Shark - Knowledge

1600: 647: 1450: 2301: 3015: 655: 1089: 2928: 2913: 3320: 2214: 2733: 830: 2291: 3629:, "describes culling as a form of revenge, satisfying a public demand for blood and little else"; he also said shark culling is a "retro-type move reminiscent of what people would have done in the 1940s and 50s, back when we didn't have an ecological conscience and before we knew the consequences of our actions." Jane Williamson, an associate professor in marine ecology at Macquarie University, says "There is no scientific support for the concept that culling sharks in a particular area will lead to a decrease in shark attacks and increase ocean safety." 3552:, until it was cancelled after public protests and a decision by the Western Australia EPA; from 2014 to 2017, there was an "imminent threat" policy in Western Australia in which sharks that "threatened" humans in the ocean were shot and killed. This "imminent threat" policy was criticized by senator Rachel Siewart for killing endangered sharks. The "imminent threat" policy was cancelled in March 2017. In August 2018, the Western Australia government announced a plan to re-introduce drum lines (though, this time the drum lines are "SMART" drum lines). 3344: 3078: 2061: 1469: 988: 877: 10715: 934: 2278: 146: 121: 961: 756: 2010: 1008: 17914: 803: 857: 18906: 18888: 11007: 4021: 10703: 3328: 18918: 11019: 3608:, has a shark-killing program using nets and drum lines—these nets and drum lines have killed turtles and dolphins, and have been criticized for killing wildlife. During a 30-year period, more than 33,000 sharks have been killed in KwaZulu-Natal's shark-killing program—during the same 30-year period, 2,211 turtles, 8,448 rays, and 2,310 dolphins were killed in KwaZulu-Natal. Authorities on the French island of 3000:

species that are its normal prey, such as seals. This was further proven in a recent study conducted by researchers at the California State University's Shark Lab. According to footage caught by the Lab's drones, juveniles swam right up to humans in the water without any bites incidents. The lab stated that the results showed that humans and sharks can co-exist in the water.

718:" found in the Early Permian of Russia, but if remains of "synechodontiformes" from the Permian and Triassic are true sharks, they only had low diversity. Modern shark orders first appeared during the Early Jurassic, and during the Jurassic true sharks underwent great diversification. Selachimorphs largely replaced the 3817:

was concluded and came into effect in March 2010. It was the first global instrument concluded under CMS and aims at facilitating international coordination for the protection, conservation and management of migratory sharks, through multilateral, intergovernmental discussion and scientific research.

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can point the awe-struck family to the markings on the shark's body that correspond to the clothing in which the beloved's body had been wrapped. Such a shark aumakua becomes the family pet, receiving food, and driving fish into the family net and warding off danger. Like all aumakua it had evil uses

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is now classified as ovoviviparous rather than oviparous, because extrauterine eggs are now thought to have been aborted. Most ovoviviparous sharks give birth in sheltered areas, including bays, river mouths and shallow reefs. They choose such areas for protection from predators (mainly other sharks)

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Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; Kyne, Peter M.; Sherley, Richard B.; Winker, Henning; Carlson, John K.; Fordham, Sonja V.; Barreto, Rodrigo; Fernando, Daniel; Francis, Malcolm P.; Jabado, Rima W.; Herman, Katelyn B.; Liu, Kwang-Ming; Marshall, Andrea D.; Pollom, Riley A.; Romanov, Evgeny V.;

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involves removing the fin with a hot metal blade. The resulting immobile shark soon dies from suffocation or predators. Shark fin has become a major trade within black markets all over the world. Fins sell for about $ 300/lb in 2009. Poachers illegally fin millions each year. Few governments enforce

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Fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny keratin in hair and feathers. Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow

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sharks. While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as "ram ventilation". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through

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Shark finning yields are estimated at 1.44 million metric tons (1.59 million short tons) for 2000, and 1.41 million metric tons (1.55 million short tons) for 2010. Based on an analysis of average shark weights, this translates into a total annual mortality estimate of about 100

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All sharks need to keep water flowing over their gills in order for them to breathe; however, not all species need to be moving to do this. Those that are able to breathe while not swimming do so by using their spiracles to force water over their gills, thereby allowing them to extract oxygen from

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MacNeil, M. Aaron; Chapman, Demian D.; Heupel, Michelle; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Heithaus, Michael; Meekan, Mark; Harvey, Euan; Goetze, Jordan; Kiszka, Jeremy; Bond, Mark E.; Currey-Randall, Leanne M.; Speed, Conrad W.; Sherman, C. Samantha; Rees, Matthew J.; Udyawer, Vinay; Flowers, Kathryn I.;

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The majority of shark fisheries have little monitoring or management. The rise in demand for shark products increases pressure on fisheries. Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded—some species have been depleted by over 90% over the past 20–30 years with population declines of 70% not

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only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other harvested fish. Harvesting sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Capture induced premature birth and abortion (collectively called capture-induced parturition) occurs frequently in sharks/rays when

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Nicholas K Dulvy; Sarah L Fowler; John A Musick; Rachel D Cavanagh; Peter M Kyne; Lucy R Harrison; John K Carlson; Lindsay NK Davidson; Sonja V Fordham; Malcolm P Francis; Caroline M Pollock; Colin A Simpfendorfer; George H Burgess; Kent E Carpenter; Leonard JV Compagno; David A Ebert; Claudine

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In general, sharks show little pattern of attacking humans specifically, part of the reason could be that sharks prefer the blood of fish and other common preys. Research indicates that when humans do become the object of a shark attack, it is possible that the shark has mistaken the human for

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continue to reenact an important aspect of the legend at Turtle and Shark by performing a ritual song intended to summon the legendary animals to the ocean surface, and visitors are frequently amazed to see one or both of these creatures emerge from the sea in apparent response to this call."

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are more significant, while others point to the nictating membrane as evidence that sight is important, since presumably the shark would not protect its eyes were they unimportant. The use of sight probably varies with species and water conditions. The shark's field of vision can swap between

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of blood in seawater. The size of the olfactory bulb varies across different shark species, with size dependent on how much a given species relies on smell or vision to find their prey. In environments with low visibility, shark species generally have larger olfactory bulbs. In reefs, where

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Digestion can take a long time. The food moves from the mouth to a J-shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs. Unwanted items may never get past the stomach, and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and ejects unwanted items from its mouth.

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lives, and appear likely to have their own distinct personalities. Even solitary sharks meet for breeding or at rich hunting grounds, which may lead them to cover thousands of miles in a year. Shark migration patterns may be even more complex than in birds, with many sharks covering entire

3102:. Stories tell of men with shark jaws on their back who could change between shark and human form. A common theme was that a shark-man would warn beach-goers of sharks in the waters. The beach-goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and get eaten by the shark-man who warned them. 10236:

Clementi, Gina; Valentin-Albanese, Jasmine; Gorham, Taylor; Adam, M. Shiham; Ali, Khadeeja; Pina-Amargós, Fabián; Angulo-Valdés, Jorge A.; Asher, Jacob; Barcia, Laura García; Beaufort, Océane; Benjamin, Cecilie; Bernard, Anthony T. F.; Berumen, Michael L.; et al. (July 2020).

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Unlike bony fish, sharks have a complex dermal corset made of flexible collagenous fibers and arranged as a helical network surrounding their body. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles and thus saving energy. Their dermal teeth give them

452:), the largest fish in the world, which reaches approximately 12 metres (40 ft) in length. They are found in all seas and are common to depths up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). They generally do not live in freshwater, although there are a few known exceptions, such as the 1489:; some sharks lose 30,000 or more teeth in their lifetime. The rate of tooth replacement varies from once every 8 to 10 days to several months. In most species, teeth are replaced one at a time as opposed to the simultaneous replacement of an entire row, which is observed in the 2264:

present in the vertebrate ear that interact with the surrounding aquatic environment. This helps sharks distinguish between the currents around them, obstacles off on their periphery, and struggling prey out of visual view. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to

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Generally sharks have only one layer of tesserae, but the jaws of large specimens, such as the bull shark, tiger shark, and the great white shark, have two to three layers or more, depending on body size. The jaws of a large great white shark may have up to five layers. In the

2803:. Cookiecutter teeth are enormous compared to the animal's size. The lower teeth are particularly sharp. Although they have never been observed feeding, they are believed to latch onto their prey and use their thick lips to make a seal, twisting their bodies to rip off flesh. 7075: 3368:

In 2008, it was estimated that nearly 100 million sharks were being killed by people every year, due to commercial and recreational fishing. In 2021, it was estimated that the population of oceanic sharks and rays had dropped by 71% over the previous half-century.

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Pavan-Kumar, A.; Gireesh-Babu, P.; Babu, P. P. Suresh; Jaiswar, A. K.; Hari Krishna, V.; Prasasd, K. Pani; Chaudhari, Aparna; Raje, S. G.; Chakraborty, S. K. (January 2014). "Molecular phylogeny of elasmobranchs inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear markers".

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laws that protect them. In 2010 Hawaii became the first U.S. state to prohibit the possession, sale, trade or distribution of shark fins. From 1996 to 2000, an estimated 38 million sharks had been killed per year for harvesting shark fins. It is estimated by

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which can swim both in seawater and freshwater. Sharks are common down to depths of 2,000 metres (7,000 ft), and some live even deeper, but they are almost entirely absent below 3,000 metres (10,000 ft). The deepest confirmed report of a shark is a

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In 2003, the European Union introduced a general shark finning ban for all vessels of all nationalities in Union waters and for all vessels flying a flag of one of its member states. This prohibition was amended in June 2013 to close remaining loopholes.

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sharks) living far longer in captivity, along with safer transportation techniques that have enabled long-distance transportation. The great white shark had never been successfully held in captivity for long periods of time until September 2004, when the

3405:) are sold in local markets. Since the flesh is not developed, cooking the flesh breaks it into powder, which is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu/sora poratu). The soft bones can be easily chewed, they are considered a delicacy in coastal 3210:

In contrast to the complex portrayals by Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, the European and Western view of sharks has historically been mostly of fear and malevolence. Sharks are used in popular culture commonly as eating machines, notably in the

2943:(ISAF) undertook an investigation into 96 alleged shark attacks, confirming 62 of them as unprovoked attacks and 16 as provoked attacks. The average number of fatalities worldwide per year between 2001 and 2006 from unprovoked shark attacks is 4.3. 1959:

with multiple turns within a single short section instead of a long tube-like intestine. The valve provides a long surface area, requiring food to circulate inside the short gut until fully digested, when remaining waste products pass into the

3265:, and other shows produced by Hanna-Barbera. They also are used commonly as a clichéd means of killing off a character that is held up by a rope or some similar object as the sharks swim right below them, or the character may be standing on a 2169:

sensitive to green and, seeing only in shades of grey and green, are believed to be effectively colorblind. The study indicates that an object's contrast against the background, rather than colour, may be more important for object detection.

3045:, had survived in aquarium conditions for a year or more. This gave rise to the belief that sharks, as well as being difficult to capture and transport, were difficult to care for. More knowledge has led to more species (including the large 2494:

and fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct nourishes the embryos. The young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct's fluids. As in viviparity, the young are born alive and fully functional.

1690:, has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey. Other tail adaptations help sharks catch prey more directly, such as the thresher shark's usage of its powerful, elongated upper lobe to stun fish and squid. 3821:

In July 2013, New York state, a major market and entry point for shark fins, banned the shark fin trade joining seven other states of the United States and the three Pacific U.S. territories in providing legal protection to sharks.

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This system is found in most fish, including sharks. It is a tactile sensory system which allows the organism to detect water speed and pressure changes near by. The main component of the system is the neuromast, a cell similar to

1548:. Cartilage is flexible and durable, yet is about half the normal density of bone. This reduces the skeleton's weight, saving energy. Because sharks do not have rib cages, they can easily be crushed under their own weight on land. 7072: 8364:

Worm, Boris; Davis, Brendal; Kettemer, Lisa; Ward-Paige, Christine A.; Chapman, Demian; Heithaus, Michael R.; Kessel, Steven T.; Gruber, Samuel H. (2013). "Global catches, exploitation rates, and rebuilding options for sharks".

3962:. No sharks have been observed on almost 20% of the surveyed reefs and shark depletion was strongly associated with both socio-economic conditions and conservation measures. Sharks are considered to be a vital part of the ocean 10166:

Fields, A. T.; Fischer, G. A.; Shea, S. K. H.; Zhang, H.; Feldheim, K. A.; Chapman, D. D. (2020). "DNA Zip-coding: identifying the source populations supplying the international trade of a critically endangered coastal shark".

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Viviparity is the gestation of young without the use of a traditional egg, and results in live birth. Viviparity in sharks can be placental or aplacental. Young are born fully formed and self-sufficient. Hammerheads, the

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shark is the only known omnivorous species. Its main prey is crustaceans and mollusks, but it also eats a large amount of seagrass, and is able to digest and extract nutrients from about 50% of the seagrass it consume.

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and can possibly hear prey from many miles away. The hearing sensitivity for most shark species lies between 20 and 1000 Hz. A small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the

1564:. The jaw's surface (in comparison to the shark's vertebrae and gill arches) needs extra support due to its heavy exposure to physical stress and its need for strength. It has a layer of tiny hexagonal plates called " 2656:

In general, sharks swim ("cruise") at an average speed of 8 kilometres per hour (5.0 mph), but when feeding or attacking, the average shark can reach speeds upwards of 19 kilometres per hour (12 mph). The

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and help sharks blend in with their environment, as well as making them difficult for prey to detect. For some species, dermal patterning returns to healed denticles even after they have been removed by injury.

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rather than directly affixed to the jaw, and are constantly replaced throughout life. Multiple rows of replacement teeth grow in a groove on the inside of the jaw and steadily move forward in comparison to a

3065:, which upon reaching adulthood is far too large for typical home aquaria. Public aquaria generally do not accept donated specimens that have outgrown their housing. Some owners have been tempted to 2037:

Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril. This is similar to the method mammals use to determine direction of sound.

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were killed in the nets in New South Wales—also during this period, a total of 15,135 marine animals were killed in the nets, including dolphins, whales, turtles, dugongs, and critically endangered

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Contrary to popular belief, only a few sharks are dangerous to humans. Out of more than 470 species, only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal, unprovoked attacks on humans: the

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million sharks in 2000, and about 97 million sharks in 2010, with a total range of possible values between 63 and 273 million sharks per year. Sharks are a common seafood in many places, including

8846: 2962:. These sharks are large, powerful predators, and may sometimes attack and kill people. Despite being responsible for attacks on humans they have all been filmed without using a protective cage. 8991: 7673: 3571:. Queensland's drum line program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective". From 2001 to 2018, a total of 10,480 sharks were killed on lethal drum lines in Queensland, including in the 3598:. There has been a very large decrease in the number of sharks in eastern Australia, and the shark-killing programs in Queensland and New South Wales are partly responsible for this decrease. 3069:

them. Species appropriate to home aquaria represent considerable spatial and financial investments as they generally approach adult lengths of 3 feet (90 cm) and can live up to 25 years.

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Species that do need to swim continuously to breathe go through a process known as sleep swimming, in which the shark is essentially unconscious. It is known from experiments conducted on the

702:, the oldest probable representatives of Neoselachii, the group containing modern sharks (Selachimorpha) and rays (Batoidea) to the exclusion of most extinct elasmobranch groups, date to the 3619:

calls shark culling a "knee-jerk reaction" and says, "sharks are top order predators that play an important role in the functioning of marine ecosystems. We need them for healthy oceans."

2792:. The shark traps the plankton in these filaments and swallows from time to time in huge mouthfuls. Teeth in these species are comparatively small because they are not needed for feeding. 5923:

Park, Hyun Bong; Lam, Yick Chong; Gaffney, Jean P.; Weaver, James C.; Krivoshik, Sara Rose; Hamchand, Randy; Pieribone, Vincent; Gruber, David F.; Crawford, Jason M. (27 September 2019).

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Nielsen, J.; Hedeholm, R. B.; Heinemeier, J.; Bushnell, P. G.; Christiansen, J. S.; Olsen, J.; Ramsey, C. B.; Brill, R. W.; Simon, M.; Steffensen, K. F.; Steffensen, J. F. (2016-08-12).

1707:, and their cartilage, which is about half the normal density of bone. Their liver constitutes up to 30% of their total body mass. The liver's effectiveness is limited, so sharks employ 3814: 3810: 8908: 8877: 4991: 2693:

the water. It has been recorded that their eyes remain open while in this state and actively follow the movements of divers swimming around them and as such they are not truly asleep.

2411:. The bite marks may also come from courtship behavior: the male may bite the female to show his interest. In some species, females have evolved thicker skin to withstand these bites. 2132:), do not have this membrane, but instead roll their eyes backwards to protect them when striking prey. The importance of sight in shark hunting behavior is debated. Some believe that 9860: 9085: 9026: 9427: 8938: 1678:, which allows for slow cruising and sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the 10039: 9934: 3518:

fished. Capture-induced parturition is rarely considered in fisheries management despite being shown to occur in at least 12% of live bearing sharks and rays (88 species to date).

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such as helping kill enemies. The ruling chiefs typically forbade such sorcery. Many Native Hawaiian families claim such an aumakua, who is known by name to the whole community.

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Other threats include habitat alteration, damage and loss from coastal development, pollution and the impact of fisheries on the seabed and prey species. The 2007 documentary

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senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one

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group: some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks, but current molecular studies support monophyly of both groups of sharks and batoids.

2337:) could reach about 200 years, but a recent study found that a 5.02-metre-long (16.5 ft) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old (i.e., at least 272 years old), making it the 10092: 10061: 1920:

function to excrete large amounts of urea. When a shark dies, the urea is broken down to ammonia by bacteria, causing the dead body to gradually smell strongly of ammonia.

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often mate with the male curling around the female. In less flexible species the two sharks swim parallel to each other while the male inserts a clasper into the female's

2195:. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and 7702: 9210: 7280: 6188: 2442:

Scientists say that asexual reproduction in the wild is rare, and probably a last-ditch effort to reproduce when a mate is not present. Asexual reproduction diminishes

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has led to an increase in shark catches where usually only the fins are taken, while the rest of the shark is discarded, typically into the sea; health concerns about

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The classic view describes a solitary hunter, ranging the oceans in search of food. However, this applies to only a few species. Most live far more social, sedentary,

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One of the biggest differences between the digestive systems of sharks and mammals is that sharks have much shorter intestines. This short length is achieved by the

1568:", which are crystal blocks of calcium salts arranged as a mosaic. This gives these areas much of the same strength found in the bony tissue found in other animals. 1172:, but recent studies show that Lamnoids and Orectoloboids are a clade. Some scientists now think that Heterodontoids may be Squalean. The Squaleans are divided into 7183: 6886: 6243:

Nathan Scott Hart; Susan Michelle Theiss; Blake Kristin Harahush; Shaun Patrick Collin (2011). "Microspectrophotometric evidence for cone monochromacy in sharks".

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Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).

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Sharks possess brain-to-body mass ratios that are similar to mammals and birds, and have exhibited apparent curiosity and behavior resembling play in the wild.

9338: 8213: 6941: 3759:, which battles all attempts to extend the convention to marine species, led the opposition. In March 2013, three endangered commercially valuable sharks, the 4812:

Rees, J. A. N., and Underwood, C. J., 2008, Hybodont sharks of the English Bathonian and Callovian (Middle Jurassic): Palaeontology, v. 51, no. 1, p. 117–147.

3586:. The current net program in New South Wales has been described as being "extremely destructive" to marine life, including sharks. Between 1950 and 2008, 352 2446:, which helps build defenses against threats to the species. Species that rely solely on it risk extinction. Asexual reproduction may have contributed to the 9809: 9311: 9631: 9392: 5901: 4123:

Andreev, Plamen; Coates, Michael I.; Karatajūtė-Talimaa, Valentina; Shelton, Richard M.; Cooper, Paul R.; Wang, Nian-Zhong; Sansom, Ivan J. (2016-06-16).

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and reflects light back to it, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. The effectiveness of the tissue varies, with some sharks having stronger

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have dense and flattened teeth used for crushing, those that feed on fish have needle-like teeth for gripping, and those that feed on larger prey such as

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Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; Yin, Jamie S.; Kindsvater, Holly K.; Dulvy, Nicholas K. (2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays".

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suggests that one quarter of all known species of sharks and rays are threatened by extinction and 25 species were classified as critically endangered.

2935:. In rare circumstances involving poor visibility, blacktips may bite a human, mistaking it for prey. Under normal conditions they are harmless and shy. 10684: 3444:

in Asian countries and is erroneously considered healthy and full of nutrients. Scientific research has revealed, however, that high concentrations of

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are cooperative feeders and hunt in packs to herd and capture elusive prey. These social sharks are often migratory, traveling huge distances around

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from a retail market in Hong Kong back to their source populations and therefore the approximate locations where the sharks were first caught using

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There have been a number of documented cases in which a female shark who has not been in contact with a male has conceived a pup on her own through

10917: 8519: 7542: 9051: 6222: 4393: 3147:. Kamohoali'i was an ancestral god, not a human who became a shark and banned the eating of humans after eating one herself. In Fijian mythology, 10646: 9909: 8960: 5559: 3061:

are appropriate. Some species can flourish in home saltwater aquaria. Uninformed or unscrupulous dealers sometimes sell juvenile sharks like the

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Unlike bony fish, sharks do not have gas-filled swim bladders for buoyancy. Instead, sharks rely on a large liver filled with oil that contains

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advantages as they reduce turbulence when swimming. Some species of shark have pigmented denticles that form complex patterns like spots (e.g.

