR 1260 9321:Locke 1689 9088:5 December 9078:dejure.org 8786:Tamanaha, 8681:19 January 8266:Ahmad 2009 8166:Kettl 2006 8141:Kettl 2006 8033:24 January 7977:See, e.g. 7938:Riker 1992 7896:Dicey 2005 7235:Glenn 2000 7073:13 October 7022:Stein 1999 7010:Stein 1999 6998:Stein 1999 6845:(3): 817. 6821:Farah 2006 6809:Glenn 2000 6797:Glenn 2000 6785:Glenn 2000 6773:Glenn 2000 6761:Glenn 2000 6749:Glenn 2000 6687:Glenn 2000 6569:Stein 1999 6557:Kelly 1992 6521:Kelly 1992 6447:VerSteeg, 6369:9 February 6009:Rousseau, 5999:required.) 5451:(2): 262. 5412:(3): 317. 5244:Cohen 1992 5019:References 4787:Social law 4705:Law portal 4635:founders, 4508:Adam Smith 4390:countries. 4339:income tax 4279:copyrights 4232:insolvency 4208:under the 4169:Family law 4115:makes the 4107:) and the 4063:Labour law 4029:principles 3974:possession 3908:. A right 3865:labour law 3861:defamation 3795:Lord Atkin 3773:negligence 3629:sentencing 3596:The People 3540:actus reus 3521:actus reus 3392:John Locke 3385:convention 3177:Wikisource 3153:See also: 3099:public law 3091:See also: 3073:legitimate 2813:intendants 2791:) and the 2616:confidence 2539:unicameral 2389:High Court 2381:apex court 2308:theory of 2306:absolutist 2234:statistics 2207:possible. 2100:Sharia law 2075:common law 2025:legislated 1911:Pentateuch 1854:See also: 1819:Lord Eldon 1815:principles 1722:common law 1696:Common law 1661:Code Civil 1614:magistrate 1593:Babylonian 1536:scriptures 1490:Mao Zedong 1417:Manusmriti 1370:Napoleonic 1357:common law 1216:rhetorical 1158:Joseph Raz 1098:basic norm 1065:positivism 1057:David Hume 993:See also: 985:elements. 983:naturalist 979:positivist 961:Joseph Raz 776:philosophy 765:common law 717:public law 698:Sharia law 682:common law 627:common law 402:Deterrence 87:Philosophy 82:Definition 18569:Leviathan 18549:Monarchia 18543:(c. 1274) 18378:Oakeshott 18323:Mansfield 18318:Luxemburg 18303:Kropotkin 18198:Bernstein 18151:centuries 18065:Nietzsche 18008:Jefferson 17936:Condorcet 17884:centuries 17863:Pufendorf 17728:Marsilius 17615:Confucius 17600:Aristotle 17593:Antiquity 17521:Noble lie 17441:Third Way 17436:Socialism 17361:Feudalism 17316:Communism 17296:Anarchism 17275:Theocracy 17260:Oligarchy 17240:Democracy 17225:Autocracy 17139:Pluralism 17124:Obedience 17089:Hierarchy 17049:Authority 16815:Planning 16794:economics 16711:Education 16608:Sociology 16586:cognitive 16537:semiotics 16488:political 16446:technical 16431:Geography 16404:Economics 16141:Humanitas 16053:Humanitas 16042:Historism 16004:Criticism 15897:Sculpture 15562:Australia 15470:Gibraltar 15267:Lithuania 15046:Hong Kong 15000:Palestine 14925:Sri Lanka 14920:Singapore 14800:Indonesia 14637:Venezuela 14582:Argentina 14464:Greenland 14379:Nicaragua 14354:Guatemala 14045:Mauritius 13689:Judiciary 13684:Executive 13659:The bench 13596:Solicitor 13571:Barrister 13451:Sociology 13436:Pseudolaw 13376:Anarchist 13333:Roman law 13321:Parsi law 13306:Hindu law 13294:Canon law 13269:Civil law 13222:Concordat 13113:Precedent 13022:Trust law 12997:Space law 12834:Drugs law 12704:Procedure 12642:Civil law 12368:3 January 12306:147466309 11798:154483653 11611:3 January 11417:(1962) . 11075:(1998) . 10900:Leviathan 10841:9 January 10774:142679220 10734:154429555 10384:153128973 10353:(2002) . 