9622: 7648: 7165: 6295: 6145: 5742: 5253: 19026: 8900: 8869: 7233: 6780: 6163: 5287: 4054: 1434:. Phylogenetic placement of this group has been ambiguous in scientific studies. They are sometimes given their own order, Echinorhiniformes. 10407: 9752: 9271: 9240: 9093: 9018: 8695: 7998: 5987: 3456:

and cartilage pills, therefore, may pose a health risk. BMAA is under study for its pathological role in neurodegenerative diseases such as

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can do. Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes. To protect their eyes some species have

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is uncertain. The most likely etymology states that the original sense of the word was that of "predator, one who preys on others" from the

9419: 8293: 7258: 3421:. During a four-year period from 1996 to 2000, an estimated 26 to 73 million sharks were killed and traded annually in commercial markets. 9839: 8930: 7571: 7024: 2684:

There is evidence that juvenile lemon sharks can use observational learning in their investigation of novel objects in their environment.

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The truth about sharks: Far from being 'killing machines', they have personalities, best friends and an exceptional capacity for learning

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The perception of sharks as dangerous animals has been popularized by publicity given to a few isolated unprovoked attacks, such as the

19100: 9658: 9597: 5309: 4995: 2407:. Females in many of the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping them to maintain position during 1872:

Larger species, like the whale shark, are able to conserve their body heat through sheer size when they dive to colder depths, and the

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To help avoid an unprovoked attack, humans should not wear jewelry or metal that is shiny and refrain from splashing around too much.

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reproducers, meaning that they produce a small number of well-developed young as opposed to a large number of poorly developed young.

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Yopak, Kara E.; Lisney, Thomas J.; Darlington, Richard B.; Collin, Shaun P.; Montgomery, John C.; Finlay, Barbara L. (2010-07-20).

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protects the developing embryo(s). These cases may be corkscrewed into crevices for protection. The egg case is commonly called a

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in sharks ranges from 2 to over 100 young per reproductive cycle. Sharks mature slowly relative to many other fish. For example,

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balance with the seawater. This adaptation prevents most sharks from surviving in freshwater, and they are therefore confined to

522:. Many shark populations are threatened by human activities. Since 1970, shark populations have been reduced by 71%, mostly from 4566:

Frey, Linda; Coates, Michael; Ginter, Michał; Hairapetian, Vachik; Rücklin, Martin; Jerjen, Iwan; Klug, Christian (2019-10-09).

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close its mouth and gills when they dives to depths of around 800 metres, holding its breath till it reach warmer waters again.

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Gibson; Michelle R Heupel; Suzanne R Livingstone; Jonnell C Sanciangco; John D Stevens; Sarah Valenti; William T White (2014).

5773: 4876: 3133:, and helped and journeyed with her to Hawaii. He was able to assume all human and fish forms. A summit cliff on the crater of 2233:) find prey. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the 9541: 10678: 10662: 10616: 10597: 10570: 10543: 10512: 9767: 9218: 8549: 8280: 7947: 7316: 7213: 6662: 6192: 5795: 5491: 5451: 5263: 5228: 5145: 4431: 4309: 2225:

are the electroreceptor organs. They number in the hundreds to thousands. Sharks use the ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the

19005: 9361: 7887: 4568:"The early elasmobranch Phoebodus : phylogenetic relationships, ecomorphology and a new time-scale for shark evolution" 7472: 3724:

named 64 species, one-third of all oceanic shark species, as being at risk of extinction due to fishing and shark finning.

3301:. No scientific proof supports these claims; at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment. 10718: 2040:

They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in

18187: 10746: 10415: 7813: 6883: 2124:. This membrane covers the eyes while hunting and when the shark is being attacked. However, some species, including the 1801:. The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body. The deoxygenated blood from the body then flows through the 534:

Until the 16th century, sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs". This is still evidential in several species termed "

7180: 6945: 1931:, and it was postulated that there must be an additional mechanism for salt secretion. In 1960 it was discovered at the 9725: 9699: 8067: 6497: 5534: 2966: 3253:

series. Sharks tend to be seen quite often in cartoons whenever a scene involves the ocean. Such examples include the

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studies that show sharks to have heightened immunity to disease. Other apparently false claims are that fins prevent

2661:, the fastest shark and one of the fastest fish, can burst at speeds up to 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph). The 1663:

extends into that dorsal portion, providing a greater surface area for muscle attachment. This allows more efficient

8217: 4249:

Pimiento, Catalina; Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Shimada, Kenshu; Field, Daniel J.; Smaers, Jeroen B. (24 January 2019).

3563:, under a "shark control" program—this program has also inadvertently killed large numbers of other animals such as 2648:. This usually consists of exaggerated swimming movements, and can vary in intensity according to the threat level. 19052: 19031: 13440: 13371: 10912: 9334: 7622: 3878: 3434: 3168: 2338: 9799: 1738:. Unlike other fish, shark gill slits are not covered, but lie in a row behind the head. A modified slit called a 1647:

shapes vary considerably between shark species, due to their evolution in separate environments. Sharks possess a

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Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries

4192:"The Making of Calibration Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates" 3626: 2940: 9396: 7788: 6242: 1943:

located at the end of the intestine, known as the "rectal gland", whose function is the secretion of chlorides.

16402: 14672: 13789: 13404: 9514: 8192: 7750:"Global shark attack hotspots: Identifying underlying factors behind increased unprovoked shark bite incidence" 6718:

Adams, Kye R.; Fetterplace, Lachlan C.; Davis, Andrew R.; Taylor, Matthew D.; Knott, Nathan A. (January 2018).

5891: 5581: 3929: 604: 10006: 8762: 19013: 17739: 17608: 16411: 10987: 7596: 6519:"Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department, "National Shark Research Consortium–Shark Basics"" 4941:

Amaral, Cesar R. L.; Pereira, Filipe; Silva, Dayse A.; Amorim, António; de Carvalho, Elizeu F. (2017-09-20).

3677: 3541: 17: 10141: 9187: 8636:

Mondo, Kiyo; Hammerschlag, Neil; Basile, Margaret; Pablo, John; Banack, Sandra A.; Mash, Deborah C. (2012).

1184:, though some authors propose that both families be moved to separate orders. The Squalomorpha contains the 18922: 17956: 11943: 11023: 8811: 8493: 8335: 7417: 5367:"Wound-healing capabilities of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) and implications for conservation management" 3665:

was the first country in the world to declare Great White sharks a legally protected species (however, the

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Sharks are found in all seas. They generally do not live in fresh water, with a few exceptions such as the

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pups cannibalistically consume neighboring embryos. The survival strategy for ovoviviparous species is to

2217:

Electromagnetic field receptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) and motion detecting canals in the head of a shark

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shows a similar arrangement, and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line

1512:

edges for cutting. The teeth of plankton-feeders such as the basking shark are small and non-functional.

9700:"COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) No 1185/2003 of 26 June 2003 on the removal of fins of sharks on board vessels" 8527: 7550: 7229: 722:, which had previously been a dominant group of shark-like fish during the Triassic and Early Jurassic. 18608: 18335: 18305: 18192: 17801: 16850: 15765: 13476: 12809: 12382: 10897: 9059: 6967: 6719: 6214: 4389: 3666: 3336: 3238: 3188: 3143:(temple or shrine) dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of 10635: 9913: 8968: 7254: 5563: 5019: 2708:

can continue to swim while sleeping, and this also may be the case in larger shark species. In 2016 a

19057: 18881: 18874: 18841: 18583: 18255: 17936: 17211: 17127: 16814: 15471: 15453: 14770: 14761: 14713: 14704: 13771: 13737: 13719: 13701: 13665: 13623: 13093: 12800: 12773: 12499: 12022: 12013: 11383: 11374: 10967: 10939: 10794: 10784: 9211:"Here's What You Need To Know About Australia's SMART Drum Lines Being Used To Prevent Shark Attacks" 8576: 8268: 7191: 7123:

Johnson, Richard H. & Nelson, Donald R. (1973-03-05). "Agonistic Display in the Gray Reef Shark,

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describes in detail how to offer a corpse to become a shark. The body transforms gradually until the

2547: 2306: 2242: 616: 596: 412:(458–444 million years ago). The earliest confirmed modern sharks (selachimorphs) are known from the 9619: 8085:"Southern shark lore forty years after Jaws: The positioning of sharks within Murihiku, New Zealand" 5165: 3437:

that over 14,000 tonnes of shark fins were exported into Singapore between 2005–2007 and 2012–2014.

3281:, but this is not scientifically supported. Sharks have been known to get cancer. Both diseases and 690:(the group containing all cartilaginous fish more closely related to modern sharks and rays than to 408:

Period (419–359 million years), though some fossilized chondrichthyan-like scales are as old as the

384:

and kin). Some sources extend the term "shark" as an informal category including extinct members of

19085: 18891: 18650: 17506: 17452: 17070: 16823: 16760: 16715: 16654: 16611: 15756: 15480: 15435: 14582: 13755: 13692: 13674: 13494: 13248: 12818: 11961: 10992: 10001: 7652: 7391: 7098: 6299: 6152:, Jayne M. Gardiner, Jelle Atema, Current Biology - 13 July 2010 (Vol. 20, Issue 13, pp. 1187–1191) 6142: 5746: 3933: 3890: 3676:

Intending to ban the practice of shark finning while at sea, the United States Congress passed the

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and other large predators either swallow small prey whole or take huge bites out of large animals.

6966:

Adams, Kye R; Fetterplace, Lachlan C; Davis, Andrew R; Taylor, Matthew D; Knott, Nathan A (2018).

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store air in their stomachs, using it as a form of swim bladder. Bottom-dwelling sharks, like the

19090: 18978: 18869: 18851: 18413: 18162: 17913: 17416: 17400: 17304: 17103: 17094: 16751: 16697: 15682: 15673: 15619: 14737: 14546: 14088: 13273: 12944: 12782: 12038: 11898: 11212: 10924: 10739: 10707: 9773: 9279: 9244: 8687: 8488: 8006: 7204:

Ruckstuhl, Kathreen E.; Neuhaus, Peter, eds. (January 23, 2006). "Sexual Segregation in Sharks".

5865: 5108: 5040:

Straube, Nicolas; Li, Chenhong; Claes, Julien M.; Corrigan, Shannon; Naylor, Gavin J. P. (2015).

3192: 1850: 1802: 19044: 9831: 9584:"Bill Summary & Status, 106th Congress (1999 - 2000), H.R.5461: Major Congressional Actions" 7441: 5603: 1849:

red muscle located near the center of the body generates the heat, which the body retains via a

18940: 18831: 18655: 18640: 18463: 18182: 18071: 17244: 16868: 16832: 16742: 16733: 16690: 16672: 16629: 16242: 16191: 15520: 15376: 15367: 14537: 14292: 14283: 14205: 14052: 13780: 13422: 13362: 12409: 12004: 11952: 11221: 11043: 10982: 9306: 7575: 7032: 6015:"Not all sharks are "swimming noses": variation in olfactory bulb size in cartilaginous fishes" 5822:"The Shark Rectal Gland Model: A Champion of Receptor Mediated Chloride Secretion Through CFTR" 4125:"The systematics of the Mongolepidida (Chondrichthyes) and the Ordovician origins of the clade" 3958:

In July 2020 scientists reported results of a survey of 371 reefs in 58 nations estimating the

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affect sharks. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly

3187:, in which two humans are said to have transformed into a turtle and a shark. According to the 2951: 2776:

tissue inside of their mouths to attract prey in the deep ocean. This type of feeding requires

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and maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water. In these sharks, a strip of

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Fossil shark tooth (size over 9 cm or 3.5 inches) with crown, shoulder, root and root lobe

31: 9645:"Bill Summary & Status, 111th Congress (2009 - 2010), H.R.81: Major Congressional Actions" 8615: 7916: 7340: 6784: 6167: 5683:

Griffith, R. W (1980). "Chemistry of the Body Fluids of the Coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae".

2034:

have smaller olfactory bulbs. Sharks found in deeper waters also have larger olfactory bulbs.

19039: 18861: 18846: 18355: 18172: 17723: 17696: 17635: 17524: 17271: 16886: 16859: 16724: 16663: 16173: 16155: 15637: 15151: 14746: 14337: 14319: 14301: 13831: 13458: 13257: 13208: 13145: 13111: 13014: 12707: 12578: 12129: 12056: 11970: 11934: 11916: 11734: 11254: 11245: 10142:"Fins from endangered hammerhead sharks in Hong Kong market traced mainly to Eastern Pacific" 5983: 4942: 4823: 4822:

Amaral, Cesar; Pereira, Filipe; Silva, Dayse; Amorim, António; de Carvalho, Elizeu F (2017).

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has teeth it can point outwards to strike and capture prey that it then swallows intact. The

2712:

was captured on video for the first time in a state researchers believed was sleep swimming.

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and plays a major role in bottom–dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in active

577: 10438:"Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis" 9644: 9583: 9019:"Dolphins, rays among hundreds killed on Queensland shark nets and drum lines, figures show" 8402: 7967:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form - Turtle and Shark (American Samoa)" 6522: 4624: 4423: 4416: 3751:. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. 3428:. Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water. 1759:

if unable to move. Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.

19105: 18987: 18856: 18152: 17766: 17681: 17617: 17409: 17280: 16993: 16778: 16620: 16459: 16321: 16312: 15825: 15798: 15554: 15462: 15426: 15287: 15278: 14600: 13894: 13858: 13566: 13413: 13320: 13190: 13075: 12791: 12560: 12445: 11986: 11907: 11567: 11549: 11460: 11451: 11425: 11263: 10789: 10451: 10326: 10249: 10176: 9966:"New York Ends Shark Fin Trade - Gov. Cuomo Signs Legislation to Protect Sharks and Oceans" 9751:

Camhi, M.D.; Valenti, S.V.; Fordham, S.V.; Fowler, S.L.; Gibson, C., eds. (February 2007).

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Guttridge, T.L.; van Dijk, S.; Stamhuis, E.J.; Krause, J.; Gruber, S.H.; Brown, C. (2013).

6979: 6968:"Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs" 6731: 6720:"Sharks, rays and abortion: The prevalence of capture-induced parturition in elasmobranchs" 6555: 6346: 6252: 6081: 5936: 5692: 5641: 5053: 4771: 4716: 4636: 4524: 3740: 3233: 2768:, whale sharks use suction to take in plankton and small fishes, and megamouth sharks make 2645: 2622: 2436: 2428: 2354: 2245:

also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation.

2121: 1936: 1873: 1271: 1243: 1239: 9879: 8312: 8239: 7973: 6905: 6655:

Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date

6143:

The Function of Bilateral Odor Arrival Time Differences in Olfactory Orientation of Sharks

1648: 8: 18645: 18588: 18388: 18275: 18064: 17687: 17671: 17479: 17178: 17011: 16841: 16805: 16647: 16209: 16200: 16182: 16164: 16043: 15595: 15586: 15529: 15417: 14965: 14564: 14223: 14214: 13849: 13710: 13539: 13521: 13503: 13449: 13395: 13280: 13199: 13005: 12980: 12937: 12930: 12866: 12857: 12427: 12111: 12087: 12078: 11995: 11871: 11855: 11809: 11701: 11692: 11603: 11558: 11309: 11300: 11290: 10408:"Shark, ray populations have declined by 'alarming' 70 per cent since 1970s, study finds" 10034: 9654: 9593: 5441: 3983:

over the preceding 50 years. The oceanic whitetip, and both the scalloped hammerhead and

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is the best known and revered of the shark gods, he was the older and favored brother of

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among these negatively buoyant cartilaginous fish. By contrast, most bony fish possess a

1329: 1247: 1235: 10455: 10379: 10330: 10253: 10180: 9362:"No Shark Cull: Why Some Surfers Don't Want to Kill Great Whites Despite Lethal Attacks" 8717: 8378: 7765: 6983: 6735: 6691: 6559: 6350: 6256: 6085: 5940: 5696: 5645: 5057: 4775: 4760:"Diversification of the Neoselachii (Chondrichthyes) during the Jurassic and Cretaceous" 4720: 4640: 4528: 346: 19110: 18227: 17714: 17705: 17644: 17626: 17599: 17590: 17488: 17220: 17061: 17020: 17002: 16895: 16877: 16796: 16787: 16769: 16706: 16638: 16468: 16393: 16128: 16016: 15816: 15774: 15691: 15646: 15545: 15513: 15305: 14974: 14573: 14346: 14097: 14043: 14010: 13936: 13656: 13548: 13485: 13467: 13431: 13241: 13163: 13154: 13138: 13120: 13021: 12987: 12921: 12587: 12120: 11979: 11925: 11889: 11761: 11752: 11743: 11350: 11341: 11164: 11155: 10851: 10732: 10477: 10360: 10291: 10192: 8664: 8637: 8432: 8405: 7519: 7494: 7308: 7144: 6995: 6860: 6835: 6747: 6589: 6406: 6381: 6276: 6125: 6112: 6069: 6050: 5959: 5924: 5838: 5821: 5724: 5708: 5665: 5391: 5366: 5084: 5042:"Molecular phylogeny of Squaliformes and first occurrence of bioluminescence in sharks" 5041: 4970: 4923: 4851: 4795: 4740: 4660: 4600: 4567: 4548: 4367: 4278: 4226: 4191: 4172: 4159: 4124: 3866: 3771:, bringing shark fishing and commerce of these species under licensing and regulation. 3572: 3099: 3066: 3014: 2890: 2796: 2630: 2569: 2556: 2505:, where the first embryos to hatch eat the remaining eggs. Taking this a step further, 2378: 2310: 1846: 1786: 1333: 1112: 983: 715: 437: 318: 309: 140: 8036: 5419: 4250: 3352: 1794: 1783: 1668: 1594: 829: 18573: 18478: 18383: 18295: 18290: 18237: 18044: 17851: 17841: 17757: 17748: 17732: 17662: 17470: 17354: 17160: 17079: 16919: 16910: 16681: 16565: 16505: 16496: 16260: 16251: 16146: 16007: 15998: 15989: 15807: 15715: 15706: 15655: 15628: 15444: 15352: 15343: 15160: 15127: 14941: 14555: 14328: 14265: 14115: 14070: 13876: 13822: 13746: 13647: 13590: 13581: 13512: 13172: 13129: 13102: 13066: 13057: 13039: 13030: 12364: 12138: 11880: 11827: 11818: 11612: 11416: 11126: 10929: 10810: 10769: 10674: 10612: 10593: 10576: 10566: 10549: 10539: 10518: 10508: 10501: 10481: 10469: 10364: 10352: 10295: 10283: 10275: 10196: 9763: 8669: 8437: 8166: 8125: 8084: 8063: 7943: 7524: 7300: 7209: 7028: 6865: 6668: 6658: 6613: 6593: 6581: 6546: 6460: 6452: 6447: 6430: 6411: 6362: 6268: 6117: 6099: 6042: 6034: 5964: 5843: 5716: 5669: 5657: 5629: 5497: 5487: 5457: 5447: 5396: 5259: 5234: 5224: 5141: 5089: 5071: 4962: 4915: 4843: 4787: 4732: 4683: 4664: 4652: 4605: 4587: 4552: 4540: 4512: 4427: 4338: 4315: 4305: 4270: 4231: 4213: 4164: 4146: 4069: 4064: 3706:

was passed by Congress in December 2010, and it was signed into law in January 2011.

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in large schools. These migrations may be partly necessary to find new food sources.

2850: 2838: 2709: 2662: 2443: 2431:. The extent of this behavior in the wild is unknown. Mammals are now the only major 2283: 2150: 2125: 2026: 1838: 1810: 1664: 1573: 1545: 1337: 1215: 1211: 1165: 1080: 852: 798: 636: 624: 496: 256: 10237: 7773: 6999: 6751: 6280: 5769: 5728: 4927: 4872: 4799: 4744: 4282: 3739:

that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of

2849:

either stir prey from the seabed or slash at swimming prey with their tooth-studded

2213: 18315: 18260: 18222: 18177: 18135: 18059: 17846: 17461: 17434: 17425: 17363: 17187: 16583: 16556: 16547: 16233: 16025: 15965: 15956: 15664: 15118: 14840: 14310: 14241: 14196: 14181: 14106: 13867: 13813: 13266: 13048: 12996: 12971: 12611: 12602: 12569: 12328: 12065: 12047: 12031: 11585: 11540: 11502: 10459: 10342: 10334: 10265: 10257: 10184: 8659: 8649: 8427: 8417: 8382: 8156: 8115: 7769: 7514: 7506: 7292: 7278: 7136: 6987: 6855: 6847: 6739: 6618: 6571: 6563: 6442: 6401: 6393: 6354: 6337:

Kalmijn AJ (1982). "Electric and magnetic field detection in elasmobranch fishes".