10120:222331226 10069:Economica 9755:Aristotle 9562:Ehrlich, 9223:EWHC 2786 9160:1 January 9142:0044-0094 9008:Wehberg, 8876:See e.g. 8800:Auby 2002 8756:1 January 8667:"C-26/62 8638:1 January 8597:1 January 8535:, 900–901 8517:3 January 8337:, 3, II, 7739:8 January 7708:Leviathan 7666:16 August 7603:Sotomayor 6959:1 January 6929:1 January 6919:JuriGlobe 6899:1 January 6659:1 January 6545:Ober 1996 6494:3 January 6397:Finn 1991 6257:, 115–116 5970:"law, n." 5906:0017-811X 5807:0022-2208 5731:1468-2230 5690:1468-2230 5647:3 January 5604:3 January 5569:3 January 5391:146933872 5219:1581-7652 5147:3 January 5129:0022-0205 5082:0023-9216 4884:, 67 etc. 4871:, 282–284 4777:Pseudolaw 4655:Max Weber 4647:Max Weber 4608:Sociology 4601:efficient 4512:antitrust 4473:Economics 4450:polluters 4398:antitrust 4380:telecomms 4364:Water law 4289:Space law 4244:. The UK 4163:stateless 4007:Trust law 3964:halfpence 3938:easements 3934:covenants 3922:mortgages 3667:influenza 3588:necessity 3268:civil law 3115:civil law 3046:Karl Marx 3013:‹See Tfd› 2953:pleadings 2851:barrister 2795:for word 2775:visible). 2765:mandarins 2735:Max Weber 2729:Louis XIV 2667:Ministers 2600:authority 2576:Executive 2543:bicameral 2517:Bundestag 2445:interpret 2359:Judiciary 2353:Judiciary 2342:Max Weber 2315:Leviathan 2254:Leviathan 2220:Sotomayor 2130:codifying 2079:Roman law 2060:sui juris 2048:civil law 1979:romanized 1950:Canon law 1944:Canon law 1926:litigants 1909:, in the 1891:precedent 1870:canon law 1777:King John 1760:Louisiana 1744:civil law 1652:canon law 1622:Byzantine 1602:Byzantine 1554:Civil law 1462:Hong Kong 1458:Singapore 1442:Aurangzeb 1422:pluralism 1353:precedent 1333:canon law 1305:Roman law 1299:democracy 1232:casuistic 1188:Hammurabi 1166:sociology 1115:Grundnorm 1107:‹See Tfd› 814:Old Norse 798:The word 794:Etymology 784:sociology 757:civil law 737:contracts 700:based on 690:precedent 674:civil law 651:economics 631:contracts 623:precedent 484:Democracy 397:Diplomacy 392:Ceasefire 382:Armistice 306:Workplace 271:Mediation 144:Normative 18824:Centrism 18519:Politics 18509:Republic 18478:Voegelin 18458:Spengler 18443:Shariati 18418:Rothbard 18373:Nussbaum 18273:Habermas 18248:Fukuyama 18238:Foucault 18163:Ambedkar 18140:Voltaire 18110:de Staël 18085:Rousseau 17966:Franklin 17941:Constant 17901:Beccaria 17733:Muhammad 17713:Gelasius 17698:Averroes 17672:Xenophon 17652:Polybius 17605:Chanakya 17450:Concepts 17416:Populism 17386:Localism 17371:Islamism 17356:Feminism 17255:Monarchy 17159:Property 17149:Progress 17114:Monopoly 17084:Hegemony 16956:Category 16824:regional 16819:land use 16654:business 16623:internet 16581:abnormal 16483:military 16473:economic 16463:cultural 16436:physical 16397:physical 16387:cultural 16192:Academia 16161:Leonardo 16129:Daedalus 16117:Journals 16081:Ontology 15970:The arts 15892:Painting 15838:Rhetoric 15577:Kiribati 15490:Svalbard 15475:Guernsey 15422:Abkhazia 15392:Scotland 15347:Slovenia 15342:Slovakia 15317:Portugal 15175:Bulgaria 15069:Category 14990:Abkhazia 14940:Thailand 14895:Pakistan 14875:Mongolia 14870:Maldives 14865:Malaysia 14765:Cambodia 14627:Suriname 14617:Paraguay 14602:Colombia 14429:Anguilla 14364:Honduras 14334:Dominica 14309:Barbados 14236: / 14232: / 14225:(France) 14219: / 14197: / 14193: / 14145:Zimbabwe 14120:Tanzania 13970:Ethiopia 13965:Eswatini 13945:Djibouti 13910:Cameroon 13895:Botswana 13796:Category 13738:Tribunal 13723:Military 13566:Attorney 13536:Judgment 13396:Feminist 13311:Jain law 13108:Case law 12829:Cyberlaw 12736:Corporal 12714:Criminal 12684:Evidence 12674:Doctrine 12652:Contract 12536:Archived 12510:Archived 12486:Archived 12462:Archived 12433:Archived 12362:Archived 12267:(1964). 