6260: 6129: 6107: 6089: 6054: 6026: 5954: 5944: 5833: 5700: 5649: 5386: 5378: 5365:

Womersley, Freya; Hancock, James; Perry, Cameron T.; Rowat, David (February 2021).

5079: 5061: 4974: 4954: 4907: 4855: 4835: 4779: 4724: 4644: 4595: 4579: 4532: 4298: 4262: 4221: 4203: 4176: 4154: 4136: 3992: 3984: 3971: 3948: 3925: 3913: 3870: 3760: 3595: 3568: 3180: 3172: 3077: 3023: 2990: 2673:, nature of these sharks' physiology. Sharks can travel 70 to 80 km in a day. 2523: 2506: 2300: 2230: 2208: 2142: 2133: 2014: 1826: 1723: 1712: 1660: 1652: 1267: 825: 508: 235: 10659: 10210: 8547: 8161: 8144: 7312: 5799: 4958: 4839: 4704: 3575:. From 1962 to 2018, roughly 50,000 sharks were killed by Queensland authorities. 2060: 1576:(snout), the cartilage can be spongy and flexible to absorb the power of impacts. 444:), a deep sea species that is only 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in length, to the 19080: 18532: 18512: 18340: 18327: 18310: 18265: 18147: 18086: 18010: 18005: 17941: 17928: 17898: 17497: 17262: 16984: 16529: 16297: 16288: 15536: 15197: 15188: 15178: 15044: 15035: 15025: 14858: 14849: 14382: 14232: 14148: 14139: 14079: 13912: 13386: 12842: 12833: 12683: 12674: 12472: 12463: 12373: 12355: 12274: 12247: 12238: 11441: 11188: 11179: 11011: 10972: 10857: 10666: 10442: 9750: 9687: 9626: 9545: 8553: 8386: 8320: 7891: 7789:"Just keep swimming: SoCal study shows sharks, humans can share ocean peacefully" 7187: 7169: 7084: 7079: 6991: 6890: 6743: 6149: 5925:"Bright Green Biofluorescence in Sharks Derives from Bromo-Kynurenine Metabolism" 4728: 4005:

found that overfishing is currently driving over one-third of sharks and rays to

4001: 3996: 3897: 3699: 3656: 3579: 3514: 3507: 3414: 3402: 3314: 2769: 2757: 2621:

Sharks can be highly social, remaining in large schools. Sometimes more than 100

2546:, laying their fertilized eggs in the water. In most oviparous shark species, an 2420: 2386: 2330: 2179: 2101: 1866: 1862: 1806: 1321: 1231: 1204: 1119: 987: 876: 719: 699: 465: 129: 19018: 9538: 9485:"Mike Baird is right, culling sharks doesn't work—here's what we can do instead" 8931:"Sharks to be caught on SMART drum lines off WA's South West after Labor U-turn" 7471:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Animal Diversity Web. Archived from 4759: 706:. Selachiimorpha and Batoidea are suggested by some to have diverged during the 18808: 18781: 18673: 18665: 18598: 18568: 18507: 18489: 18443: 18433: 18037: 17990: 17515: 17313: 17169: 17151: 16574: 16520: 16119: 16096: 16052: 15747: 15733: 15394: 15244: 15062: 14827: 14817: 14632: 14519: 14509: 14494: 14391: 14355: 14124: 14061: 13987: 13978: 13954: 13945: 13927: 13903: 13885: 13840: 13764: 13728: 13683: 13605: 13353: 13338: 13084: 12962: 12953: 12755: 12635: 12626: 12490: 12418: 12400: 12265: 11653: 11644: 11525: 11516: 11484: 11475: 11104: 11098: 10977: 10874: 10820: 10815: 10338: 8276: 5949: 5653: 4536: 4049: 3901: 3882: 3783: 3453: 3425: 3398: 3382: 3332: 3298: 3164: 2980: 2842: 2737: 2586: 2377:. The posterior part of a male shark's pelvic fins are modified into a pair of 2234: 2137: 2085: 1993: 1981: 1924: 1909: 1901: 1889: 1675: 1529: 1325: 1291: 1281: 1277: 1173: 1153: 1122: 1115: 1094: 956: 933: 929: 738: 684: 591: 550: 519: 504: 473: 413: 385: 283: 261: 197: 187: 10464: 10437: 10261: 8313:

HowStuffWorks "How many sharks are killed recreationally each year - and why?"

7861: 7817: 7699:"Sharks and Survival: Three misconceptions about sharks; one striking reality" 7296: 6942:"SHARKS & RAYS, SeaWorld/Busch Gardens ANIMALS, BIRTH & CARE OF YOUNG" 6264: 6030: 5382: 5066: 4911: 4363:"Shark Populations Are Crashing, with a 'Very Small Window' to Avert Disaster" 4208: 3057:

Most species are not suitable for home aquaria, and not every species sold by

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sharks have a similar mechanism for maintaining an elevated body temperature.

1742:

lies just behind the eye, which assists the shark with taking in water during

19074: 18910: 18813: 18727: 18547: 18522: 18517: 18473: 18468: 18423: 18418: 18398: 18270: 18049: 17968: 17443: 17391: 17136: 17052: 16943: 16934: 16538: 16369: 16360: 15980: 15408: 14904: 14895: 14885: 14663: 14654: 14644: 14462: 14453: 14019: 13994: 13963: 13530: 13313: 13304: 13289: 13181: 12659: 12650: 12454: 12319: 12310: 12256: 12212: 12165: 12147: 11785: 11776: 11407: 11365: 11327: 10951: 10934: 10774: 10714: 10522: 10279: 8691: 6672: 6538:"Eye lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark ( 6456: 6103: 6038: 5501: 5075: 4791: 4736: 4656: 4591: 4217: 4150: 4040: 3830: 3826: 3803: 3791: 3732: 3719: 3670: 3601: 3535: 3499: 3488: 3441: 3429: 3255: 3086: 3038: 2834: 2823: 2800: 2749: 2726: 2705: 2697: 2534:

appear to have even longer gestation periods, but accurate data are lacking.

2531: 2527: 2483: 2471: 2318: 2238: 2031: 1928: 1858: 1734:

Like other fish, sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it passes over their

1486: 1444: 1431: 1427: 1341: 1317: 1299: 1255: 1181: 1149: 960: 916: 703: 654: 612: 573:, etc.), which was later applied to the fish due to its predatory behaviour. 480: 278: 77: 10580: 10553: 6622: 6567: 6358: 6094: 6014: 5538: 5461: 5238: 4319: 1007: 755: 18803: 18627: 18542: 18502: 18403: 18345: 18285: 18212: 18207: 18197: 18113: 18103: 18032: 18015: 17922: 17883: 17876: 17345: 17118: 16486: 16345: 16336: 16137: 16110: 16084: 15789: 15495: 15229: 15081: 15072: 14998: 14444: 14434: 14419: 14373: 14274: 14256: 14172: 12551: 12346: 12301: 12292: 12283: 12229: 11842: 11800: 11677: 11668: 11141: 10892: 10869: 10840: 10830: 10651: 10532: 10473: 10356: 10287: 9804: 9726:"REGULATION (EU) No 605/2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL" 8673: 8459:"Endangered shark meat sold in Australian fish and chip shops, study finds" 8441: 8170: 8129: 7528: 7510: 7304: 6869: 6851: 6585: 6464: 6415: 6397: 6272: 6121: 6046: 5968: 5847: 5704: 5661: 5400: 5093: 4966: 4919: 4847: 4609: 4583: 4544: 4274: 4235: 4168: 4059: 3952: 3909: 3862: 3775: 3662: 3605: 3545: 3390: 3243: 3213: 3130: 2921: 2907: 2670: 2666: 2322: 2254: 2188: 2117: 1956: 1854: 1822: 1798: 1790: 1771: 1616: 1533: 1521: 1423: 1417: 1391: 1359: 1355: 1313: 1185: 1157: 1145: 1130: 1003: 785: 673: 461: 394: 373: 358: 342: 293: 266: 251: 10590:

The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat

8638:"Cyanobacterial Neurotoxin β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) in Shark Fins" 8120: 8103: 6366: 6321: 5720: 5197: 4648: 3615:

Killing sharks negatively affects the marine ecosystem. Jessica Morris of

3343: 1722:

Some sharks, if inverted or stroked on the nose, enter a natural state of

18972: 18963: 18786: 18774: 18700: 18458: 18453: 18428: 18408: 18350: 18245: 18140: 18118: 18108: 18081: 17951: 17903: 17581: 17571: 17556: 17038: 16435: 16426: 15899: 15890: 15880: 15862: 15853: 15843: 15610: 15328: 15319: 15263: 15254: 14867: 14802: 14001: 12716: 12538: 12523: 12514: 12481: 12436: 12337: 11862: 11716: 10825: 10779: 9800:"Fishing puts a third of all oceanic shark species at risk of extinction" 6834:

Chapman DD; Shivji MS; Louis E; Sommer J; Fletcher H; Prodöhl PA (2007).

5770:"Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries: 14. Shark Utilization" 4099: 4026: 3979:

has resulted in a 71% global decline in the number of oceanic sharks and

3976: 3799: 3798:

fish that are often sourced from unsustainable fisheries. Advocacy group

3795: 3787: 3587: 3480: 3386: 3348: 3290: 3218: 3062: 3019: 2984: 2971: 2955: 2885: 2869: 2807: 2789: 2773: 2765: 2753: 2745: 2725:

This section is about shark feeding. For the sport of shark feeding, see

2701: 2638: 2615: 2598: 2514: 2362: 2178:

Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks, they may have a sharp

2081: 2045: 1985: 1977: 1973: 1893: 1842: 1767: 1763: 1716: 1624: 1620: 1604: 1473: 1463: 1409: 1405: 1388:, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing their prey. 1375: 1367: 1363: 1309: 1305: 1223: 1189: 1161: 872: 856: 802: 669: 662: 523: 492: 457: 445: 298: 271: 220: 120: 52: 10347: 10270: 9680:

Shark Conservation Act of 2009 | The Humane Society of the United States

9518: 8422: 7626: 2993:, later attempted to dispel the image of sharks as man-eating monsters. 361:

that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the

18836: 18635: 18603: 18537: 18527: 18448: 18438: 18123: 18091: 18076: 18022: 17995: 17978: 17653: 17253: 16598: 16450: 16278: 15142: 15109: 15099: 14528: 14364: 14034: 13804: 13557: 12912: 12764: 12740: 12731: 12391: 11630: 11594: 11236: 11203: 11092: 11035: 10863: 10845: 8870:"Western Australia's 'serious threat' shark policy condemned by Senate" 8654: 7148: 5578:"SHARKS & RAYS, SeaWorld/Busch Gardens ANIMALS, CIRCULATORY SYSTEM" 4141: 4074: 4006: 3842: 3639: 3556: 3472: 3449: 3406: 3126: 3034: 2969:, and through popular fictional works about shark attacks, such as the 2959: 2881: 2857: 2819: 2777: 2594: 2590: 2573: 2561: 2510: 2496: 2467: 2447: 2432: 2192: 2165:. The remaining seven species had in addition to rods a single type of 2162: 2146: 1989: 1940: 1913: 1885: 1756: 1644: 1643:

provide thrust, making speed and acceleration dependent on tail shape.

1628: 1501: 1285: 1259: 1227: 1219: 1188:

and the Hypnosqualea. The Hypnosqualea may be invalid. It includes the

659: 569: 563: 515: 488: 484: 453: 409: 207: 97: 62: 10188: 9086:"Endangered Hammerhead Sharks Dead on Drum Line in Great Barrier Reef" 6576: 4266: 4122: 4034: 3727:

In 2010, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (

3609: 2427:

showed that the pups had no paternal genetic contribution, ruling out

1927:

showed that sharks' urine does not contain sufficient sodium to avoid

1508:

have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with

18593: 18578: 18563: 18393: 18054: 18000: 17985: 17963: 17946: 17893: 17331: 17235: 17202: 15572: 15007: 14728: 14690: 14163: 13223: 12698: 11576: 10944: 8839:"WA abandons shark culling program, but reserves right to kill again" 5896: 5712: 3963: 3764: 3583: 3495: 3476: 3378: 3319: 3286: 3282: 3261: 3058: 2917: 2811: 2543: 2519: 2463: 2358: 2350: 2277: 2261: 2184: 2166: 2109: 2022: 1679: 1541: 1509: 1413: 1399: 1395: 1371: 1345: 1295: 1177: 1138: 539: 535: 418: 389: 350: 157: 102: 18934: 8812:"Australia: Over 170 sharks caught under controversial cull program" 7140: 4783: 3418: 3323:

The annual shark catch has increased rapidly over the last 60 years.

3054:

successfully kept a young female for 198 days before releasing her.

2814:

use camouflage to lie in wait and suck prey into their mouths. Many

2806:

Some seabed–dwelling species are highly effective ambush predators.

2665:

is also capable of speed bursts. These exceptions may be due to the

2229:

that all living things produce. This helps sharks (particularly the

2017:'s head may enhance olfaction by spacing the nostrils further apart. 1719:, have negative buoyancy, allowing them to rest on the ocean floor. 1468: 18957: 18796: 18737: 18683: 18678: 18497: 18365: 18027: 17973: 17888: 16975: 16961: 16384: 15946: 15931: 14932: 14922: 12895: 12181: 11086: 10835: 10702: 10384: 8287:. Cancer patients treated with extracts from shark cartilage had a 8142: 3980: 3921: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3815:

Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks

3811:

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

3691: 3503: 3484: 3148: 3082: 3042: 2846: 2761: 2760:

have independently evolved different strategies for filter feeding

2626: 2565: 2462:

Sharks display three ways to bear their young, varying by species,

2400: 2196: 2154: 2009: 1830: 1793:

takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the

1704: 1683: 1565: 1537: 1525: 1490: 1449: 1385: 1381: 1263: 1197: 1193: 1192:, and the Pristorajea, which may also be invalid, but includes the 1134: 1126: 751: 710:. Fossils of the earliest true sharks may have appeared during the 707: 695: 691: 677: 469: 405: 381: 377: 288: 177: 92: 87: 72: 67: 57: 10030:"Shark fin is banned in 12 U.S. states—but it's still on the menu" 9420:"Expert: Shark threat 'always going to be a problem' for Cape Cod" 7495:"The absence of sharks from abyssal regions of the world's oceans" 7281:"Social learning in juvenile lemon sharks, Negaprion brevirostris" 6833: 6379: 6013:

Yopak, Kara E.; Lisney, Thomas J.; Collin, Shaun P. (2015-03-01).

4943:"The mitogenomic phylogeny of the Elasmobranchii (Chondrichthyes)" 4896: 4824:"The mitogenomic phylogeny of the Elasmobranchii (Chondrichthyes)" 3680:

in 2000. Two years later the Act saw its first legal challenge in

1896:

to their marine environments because of the high concentration of

1560:

of sharks, like those of rays and skates, are not attached to the

1144:

The clade Selachimorpha is divided into the superorders Galea (or

18992: 18769: 18764: 18742: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18250: 18202: 18096: 17866: 17861: 17378: 12102: 10234: 9863:. Tawa News, Canwest News Service. March 26, 2010. Archived from 9302:"Man Who Devoted Life To Sharks, Killed Off The Coast Of Reunion" 8406:"Extinction risk and conservation of the world's sharks and rays" 8284: 8145:"Shark cartilage, cancer and the growing threat of pseudoscience" 7792: 6535: 4248: 3943:

In April 2020 researchers reported to have traced the origins of

3905: 3893:) have passed laws against the sale or possession of shark fins. 3564: 3410: 3241:, although they are sometimes used for comedic effect such as in 3160: 3144: 3134: 3111: 3046: 3030: 2815: 2610: 2551: 2501: 2487: 2451: 2404: 2382: 2049: 1905: 1829:

matches that of their ambient environment. Members of the family

1747: 1687: 1656: 1561: 1497: 1481: 1100: 711: 430: 425: 107: 82: 5826:

Transactions of the American Clinical Climatological Association

5258:(1st ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 56. 4458:"The Xoc, the Sharke, and the Sea Dogs: An Historical Encounter" 3389:

or crumbed and grilled. In fish and chip shops, shark is called

2329:) may also live over 100 years. Earlier estimates suggested the 1203:

There are more than 500 species of sharks split across thirteen

18688: 17295: 16224: 14956: 13638: 11080: 10673:, pages 245–254, FAO Fisheries technical paper 569, FAO, Rome. 9649: 9588: 7366:"Great White Shark Caught On Camera Napping For The First Time" 6609:"Greenland shark may live 400 years, smashing longevity record" 5630:"Hammerhead sharks are first fish found to 'hold their breath'" 4806: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3294: 3278: 3119: 3103: 2785: 2408: 2396: 2317:

Shark lifespans vary by species. Most live 20 to 30 years. The

2158: 2105: 2093: 2089: 2041: 1961: 1917: 1505: 595:), meaning 'shark'. Evidence for this etymology came from the 500: 167: 10647:

Sharks 'critical' to restoring damaged ecosystems, finds study

8520:"38 Million Sharks Killed for Fins Annually, Experts Estimate" 6478:

Popper, A. N.; C. Platt (1993). "Inner ear and lateral line".

6070:"A conserved pattern of brain scaling from sharks to primates" 460:, which can be found in both seawater and freshwater, and the 429:, though records of true sharks may extend back as far as the 18720: 18130: 14989: 14492: 9052:"Shark nets in Australia—what are they and how do they work?" 4513:"Spiny chondrichthyan from the lower Silurian of South China" 3937: 3874: 3768: 3756: 3752: 3736: 3728: 3394: 3374: 3139: 2830: 2781: 2390: 2266: 2113: 2097: 1779: 1775: 1207:, including several orders of sharks that have gone extinct: 1169: 1108: 362: 14417: 9935:"Seafod WATCH, National Sustainable Seafood Guide July 2009" 8901:"Premier Mark McGowan's shark plan not enough to protect us" 8635: 6326:(PhD dissertation). University of South Florida. p. 16. 5798:. Delaware Sea Grant, University of Delaware. Archived from 5255:

Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes

3327: 1496:

Tooth shape depends on the shark's diet: those that feed on

464:, which lives only in freshwater. Sharks have a covering of 18693: 18280: 17833: 17824: 11124: 10436:

Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Pacoureau, Nathan; et al. (2021).

10380:"Extinction: 'Time is running out' to save sharks and rays" 9612: 9116:"Queensland Government Kills Sharks, Faces Court Challenge" 8363: 8104:"Sharks do get cancer: few surprises in cartilage research" 7003: 6965: 6755: 6717: 6657:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 6067: 5221:

Sharks, Skates and Rays: The Biology of Elasmobranch Fishes

4565: 4251:"Evolutionary pathways toward gigantism in sharks and rays" 3917: 3886: 3702:

while on the high seas. Seeking to close the loophole, the

3445: 3356: 2491: 2423:. The details of this process are not well understood, but 1897: 1778:. Here, the shark pumps blood to its gills via the ventral 1735: 1640: 388:(cartilaginous fish) with a shark-like morphology, such as 354: 15227: 12209: 9620:

United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins

8718:"Shark fisheries and trade in Europe: Fact sheet on Italy" 6906:"Female sharks reproduce without male DNA, scientists say" 5364: 3683:

United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins

3487:, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays. However, the 2799:, which feed on flesh sliced out of other larger fish and 2513:

the young to a comparatively large size before birth. The

1751:

their gills and must swim without rest. These species are

1726:. Researchers use this condition to handle sharks safely. 18732: 18300: 10724: 10315: 10238:"Global status and conservation potential of reef sharks" 9243:. Australian Marine Convservation Society. Archived from 8785:"Extinction Threatens 1/4 of Sharks and Rays on Red List" 8089:

Australian Folklore: A Yearly Journal of Folklore Studies

7940:

Sharks of Hawaii: Their Biology and Cultural Significance

7676:. News.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-07-04. Archived from 3944: 3559:

has targeted and killed sharks in large numbers by using

3457: 3107: 2321:

has one of the longest lifespans at more than 100 years.

2077: 1557: 1412:, they are flattened sharks with a strong resemblance to 559: 15929: 14825: 7442:

Seagrass digestion by a notorious 'carnivore' - Journals

4940: 4821: 3339:

in the fins now exists regarding consumption of the soup

3277:

A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and

1168:. Lamnoids and Carcharhinoids are usually placed in one 17793: 17554: 14800: 7674:"How Should We Respond When Humans and Sharks Collide?" 5685:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4572:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3347:

A 4.3-metre (14 ft), 540-kilogram (1,200 lb)

3137:

is one of his most sacred spots. At one point he had a

2633:. Cross-species social hierarchies exist. For example, 2199:

the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.

2112:

adaptations. Many sharks can contract and dilate their

1344:

reproduction. The Lamniformes also include the extinct

10165: 8565:

Ask your senator to support the Shark Conservation Act

8513: 8511: 8315:. Animals.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-16. 7961: 7959: 6652: 5513: 5511: 5482:

Compagno, Leonard; Dando, Marc; Fowler, Sarah (2005).

5039: 4625:"The biostratigraphy of Carboniferous chondrichthyans" 2030:

visibility is high, species of sharks from the family

607:' sailors exhibited one in London in 1569 and posted " 12892: 10671:

Review of the state of world marine fishery resources

8294:"Shark fin won't help fight cancer, but ginseng will" 8214:"Alternative approaches to prostate cancer treatment" 7972:. United States National Park Service. Archived from 7060:

Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives: Second Edition

7057: 6783:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Archived from 6166:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Archived from 3999:

during the period studied. A 2021 study published in

1270:. They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a 10093:"Pacific Islands Band Together on a Shark Sanctuary" 9753:"The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays" 7493:

Priede IG, Froese R, Bailey DM, et al. (2006).

6382:"Sharks can detect changes in the geomagnetic field" 5922: 5518:

Pratt, H. L. Jr; Gruber, S. H.; Taniuchi, T (1990).

4016: 3114:, or deified ancestor guardians, are shark aumakua. 2780:—long, slender filaments that form a very efficient 1884:

In contrast to bony fish, with the exception of the

1797:

branchial arteries, which come together to form the

306: 10565:(7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Ltd. 10507:. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. 8688:"Neurotoxins in shark fins: A human health concern" 8608:"Sharks and Rays - Species we work with at TRAFFIC" 8558: 8508: 8357: 8330: 8328: 8291:median lifespan than patients receiving a placebo. 7956: 7913:"Traditions of O'ahu: Stories of an Ancient Island" 7840: 7838: 7836: 7834: 7058:Carrier, J.C; Musick, J.A.; Heithaus, M.R. (2012). 5517: 5508: 5481: 4510: 3900:or have banned shark fishing—these regions include 3829:, and as of January 16, 2019, 12 states including ( 3643:exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction. 3582:has a program that deliberately kills sharks using 3381:. In southern Australia, shark is commonly used in 2052:that greatly increase their ability to sense prey. 1821:Most sharks are "cold-blooded" or, more precisely, 576:A now disproven theory is that it derives from the 483:, which are organisms that are at the top of their 10561:Pough, F. H.; Janis, C. M.; Heiser, J. B. (2005). 10531: 10500: 8990: 8143:Ostrander GK; Cheng KC; Wolf JC; Wolfe MJ (2004). 7845:Michael, Scott W. (March 2004). "Sharks at Home". 7492: 7418:"Order Orectolobiformes: Carpet Sharks—39 species" 4415: 4297: 3110:. Among a fishing people, the most popular of all 3089:(pictured), is commonly seen on military aircraft. 2845:use their long tails to stun shoaling fishes, and 2704:, rather than its brain, coordinates swimming, so 2644:When approached too closely some sharks perform a 1912:environments. A few exceptions exist, such as the 581: 7457: 7099:"Scientists track shark's 12,000 mile round-trip" 6944:. Busch Entertainment Corporation. Archived from 6012: 5892:"Sharks literally puke their guts out—here's why" 5580:. Busch Entertainment Corporation. Archived from 5159: 5157: 3802:campaigns to limit shark fishing. Advocacy group 3151:was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls. 1520:Shark skeletons are very different from those of 1340:. They are distinguished by their large jaws and 623:(referring to a sea fish) in a letter written by 19072: 10560: 10399: 9762:. Oxford, England: IUCN Shark Specialist Group. 9046: 9044: 8759:"One Quarter of Sharks and Rays Face Extinction" 8325: 7831: 7203: 4629:Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2399:has rarely been observed in sharks. The smaller 2161:giving them good night vision while making them 2153:study of 17 species of sharks found 10 had only 627:in 1442, which rules out a New World etymology. 476:. They have numerous sets of replaceable teeth. 15186: 14652: 10491: 9997:"Restaurants Currently Offering Shark Fin Soup" 9861:"Qatar. UN body flip-flops on shark protection" 9791: 9548:. EW.com (2007-10-31). Retrieved on 2010-09-16. 9266: 9264: 9262: 9150:"Aussie shark population in staggering decline" 7053: 7051: 7049: 6428: 6380:Meyer CG; Holland KN; Papastamatiou YP (2005). 6074:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5277: 5275: 4703:Andreev, Plamen S.; Cuny, Gilles (2012-02-28). 3755:, by far the world's largest shark market, and 3289:and there have been few, if any, scientific or 2916:A sign warning about the presence of sharks in 2096:, though their eyesight is well adapted to the 15945: 10435: 8756: 8279:, were presented at the annual meeting of the 8185:"Do Sharks Hold Secret to Human Cancer Fight?" 8101: 8057: 6477: 6429:Bleckmann, Horst; Zelick, Randy (March 2009). 5154: 4986: 4984: 4934: 4890: 4678:Pough, F. Harvey; Janis, Christine M. (2018). 3813:(CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, the 3806:directs American consumers to not eat sharks. 3715:International Union for Conservation of Nature 3669:is allowed to kill great white sharks in its " 3524:International Union for Conservation of Nature 3397:, small sharks or baby sharks (called sora in 1809:. From there venous blood re-enters the heart 1655:portion is usually noticeably larger than the 17809: 14508: 14433: 11051: 10740: 9877: 9041: 8680: 8398: 8396: 7747: 7651:. National Geographic Society. Archived from 7623:"The Sharkman meets Ron & Valerie Taylor" 7122: 6806:"How Do Sharks Mate? - Center For Ocean Life" 6008: 6006: 6004: 5772:. FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. 5131: 5129: 5033: 4055:List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera 3510:is hazardous to children and pregnant women. 3448:are present in shark fins. Because BMAA is a 3183:—the location is the site of a legend called 2100:environment with the help of a tissue called 1476:are oblique and serrated to saw through flesh 676:or "spiny sharks", appeared during the Early 113:Possible records extend back to Early Permian 10636:"How drones are changing our view of sharks" 10371: 9912:. Greenpeace.org. 2003-03-17. Archived from 9744: 9335:"Sharks: How A Cull Could Ruin An Ecosystem" 9259: 8336:"Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem—CNN.com" 7905: 7701:. Loggerhead Marinelife Center. 2016-07-01. 7046: 6323:The hearing abilities of elasmobranch fishes 5859: 5857: 5272: 4682:. Oxford University Press. pp. 96–103. 4504: 3774:In 2010, Greenpeace International added the 3555:From 1962 to the present, the government of 3225:. Sharks are threats in other films such as 2490:within the mother's body and that the egg's 14517: 14442: 11298: 10538:. New York: NY Facts on File Publications. 9910:"Greenpeace International Seafood Red list" 9454:"How To Swim With Sharks And Not Get Eaten" 9447: 9445: 9393:"Shark Nets—Death Traps For Marine Animals" 9143: 9141: 7725:"The real reasons why sharks attack humans" 7208:. Cambridge University Press. p. 128. 7127:, and Its Relationship to Attacks on Man". 6313: 5562:. Flmnh.ufl.edu. 2017-05-02. Archived from 4981: 4867: 4865: 4702: 3960:conservation status of reef sharks globally 2896: 2365:reach sexual maturity at around age 13–15. 1888:, the blood and other tissue of sharks and 619:records an isolated occurrence of the word 553: 17816: 17802: 17570: 15070: 11058: 11044: 10747: 10733: 10685:"Sharks Falling Prey To Humans' Appetites" 10658:Musick, John A and Musick, Susanna (2011) 10405: 9482: 8776: 8393: 7589: 7572:"Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark" 7385: 7383: 6336: 6189:"Sharks are colour-blind, new study finds" 6001: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5327: 5188: 5186: 5135: 5126: 4677: 4671: 4189: 3794:to its seafood red list, a list of common 3694:in the law allowed non-fishing vessels to 1916:, which has developed a way to change its 1585:them to move in the tail-first direction. 1302:, which somewhat resembles a marine snake. 1079:Phylogeny of living shark orders based on 119: 27:Infraclass of predatory cartilaginous fish 18361:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water 15888: 15033: 14893: 10463: 10346: 10269: 8867: 8663: 8653: 8475: 8431: 8421: 8160: 8119: 7748:Chapman, Blake K.; McPhee, Daryl (2016). 7716: 7649:"Jaws Author Peter Benchley Talks Sharks" 7518: 7272: 7096: 6859: 6774: 6772: 6575: 6446: 6405: 6111: 6093: 5958: 5948: 5854: 5837: 5390: 5301: 5083: 5065: 4757: 4599: 4356: 4354: 4225: 4207: 4158: 4140: 3995:have declined more rapidly than those in 3272: 2795:Other highly specialized feeders include 1933:Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory 1274:which protects the eyes during an attack. 468:that protects their skin from damage and 15851: 14630: 11065: 9451: 9442: 9332: 9326: 9138: 8577:"Hawaii: Shark Fin Soup Is Off the Menu" 8267:The results of a study sponsored by the 8108:Journal of the National Cancer Institute 7859: 7646: 7335: 7333: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6903: 6713: 6711: 6709: 5682: 5532: 5218: 5140:. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5014: 5012: 4862: 3342: 3326: 3318: 3076: 3013: 2926: 2911: 2731: 2299: 2289: 2276: 2212: 2059: 2008: 1598: 1467: 1448: 1280:: They are generally referred to as the 1137:. It was thought that the sharks form a 1087: 653: 645: 17579: 16973: 10529: 9970:The Humane Society of the United States 9958: 9576: 9359: 9147: 9079: 9077: 8517: 8240:"Shark Cartilage, Not a Cancer Therapy" 8237: 8082: 7844: 7599:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 7452: 7420:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 7394:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 7380: 7343:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 7257:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 7232:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 6686:Gruber, Samuel H. (February 21, 2000). 6606: 6494:"Mote Marine Laboratory, "Shark Notes"" 6386:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 5986:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 5889: 5868:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 5819: 5627: 5606:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 5468: 5286:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 5284:"The Importance of Being Cartilaginous" 5251: 5183: 5168:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. 4360: 3494:lists sharks as one of four fish (with 2833:or fish, which they swallow whole. The 1904:N-oxide (TMAO), allowing them to be in 1358:: They are commonly referred to as the 1294:: Examples from this group include the 630: 14: 19073: 16082: 10587: 10498: 10377: 10121: 10090: 9832:"U.N. Group Rejects Shark Protections" 9823: 9661:from the original on September 4, 2015 9600:from the original on September 4, 2015 9417: 9390: 9016: 8898: 8836: 8744:Shark Fisheries Management and Biology 8741: 8518:Bakalar, Nicholas (October 12, 2006). 8083:Jøn, A. Asbjørn; Aich, Raj S. (2015). 7937: 6769: 6685: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6319: 5767: 5601: 5439: 5433: 5252:Hamlett, William C. (April 23, 1999). 4622: 4422:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 4351: 4332: 2736:A great white shark attacking bait at 1176:and Squalomorpha. The former includes 611:" to refer to the large sharks of the 590: 18939: 18938: 17797: 17553: 16081: 15928: 15226: 14799: 14629: 14491: 14416: 12891: 12208: 11123: 11039: 10728: 10633: 10406:Richardson, Holly (27 January 2021). 10027: 9880:"'Historic' day for shark protection" 9829: 9732:from the original on 4 September 2015 9706:from the original on 4 September 2015 9682:. Hsus.org. Retrieved on 2010-09-16. 9637: 9208: 8880:from the original on 26 November 2016 8868:Wahlquist, Calla (12 February 2015). 8849:from the original on 26 November 2016 8809: 8750: 8281:American Society of Clinical Oncology 8250:from the original on 11 December 2008 8051: 7938:Taylor, Leighton R. (November 1993). 7786: 7625:. Sharkman's Graphics. Archived from 7620: 7564: 7330: 7163:What's the Speediest Marine Creature? 7161:Reefquest Center for Shark Research. 6927: 6706: 6607:Pennisi, Elizabeth (11 August 2016). 5418:. Columbia University. Archived from 5416:"Jaws: The Natural History of Sharks" 5009: 4418:The History of Underwater Exploration 4326: 4295: 3199: 2486:, meaning that the eggs hatch in the 1774:travels to the shark's two-chambered 1682:, which hunts schooling fish such as 1659:portion. This is because the shark's 1453:General anatomical features of sharks 423:, with the oldest known member being 392:. Shark-like chondrichthyans such as 10611:. New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. 10606: 10211:"Sharks almost gone from many reefs" 10091:Foster, Joanna M. (August 4, 2011). 9994: 9483:Williamson, Jane (August 17, 2015). 9391:Morris, Jessica (December 8, 2016). 9148:Deutrom, Rhian (December 14, 2018). 9083: 9074: 8791:from the original on 21 January 2014 8481: 7931: 7722: 6836:"Virgin birth in a hammerhead shark" 6212: 5890:Potenza, Alessandra (20 June 2017). 4992:"Compagno's FAO Species List - 1984" 4758:Underwood, Charlie J. (March 2006). 4413: 4361:Einhorn, Catrin (January 27, 2021). 3673:" program in eastern South Africa). 3385:, in which fillets are battered and 3304: 3154: 2875: 1627:). These markings are important for 436:Sharks range in size from the small 18917: 18188:Electroreception and electrogenesis 11018: 10816:Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks) 10503:The Sharks of North American Waters 10416:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 10042:from the original on August 9, 2019 9797: 8818:from the original on 1 January 2017 8782: 8757:France Porcher, Illa (2014-01-24). 8698:from the original on August 9, 2019 8271:, and led by Dr. Charles Lu of the 7358: 6641: 6629:from the original on 12 August 2016 5413: 4446:Online Etymology Dictionary, shark. 4337:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 3106:mythology also includes many shark 2641:of comparable size during feeding. 2202: 1816: 1588: 24: 13441:Australian reticulate swellshark ( 13372:Australian blackspotted catshark ( 10627: 10028:Fobar, Rachel (January 16, 2019). 9559:"White Shark Trust - Conservation" 9452:Contenta, Sandro (June 16, 2014). 8837:Milman, Oliver (23 October 2014). 8597:Research exemptions are available. 8583:. Associated Press. May 28, 2010. 8062:. Reaktion Books. pp. 47–55. 7415: 7389: 6778: 6293: 6215:"Sharks are probably colour-blind" 6161: 5981: 5863: 5793: 5307: 5281: 5223:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5163: 5106: 4709:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2967:Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 2893:at 3,700 metres (12,100 ft). 2526:of any shark, at 18 to 24 months. 2389:, of which one is used to deliver 1805:and enters the posterior cardinal 1711:to maintain depth while swimming. 1133:; the Chondrichthyes also include 1125:. The Elasmobranchii also include 25: 19122: 19101:Extant Silurian first appearances 15505:Indonesian speckled carpetshark ( 11726:Deepwater sicklefin hound shark ( 10811:Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks) 10695: 10634:Calma, Justine (16 August 2021). 10378:Briggs, Helen (28 January 2021). 10122:Urbina, Ian (February 17, 2016). 9890:from the original on 10 June 2013 9360:Hubbard, Chloe (April 30, 2017). 8587:from the original on July 1, 2017 7868:from the original on May 27, 2009 7723:Gray, Richard (5 December 2023). 7341:"How Do Sharks Swim When Asleep?" 7206:Sexual segregation in vertebrates 6781:"Why Do Sharks Have Two Penises?" 6296:"Hearing and Vibration Detection" 5904:from the original on 19 June 2017 5446:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 5194:"A Shark's Skeleton & Organs" 4455: 3185:O Le Tala I Le Laumei Ma Le Malie 2822:which they crush with their flat 2080:are similar to the eyes of other 1879: 1770:process begins when deoxygenated 1308:: They are commonly known as the 18916: 18905: 18904: 18887: 18886: 17912: 16403:South China cookiecutter shark ( 14673:Southern African frilled shark ( 13405:Circle-blotch pygmy swellshark ( 11017: 11006: 11005: 10831:Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks) 10713: 10701: 10429: 10309: 10228: 10203: 10159: 10134: 10115: 10084: 10054: 10021: 9988: 9927: 9902: 9871: 9853: 9718: 9702:. European Union. 26 June 2003. 9692: 9673: 9551: 9532: 9515:"The Greatest Threats to Sharks" 9507: 9476: 9418:Fraser, Doug (October 8, 2018). 9411: 9384: 9353: 9294: 9233: 9202: 9172: 9108: 9029:from the original on 12 May 2017 9010: 8983: 8953: 8923: 8899:Mercer, Daniel (19 April 2017). 8892: 8861: 8830: 8803: 8735: 8710: 8629: 8600: 8569: 8541: 8482:Herz, Rachel (28 January 2012). 8451: 8306: 8261: 8231: 8206: 8177: 8136: 8095: 8076: 8021: 7991: 7880: 7853: 7806: 7787:Dazio, Stefanie (June 7, 2023). 7780: 7741: 7691: 7666: 7640: 7614: 7543:"Worldwide shark attack summary" 7535: 7499:Proceedings: Biological Sciences 7486: 7230:"Is the White Shark Intelligent" 6448:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00131.x 5820:Forrest, John N. (Jnr.) (2016). 5628:Nogrady, Bianca (May 11, 2023). 5604:"Fire in the Belly of the Beast" 5343:. 4 January 2019. Archived from 4033: 4019: 3632: 3612:kill about 100 sharks per year. 3567:; it has also killed endangered 3544:killed dozens of sharks (mostly 3529: 2477: 2044:outfalls. Some species, such as 1674:Tiger sharks have a large upper 1595:Fish scale § Placoid scales 1480:Shark teeth are embedded in the 1006: 986: 959: 932: 875: 855: 828: 801: 754: 683:The oldest confirmed members of 641: 558:, meaning 'villain, scoundrel' ( 514:Sharks are caught by humans for 144: 50: 17872:Environmental impact of fishing 17740:Western Australian angelshark ( 17609:Eastern Australian angelshark ( 16412:Largetooth cookiecutter shark ( 9878:MCGrath, Matt (11 March 2013). 9842:from the original on 2017-07-01 9812:from the original on 2013-09-06 9760:Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop 9565:from the original on 2012-03-06 9495:from the original on 2019-01-17 9464:from the original on 2018-09-19 9430:from the original on 2018-10-20 9372:from the original on 2018-08-06 9341:from the original on 2018-10-02 9314:from the original on 2018-10-02 9160:from the original on 2018-12-23 9126:from the original on 2018-09-04 9017:Watson, Matt (25 August 2015). 8941:from the original on 2018-09-02 8911:from the original on 2018-09-09 8724:from the original on 2007-09-27 8346:from the original on 2010-03-26 8238:Pollack, Andrew (3 June 2007). 8029:"Samoa - Some Legends of Samoa" 7774:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.09.010 7705:from the original on 2024-05-09 7647:Handwerk, Brian (7 June 2002). 7603:from the original on 2006-02-06 7547:International Shark Attack File 7446: 7435: 7424:from the original on 2009-04-29 7409: 7398:from the original on 2012-07-10 7347:from the original on 2012-07-29 7261:from the original on 2012-07-29 7247: 7236:from the original on 2012-08-01 7222: 7197: 7174: 7155: 7116: 7090: 7066: 7017: 6959: 6916:from the original on 2009-04-17 6897: 6884:In shark tank, an asexual birth 6876: 6827: 6798: 6679: 6653:Leonard J. V. Compagno (1984). 6600: 6529: 6511: 6486: 6471: 6422: 6373: 6330: 6287: 6236: 6225:from the original on 2011-01-19 6206: 6181: 6155: 6136: 6061: 5990:from the original on 2009-12-07 5975: 5916: 5883: 5872:from the original on 2009-08-11 5813: 5787: 5776:from the original on 2011-07-22 5761: 5735: 5676: 5621: 5610:from the original on 2009-09-17 5602:Martin, R. Aidan (April 1992). 