12246:(1919). 12109:(1965). 12065:Archived 11977:Archived 11967:(1803). 11949:. Juta. 11945:(2019). 11917:(1762). 11808:(2006). 11737:(1954). 11696:(1979). 11623:(2001). 11602:Archived 11459:Archived 11449:(1748). 11428:Archived 11388:41659603 11380:11657690 11246:(1689). 11221:54617575 10894:(1651). 10876:. Hart. 10853:(2013). 10835:Archived 10827:(1820). 10784:(1978). 10726:2123870? 10518:(2005). 10500:Archived 10492:(1894). 10331:(1986). 10309:(1893). 10211:(2006). 10189:(1999). 10167:(1992). 10145:(1992). 10124:Archived 10106:: 1–44. 9973:Archived 9953:4 August 9947:Archived 9922:(1932). 9781:Archived 9437:Archived 9268:Archived 9154:Archived 9082:Archived 9055:Archived 8965:Pelser, 8946:Archived 8750:Archived 8705:Archived 8697:"C-6/64 8675:Archived 8629:Archived 8591:Archived 8587:Newsweek 8567:Redfem, 8552:Archived 8511:Archived 8439:Archived 8342:Archived 8305:Warren, 8245:Archived 8219:Archived 8198:Archived 8156:, I, 393 8123:Archived 8082:Archived 7851:Archived 7791:Archived 7733:Archived 7692:Archived 7660:Archived 7629:Archived 7345:26 April 7339:Archived 7312:Archived 7263:9 August 7180:Archived 7097:Archived 6953:Archived 6923:Archived 6890:Archived 6857:Archived 6677:, 18–25. 6599:Archived 6488:Archived 6421:Raz 1979 6363:Archived 6293:Archived 6206:. p. 73. 6157:Raz 1979 6127:Bix 2022 6049:. 1996. 5838:Archived 5815:42896964 5772:Archived 5641:Archived 5598:Archived 5564:51854776 5509:Archived 5453:Archived 5426:20072892 5340:Archived 5306:Archived 5268:Archived 5223:Archived 5174:Archived 5165:(1882). 5141:Archived 4976:Archived 4928:Archived 4691:See also 4583:nuisance 4463:or ICAO. 4258:and the 3930:licences 3894:Property 3857:trespass 3845:nuisance 3823:breached 3758:Certain 3701:estoppel 3691:and the 3657:Contract 3578:insanity 3531:mens rea 3512:paradigm 3414:Napoleon 3381:case law 3301:and the 3036:and the 2930:chambers 2926:law firm 2917:in Law. 2829:red tape 2691:Military 2513:Congress 2326:for the 2171:and the 1936:and the 1772:Henry II 1756:Scotland 1740:contrast 1726:statutes 1672:Japanese 1650:such as 1624:Emperor 1604:Emperor 1585:statutes 1400:Ancient 1379:de facto 1349:brocards 1347:(called 1343:. Latin 1325:case law 1228:law code 1224:Ur-Nammu 1220:Sumerian 924:down to 884:, II, 6. 741:property 731:; while 647:politics 611:statutes 323:Violence 288:Pacifism 51:a series 49:Part of 18923:Justice 18861:Statism 18774:Elitism 18732:Related 18533:(51 BC) 18463:Strauss 18438:Scruton 18433:Schmitt 18423:Russell 18343:Michels 18338:Maurras 18333:Marcuse 18293:Kautsky 18263:Gramsci 18258:Gentile 18228:Dworkin 18218:Du Bois 18213:Dmowski 18208:Chomsky 18203:Burnham 18188:Benoist 18158:Agamben 18125:Thoreau 18115:Stirner 18105:Spencer 18050:Mazzini 18040:Maistre 18035:Madison 18030:Le Play 17961:Fourier 17926:Carlyle 17906:Bentham 17896:Bastiat 17891:Bakunin 17868:Spinoza 17858:Müntzer 17828:Leibniz 17801:Grotius 17781:Bossuet 