5595: 5570: 5552: 5526: 5407: 5358: 5290:from the original on 2009-02-27 5245: 5212: 5172:from the original on 2009-11-25 5115:from the original on 2007-10-12 5100: 4879:from the original on 2008-08-02 4815: 4751: 4696: 4616: 4559: 4493:from the original on 2013-08-20 4475: 4464:from the original on 2008-11-21 4449: 4440: 4396:from the original on 2012-10-04 3646: 3627:International Shark Attack File 3542:shark cull in Western Australia 3003: 2941:International Shark Attack File 2676: 2560:. Oviparous sharks include the 2344: 2272: 2248: 1967: 680:, around 439 million years ago. 472:in addition to improving their 13790:Springer's sawtail cat shark ( 11944:Spotted estuary smooth-hound ( 10870:Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes) 10836:Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks) 9972:. 26 July 2013. Archived from 9517:. Oceana. 2007. Archived from 9333:Schetzer, Alana (8 May 2017). 7942:. University of Hawaii Press. 7392:"Building a Better Mouth Trap" 7097:Ravilious, Kate (2005-10-07). 6904:Fountain, Henry (2007-05-23). 6164:"Vision and a Carpet of Light" 5796:"MAKO SHARK Isurus oxyrinchus" 4407: 4382: 4289: 4242: 4183: 4116: 4092: 3731:) rejected proposals from the 3171:), there is a location called 1976:under blue light, such as the 1825:, meaning that their internal 1729: 603:first came into use after Sir 487:. Select examples include the 13: 1: 16035:Eastern Australian sawshark ( 14592:Whitespotted bullhead shark ( 13615:Australian sawtail catshark ( 13330:Australian marbled catshark ( 13233:Australian spotted catshark ( 11393:African ribbontail catshark ( 11273:Straight-tooth weasel shark ( 10988:Grey nurse shark conservation 10826:Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks) 8162:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2260 7062:. Taylor & Francis Group. 6431:"Lateral line system of fish" 6213:Gill, Victoria (2011-01-18). 5533:Bennetta, William J. (1996). 4959:10.1080/24701394.2017.1376052 4840:10.1080/24701394.2017.1376052 4680:Vertebrate Life, 10th Edition 4390:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 4304:. New York: The Lyons Press. 4081: 3969:According to a 2021 study in 3678:Shark Finning Prohibition Act 3625:, the former director of the 3417:to produce a delicacy called 3269:above shark infested waters. 3098:Sharks figure prominently in 3072: 2579: 1693: 17957:intramembranous ossification 16851:Velvet belly lantern shark ( 15766:Taiwan saddled carpetshark ( 13702:Longnose sawtail cat shark ( 13666:Atlantic sawtail cat shark ( 13477:Leopard-spotted swellshark ( 12810:Australian sharpnose shark ( 12383:Smoothtooth blacktip shark ( 10846:Squatiniformes (Angelsharks) 10492:General and cited references 9395:. hsi.org.au. Archived from 9209:Scott, Elfy (July 5, 2018). 9180:"New South Wales - Overview" 8810:Brown, Sophie (8 May 2014). 8387:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.12.034 7754:Ocean and Coastal Management 7597:"Biology of sharks and rays" 6992:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010 6894:, Boston Globe, 10 Oct. 2008 6744:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.010 6019:Brain Structure and Function 4994:. Elasmo.com. Archived from 4729:10.1080/02724634.2012.644646 4623:Ginter, Michał (July 2022). 4086: 3767:were added to Appendix 2 of 3617:Humane Society International 3424:Sharks are often killed for 3331:The value of shark fins for 3093: 2772:more efficient by using the 2537: 2187:through a thin channel. The 2116:, like humans, something no 2104:. This tissue is behind the 1946: 1609:scanning electron microscope 529: 134:(Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) 7: 17212:Smallmouth velvet dogfish ( 17128:Largespine velvet dogfish ( 16815:Dense-scale lantern shark ( 15472:Whitespotted bamboo shark ( 14771:Broadnose sevengill shark ( 14714:Sharpnose sevengill shark ( 13772:Blacktip sawtail catshark ( 13738:Broadfin sawtail catshark ( 13720:Southern sawtail catshark ( 13675:Longfin sawtail cat shark ( 13624:Northern sawtail catshark ( 13094:Black roughscale catshark ( 12801:Caribbean sharpnose shark ( 12774:Brazilian sharpnose shark ( 12500:Australian blacktip shark ( 12023:Blackspotted smooth-hound ( 12014:Whitespotted smooth-hound ( 11384:Pygmy ribbontail catshark ( 11375:Cuban ribbontail catshark ( 10983:U.S. Shark Conservation Act 9940:. July 2009. Archived from 9830:Jolly, David (2010-03-23). 9337:. University of Melbourne. 8273:M.D. Anderson Cancer Center 7814:"Whale Sharks in Captivity" 7027:. School of Life Sciences, 5672:– via www.nature.com. 5340:National Geographic Society 4012: 3763:, the oceanic whitetip and 3471:Sharks are also killed for 3029:Until recently, only a few 2864:Many sharks, including the 2604: 2518:and the abundance of food. 2457: 2243:magnetic field of the Earth 2157:and no cone cells in their 1939:that sharks have a type of 1698: 1515: 725: 10: 19127: 18336:Fin and flipper locomotion 18306:Sequential hermaphroditism 18193:Jamming avoidance response 17910: 17507:Western longnose spurdog ( 17453:Eastern longnose spurdog ( 17071:Shortnose velvet dogfish ( 16824:West Indian lanternshark ( 16761:Slendertail lanternshark ( 16716:Broadbanded lanternshark ( 16655:Cylindrical lanternshark ( 16612:New Zealand lanternshark ( 15757:Barbelthroat carpetshark ( 15481:Brownbanded bamboo shark ( 15436:Bluespotted bamboo shark ( 14583:Galapagos bullhead shark ( 14011:African spotted catshark ( 13756:African sawtail catshark ( 13693:Slender sawtail catshark ( 13495:Sarawak pygmy swellshark ( 13249:Western spotted catshark ( 12819:Atlantic sharpnose shark ( 11962:Starspotted smooth-hound ( 10754: 10609:Shark: In Peril in the Sea 10339:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9 9686:November 14, 2010, at the 8992:"Drumlines nab 695 sharks" 7999:"The Turtle And The Shark" 7255:"Biology of the Porbeagle" 6496:. Mote.org. Archived from 5950:10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.019 5654:10.1038/d41586-023-01569-x 5440:Nelson, Joseph S. (1994). 5136:Gilbertson, Lance (1999). 4537:10.1038/s41586-022-05233-8 4489:. University of Michigan. 3809:Under the auspices of the 3667:KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board 3650: 3533: 3475:. European diners consume 3363: 3308: 3203: 3189:U.S. National Park Service 3033:species of shark, such as 3007: 2905: 2901: 2764:: basking sharks practice 2724: 2720: 2715: 2629:and islands, e.g., in the 2414: 2252: 2206: 2173: 1603:The dermal denticles of a 1592: 1461: 1442: 1438: 1426:: This group includes the 1394:: This group includes the 672:chondrichthyans, known as 634: 545:The etymology of the word 29: 18947: 18900: 18824: 18757: 18664: 18626: 18617: 18556: 18487: 18374: 18326: 18236: 18161: 17921: 17831: 17566: 17549: 17417:Western highfin spurdog ( 17401:Eastern highfin spurdog ( 17376: 17343: 17330: 17305:Japanese velvet dogfish ( 17293: 17233: 17200: 17149: 17116: 17104:Longnose velvet dogfish ( 17092: 17050: 17037: 16960: 16932: 16908: 16752:Blackbelly lanternshark ( 16698:Blackmouth lanternshark ( 16596: 16518: 16494: 16485: 16448: 16424: 16382: 16358: 16334: 16310: 16286: 16277: 16222: 16108: 16095: 16091: 16077: 16037:Pristiophorus peroniensis 15978: 15954: 15941: 15924: 15879: 15842: 15787: 15745: 15732: 15704: 15674:Dwarf spotted wobbegong ( 15620:Floral banded wobbegong ( 15608: 15584: 15571: 15493: 15406: 15393: 15365: 15341: 15317: 15304: 15276: 15252: 15243: 15239: 15222: 15177: 15140: 15107: 15098: 15061: 15024: 14987: 14954: 14930: 14921: 14884: 14816: 14812: 14795: 14759: 14738:Bluntnose sixgill shark ( 14726: 14702: 14689: 14643: 14639: 14625: 14547:Japanese bullhead shark ( 14504: 14487: 14429: 14412: 14254: 14194: 14161: 14137: 14032: 13976: 13925: 13802: 13636: 13603: 13579: 13384: 13351: 13302: 13221: 12945:Atlantic ghost catshark ( 12910: 12906: 12887: 12855: 12831: 12783:Pacific sharpnose shark ( 12753: 12729: 12696: 12672: 12648: 12624: 12600: 12536: 12512: 12227: 12223: 12204: 12189:Large family listed below 12180: 12173:Large family listed below 12164: 12100: 12076: 12039:Narrownose smooth-hound ( 11899:Sharptooth smooth-hound ( 11840: 11798: 11774: 11714: 11690: 11666: 11642: 11629: 11538: 11514: 11501: 11473: 11449: 11440: 11405: 11363: 11339: 11326: 11289: 11234: 11213:Australian weasel shark ( 11201: 11177: 11153: 11140: 11136: 11119: 11075: 11001: 10968:Sharks in popular culture 10960: 10883: 10803: 10785:Egg case (Chondrichthyes) 10762: 10530:Stevens, John D. (1987). 10465:10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062 10262:10.1038/s41586-020-2519-y 9561:. Greatwhiteshark.co.za. 8269:National Cancer Institute 7860:Beckwith, Martha (1940). 7297:10.1007/s10071-012-0550-6 7181:The secret life of sharks 6265:10.1007/s00114-010-0758-8 6031:10.1007/s00429-014-0705-0 5138:Zoology Laboratory Manual 5067:10.1186/s12862-015-0446-6 4912:10.1007/s11033-013-2879-6 4900:Molecular Biology Reports 4873:"Sharks (Chondrichthyes)" 4487:Middle English Dictionary 4296:Allen, Thomas B. (1999). 4209:10.3389/fgene.2021.521693 3896:Several regions now have 3653:List of threatened sharks 3311:List of threatened sharks 3206:Sharks in popular culture 3191:, "Villagers from nearby 2368: 1999: 1853:mechanism by a system of 1540:) have skeletons made of 1254:(collectively called the 1218:, the order includes the 1001: 981: 974: 954: 947: 927: 920: 870: 850: 843: 823: 816: 796: 789: 779: 769: 749: 742: 617:Middle English Dictionary 597:Oxford English Dictionary 324: 317: 248: 243: 141:Scientific classification 139: 127: 118: 41: 19096:Electroreceptive animals 17823: 17245:Southern sleeper shark ( 16869:Tasmanian lanternshark ( 16833:Fringefin lanternshark ( 16743:Smalleye lantern shark ( 16734:Caribbean lanternshark ( 16673:Combtooth lanternshark ( 16630:Shorttail lanternshark ( 16243:Rough longnose dogfish ( 16192:Leafscale gulper shark ( 15738:(Collared carpet sharks) 15521:Papuan epaulette shark ( 15454:Hasselt's bamboo shark ( 15377:Short-tail nurse shark ( 14538:Crested bullhead shark ( 14293:Yellowspotted catshark ( 14284:Small-spotted catshark ( 14206:Narrowmouthed catshark ( 14053:White-clasper catshark ( 13781:Dwarf sawtail catshark ( 13423:Reticulated swellshark ( 13363:New Caledonia catshark ( 12410:Oceanic whitetip shark ( 12005:Narrowfin smooth-hound ( 11953:Sicklefin smooth-hound ( 11222:Sicklefin weasel shark ( 10993:Save Our Seas Foundation 10588:Clover, Charles (2004). 10124:"Palau vs. the Poachers" 10062:"Laws Protecting Sharks" 10002:Animal Welfare Institute 9798:Jha, Alok (2009-06-25). 6480:The Physiology of Fishes 5768:Musick, John A. (2005). 5486:. Collins Field Guides. 5219:Hamlett, W. C. (1999f). 5166:"Skeleton in the Corset" 5046:BMC Evolutionary Biology 4947:Mitochondrial DNA Part A 4828:Mitochondrial DNA Part A 4414:Marx, Robert F. (1990). 3934:Northern Mariana Islands 3891:Northern Mariana Islands 3522:unusual. A study by the 3179:) which is important in 2897:Relationship with humans 2687: 2651: 2550:with the consistency of 2055: 2004: 1861:("miraculous net"). The 1803:posterior cardinal veins 1753:obligate ram ventilators 1651:caudal fin in which the 1635: 1457: 714:, based on remains of " 345:fish characterized by a 18852:Glossary of ichthyology 18414:Diel vertical migration 17724:Smoothback angelshark ( 17697:Indonesian angelshark ( 17636:Australian angelshark ( 17525:Pacific spiny dogfish ( 17272:Pacific sleeper shark ( 16887:Hawaiian lanternshark ( 16860:Splendid lanternshark ( 16725:Southern lanternshark ( 16664:Tailspot lanternshark ( 16174:Smallfin gulper shark ( 16156:Blackfin gulper shark ( 15152:Smalltooth sand tiger ( 14747:Bigeyed sixgill shark ( 14338:Whitesaddled catshark ( 14320:Brownspotted catshark ( 14302:West African catshark ( 13832:Blackspotted catshark ( 13459:Australian swellshark ( 13258:Pale spotted catshark ( 13209:Panama ghost catshark ( 13146:Spatulasnout catshark ( 13112:Smalldorsal cat shark ( 12708:Sicklefin lemon shark ( 12579:Irrawaddy river shark ( 12130:Sharptooth houndshark ( 12057:Humpback smooth-hound ( 11971:Speckled smooth-hound ( 11935:Smalleye smooth-hound ( 11917:Spotless smooth-hound ( 11735:Sicklefin hound shark ( 11255:Atlantic weasel shark ( 11246:Whitetip weasel shark ( 10925:Shark attack prevention 10592:. London: Ebury Press. 8961:"Queensland - Overview" 8552:August 4, 2008, at the 8489:The Wall Street Journal 8102:Finkelstein JB (2005). 8058:Crawford, Dean (2008). 7888:"Pele, Goddess of Fire" 7192:The Adelaide Advertiser 7125:Carcharhinus menisorrah 6972:Biological Conservation 6724:Biological Conservation 6623:10.1126/science.aag0748 6568:10.1126/science.aaf1703 6540:Somniosus microcephalus 6359:10.1126/science.7134985 6095:10.1073/pnas.1002195107 5383:10.1093/conphys/coaa120 5371:Conservation Physiology 4190:Marjanović, D. (2021). 3513:Sharks generally reach 2931:Snorkeler swims near a 2635:oceanic whitetip sharks 2522:have the longest known 2439:has not been observed. 2335:Somniosus microcephalus 2151:micro-spectrophotometry 1851:countercurrent exchange 1813:and the cycle repeats. 1782:where it branches into 1579: 1526:terrestrial vertebrates 1252:oceanic whitetip sharks 1152:). The Galeans are the 582: 421: million years ago 18218:Surface wave detection 18183:Hydrodynamic reception 17857:Diseases and parasites 17767:Ocellated angelshark ( 17742:Squatina pseudocellata 17618:Argentine angelshark ( 17281:Little sleeper shark ( 16994:Caribbean roughshark ( 16779:African lanternshark ( 16621:Blurred lanternshark ( 16460:Smalleye pygmy shark ( 16322:Longnose pygmy shark ( 15826:Necklace carpetshark ( 15799:Collared carpetshark ( 15555:Speckled carpetshark ( 15463:Slender bamboo shark ( 15427:Burmese bamboo shark ( 15288:Bluegrey carpetshark ( 14601:Zebra bullhead shark ( 13859:New Zealand catshark ( 13567:Narrowbar swellshark ( 13321:Banded sand catshark ( 13191:South China catshark ( 13076:Broadmouth cat shark ( 12792:Grey sharpnose shark ( 12561:Northern river shark ( 12446:Caribbean reef shark ( 11987:Arabian smooth-hound ( 11908:Striped smooth-hound ( 11568:Scalloped hammerhead ( 11550:Scalloped bonnethead ( 11461:Slender smooth-hound ( 11264:Slender weasel shark ( 9307:The New Zealand Herald 9120:maritime-executive.com 8319:March 7, 2013, at the 7847:Aquarium Fish Magazine 7574:. ISAF. Archived from 7511:10.1098/rspb.2005.3461 7025:"Marine Biology notes" 6852:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0189 6688:"LIFE STYLE OF SHARKS" 6398:10.1098/rsif.2004.0021 6320:Casper, B. M. (2006). 5705:10.1098/rspb.1980.0054 4584:10.1098/rspb.2019.1336 3987:are now classified as 3704:Shark Conservation Act 3360: 3340: 3324: 3273:Popular misconceptions 3090: 3085:, made popular by the 3026: 2936: 2924: 2818:sharks feed solely on 2741: 2425:genetic fingerprinting 2375:internal fertilization 2314: 2297: 2287: 2227:electromagnetic fields 2218: 2130:Carcharodon carcharias 2073: 2018: 1611: 1551: 1477: 1454: 1104: 694:) appeared during the 665: 651: 554: 404:first appeared in the 347:cartilaginous skeleton 48:Early Jurassic–Present 32:Shark (disambiguation) 19040:Paleobiology Database 18356:Undulatory locomotion 18173:Ampullae of Lorenzini 17688:Japanese angelshark ( 17672:Angular angel shark ( 17611:Squatina albipunctata 17480:Blacktailed spurdog ( 17179:Sparsetooth dogfish ( 17012:Japanese roughshark ( 16842:Thorny lanternshark ( 16806:Smooth lanternshark ( 16210:Little gulper shark ( 16201:Mosaic gulper shark ( 16183:Taiwan gulper shark ( 16165:Lowfin gulper shark ( 16044:Philippine sawshark ( 15596:Tasselled wobbegong ( 15418:Arabian carpetshark ( 14966:Shortfin mako shark ( 14565:Oman bullhead shark ( 14224:Narrowtail catshark ( 14215:Redspotted catshark ( 14089:McMillan's catshark ( 13850:Broadhead cat shark ( 13711:Blackmouth catshark ( 13522:Speckled swellshark ( 13504:Flagtail swellshark ( 13450:Draughtsboard shark ( 13396:Whitefin swellshark ( 13281:Variegated catshark ( 13200:Spongehead catshark ( 13006:Smallbelly catshark ( 12867:Whitetip reef shark ( 12428:Blacktip reef shark ( 12112:Sharpfin houndshark ( 12088:Flapnose houndshark ( 11996:Common smooth-hound ( 11872:Starry smooth-hound ( 11810:Longnose houndshark ( 11702:Sailback houndshark ( 11604:Smalleye hammerhead ( 11559:Whitefin hammerhead ( 11310:Barbeled houndshark ( 10499:Castro, Jose (1983). 9122:. September 4, 2018. 8742:Walker, T.I. (1998). 8694:. February 23, 2012. 7919:on September 18, 2009 7190:, Maria Moscaritolo, 6810:Center For Ocean Life 6525:on September 4, 2007. 4649:10.1144/SP512-2020-91 4333:Budker, Paul (1971). 4196:Frontiers in Genetics 3989:critically endangered 3722:of Endangered Species 3688:Federal Appeals Court 3651:Further information: 3346: 3330: 3322: 3309:Further information: 3219:film of the same name 3080: 3052:Monterey Bay Aquarium 3017: 2930: 2915: 2829:Other sharks feed on 2735: 2623:scalloped hammerheads 2303: 2293: 2282:The claspers of male 2280: 2223:ampullae of Lorenzini 2216: 2122:nictitating membranes 2066:bigeyed sixgill shark 2063: 2012: 1755:and would presumably 1602: 1593:Further information: 1471: 1452: 1111:Selachimorpha in the 1107:Sharks belong to the 1091: 657: 649: 18584:Genetically modified 17715:Clouded angelshark ( 17645:Pacific angelshark ( 17627:Chilean angelshark ( 17600:African angelshark ( 17591:Sawback angelshark ( 17489:Shortspine spurdog ( 17221:Knifetooth dogfish ( 17062:Portuguese dogfish ( 17021:Sailfin roughshark ( 17003:Angular roughshark ( 16896:Green lanternshark ( 16878:Brown lanternshark ( 16797:False lanternshark ( 16788:Great lanternshark ( 16770:Dwarf lanternshark ( 16707:Pygmy lanternshark ( 16639:Lined lanternshark ( 16469:Spined pygmy shark ( 16394:Cookiecutter shark ( 16129:Dwarf gulper shark ( 16017:Shortnose sawshark ( 15817:Ginger carpetshark ( 15775:Saddle carpetshark ( 15692:Northern wobbegong ( 15647:Japanese wobbegong ( 15546:Hooded carpetshark ( 14975:Longfin mako shark ( 14574:Port Jackson shark ( 14125:Shorttail catshark ( 14098:Blackgill catshark ( 14044:White-tip catshark ( 13937:Puffadder shyshark ( 13657:Roughtail catshark ( 13549:Saddled swellshark ( 13540:Blotchy swellshark ( 13486:Painted swellshark ( 13468:Spotted swellshark ( 13432:Formosa swellshark ( 13164:Broadgill catshark ( 13155:Deepwater catshark ( 13121:Largenose catshark ( 13022:Broadnose catshark ( 12988:Humpback cat shark ( 12922:Flatnose cat shark ( 12588:Borneo river shark ( 12121:Spotted houndshark ( 11926:Brown smooth-hound ( 11890:Dusky smooth-hound ( 11762:Ocellate topeshark ( 11753:Whitefin topeshark ( 11744:Japanese topeshark ( 11351:Harlequin catshark ( 11165:Snaggletooth shark ( 10607:Owen, David (2009). 9023:ABC News (Australia) 8935:ABC News (Australia) 7820:on September 2, 2006 3749:spiny dogfish sharks 3741:scalloped hammerhead 3440:Shark fin soup is a 2437:asexual reproduction 2084:, including similar 1972:A few sharks appear 1937:Salsbury Cove, Maine 1923:Research in 1930 by 1874:scalloped hammerhead 1623:) and stripes (e.g. 1272:nictitating membrane 1214:: Commonly known as 631:Evolutionary history 479:Several species are 353:on the sides of the 30:For other uses, see 18389:Aquatic respiration 18276:Life history theory 17769:S. tergocellatoides 17758:Ornate angelshark ( 17706:Cortez angelshark ( 17663:Taiwan angelshark ( 17471:Shortnose spurdog ( 17355:Roughskin spurdog ( 17161:Whitetail dogfish ( 17080:Roughskin dogfish ( 16920:Rasptooth dogfish ( 16799:E. pseudosqualiolus 16682:Pink lanternshark ( 16566:Combtooth dogfish ( 16506:Hooktooth dogfish ( 16261:Longsnout dogfish ( 16252:Arrowhead dogfish ( 16147:Dumb gulper shark ( 16055:Pristiophorus sp. D 16046:Pristiophorus sp. C 16008:Japanese sawshark ( 15999:Tropical sawshark ( 15990:Longnose sawshark ( 15932:Pristiophoriformes 15808:Rusty carpetshark ( 15716:Cobbler wobbegong ( 15683:Network wobbegong ( 15656:Spotted wobbegong ( 15638:Western wobbegong ( 15445:Grey bamboo shark ( 15438:C. caerulopunctatum 15368:Pseudoginglymostoma 15353:Tawny nurse shark ( 15161:Bigeye sand tiger ( 15128:Indian sand tiger ( 14942:Great white shark ( 14556:Mexican hornshark ( 14347:Blotched catshark ( 14329:Freckled catshark ( 14266:Polkadot catshark ( 14116:Filetail catshark ( 14071:Campeche catshark ( 13877:Spotless catshark ( 13823:Speckled catshark ( 13747:Peppered catshark ( 13648:Antilles catshark ( 13591:Lollipop catshark ( 13513:Indian swellshark ( 13414:Cook's swellshark ( 13173:Saldanha catshark ( 13130:Smallfin catshark ( 13103:Smalleye catshark ( 13067:Flathead catshark ( 13058:Longhead catshark ( 13040:Longnose catshark ( 13031:Japanese catshark ( 12365:Pondicherry shark ( 12268:C. amblyrhynchoides 12139:Banded houndshark ( 11881:Gray smooth-hound ( 11828:Lowfin houndshark ( 11819:Bigeye houndshark ( 11613:Smooth hammerhead ( 11507:(Hammerhead sharks) 11417:Graceful catshark ( 10689:National Geographic 10456:2021CBio...31E4773D 10331:2021Natur.589..567P 10254:2020Natur.583..801M 10181:2020AnCon..23..670F 10169:Animal Conservation 10035:National Geographic 9779:on January 14, 2011 9655:Library of Congress 9594:Library of Congress 9539:Sharkwater | Movies 9489:Theconversation.com 9190:on 27 November 2016 9056:Sealifetrust.org.au 8937:. August 14, 2018. 