17748:Plethon 17693:Aquinas 17662:Sun Tzu 17630:Mencius 17620:Han Fei 17391:Marxism 17351:Fascism 17184:Society 17109:Liberty 17094:Justice 17074:Freedom 16968:Commons 16799:history 16789:science 16724:studies 16458:History 16370:Primary 16356:History 16351:Outline 16247:Related 16182:more... 16064:Trivium 16014:Culture 15988:Bildung 15930:Medical 15915:Digital 15865:Theatre 15818:History 15723:Tokelau 15627:Vanuatu 15382:England 15372:Ukraine 15322:Romania 15282:Moldova 15240:Ireland 15235:Iceland 15230:Hungary 15220:Germany 15215:Georgia 15205:Finland 15200:Estonia 15195:Denmark 15180:Croatia 15165:Belgium 15160:Belarus 15150:Austria 15145:Armenia 15140:Andorra 15135:Albania 14965:Vietnam 14880:Myanmar 14860:Lebanon 14790:Georgia 14745:Bahrain 14735:Armenia 14632:Uruguay 14607:Ecuador 14587:Bolivia 14459:Curaçao 14444:Bonaire 14439:Bermuda 14369:Jamaica 14349:Grenada 14304:Bahamas 14221:Réunion 14217:Mayotte 14208:Madeira 14203:(Spain) 14199:Melilla 14130:Tunisia 14100:Somalia 14085:Senegal 14070:Nigeria 14060:Namibia 14050:Morocco 14015:Liberia 14010:Lesotho 13960:Eritrea 13930:Comoros 13905:Burundi 13880:Algeria 13810:Outline 13747:History 13654:The bar 13628:Verdict 13576:Counsel 13556:Justice 13411:History 13234:Statute 13050:Charter 13012:Tax law 12960:Probate 12502:"legal" 12409:2447898 12358:1065717 12298:2195750 11947:Air Law 11851:2674504 11790:1601440 11598:3548111 10405:Law 101 9747:2607811 9519:Coase, 9506:Coase, 9497:, IV, 7 9493:Coase, 9102:Smith, 8897:Law 111 8770:Locke, 8571:, 68–69 8408:, 98–99 8333:Hegel, 8318:Locke, 8152:Weber, 8114:Mises, 8059:Weber, 8047:Weber, 7964:Olson, 6387:, 25–26 6343:, 23–26 6330:, 97–98 6238:2176104 6057:. p. 2. 5914:1325958 5556:3311976 5383:1051071 5137:1141239 5090:3052897 4910:, 1–2). 4747:Justice 4579:bargain 4553:winner 4459:of the 4327:Tax law 4265:salvage 4260:sea law 4198:company 3853:battery 3849:assault 3830:but for 3787:Paisley 3768:delicts 3726:Germany 3639:of the 3637:members 3564:by the 3377:statute 3375:, from 3276:capital 3225:sources 3209:in 2005 2997:in 1963 2934:counsel 2928:, in a 2907:Esquire 2881:, or a 2723:, used 2721:assizes 2653:and in 2633:), the 2606:. In a 2602:of the 2554:federal 2496:in the 2436:to the 2375:in 1953 2347:justice 2193:analogy 2126:Mecelle 2094:lawyers 1993: 1981:: 1924:allows 1915:Halakha 1862:Halakha 1680:Central 1540:sources 1452:of the 1289:). Yet 1196:Shamash 1172:History 951:justice 915:" and " 788:justice 749:delicts 702:Islamic 686:binding 659:society 655:history 615:decrees 603:science 415:Nuclear 357:studies 239:Auction 92:History 18723:(1992) 18713:(1971) 18703:(1951) 18693:(1945) 18683:(1944) 18673:(1929) 18663:(1859) 18653:(1848) 18633:(1820) 18623:(1791) 18613:(1790) 18603:(1762) 18593:(1748) 18583:(1689) 18573:(1651) 18563:(1532) 18553:(1313) 18483:Walzer 18473:Taylor 18428:Sartre 18393:Popper 18388:Pareto 18383:Ortega 18368:Nozick 18358:Mouffe 18308:Laclau 18268:Guénon 18253:Gandhi 18193:Berlin 18183:Bauman 18178:Badiou 18168:Arendt 18135:Tucker 18025:Le Bon 17986:Herder 17976:Haller 17971:Godwin 17956:Fichte 17951:Engels 17946:Cortés 17916:Bonald 17873:Suárez 17848:Milton 17838:Luther 17811:Hobbes 17796:Filmer 17786:Calvin 17771:Boétie 17764:period 17743:Ockham 17610:Cicero 17411:Nazism 17199:Utopia 17174:Rights 17164:Regime 17134:People 17119:Nation 16659:public 16601:social 16493:social 16392:social 16103:Wisdom 16035: 15975:Beauty 15948:Themes 15935:Public 15925:Health 15833:Poetry 15698:Hawaii 15622:Tuvalu 15485:Jersey 15427:Kosovo 15367:Turkey 15357:Sweden 15337:Serbia 15327:Russia 15312:Poland 15307:Norway 15287:Monaco 15257:Latvia 15225:Greece 15210:France 15185:Cyprus 15010:Taiwan 14945:Turkey 14910:Russia 14845:Kuwait 14825:Jordan 14815:Israel 14775:Cyprus 14760:Brunei 14755:Bhutan 14612:Guyana 14592:Brazil 14384:Panama 14374:Mexico 14319:Canada 14314:Belize 14240: 14223: 14210: 14140:Zambia 14135:Uganda 14075:Rwanda 14030:Malawi 13990:Guinea 13885:Angola 13728:Police 13699:Agency 13581:Lawyer 13326:Sharia 13217:Treaty 13212:Repeal 13158:Decree 13069:Custom 12965:Estate 12915:Labour 12679:Equity 12407: 12388: 12356: 12321: 12304: 12296: 12252: 12232: 12210: 12170: 12142: 12123: 12095: 12037: 12018: 11953: 11849: 11816: 11796: 11788: 11754: 11723: 11704: 11682: 11663: 11635: 11596: 11558: 11539: 11516: 11494: 11403: 11386: 11378: 11347: 11305: 11273: 11229:421040 11227: 11219: 11181: 11155: 11109: 11085: 11061: 11042: 11023: 11000: 10975: 10919: 10880: 10861: 10813: 10794: 10772: 10732: 10724: 10696: 10678: 10659: 10640: 10618: 10599: 10580: 10545: 10526: 10478: 10455: 10436: 10411: 10392:916768 10390: 10382: 10339: 10317: 10295: 10276: 10257: 10238: 10219: 10197: 10175: 10153: 10118: 10053: 10034: 10015: 9996: 9979:20 May 9908: 9886: 9865: 9846: 9827: 9808: 9763: 9745: 9714: 9695: 9510:, V, 9 9443:20 May 9418:WIPO, 9237:AC 426 9177:AC 850 9150:786478 9148: 9140: 9106:, 1037 8938:About 8436:passim 8376:, 5–9) 8292:Fine, 8118:, II, 7567: 7538:840224 7536: 7452:JURIST 7394: 7215: 6732: 6707: 6645: 6591: 6480: 6236: 6202: 6053: 5953: 5943: 5912: 5904: 5867: 5813: 5805: 5764: 5729: 5688: 5562: 5554: 5482: 5424: 5389: 5381: 5263:Forbes 5217: 5135: 5127: 5088: 5080: 5011:, 114) 4742:By-law 4715:about 4372:Energy 4337:, and 4220:agency 4181:Biolaw 4111:. The 4099:, the 4055:UNISON 3946:trusts 3911:in rem 3804:lawyer 3750:Delict 3612:juries 3608:Regina 3510:. The 3361:France 3280:labour 3247:, the 3229:custom 3161:, and 3127:trusts 3017:German 2957:briefs 2854:them. 2825:profit 2801:kratos 2789:bureau 2785:office 2707:, 2010 2687:Police 2655:Brazil 2567:for a 2492:, the 2286:, and 2266:courts 2106:Sharia 2090:courts 2069:. The 2015:, the 2011:, the 1932:, the 1895:Sharia 1866:Sharia 1827:merged 1807:equity 1803:lawyer 1764:Quebec 1712:signs 1676:Korean 1589:custom 1524:, and 1494:Soviet 1467:French 1430:sharia 1374:German 1321:custom 1279:thémis 1271:Athens 1244:stelae 1222:ruler 1111:German 959:; and 828:meant 727:, and 643:rights 18872:Index 18501:Works 18488:Weber 18453:Spann 18448:Sorel 18413:Röpke 18408:Rawls 18363:Negri 18353:Mosca 18348:Mises 18313:Lenin 18283:Hoppe 18278:Hayek 18243:Fromm 18233:Evola 18223:Dugin 18120:Taine 18100:Smith 18080:Renan 18075:Paine 17996:Iqbal 17981:Hegel 17931:Comte 17921:Burke 17833:Locke 17823:James 17776:Bodin 17708:Dante 17703:Bruni 17657:Shang 17640:Plato 17194:State 17144:Power 17129:Peace 17064:Elite 17042:Terms 16829:urban 16633:urban 16628:rural 16478:human 16441:human 16361:Index 15860:Music 15855:Dance 15617:Tonga 15607:Samoa 15597:Palau 15587:Nauru 15460:Åland 15397:Wales 15352:Spain 15277:Malta 15247:Italy 