8905:The West Australian 8530:on October 17, 2012 8524:National Geographic 8446:eLife 2014;3:e00590 8423:10.7554/eLife.00590 8379:2013MarPo..40..194W 8283:on June 2, 2007 in 8189:National Geographic 8121:10.1093/jnci/dji392 8003:Ryanwoodwardart.com 7766:2016OCM...133...72C 7467:Carcharhinus leucas 6984:2018BCons.217...11A 6736:2018BCons.217...11A 6560:2016Sci...353..702N 6435:Integrative Zoology 6351:1982Sci...218..916K 6257:2011NW.....98..193H 6245:Naturwissenschaften 6086:2010PNAS..10712946Y 6080:(29): 12946–12951. 5941:2019iSci...19.1291P 5866:"No Guts, No Glory" 5697:1980RSPSB.208..329G 5646:2023Natur.617..663N 5484:Sharks of the World 5443:Fishes of the World 5310:"Skin of the Teeth" 5109:"Teeth of the Skin" 5058:2015BMCEE..15..162S 5020:"Echinorhiniformes" 4776:2006Pbio...32..215U 4721:2012JVPal..32..255A 4641:2022GSLSP.512..769G 4529:2022Natur.609..969A 3780:shortfin mako shark 3466:Parkinson's disease 3462:Alzheimer's disease 3010:Sharks in captivity 2933:blacktip reef shark 2866:whitetip reef shark 2797:cookiecutter sharks 2659:shortfin mako shark 2450:'s decline off the 2379:intromittent organs 2070:Hexanchus nakamurai 1835:shortfin mako shark 1607:, viewed through a 1528:. Sharks and other 1334:longfin mako sharks 1312:. They include the 1148:), and Squalea (or 599:, which notes that 18228:Weberian apparatus 17462:Japanese spurdog ( 17435:Fatspine spurdog ( 17426:Longnose spurdog ( 17364:Mandarin dogfish ( 17188:Sherwood dogfish ( 16584:Whitefin dogfish ( 16557:Bareskin dogfish ( 16548:Granular dogfish ( 16234:Birdbeak dogfish ( 16026:Bahamas sawshark ( 15966:Sixgill sawshark ( 15819:P. sparsimaculatum 15665:Ornate wobbegong ( 15629:Banded wobbegong ( 15306:Ginglymostomatidae 15179:Pseudocarchariidae 15119:Grey nurse shark ( 14841:Pelagic thresher ( 14645:Chlamydoselachidae 14495:Heterodontiformes 14420:Echinorhiniformes 14311:Comoro cat shark ( 14242:Slender catshark ( 14182:Leopard catshark ( 14107:Salamander shark ( 13868:Bristly catshark ( 13814:Arabian catshark ( 13049:Iceland catshark ( 12997:Longfin catshark ( 12972:Flaccid catshark ( 12612:Daggernose shark ( 12570:Speartooth shark ( 12329:Whitecheek shark ( 12048:Gulf smoothhound ( 11586:Great hammerhead ( 11127:Carcharhiniformes 10852:Cladoselachiformes 10691:, 28 October 2010. 10665:2016-03-03 at the 10128:The New York Times 10097:The New York Times 9867:on March 29, 2010. 9836:The New York Times 9625:2015-10-16 at the 9544:2009-04-25 at the 9310:. April 30, 2017. 9184:seashepherd.org.au 8965:seashepherd.org.au 8655:10.3390/md10020509 8581:The New York Times 7416:Martin, R. Aidan. 7390:Martin, R. Aidan. 7368:. NPR. 6 July 2016 7186:2012-04-05 at the 7168:2009-04-14 at the 7103:Guardian Unlimited 7078:2015-07-03 at the 6910:The New York Times 6889:2009-07-09 at the 6779:Martin, R. Aidan. 6294:Martin, R. Aidan. 6162:Martin, R. Aidan. 6148:2012-03-08 at the 5982:Martin, R. Aidan. 5864:Martin, R. Aidan. 5335:"Camouflage facts" 5308:Martin, R. Aidan. 5282:Martin, R. Aidan. 5164:Martin, R. Aidan. 5107:Martin, R. Aidan. 4578:(1912): 20191336. 4392:. Etymonline.com. 4368:The New York Times 4335:The Life of Sharks 4142:10.7717/peerj.1850 3592:great white sharks 3578:The government of 3573:Great Barrier Reef 3361: 3341: 3325: 3200:In popular culture 3100:Hawaiian mythology 3091: 3027: 2937: 2925: 2891:Portuguese dogfish 2784:—analogous to the 2742: 2631:Gulf of California 2625:congregate around 2570:Port Jackson shark 2341:vertebrate known. 2315: 2311:Port Jackson shark 2298: 2288: 2219: 2167:cone photoreceptor 2155:rod photoreceptors 2074: 2019: 1787:branchial arteries 1612: 1530:cartilaginous fish 1491:cookiecutter shark 1478: 1455: 1382:Pristiophoriformes 1194:Pristiophoriformes 1105: 984:Pristiophoriformes 666: 652: 438:dwarf lanternshark 310:Synechodontiformes 289:Pristiophoriformes 19068: 19067: 18941:Taxon identifiers 18932: 18931: 18842:Fish common names 18753: 18752: 18384:Aquatic predation 18208:Capacity for pain 17937:Age determination 17791: 17790: 17787: 17786: 17783: 17782: 17779: 17778: 17560: 17545: 17544: 17541: 17540: 17537: 17536: 17498:Bartail spurdog ( 17326: 17325: 17263:Greenland shark ( 17033: 17032: 16985:Prickly dogfish ( 16956: 16955: 16675:E. decacuspidatus 16530:Highfin dogfish ( 16481: 16480: 16298:Taillight shark ( 16273: 16272: 16263:D. quadrispinosum 16131:C. atromarginatus 16073: 16072: 16069: 16068: 16065: 16064: 15935: 15920: 15919: 15916: 15915: 15912: 15911: 15875: 15874: 15838: 15837: 15728: 15727: 15676:O. parvimaculatus 15567: 15566: 15537:Epaulette shark ( 15389: 15388: 15300: 15299: 15233: 15230:Orectolobiformes 15218: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15210: 15209: 15198:Crocodile shark ( 15173: 15172: 15094: 15093: 15057: 15056: 15045:Megamouth shark ( 15020: 15019: 14917: 14916: 14880: 14879: 14859:Common thresher ( 14850:Bigeye thresher ( 14833:(Thresher sharks) 14806: 14805:(Mackerel sharks) 14791: 14790: 14787: 14786: 14783: 14782: 14685: 14684: 14621: 14620: 14617: 14616: 14613: 14612: 14576:H. portusjacksoni 14498: 14497:(Bullhead sharks) 14483: 14482: 14479: 14478: 14475: 14474: 14423: 14408: 14407: 14404: 14403: 14383:Cloudy catshark ( 14233:Lizard catshark ( 14173:Pyjama catshark ( 14149:Onefin catshark ( 14100:P. melanobranchus 14080:Velvet catshark ( 14046:P. albimarginatus 13913:Quagga catshark ( 13114:A. micropterygeus 13024:A. investigatoris 12899: 12883: 12882: 12879: 12878: 12843:Spadenose shark ( 12684:Whitenose shark ( 12473:Blackspot shark ( 12464:Smalltail shark ( 12374:Finetooth shark ( 12356:Galapagos shark ( 12275:Grey reef shark ( 12250:C. albimarginatus 12248:Silvertip shark ( 12239:Blacknose shark ( 12216: 12200: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12160: 12159: 12050:M. sinusmexicanus 11755:H. leucoperiptera 11625: 11624: 11497: 11496: 11436: 11435: 11322: 11321: 11285: 11284: 11189:Hooktooth shark ( 11130: 11033: 11032: 10930:Shark cage diving 10795:Threatened sharks 10770:Outline of sharks 10679:978-92-5-107023-9 10618:978-1-74175-032-4 10599:978-0-09-189780-2 10572:978-0-13-127836-3 10545:978-0-8160-1800-0 10514:978-0-89096-143-8 10450:(21): 4773–4787. 10325:(7843): 567–571. 10248:(7818): 801–806. 10189:10.1111/acv.12585 9995:Millward, Susan. 9769:978-0-9561063-1-5 9630:, 520 F.3d 976, ( 8971:on 23 August 2017 8787:. Bloomberg L.P. 8033:Janesocienia.coam 7949:978-0-8248-1562-2 7849:. pp. 20–29. 7655:on 25 August 2009 7621:Buttigieg, Alex. 7505:(1592): 1435–41. 7215:978-0-521-83522-0 7029:Napier University 6664:978-92-5-104543-5 6554:(6300): 702–704. 5984:"Smell and Taste" 5691:(1172): 329–347. 5560:"Do sharks sleep" 5522:. NOAA Tech Rept. 5493:978-0-00-713610-0 5453:978-0-471-54713-6 5414:Michael, Bright. 5265:978-0-8018-6048-5 5230:978-0-8018-6048-5 5200:on August 5, 2010 5147:978-0-07-237716-3 4523:(7929): 969–974. 4433:978-0-486-26487-5 4311:978-1-55821-582-5 4300:The Shark Almanac 4267:10.1111/evo.13680 4070:Outline of sharks 4065:Marine vertebrate 3985:great hammerheads 3949:hammerhead sharks 3898:shark sanctuaries 3623:George H. Burgess 3596:grey nurse sharks 3569:hammerhead sharks 3452:, consumption of 3305:Threats to sharks 3221:, along with its 3159:On the island of 3155:In American Samoa 2876:Range and habitat 2710:great white shark 2663:great white shark 2542:Some species are 2444:genetic diversity 2393:into the female. 2385:, analogous to a 2284:spotted wobbegong 2126:great white shark 2021:Sharks have keen 2013:The shape of the 1900:(up to 2.5%) and 1839:great white shark 1713:Sand tiger sharks 1546:connective tissue 1424:Echinorhiniformes 1338:great white shark 1278:Heterodontiformes 1268:hammerhead sharks 1258:) along with the 1212:Carcharhiniformes 1166:Carcharhiniformes 1154:Heterodontiformes 1086: 1085: 1081:mitochondrial DNA 1073: 1072: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1054: 1046: 1045: 1037: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1019: 1018: 906: 905: 897: 896: 888: 887: 853:Carcharhiniformes 799:Heterodontiformes 716:synechodontiforms 637:Evolution of fish 625:Thomas Beckington 509:hammerhead sharks 497:great white shark 442:Etmopterus perryi 336: 335: 262:Heterodontiformes 257:Carcharhiniformes 239: 16:(Redirected from 19118: 19061: 19060: 19048: 19047: 19035: 19034: 19022: 19021: 19019:NBNSYS0000186986 19009: 19008: 18996: 18995: 18983: 18982: 18981: 18968: 18967: 18966: 18936: 18935: 18920: 18919: 18908: 18907: 18890: 18889: 18624: 18623: 17916: 17847:Ethnoichthyology 17818: 17811: 17804: 17795: 17794: 17577: 17576: 17568: 17567: 17558: 17551: 17550: 17516:Cyrano spurdog ( 17385: 17341: 17340: 17337: 17336:(Dogfish sharks) 17314:Velvet dogfish ( 17265:S. microcephalus 17170:Azores dogfish ( 17073:C. cryptacanthus 17048: 17047: 17044: 17043:(Sleeper sharks) 16971: 16970: 16967: 16718:E. gracilispinis 16605: 16604:(Lantern sharks) 16575:Ornate dogfish ( 16492: 16491: 16313:Heteroscymnoides 16289:Euprotomicroides 16284: 16283: 16120:Needle dogfish ( 16106: 16105: 16102: 16093: 16092: 16079: 16078: 16053:Dwarf sawshark ( 15952: 15951: 15943: 15942: 15933: 15926: 15925: 15886: 15885: 15849: 15848: 15743: 15742: 15739: 15582: 15581: 15578: 15404: 15403: 15400: 15379:P. brevicaudatum 15315: 15314: 15311: 15250: 15249: 15241: 15240: 15231: 15224: 15223: 15189:Pseudocarcharias 15184: 15183: 15130:C. tricuspidatus 15105: 15104: 15068: 15067: 15031: 15030: 14928: 14927: 14891: 14890: 14852:A. superciliosus 14834: 14823: 14822: 14814: 14813: 14804: 14797: 14796: 14700: 14699: 14696: 14655:Chlamydoselachus 14650: 14649: 14641: 14640: 14627: 14626: 14515: 14514: 14506: 14505: 14496: 14489: 14488: 14440: 14439: 14431: 14430: 14422:(Bramble sharks) 14421: 14414: 14413: 14392:Dwarf catshark ( 14356:Chain catshark ( 14197:Schroederichthys 14151:P. profundicolus 14127:Parmaturus sp. A 14073:P. campechiensis 14062:Beige catshark ( 13955:Natal shyshark ( 13946:Brown shyshark ( 13904:Tiger catshark ( 13886:Lined catshark ( 13841:Dusky catshark ( 13729:Mouse catshark ( 13684:Gecko catshark ( 13407:C. circulopullum 13339:Coral catshark ( 13148:A. platyrhynchus 13085:Ghost catshark ( 13069:A. macrorhynchus 13060:A. longicephalus 12963:Hoary catshark ( 12954:Brown catshark ( 12908: 12907: 12901: 12897: 12889: 12888: 12636:Broadfin shark ( 12545: 12491:Spottail shark ( 12419:Hardnose shark ( 12401:Blacktip shark ( 12358:C. galapagenisis 12277:C. amblyrhynchos 12266:Graceful shark ( 12225: 12224: 12218: 12215:(Requiem sharks) 12214: 12206: 12205: 11849: 11764:Hemitriakis Sp.A 11654:Whiskery shark ( 11640: 11639: 11636: 11526:Winghead shark ( 11512: 11511: 11508: 11485:False catshark ( 11447: 11446: 11337: 11336: 11333: 11332:(Finback sharks) 11296: 11295: 11215:H. australiensis 11151: 11150: 11147: 11138: 11137: 11128: 11121: 11120: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11037: 11036: 11021: 11020: 11009: 11008: 10749: 10742: 10735: 10726: 10725: 10717: 10706:Data related to 10705: 10643: 10622: 10603: 10584: 10557: 10537: 10526: 10506: 10486: 10485: 10467: 10433: 10427: 10426: 10424: 10422: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10392: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10350: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10302: 10273: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10152: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10119: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10099:. Archived from 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10068:. Archived from 10058: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10025: 10019: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10009:on April 6, 2019 10005:. Archived from 9992: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9952: 9946: 9939: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9921: 9906: 9900: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9875: 9869: 9868: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9847: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9795: 9789: 9788: 9786: 9784: 9778: 9772:. Archived from 9757: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9728:. 12 June 2013. 9722: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9696: 9690: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9668: 9666: 9641: 9635: 9616: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9555: 9549: 9536: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9526: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9480: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9449: 9440: 9439: 9437: 9435: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9388: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9357: 9351: 9350: 9348: 9346: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319: 9298: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9278:. Archived from 9268: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9217:. Archived from 9206: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9195: 9186:. Archived from 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9145: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9092:. Archived from 9084:Phillips, Jack. 9081: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9067: 9058:. Archived from 9048: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9034: 9014: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8994: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8967:. Archived from 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8885: 8865: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8854: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8761:. Archived from 8754: 8748: 8747: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8730: 8729: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8667: 8657: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8614:. Archived from 8604: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8573: 8567: 8562: 8556: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8536: 8535: 8526:. Archived from 8515: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8496:on 17 March 2015 8492:. Archived from 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8435: 8425: 8400: 8391: 8390: 8361: 8355: 8354: 8352: 8351: 8332: 8323: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8256: 8255: 8235: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8216:. Archived from 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8191:. Archived from 8181: 8175: 8174: 8164: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8123: 8099: 8093: 8092: 8080: 8074: 8073: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8044: 8035:. Archived from 8025: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8005:. Archived from 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7984: 7978: 7971: 7963: 7954: 7953: 7935: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7924: 7915:. Archived from 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7890:. Archived from 7884: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7873: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7842: 7829: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7816:. Archived from 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7799: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7710: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7644: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7549:. Archived from 7539: 7533: 7532: 7522: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7461: 7455: 7450: 7444: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7429: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7387: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7337: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7315:. Archived from 7285:Animal Cognition 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7241: 7226: 7220: 7219: 7201: 7195: 7178: 7172: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7110: 7094: 7088: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7055: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7031:. Archived from 7021: 7015: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7002:. Archived from 6963: 6957: 6956: 6954: 6953: 6938: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6921: 6901: 6895: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6863: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6812:. Archived from 6802: 6796: 6795: 6793: 6792: 6776: 6767: 6766: 6764: 6763: 6754:. Archived from 6715: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6694:on July 27, 2011 6690:. Archived from 6683: 6677: 6676: 6650: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6579: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6521:. Archived from 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6450: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6409: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6317: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6298:. Archived from 6291: 6285: 6284: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6191:. Archived from 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6159: 6153: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6115: 6097: 6065: 6059: 6058: 6025:(2): 1127–1143. 6010: 5999: 5998: 5996: 5995: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5962: 5952: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5861: 5852: 5851: 5841: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5794:Batten, Thomas. 5791: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5754: 5745:. Archived from 5739: 5733: 5732: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5537:. Archived from 5535:"Deep Breathing" 5530: 5524: 5523: 5515: 5506: 5505: 5479: 5466: 5465: 5437: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5394: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347:on March 1, 2021 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5312:. Archived from 5305: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5279: 5270: 5269: 5249: 5243: 5242: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5196:. Archived from 5190: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5161: 5152: 5151: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5087: 5069: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5027: 5016: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4988: 4979: 4978: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4755: 4749: 4748: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4603: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4508: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4469: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4421: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4401: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4358: 4349: 4348: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4303: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4229: 4211: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4162: 4144: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4096: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4022: 3926:Marshall Islands 3914:French Polynesia 3879:U.S. territories 3745:oceanic whitetip 3698:shark fins from 3415:Greenland sharks 3173:Turtle and Shark 3024:Georgia Aquarium 2991:Steven Spielberg 2952:oceanic whitetip 2758:megamouth sharks 2744:Most sharks are 2601:are viviparous. 