15051:Macau 14970:Yemen 14930:Syria 14905:Qatar 14885:Nepal 14820:Japan 14795:India 14785:Egypt 14770:China 14597:Chile 14434:Aruba 14359:Haiti 14195:Ceuta 14115:Sudan 14065:Niger 14020:Libya 14005:Kenya 13985:Ghana 13975:Gabon 13950:Egypt 13890:Benin 13803:Index 13669:Court 13613:Trial 13519:Judge 13360:Yassa 13163:Edict 12709:Civil 12662:Crime 12478:"law" 12454:"law" 12354:JSTOR 12302:S2CID 12294:JSTOR 12195:(PDF) 12188:(PDF) 12068:(PDF) 12053:(PDF) 11886:(PDF) 11863:(PDF) 11847:JSTOR 11794:S2CID 11786:JSTOR 11605:(PDF) 11594:S2CID 11574:(PDF) 11431:(PDF) 11424:(PDF) 11384:S2CID 11236:(PDF) 11217:S2CID 11197:(PDF) 11120:(PDF) 11103:(PDF) 10950:(PDF) 10935:(PDF) 10770:S2CID 10730:S2CID 10722:JSTOR 10380:S2CID 10127:(PDF) 10116:S2CID 10096:(PDF) 9743:JSTOR 9680:(PDF) 9669:(PDF) 9578:, 521 9386:(PDF) 9379:(PDF) 9258:e.g. 9146:JSTOR 9012:, 775 8969:, 198 8656:, 943 8632:(PDF) 8617:(PDF) 8309:, 3–4 8296:, 364 8063:, 154 7765:(PDF) 7758:(PDF) 7534:JSTOR 6893:(PDF) 6882:(PDF) 6234:JSTOR 6072:BYBIL 5993: 5951:JSTOR 5910:JSTOR 5811:JSTOR 5596:: 3. 5560:S2CID 5552:JSTOR 5422:JSTOR 5387:S2CID 5379:JSTOR 5309:(PDF) 5298:(PDF) 5169:First 5133:JSTOR 5086:JSTOR 4845:, 7). 4803:Notes 4597:would 4402:Roman 4384:water 4077:or a 3979:could 3764:torts 3621:fines 3602:(for 3404:edict 3103:state 3038:state 3023:) in 2961:wills 2897:or a 2797:power 2719:, or 2604:State 2535:their 2502:Japan 2373:bench 2302:state 2033:canon 1997:ruler 1985:kanon 1974:κανών 1903:Torah 1880:Qiyas 1875:Quran 1742:, in 1708:King 1618:iudex 1446:Hindu 1406:China 1402:India 1283:nomos 1267:Greek 1212:Ma'at 1186:King 926:cases 816:word 745:torts 672:. In 451:Other 172:Legal 18403:Rand 18398:Qutb 18298:Kirk 18173:Aron 18090:Sade 18070:Owen 18055:Mill 18045:Marx 18013:Kant 17991:Hume 17853:More 17753:Wang 17635:Mozi 17059:Duty 16897:List 16019:High 15693:Guam 15650:Niue 15572:Fiji 14890:Oman 14855:Laos 14810:Iraq 14805:Iran 14622:Peru 14504:Saba 14329:Cuba 14125:Togo 14035:Mali 13925:Chad 13551:Jury 13499:Fiqh 13355:Xeer 12753:Tort 12669:Deed 12518:2007 12494:2007 12470:2007 12441:2006 12405:SSRN 12386:ISBN 12370:2020 12319:ISBN 12230:ISBN 12208:ISBN 12168:ISBN 12140:ISBN 12121:ISBN 12093:ISBN 12076:2007 12035:ISBN 12016:ISBN 11985:2008 11951:ISBN 11935:2007 11894:2007 11814:ISBN 11752:ISBN 11721:ISBN 11702:ISBN 11680:ISBN 11661:ISBN 11633:ISBN 11613:2020 11556:ISBN 11537:ISBN 11514:ISBN 11492:ISBN 11467:2007 11439:2006 11401:ISBN 11376:PMID 11345:ISBN 11303:ISBN 11271:ISBN 11225:SSRN 11179:ISBN 11153:ISBN 11128:2008 11107:ISBN 11083:ISBN 11059:ISBN 11040:ISBN 11021:ISBN 10998:ISBN 10973:ISBN 10958:2007 10917:ISBN 10878:ISBN 10859:ISBN 10843:2007 10811:ISBN 10792:ISBN 10694:ISBN 10676:ISBN 10657:ISBN 10638:ISBN 10616:ISBN 10597:ISBN 10578:ISBN 10543:ISBN 10524:ISBN 10508:2007 10476:ISBN 10453:ISBN 10434:ISBN 10409:ISBN 10388:SSRN 10337:ISBN 10315:ISBN 10293:ISBN 10274:ISBN 10255:ISBN 10236:ISBN 10217:ISBN 10195:ISBN 10173:ISBN 10151:ISBN 10135:2018 10051:ISBN 10032:ISBN 10013:ISBN 9994:ISBN 9981:2010 9955:2023 9906:ISBN 9884:ISBN 9863:ISBN 9844:ISBN 9825:ISBN 9806:ISBN 9712:ISBN 9693:ISBN 9445:2010 9394:2008 9162:2020 9138:ISSN 9090:2006 8996:2007 8790:, 47 8758:2020 8713:2007 8683:2007 8640:2020 8599:2020 8558:, 32 8519:2020 8484:2008 8253:2014 8227:2014 8090:2007 8035:2007 8008:2006 7859:2007 7829:2006 7799:2023 7773:2006 7741:2020 7712:XVII 7668:2019 7637:2019 7605:, J. 7565:ISBN 7464:2006 7392:ISBN 7347:2019 7320:2019 7265:2013 7213:ISBN 7105:2006 7075:2007 6961:2020 6931:2020 6901:2020 6865:2019 6730:ISBN 6705:ISBN 6661:2020 6643:ISBN 6607:2020 6589:ISBN 6496:2020 6478:ISBN 6371:2007 6301:2006 6200:ISBN 6074:146. 6051:ISBN 5941:ISBN 5902:ISSN 5865:ISBN 5846:2019 5803:ISSN 5780:2019 5762:ISBN 5727:ISSN 5686:ISSN 5649:2020 5606:2020 5571:2020 5517:2019 5480:ISBN 5461:2019 5348:2019 5317:2019 5231:2019 5215:ISSN 5182:2019 5149:2020 5125:ISSN 5078:ISSN 4679:and 4538:and 4530:and 4518:and 4416:and 4388:OECD 4382:and 4347:and 4309:The 4234:and 4149:and 4129:and 4091:and 4015:The 4005:and 3958:. A 3948:and 3754:Tort 3752:and 3719:and 3546:and 3487:and 3463:and 3447:and 3433:vote 3383:and 3359:and 3334:and 3278:and 3111:tort 3044:and 3001:The 2893:, a 2889:, a 2877:, a 2763:The 2689:and 2637:(an 2621:The 2590:The 2565:vote 2521:Duma 2276:and 2258:XVII 2232:and 1991:lit. 1958:The 1899:Fiqh 1897:and 1886:Ijma 1698:and 1682:and 1674:and 1460:and 1404:and 1392:The 1372:and 1323:and 1315:and 1287:díkē 1261:The 981:and 928:"). 860:and 809:lagu 782:and 751:and 708:and 706:Iran 657:and 617:and 174:and 18913:Law 18468:Sun 18328:Mao 17204:War 17099:Law 16500:Law 15845:Law 15022:and 14650:and 12623:Law 12346:doi 12286:doi 11875:doi 11839:doi 11778:doi 11586:doi 11368:doi 11328:doi 11209:doi 10762:doi 10714:doi 10372:doi 10108:doi 10077:doi 9735:doi 9422:, 3 9130:doi 9062:BGB 8740:doi 8339:182 7968:, 7 7557:doi 7526:doi 7063:CIA 6847:doi 6470:doi 6226:doi 5985:doi 5933:doi 5894:doi 5754:doi 5717:doi 5676:doi 5633:doi 5544:doi 5540:130 5414:doi 5371:doi 5205:doi 5117:doi 5070:doi 4718:Law 4376:gas 3855:or 3821:he 3732:' ( 3703:or 3695:. 3606:or 3604:Rex 3590:". 2969:ADR 2915:PhD 2869:or 2703:in 2673:or 2592:G20 2500:of 2458:In 2322:'s 2290:in 2199:or 2124:'s 1905:or 1720:In 1436:'s 1011:'s 843:law 825:lag 819:lǫg 806:as 800:law 595:Law 352:War 249:Law 59:Law 18909:: 13057:/ 12534:. 12508:. 12504:. 12484:. 12480:. 12460:. 12456:. 12403:. 12360:. 12352:. 12342:12 12340:. 12336:. 12300:. 12292:. 12282:53 12280:. 12115:. 12061:36 12059:. 12055:. 11971:. 11921:. 11871:11 11865:. 11845:. 11835:58 11792:. 11784:. 11774:13 11772:. 11600:. 11592:. 11582:43 11580:. 11576:. 11531:. 11457:. 11453:. 11426:. 11382:. 11374:. 11362:. 11322:. 11252:. 11223:. 11215:. 11205:53 11203:. 11199:. 10943:25 10941:. 10937:. 10898:. 10768:. 10758:14 10756:. 10728:. 10720:. 10710:54 10708:. 10498:. 10470:. 10403:. 10386:. 10378:. 10368:33 10366:. 10122:. 10114:. 10102:. 10098:. 10071:. 9971:. 9945:. 9939:. 9892:. 9757:. 9741:. 9731:32 9729:. 9671:. 9543:^ 9528:^ 9435:. 9196:^ 9152:. 9144:. 9136:. 9126:27 9124:. 9120:. 9080:. 9076:. 9031:^ 8982:. 8844:^ 8829:^ 8824:). 8774:, 8748:. 8736:12 8734:. 8730:. 8623:. 8619:. 8589:. 8585:. 8509:. 8507:79 8505:. 8501:. 8470:. 8433:, 8392:50 8390:. 8285:^ 8133:^ 8080:. 8076:. 7994:. 7945:^ 7930:^ 7903:^ 7849:. 7731:. 7727:. 7710:, 7687:, 7683:, 7658:. 7654:. 7625:26 7623:. 7619:. 7563:. 7532:. 7522:37 7520:. 7496:^ 7450:. 7337:. 7251:. 7221:. 7175:, 7095:. 7091:. 7061:. 6947:. 6917:. 6884:. 6855:. 6843:32 6841:. 6837:. 6615:^ 6597:. 6486:. 6476:. 6464:. 6361:. 6357:. 6291:. 6287:. 6269:, 6253:, 6232:. 6220:. 