2524:gestation period 2507:sand tiger shark 2499:sharks practice 2482:Most sharks are 2373:Sharks practice 2231:hammerhead shark 2209:Electroreception 2203:Electroreception 2180:sense of hearing 2048:, have external 2027:part per million 2015:hammerhead shark 1827:body temperature 1817:Thermoregulation 1724:tonic immobility 1661:vertebral column 1589:Dermal denticles 1408:: Also known as 1384:: These are the 1356:Orectolobiformes 1350:Otodus megalodon 1158:Orectolobiformes 1097:senckenbergianus 1010: 990: 977: 976: 963: 950: 949: 936: 923: 922: 879: 859: 846: 845: 832: 826:Orectolobiformes 819: 818: 805: 792: 791: 782: 781: 772: 771: 758: 745: 744: 735: 734: 730: 729: 658:A collection of 594: 589: 585: 557: 466:dermal denticles 422: 349:, five to seven 308: 267:Orectolobiformes 234: 149: 148: 123: 112: 49: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 19126: 19125: 19121: 19120: 19119: 19117: 19116: 19115: 19086:Commercial fish 19071: 19070: 19069: 19064: 19056: 19051: 19043: 19038: 19030: 19025: 19017: 19012: 19004: 18999: 18991: 18986: 18977: 18976: 18971: 18962: 18961: 18956: 18943: 18933: 18928: 18896: 18820: 18749: 18660: 18613: 18552: 18483: 18376: 18370: 18322: 18266:Ichthyoplankton 18232: 18164: 18157: 18153:Digital Library 18148:Teleost leptins 18087:Shark cartilage 18011:pharyngeal slit 18006:pharyngeal arch 17942:Anguilliformity 17927: 17925: 17917: 17908: 17827: 17822: 17792: 17775: 17760:S. tergocellata 17562: 17557:Squatiniformes 17533: 17500:S. notocaudatus 17444:Cuban dogfish ( 17437:S. crassispinus 17411:S. acutirostris 17392:Spiny dogfish ( 17383: 17382: 17372: 17335: 17334: 17322: 17289: 17229: 17196: 17145: 17137:Plunket shark ( 17130:P. macracanthus 17112: 17088: 17042: 17041: 17029: 16965: 16964: 16952: 16944:Viper dogfish ( 16928: 16904: 16871:E. tasmaniensis 16666:E. caudistigmus 16603: 16602: 16592: 16539:Black dogfish ( 16514: 16477: 16444: 16420: 16396:I. brasiliensis 16378: 16370:Kitefin shark ( 16354: 16330: 16306: 16300:E. zantedeschia 16269: 16218: 16101:(Gulper sharks) 16100: 16099: 16087: 16061: 15974: 15947:Pristiophoridae 15937: 15908: 15881:Stegostomatidae 15871: 15834: 15783: 15737: 15736: 15724: 15718:S. tentaculatus 15700: 15604: 15576: 15575: 15563: 15557:H. trispeculare 15489: 15399:(Bamboo sharks) 15398: 15397: 15385: 15361: 15337: 15309: 15308: 15296: 15272: 15235: 15232:(Carpet sharks) 15206: 15169: 15136: 15090: 15053: 15016: 14983: 14950: 14913: 14905:Basking shark ( 14876: 14832: 14831: 14808: 14779: 14755: 14722: 14694: 14693: 14681: 14664:Frilled shark ( 14635: 14609: 14500: 14471: 14463:Prickly shark ( 14454:Bramble shark ( 14425: 14400: 14374:Izu cat shark ( 14250: 14235:S. saurisqualus 14190: 14157: 14133: 14028: 14020:Izak catshark ( 14004:H. melanostigma 13972: 13964:Dark shyshark ( 13921: 13798: 13704:G. longirostris 13632: 13599: 13575: 13531:Balloon shark ( 13497:C. sarawakensis 13387:Cephaloscyllium 13380: 13347: 13298: 13290:Gulf catshark ( 13283:A. submaculatus 13217: 13182:Pale catshark ( 12902: 12896:Scyliorhinidae 12893: 12875: 12851: 12827: 12749: 12725: 12719:N. brevirostris 12692: 12668: 12660:Sliteye shark ( 12644: 12620: 12596: 12543: 12542: 12532: 12508: 12455:Sandbar shark ( 12430:C. melanopterus 12349:C. fitzroyensis 12320:Nervous shark ( 12311:Spinner shark ( 12257:Bignose shark ( 12219: 12213:Carcharhinidae 12210: 12192: 12176: 12156: 12150:T. semifasciata 12148:Leopard shark ( 12132:T. megalopterus 12096: 12072: 11946:M. lenticulatus 11883:M. californicus 11848:(Smooth-hounds) 11847: 11846: 11836: 11794: 11786:Blacktip tope ( 11770: 11710: 11686: 11662: 11634: 11633: 11621: 11534: 11506: 11505: 11493: 11469: 11442:Pseudotriakidae 11432: 11401: 11359: 11331: 11330: 11318: 11281: 11248:P. leucolomatus 11230: 11197: 11173: 11146:(Weasel sharks) 11145: 11144: 11132: 11129:(Ground sharks) 11115: 11071: 11064: 11034: 11029: 10997: 10973:Shark sanctuary 10956: 10913:South Australia 10885: 10879: 10858:Hybodontiformes 10799: 10758: 10753: 10698: 10667:Wayback Machine 10655:, 22 March 2021 10630: 10628:Further reading 10625: 10619: 10600: 10573: 10563:Vertebrate Life 10546: 10515: 10494: 10489: 10443:Current Biology 10434: 10430: 10420: 10418: 10404: 10400: 10390: 10388: 10376: 10372: 10314: 10310: 10300: 10298: 10233: 10229: 10219: 10217: 10209: 10208: 10204: 10164: 10160: 10150: 10148: 10140: 10139: 10135: 10120: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10066:Sharksavers.org 10060: 10059: 10055: 10045: 10043: 10026: 10022: 10012: 10010: 9993: 9989: 9979: 9977: 9976:on 31 July 2013 9964: 9963: 9959: 9950: 9948: 9944: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9919: 9917: 9908: 9907: 9903: 9893: 9891: 9876: 9872: 9859: 9858: 9854: 9845: 9843: 9828: 9824: 9815: 9813: 9796: 9792: 9782: 9780: 9776: 9770: 9755: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9724: 9723: 9719: 9709: 9707: 9698: 9697: 9693: 9688:Wayback Machine 9678: 9674: 9664: 9662: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9627:Wayback Machine 9617: 9613: 9603: 9601: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9568: 9566: 9557: 9556: 9552: 9546:Wayback Machine 9537: 9533: 9524: 9522: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9498: 9496: 9481: 9477: 9467: 9465: 9450: 9443: 9433: 9431: 9416: 9412: 9402: 9400: 9389: 9385: 9375: 9373: 9358: 9354: 9344: 9342: 9331: 9327: 9317: 9315: 9300: 9299: 9295: 9285: 9283: 9276:Sharkangels.org 9270: 9269: 9260: 9250: 9248: 9241:"Shark Culling" 9239: 9238: 9234: 9224: 9222: 9207: 9203: 9193: 9191: 9178: 9177: 9173: 9163: 9161: 9146: 9139: 9129: 9127: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9099: 9097: 9082: 9075: 9065: 9063: 9050: 9049: 9042: 9032: 9030: 9015: 9011: 9001: 8999: 8989: 8988: 8984: 8974: 8972: 8959: 8958: 8954: 8944: 8942: 8929: 8928: 8924: 8914: 8912: 8897: 8893: 8883: 8881: 8866: 8862: 8852: 8850: 8835: 8831: 8821: 8819: 8808: 8804: 8794: 8792: 8783:Morales, Alex. 8781: 8777: 8768: 8766: 8755: 8751: 8740: 8736: 8727: 8725: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8699: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8634: 8630: 8621: 8619: 8612:www.traffic.org 8606: 8605: 8601: 8590: 8588: 8575: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8559: 8554:Wayback Machine 8546: 8542: 8533: 8531: 8516: 8509: 8499: 8497: 8484:"You eat that?" 8480: 8476: 8467: 8465: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8401: 8394: 8362: 8358: 8349: 8347: 8334: 8333: 8326: 8321:Wayback Machine 8311: 8307: 8298: 8296: 8292: 8266: 8262: 8253: 8251: 8236: 8232: 8223: 8221: 8220:on June 2, 2008 8212: 8211: 8207: 8198: 8196: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8155:(23): 8485–91. 8149:Cancer Research 8141: 8137: 8100: 8096: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8056: 8052: 8042: 8040: 8027: 8026: 8022: 8012: 8010: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7936: 7932: 7922: 7920: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7897: 7895: 7886: 7885: 7881: 7871: 7869: 7862:"Guardian Gods" 7858: 7854: 7843: 7832: 7823: 7821: 7812: 7811: 7807: 7797: 7795: 7785: 7781: 7746: 7742: 7733: 7731: 7721: 7717: 7708: 7706: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7683: 7681: 7672: 7671: 7667: 7658: 7656: 7645: 7641: 7632: 7630: 7619: 7615: 7606: 7604: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7581: 7579: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7556: 7554: 7541: 7540: 7536: 7491: 7487: 7478: 7476: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7436: 7427: 7425: 7414: 7410: 7401: 7399: 7388: 7381: 7371: 7369: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7350: 7348: 7339: 7338: 7331: 7322: 7320: 7277: 7273: 7264: 7262: 7253: 7252: 7248: 7239: 7237: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7202: 7198: 7194:, 3 March 2012. 7188:Wayback Machine 7179: 7175: 7170:Wayback Machine 7160: 7156: 7141:10.2307/1442360 7121: 7117: 7108: 7106: 7095: 7091: 7085:The Independent 7080:Wayback Machine 7071: 7067: 7056: 7047: 7038: 7036: 7023: 7022: 7018: 7009: 7007: 6964: 6960: 6951: 6949: 6940: 6939: 6928: 6919: 6917: 6902: 6898: 6891:Wayback Machine 6881: 6877: 6840:Biology Letters 6832: 6828: 6819: 6817: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6790: 6788: 6777: 6770: 6761: 6759: 6716: 6707: 6697: 6695: 6684: 6680: 6665: 6651: 6642: 6632: 6630: 6605: 6601: 6534: 6530: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6503: 6501: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6476: 6472: 6427: 6423: 6378: 6374: 6345:(4575): 916–8. 6335: 6331: 6318: 6314: 6305: 6303: 6292: 6288: 6241: 6237: 6228: 6226: 6211: 6207: 6198: 6196: 6187: 6186: 6182: 6173: 6171: 6160: 6156: 6150:Wayback Machine 6141: 6137: 6066: 6062: 6011: 6002: 5993: 5991: 5980: 5976: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5888: 5884: 5875: 5873: 5862: 5855: 5818: 5814: 5805: 5803: 5792: 5788: 5779: 5777: 5766: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5749:on 4 March 2016 5741: 5740: 5736: 5681: 5677: 5626: 5622: 5613: 5611: 5600: 5596: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5544: 5542: 5531: 5527: 5516: 5509: 5494: 5480: 5469: 5454: 5438: 5434: 5425: 5423: 5412: 5408: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5348: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5319: 5317: 5306: 5302: 5293: 5291: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5250: 5246: 5231: 5217: 5213: 5203: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5184: 5175: 5173: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5134: 5127: 5118: 5116: 5105: 5101: 5038: 5034: 5025: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5010: 5001: 4999: 4990: 4989: 4982: 4939: 4935: 4895: 4891: 4882: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4784:10.1666/04069.1 4756: 4752: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4676: 4672: 4621: 4617: 4564: 4560: 4509: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4465: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4359: 4352: 4345: 4331: 4327: 4312: 4294: 4290: 4247: 4243: 4188: 4184: 4121: 4117: 4108: 4106: 4100:"Selachimorpha" 4098: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4002:Current Biology 3997:temperate zones 3993:tropical waters 3877:) along with 3 3700:fishing vessels 3659: 3657:Shark sanctuary 3649: 3635: 3580:New South Wales 3538: 3532: 3515:sexual maturity 3508:mercury content 3403:Telugu language 3366: 3317: 3315:Shark sanctuary 3307: 3275: 3208: 3202: 3177:Laumei ma Malie 3157: 3096: 3075: 3012: 3006: 2910: 2904: 2899: 2878: 2843:Thresher sharks 2770:suction feeding 2730: 2723: 2718: 2690: 2679: 2654: 2607: 2582: 2557:mermaid's purse 2540: 2480: 2460: 2435:group in which 2421:parthenogenesis 2417: 2387:mammalian penis 2371: 2347: 2331:Greenland shark 2327:Rhincodon typus 2313: 2296: 2286: 2275: 2257: 2251: 2235:electric fields 2211: 2205: 2176: 2149:at any time. A 2102:tapetum lucidum 2058: 2007: 2002: 1988:derives from a 1970: 1949: 1882: 1867:bigeye thresher 1863:common thresher 1819: 1732: 1701: 1696: 1680:porbeagle shark 1638: 1597: 1591: 1582: 1554: 1518: 1466: 1460: 1447: 1441: 1326:thresher sharks 1322:megamouth shark 1310:mackerel sharks 1074: 1065: 1056: 1047: 1038: 1029: 1020: 907: 898: 889: 728: 700:Anachronistidae 644: 639: 633: 615:. However, the 587: 532: 505:thresher sharks 450:Rhincodon typus 417: 410:Late Ordovician 341:are a group of 233: 143: 132: 130:grey reef shark 114: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19124: 19114: 19113: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19093: 19091:Elasmobranchii 19088: 19083: 19066: 19065: 19063: 19062: 19049: 19036: 19023: 19010: 18997: 18984: 18969: 18953: 18951: 18945: 18944: 18930: 18929: 18927: 18926: 18914: 18901: 18898: 18897: 18895: 18894: 18884: 18879: 18878: 18877: 18872: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18828: 18826: 18822: 18821: 18819: 18818: 18817: 18816: 18811: 18801: 18800: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18779: 18778: 18777: 18772: 18761: 18759: 18755: 18754: 18751: 18750: 18748: 18747: 18746: 18745: 18740: 18735: 18725: 18724: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18708: 18698: 18697: 18696: 18691: 18686: 18681: 18670: 18668: 18666:Wild fisheries 18662: 18661: 18659: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18632: 18630: 18621: 18615: 18614: 18612: 18611: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18589:Hallucinogenic 18586: 18581: 18576: 18571: 18566: 18560: 18558: 18554: 18553: 18551: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18505: 18500: 18494: 18492: 18485: 18484: 18482: 18481: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18464:Schooling fish 18461: 18456: 18451: 18446: 18441: 18436: 18431: 18426: 18424:Filter feeders 18421: 18416: 18411: 18406: 18401: 18399:Bottom feeders 18396: 18391: 18386: 18380: 18378: 18372: 18371: 18369: 18368: 18363: 18358: 18353: 18348: 18343: 18338: 18332: 18330: 18324: 18323: 18321: 18320: 18319: 18318: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18242: 18240: 18234: 18233: 18231: 18230: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18169: 18167: 18159: 18158: 18156: 18155: 18150: 18145: 18144: 18143: 18138: 18128: 18127: 18126: 18121: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18100: 18099: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18069: 18068: 18067: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18045:Leydig's organ 18042: 18041: 18040: 18038:pharyngeal jaw 18035: 18025: 18020: 18019: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17991:branchial arch 17983: 17982: 17981: 17971: 17966: 17961: 17960: 17959: 17954: 17944: 17939: 17933: 17931: 17919: 17918: 17911: 17909: 17907: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17880: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17859: 17854: 17849: 17844: 17838: 17836: 17829: 17828: 17821: 17820: 17813: 17806: 17798: 17789: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17781: 17780: 17777: 17776: 17774: 17773: 17764: 17755: 17746: 17737: 17730: 17721: 17712: 17703: 17694: 17685: 17682:S. heteroptera 17678: 17669: 17660: 17651: 17647:S. californica 17642: 17633: 17624: 17615: 17606: 17597: 17587: 17585: 17574: 17564: 17563: 17559:(Angel sharks) 17547: 17546: 17543: 17542: 17539: 17538: 17535: 17534: 17532: 17531: 17522: 17513: 17504: 17495: 17486: 17477: 17468: 17459: 17450: 17441: 17432: 17423: 17414: 17407: 17398: 17388: 17386: 17374: 17373: 17371: 17370: 17361: 17351: 17349: 17338: 17328: 17327: 17324: 17323: 17321: 17320: 17316:Z. squamulosus 17311: 17301: 17299: 17291: 17290: 17288: 17287: 17278: 17269: 17260: 17251: 17247:S. antarcticus 17241: 17239: 17231: 17230: 17228: 17227: 17218: 17208: 17206: 17198: 17197: 17195: 17194: 17185: 17176: 17167: 17157: 17155: 17152:Scymnodalatias 17147: 17146: 17144: 17143: 17134: 17124: 17122: 17114: 17113: 17111: 17110: 17100: 17098: 17095:Centroselachus 17090: 17089: 17087: 17086: 17077: 17068: 17058: 17056: 17045: 17035: 17034: 17031: 17030: 17028: 17027: 17018: 17009: 17000: 16991: 16981: 16979: 16968: 16966:(Rough sharks) 16958: 16957: 16954: 16953: 16951: 16950: 16940: 16938: 16935:Trigonognathus 16930: 16929: 16927: 16926: 16916: 16914: 16906: 16905: 16903: 16902: 16893: 16884: 16875: 16866: 16857: 16848: 16839: 16830: 16821: 16812: 16803: 16794: 16785: 16776: 16767: 16758: 16749: 16740: 16731: 16722: 16713: 16704: 16695: 16692:E. dislineatus 16688: 16679: 16670: 16661: 16652: 16645: 16636: 16627: 16618: 16608: 16606: 16594: 16593: 16591: 16590: 16581: 16572: 16563: 16554: 16545: 16536: 16526: 16524: 16521:Centroscyllium 16516: 16515: 16513: 16512: 16502: 16500: 16489: 16483: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16475: 16466: 16456: 16454: 16446: 16445: 16443: 16442: 16432: 16430: 16422: 16421: 16419: 16418: 16409: 16400: 16390: 16388: 16380: 16379: 16377: 16376: 16366: 16364: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16346:Pocket shark ( 16342: 16340: 16332: 16331: 16329: 16328: 16318: 16316: 16308: 16307: 16305: 16304: 16294: 16292: 16281: 16275: 16274: 16271: 16270: 16268: 16267: 16258: 16254:D. profundorum 16249: 16240: 16230: 16228: 16220: 16219: 16217: 16216: 16207: 16203:C. tessellatus 16198: 16189: 16180: 16176:C. moluccensis 16171: 16167:C. lusitanicus 16162: 16153: 16144: 16138:Gulper shark ( 16135: 16126: 16116: 16114: 16103: 16097:Centrophoridae 16089: 16088: 16075: 16074: 16071: 16070: 16067: 16066: 16063: 16062: 16060: 16059: 16050: 16041: 16032: 16023: 16014: 16005: 15996: 15986: 15984: 15976: 15975: 15973: 15972: 15962: 15960: 15949: 15939: 15938: 15922: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15914: 15913: 15910: 15909: 15907: 15906: 15896: 15894: 15883: 15877: 15876: 15873: 15872: 15870: 15869: 15859: 15857: 15846: 15844:Rhincodontidae 15840: 15839: 15836: 15835: 15833: 15832: 15823: 15814: 15810:P. ferrugineum 15805: 15795: 15793: 15785: 15784: 15782: 15781: 15772: 15763: 15753: 15751: 15748:Cirrhoscyllium 15740: 15734:Parascylliidae 15730: 15729: 15726: 15725: 15723: 15722: 15712: 15710: 15702: 15701: 15699: 15698: 15689: 15685:O. reticulatus 15680: 15671: 15662: 15653: 15644: 15635: 15626: 15616: 15614: 15606: 15605: 15603: 15602: 15592: 15590: 15587:Eucrossorhinus 15579: 15569: 15568: 15565: 15564: 15562: 15561: 15552: 15543: 15534: 15527: 15518: 15511: 15501: 15499: 15491: 15490: 15488: 15487: 15478: 15469: 15460: 15451: 15442: 15433: 15424: 15414: 15412: 15401: 15395:Hemiscylliidae 15391: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15383: 15373: 15371: 15363: 15362: 15360: 15359: 15355:N. ferrugineus 15349: 15347: 15339: 15338: 15336: 15335: 15325: 15323: 15312: 15310:(Nurse sharks) 15302: 15301: 15298: 15297: 15295: 15294: 15284: 15282: 15279:Heteroscyllium 15274: 15273: 15271: 15270: 15260: 15258: 15247: 15245:Brachaeluridae 15237: 15236: 15220: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15212: 15211: 15208: 15207: 15205: 15204: 15194: 15192: 15181: 15175: 15174: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15167: 15158: 15148: 15146: 15138: 15137: 15135: 15134: 15125: 15115: 15113: 15102: 15100:Odontaspididae 15096: 15095: 15092: 15091: 15089: 15088: 15082:Goblin shark ( 15078: 15076: 15065: 15063:Mitsukurinidae 15059: 15058: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15051: 15041: 15039: 15028: 15022: 15021: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15014: 15005: 14999:Salmon shark ( 14995: 14993: 14985: 14984: 14982: 14981: 14972: 14962: 14960: 14952: 14951: 14949: 14948: 14938: 14936: 14925: 14919: 14918: 14915: 14914: 14912: 14911: 14901: 14899: 14888: 14882: 14881: 14878: 14877: 14875: 14874: 14865: 14856: 14847: 14837: 14835: 14820: 14810: 14809: 14793: 14792: 14789: 14788: 14785: 14784: 14781: 14780: 14778: 14777: 14767: 14765: 14757: 14756: 14754: 14753: 14744: 14734: 14732: 14724: 14723: 14721: 14720: 14710: 14708: 14697: 14687: 14686: 14683: 14682: 14680: 14679: 14670: 14660: 14658: 14647: 14637: 14636: 14633:Hexanchiformes 14623: 14622: 14619: 