6149:^ 6134:^ 6119:^ 6098:. 6028:. 6013:, 5983:. 5973:. 5949:. 5939:. 5908:. 5900:. 5890:27 5888:. 5832:. 5809:. 5799:26 5797:. 5770:. 5760:. 5748:. 5725:. 5713:46 5711:. 5707:. 5684:. 5672:43 5670:. 5666:. 5639:. 5629:56 5627:. 5623:. 5594:17 5592:. 5588:. 5558:. 5550:. 5538:. 5534:. 5503:. 5447:. 5443:. 5420:. 5410:37 5408:. 5385:. 5377:. 5365:. 5334:. 5304:. 5300:. 5266:. 5260:. 5221:. 5213:. 5199:. 5139:. 5131:. 5123:. 5113:56 5111:. 5107:. 5084:. 5076:. 5064:. 5026:^ 4955:^ 4675:, 4671:, 4626:, 4567:. 4546:. 4490:, 4378:, 4374:, 4333:, 4267:, 4230:, 4226:, 4222:, 4087:, 4073:, 4036:. 3944:, 3936:, 3932:, 3928:, 3924:, 3851:, 3687:, 3647:. 3619:, 3491:. 3467:, 3459:, 3455:, 3451:, 3443:, 3439:, 3435:, 3387:. 3379:, 3157:, 3133:. 3059:, 3029:. 3019:: 2947:, 2865:, 2440:. 2318:. 2312:' 2256:, 2149:. 2092:, 2085:. 1988:, 1976:, 1972:: 1940:. 1829:. 1686:. 1616:, 1520:, 1508:. 1428:, 1385:. 1301:. 1206:. 1148:, 1113:: 1090:is 1041:. 848:. 790:. 778:, 774:, 747:, 743:, 739:, 723:, 712:. 653:, 649:, 53:on 17027:e 17020:t 17013:v 16332:e 16325:t 16318:v 15781:e 15774:t 15767:v 15540:e 15533:t 15526:v 15113:e 15106:t 15099:v 14706:e 14699:t 14692:v 14558:e 14551:t 14544:v 14277:e 14270:t 14263:v 13858:e 13851:t 13844:v 12615:e 12608:t 12601:v 12542:. 12520:. 12496:. 12472:. 12443:. 12394:. 12372:. 12348:: 12327:. 12308:. 12288:: 12259:. 12238:. 12216:. 12176:. 12148:. 12129:. 12101:. 12078:. 12043:. 12024:. 11987:. 11959:. 11937:. 11907:5 11896:. 11877:: 11853:. 11841:: 11822:. 11800:. 11780:: 11760:. 11729:. 11710:. 11688:. 11669:. 11641:. 11615:. 11588:: 11564:. 11545:. 11522:. 11500:. 11469:. 11441:. 11409:. 11390:. 11370:: 11364:3 11353:. 11334:. 11330:: 11324:3 11311:. 11288:. 11279:. 11260:. 11211:: 11187:. 11161:. 11130:. 11091:. 11067:. 11048:. 11029:. 11006:. 10981:. 10960:. 10925:. 10886:. 10867:. 10845:. 10819:. 10800:. 10776:. 10764:: 10736:. 10716:: 10700:. 10684:. 10665:. 10646:. 10624:. 10605:. 10586:. 10551:. 10532:. 10510:. 10484:. 10461:. 10442:. 10417:. 10394:. 10374:: 10345:. 10323:. 10301:. 10282:. 10263:. 10244:. 10225:. 10203:. 10181:. 10159:. 10137:. 10110:: 10104:3 10083:. 10079:: 10073:4 10059:. 10040:. 10021:. 10002:. 9983:. 9957:. 9914:. 9871:. 9852:. 9833:. 9814:. 9787:. 9774:. 9749:. 9737:: 9720:. 9701:. 9614:. 9590:. 9538:. 9447:. 9409:. 9396:. 9164:. 9132:: 9092:. 9041:. 8998:. 8818:( 8760:. 8742:: 8715:. 8701:" 8685:. 8671:" 8642:. 8625:7 8601:. 8521:. 8486:. 8394:. 8268:. 8255:. 8229:. 8092:. 8037:. 8020:[ 8010:. 7886:. 7861:. 7831:. 7801:. 7775:. 7743:. 7670:. 7639:. 7573:. 7559:: 7540:. 7528:: 7506:. 7466:. 7400:. 7349:. 7322:. 7267:. 7107:. 7077:. 6963:. 6933:. 6903:. 6867:. 6849:: 6738:. 6713:. 6663:. 6609:. 6498:. 6472:: 6437:. 6373:. 6303:. 6240:. 6228:: 6222:5 6129:. 5991:. 5987:: 5957:. 5935:: 5916:. 5896:: 5873:. 5848:. 5817:. 5782:. 5756:: 5733:. 5719:: 5692:. 5678:: 5651:. 5635:: 5608:. 5573:. 5546:: 5519:. 5488:. 5463:. 5449:6 5428:. 5416:: 5393:. 5373:: 5367:1 5350:. 5319:. 5246:. 5233:. 5207:: 5184:. 5151:. 5119:: 5092:. 5072:: 5066:2 5050:. 4982:. 4967:( 4946:( 4934:. 4502:. 4424:. 4355:. 4341:. 4123:. 4081:. 3673:. 3600:R 3594:" 3287:. 2799:( 2787:( 1716:. 1104:( 1101:' 1095:' 972:, 936:, 846:' 840:' 836:' 830:' 583:e 576:t 569:v 203:e 196:t 189:v 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.