14618: 14615: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14607: 14598: 14589: 14580: 14571: 14562: 14553: 14544: 14535: 14525: 14523: 14512: 14510:Heterodontidae 14502: 14501: 14485: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14477: 14476: 14473: 14472: 14470: 14469: 14460: 14450: 14448: 14437: 14435:Echinorhinidae 14427: 14426: 14410: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14398: 14389: 14380: 14371: 14362: 14353: 14344: 14335: 14326: 14317: 14313:S. comoroensis 14308: 14299: 14290: 14281: 14275:Boa catshark ( 14272: 14262: 14260: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14248: 14239: 14230: 14221: 14212: 14202: 14200: 14192: 14191: 14189: 14188: 14184:P. pantherinum 14179: 14169: 14167: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14155: 14145: 14143: 14135: 14134: 14132: 14131: 14122: 14113: 14104: 14095: 14086: 14077: 14068: 14059: 14050: 14040: 14038: 14030: 14029: 14027: 14026: 14017: 14008: 13999: 13992: 13984: 13982: 13979:Holohalaelurus 13974: 13973: 13971: 13970: 13961: 13957:H. kistnasamyi 13952: 13943: 13933: 13931: 13928:Haploblepharus 13923: 13922: 13920: 13919: 13910: 13901: 13895:Mud catshark ( 13892: 13883: 13879:H. immaculatus 13874: 13865: 13856: 13847: 13838: 13829: 13820: 13810: 13808: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13787: 13778: 13769: 13762: 13753: 13744: 13740:G. nipponensis 13735: 13726: 13717: 13708: 13699: 13690: 13681: 13672: 13663: 13654: 13650:G. antillensis 13644: 13642: 13634: 13633: 13631: 13630: 13621: 13611: 13609: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13597: 13587: 13585: 13577: 13576: 13574: 13573: 13564: 13555: 13546: 13537: 13528: 13519: 13510: 13501: 13492: 13483: 13474: 13465: 13456: 13447: 13438: 13429: 13420: 13411: 13402: 13392: 13390: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13378: 13369: 13359: 13357: 13354:Aulohalaelurus 13349: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13336: 13327: 13318: 13310: 13308: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13296: 13287: 13278: 13275:A. rubiginosus 13271: 13264: 13255: 13246: 13239: 13229: 13227: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13215: 13206: 13197: 13188: 13179: 13170: 13161: 13157:A. profundorum 13152: 13143: 13136: 13132:A. parvipinnis 13127: 13118: 13109: 13100: 13096:A. melanoasper 13091: 13082: 13078:A. macrostomus 13073: 13064: 13055: 13051:A. laurussonii 13046: 13037: 13028: 13019: 13012: 13003: 12994: 12985: 12978: 12969: 12960: 12951: 12942: 12935: 12928: 12918: 12916: 12904: 12903: 12885: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12873: 12863: 12861: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12849: 12839: 12837: 12829: 12828: 12826: 12825: 12821:R. terraenovae 12816: 12807: 12798: 12789: 12780: 12771: 12761: 12759: 12756:Rhizoprionodon 12751: 12750: 12748: 12747: 12737: 12735: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12714: 12704: 12702: 12694: 12693: 12691: 12690: 12680: 12678: 12670: 12669: 12667: 12666: 12662:L. macrorhinus 12656: 12654: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12632: 12630: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12618: 12614:I. oxyrhynchus 12608: 12606: 12598: 12597: 12595: 12594: 12585: 12576: 12567: 12558: 12552:Ganges shark ( 12548: 12546: 12544:(River sharks) 12534: 12533: 12531: 12530: 12520: 12518: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12506: 12497: 12488: 12479: 12470: 12461: 12452: 12443: 12434: 12425: 12416: 12407: 12398: 12389: 12380: 12371: 12362: 12353: 12347:Creek whaler ( 12344: 12340:C. falciformis 12335: 12326: 12317: 12308: 12302:Copper shark ( 12299: 12293:Borneo shark ( 12290: 12286:C. amboinensis 12284:Pigeye shark ( 12281: 12272: 12263: 12254: 12245: 12235: 12233: 12221: 12220: 12202: 12201: 12198: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12190: 12186: 12184: 12182:Scyliorhinidae 12178: 12177: 12175: 12174: 12170: 12168: 12166:Carcharhinidae 12162: 12161: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12145: 12136: 12127: 12118: 12108: 12106: 12098: 12097: 12095: 12094: 12084: 12082: 12074: 12073: 12071: 12070: 12063: 12054: 12045: 12036: 12029: 12025:M. punctulatus 12020: 12011: 12002: 11993: 11984: 11977: 11968: 11959: 11950: 11941: 11932: 11923: 11914: 11905: 11896: 11887: 11878: 11869: 11865:M. antarcticus 11860: 11852: 11850: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11825: 11816: 11806: 11804: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11782: 11780: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11759: 11750: 11741: 11732: 11722: 11720: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11708: 11698: 11696: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11678:School shark ( 11674: 11672: 11664: 11663: 11661: 11660: 11650: 11648: 11637: 11627: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11619: 11610: 11601: 11592: 11583: 11574: 11565: 11556: 11546: 11544: 11536: 11535: 11533: 11532: 11522: 11520: 11509: 11499: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11481: 11479: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11467: 11457: 11455: 11444: 11438: 11437: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11430: 11423: 11413: 11411: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11390: 11381: 11371: 11369: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11357: 11347: 11345: 11334: 11324: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11316: 11306: 11304: 11293: 11291:Leptochariidae 11287: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11270: 11261: 11252: 11242: 11240: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11219: 11209: 11207: 11199: 11198: 11196: 11195: 11185: 11183: 11175: 11174: 11172: 11171: 11161: 11159: 11148: 11134: 11133: 11117: 11116: 11114: 11113: 11107: 11105:Elasmobranchii 11101: 11099:Chondrichthyes 11095: 11089: 11083: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11063: 11062: 11055: 11048: 11040: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11027: 11015: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10996: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10980: 10978:Shark Alliance 10975: 10970: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10948: 10947: 10942: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10889: 10887: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10877: 10875:List of sharks 10872: 10866: 10860: 10854: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10821:Hexanchiformes 10818: 10813: 10807: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10797: 10792: 10790:Threat display 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10766: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10752: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10711: 10710:at Wikispecies 10697: 10696:External links 10694: 10693: 10692: 10682: 10656: 10644: 10629: 10626: 10624: 10623: 10617: 10604: 10598: 10585: 10571: 10558: 10544: 10527: 10513: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10487: 10428: 10398: 10370: 10308: 10227: 10202: 10175:(6): 670–678. 10158: 10133: 10114: 10083: 10053: 10020: 9987: 9957: 9926: 9901: 9870: 9852: 9822: 9790: 9768: 9743: 9717: 9691: 9672: 9657:. 2011-01-04. 9636: 9611: 9596:. 2000-12-21. 9575: 9550: 9531: 9506: 9475: 9441: 9424:Cape Cod Times 9410: 9383: 9352: 9325: 9293: 9258: 9232: 9201: 9171: 9137: 9107: 9073: 9040: 9009: 8997:The Australian 8982: 8952: 8922: 8891: 8860: 8829: 8802: 8775: 8749: 8734: 8709: 8679: 8648:(2): 509–520. 8628: 8599: 8568: 8557: 8540: 8507: 8474: 8450: 8392: 8356: 8342:. 2008-12-15. 8324: 8305: 8277:Houston, Texas 8260: 8244:New York Times 8230: 8205: 8176: 8135: 8114:(21): 1562–3. 8094: 8075: 8069:978-1861893253 8068: 8050: 8020: 7990: 7955: 7948: 7930: 7904: 7879: 7852: 7830: 7805: 7779: 7740: 7715: 7690: 7665: 7639: 7613: 7588: 7563: 7534: 7485: 7456: 7445: 7434: 7408: 7379: 7357: 7329: 7271: 7246: 7221: 7214: 7196: 7173: 7154: 7115: 7089: 7082:(2014-11-28), 7065: 7045: 7016: 6958: 6926: 6896: 6875: 6826: 6797: 6768: 6705: 6678: 6663: 6640: 6599: 6528: 6510: 6485: 6470: 6421: 6372: 6329: 6312: 6286: 6251:(3): 193–201. 6235: 6205: 6180: 6154: 6135: 6060: 6000: 5974: 5915: 5882: 5853: 5812: 5786: 5760: 5743:"Sharkproject" 5734: 5675: 5620: 5594: 5569: 5566:on 2010-09-18. 5551: 5525: 5507: 5492: 5467: 5452: 5432: 5406: 5377:(1): coaa120. 5357: 5326: 5300: 5271: 5264: 5244: 5229: 5211: 5182: 5153: 5146: 5125: 5099: 5032: 5008: 4980: 4953:(6): 867–878. 4933: 4906:(1): 447–457. 4889: 4861: 4814: 4805: 4770:(2): 215–235. 4750: 4715:(2): 255–266. 4695: 4688: 4670: 4635:(1): 769–790. 4615: 4558: 4503: 4474: 4448: 4439: 4432: 4406: 4381: 4350: 4343: 4325: 4310: 4288: 4261:(2): 588–599. 4241: 4182: 4115: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4050:List of sharks 4046: 4045: 4044: 4030: 4014: 4011: 3947:of endangered 3902:American Samoa 3883:American Samoa 3784:mackerel shark 3648: 3645: 3634: 3631: 3534:Main article: 3531: 3528: 3454:shark fin soup 3426:shark fin soup 3399:Tamil language 3383:fish and chips 3365: 3362: 3333:shark fin soup 3306: 3303: 3299:osteoarthritis 3274: 3271: 3217:novel and the 3204:Main article: 3201: 3198: 3181:Samoan culture 3169:U.S. territory 3165:American Samoa 3156: 3153: 3095: 3092: 3074: 3071: 3039:leopard sharks 3008:Main article: 3005: 3002: 2981:Peter Benchley 2906:Main article: 2903: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2877: 2874: 2801:marine mammals 2788:plates of the 2750:Basking sharks 2738:Isla Guadalupe 2722: 2719: 2717: 2714: 2689: 2686: 2678: 2675: 2653: 2650: 2646:threat display 2606: 2603: 2587:requiem sharks 2581: 2578: 2539: 2536: 2532:frilled sharks 2528:Basking sharks 2479: 2476: 2459: 2456: 2416: 2413: 2370: 2367: 2346: 2343: 2304: 2294: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2253:Main article: 2250: 2247: 2241:moving in the 2239:Ocean currents 2237:they produce. 2207:Main article: 2204: 2201: 2175: 2172: 2138:chemoreception 2057: 2054: 2032:Carcharhinidae 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1994:kynurenic acid 1982:chain catshark 1969: 1966: 1948: 1945: 1925:Homer W. Smith 1902:trimethylamine 1890:Chondrichthyes 1881: 1880:Osmoregulation 1878: 1823:poikilothermic 1818: 1815: 1731: 1728: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1637: 1634: 1590: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1553: 1550: 1517: 1514: 1462:Main article: 1459: 1456: 1443:Main article: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1421: 1406:Squatiniformes 1403: 1396:dogfish sharks 1389: 1379: 1353: 1303: 1300:frilled sharks 1292:Hexanchiformes 1289: 1275: 1256:requiem sharks 1244:blacktail reef 1240:Caribbean reef 1190:Squatiniformes 1174:Hexanchiformes 1123:Chondrichthyes 1116:Elasmobranchii 1095:Lebachacanthus 1092:Shark fossil, 1084: 1083: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1000: 997: 996: 993: 992: 980: 975: 973: 970: 969: 966: 965: 957:Squatiniformes 953: 948: 946: 943: 942: 939: 938: 930:Hexanchiformes 926: 921: 919: 913: 912: 909: 908: 904: 903: 900: 899: 895: 894: 891: 890: 886: 885: 882: 881: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 849: 844: 842: 839: 838: 835: 834: 822: 817: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 795: 790: 788: 780: 778: 770: 768: 765: 764: 761: 760: 748: 743: 741: 739:Elasmobranchii 733: 727: 724: 685:Elasmobranchii 643: 640: 632: 629: 592:[ʃoːk] 531: 528: 520:shark fin soup 481:apex predators 474:fluid dynamics 414:Early Jurassic 386:Chondrichthyes 372:) and are the 334: 333: 332: 331: 328: 322: 321: 315: 314: 313: 312: 303: 302: 301: 299:Squatiniformes 296: 291: 286: 284:Hexanchiformes 276: 275: 274: 269: 264: 259: 246: 245: 241: 240: 228: 224: 223: 218: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 198:Elasmobranchii 195: 191: 190: 188:Chondrichthyes 185: 181: 180: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 160: 155: 151: 150: 137: 136: 125: 124: 116: 115: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19123: 19112: 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19092: 19089: 19087: 19084: 19082: 19079: 19078: 19076: 19059: 19054: 19050: 19046: 19041: 19037: 19033: 19028: 19024: 19020: 19015: 19011: 19007: 19002: 18998: 18994: 18989: 18985: 18980: 18979:Selachimorpha 18974: 18970: 18965: 18959: 18955: 18954: 18952: 18950: 18949:Selachimorpha 18946: 18942: 18937: 18925: 18924: 18915: 18913: 18912: 18903: 18902: 18899: 18893: 18892:more lists... 18885: 18883: 18880: 18876: 18873: 18871: 18868: 18867: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18847:Fish families 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18832:Aquarium life 18830: 18829: 18827: 18823: 18815: 18814:fleshy-finned 18812: 18810: 18807: 18806: 18805: 18802: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18784: 18783: 18782:Cartilaginous 18780: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18766: 18763: 18762: 18760: 18756: 18744: 18741: 18739: 18736: 18734: 18731: 18730: 18729: 18726: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18703: 18702: 18699: 18695: 18692: 18690: 18687: 18685: 18682: 18680: 18677: 18676: 18675: 18672: 18671: 18669: 18667: 18663: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18633: 18631: 18629: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18616: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18577: 18575: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18561: 18559: 18555: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18539: 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18495: 18493: 18491: 18486: 18480: 18477: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18435: 18432: 18430: 18427: 18425: 18422: 18420: 18419:Electric fish 18417: 18415: 18412: 18410: 18407: 18405: 18402: 18400: 18397: 18395: 18392: 18390: 18387: 18385: 18382: 18381: 18379: 18373: 18367: 18364: 18362: 18359: 18357: 18354: 18352: 18349: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18339: 18337: 18334: 18333: 18331: 18329: 18325: 18317: 18314: 18313: 18312: 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18243: 18241: 18239: 18235: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18170: 18168: 18166: 18160: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18133: 18132: 18129: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18116: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18098: 18095: 18094: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18066: 18063: 18062: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18050:Mauthner cell 18048: 18046: 18043: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18030: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17988: 17987: 17984: 17980: 17977: 17976: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17969:Chromatophore 17967: 17965: 17962: 17958: 17955: 17953: 17950: 17949: 17948: 17945: 17943: 17940: 17938: 17935: 17934: 17932: 17930: 17924: 17920: 17915: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17878: 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17864: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17853: 17850: 17848: 17845: 17843: 17840: 17839: 17837: 17835: 17830: 17826: 17819: 17814: 17812: 17807: 17805: 17800: 17799: 17796: 17772: 17770: 17765: 17763: 17761: 17756: 17754: 17752: 17747: 17745: 17743: 17738: 17736: 17735: 17731: 17729: 17727: 17722: 17720: 17718: 17713: 17711: 17709: 17704: 17702: 17700: 17695: 17693: 17691: 17686: 17684: 17683: 17679: 17677: 17675: 17674:S. guggenheim 17670: 17668: 17666: 17661: 17659: 17657: 17652: 17650: 17648: 17643: 17641: 17639: 17634: 17632: 17630: 17625: 17623: 17621: 17616: 17614: 17612: 17607: 17605: 17603: 17598: 17596: 17594: 17589: 17588: 17586: 17584: 17583: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17569: 17565: 17561: 17552: 17548: 17530: 17528: 17523: 17521: 17519: 17514: 17512: 17510: 17505: 17503: 17501: 17496: 17494: 17492: 17491:S. mitsukurii 17487: 17485: 17483: 17478: 17476: 17474: 17469: 17467: 17465: 17460: 17458: 17456: 17451: 17449: 17447: 17442: 17440: 17438: 17433: 17431: 17429: 17428:S. blainville 17424: 17422: 17420: 17419:S. altipinnis 17415: 17413: 17412: 17408: 17406: 17404: 17399: 17397: 17395: 17390: 17389: 17387: 17381: 17380: 17375: 17369: 17367: 17362: 17360: 17358: 17353: 17352: 17350: 17348: 17347: 17342: 17339: 17333: 17329: 17319: 17317: 17312: 17310: 17308: 17303: 17302: 17300: 17298: 17297: 17292: 17286: 17284: 17279: 17277: 17275: 17270: 17268: 17266: 17261: 17259: 17257: 17252: 17250: 17248: 17243: 17242: 17240: 17238: 17237: 17232: 17226: 17224: 17219: 17217: 17215: 17210: 17209: 17207: 17205: 17204: 17199: 17193: 17191: 17186: 17184: 17182: 17177: 17175: 17173: 17168: 17166: 17164: 17159: 17158: 17156: 17154: 17153: 17148: 17142: 17140: 17135: 17133: 17131: 17126: 17125: 17123: 17121: 17120: 17115: 17109: 17107: 17106:C. crepidater 17102: 17101: 17099: 17097: 17096: 17091: 17085: 17083: 17078: 17076: 17074: 17069: 17067: 17065: 17064:C. coelolepis 17060: 17059: 17057: 17055: 17054: 17053:Centroscymnus 17049: 17046: 17040: 17036: 17026: 17024: 17019: 17017: 17015: 17010: 17008: 17006: 17001: 16999: 16997: 16996:O. caribbaeus 16992: 16990: 16988: 16987:O. bruniensis 16983: 16982: 16980: 16978: 16977: 16972: 16969: 16963: 16959: 16949: 16947: 16942: 16941: 16939: 16937: 16936: 16931: 16925: 16923: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16913: 16912: 16907: 16901: 16899: 16894: 16892: 16890: 16885: 16883: 16881: 16876: 16874: 16872: 16867: 16865: 16863: 16862:E. splendidus 16858: 16856: 16854: 16849: 16847: 16845: 16840: 16838: 16836: 16831: 16829: 16827: 16822: 16820: 16818: 16817:E. pycnolepis 16813: 16811: 16809: 16804: 16802: 16800: 16795: 16793: 16791: 16786: 16784: 16782: 16777: 16775: 16773: 16768: 16766: 16764: 16759: 16757: 16755: 16750: 16748: 16746: 16741: 16739: 16737: 16732: 16730: 16728: 16727:E. granulosus 16723: 16721: 16719: 16714: 16712: 16710: 16705: 16703: 16701: 16696: 16694: 16693: 16689: 16687: 16685: 16680: 16678: 16676: 16671: 16669: 16667: 16662: 16660: 16658: 16653: 16651: 16650: 16646: 16644: 16642: 16637: 16635: 16633: 16632:E. brachyurus 16628: 16626: 16624: 16619: 16617: 16615: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16601: 16600: 16595: 16589: 16587: 16582: 16580: 16578: 16573: 16571: 16569: 16564: 16562: 16560: 16555: 16553: 16551: 16550:C. granulatum 16546: 16544: 16542: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16528: 16527: 16525: 16523: 16522: 16517: 16511: 16509: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16499: 16498: 16493: 16490: 16488: 16484: 16474: 16472: 16471:S. laticaudus 16467: 16465: 16463: 16458: 16457: 16455: 16453: 16452: 16447: 16441: 16439: 16438:E. bispinatus 16436:Pygmy shark ( 16434: 16433: 16431: 16429: 16428: 16427:Euprotomicrus 16423: 16417: 16415: 16410: 16408: 16406: 16401: 16399: 16397: 16392: 16391: 16389: 16387: 16386: 16381: 16375: 16373: 16368: 16367: 16365: 16363: 16362: 16357: 16351: 16349: 16344: 16343: 16341: 16339: 16338: 16333: 16327: 16325: 16320: 16319: 16317: 16315: 16314: 16309: 16303: 16301: 16296: 16295: 16293: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16276: 16266: 16264: 16259: 16257: 16255: 16250: 16248: 16246: 16245:D. hystricosa 16241: 16239: 16237: 16232: 16231: 16229: 16227: 16226: 16221: 16215: 16213: 16208: 16206: 16204: 16199: 16197: 16195: 16190: 16188: 16186: 16181: 16179: 16177: 16172: 16170: 16168: 16163: 16161: 16159: 16154: 16152: 16150: 16149:C. harrissoni 16145: 16143: 16141: 16140:C. granulosus 16136: 16134: 16132: 16127: 16125: 16123: 16118: 16117: 16115: 16113: 16112: 16107: 16104: 16098: 16094: 16090: 16086: 16080: 16076: 16058: 16056: 16051: 16049: 16047: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16033: 16031: 16029: 16028:P. schroederi 16024: 16022: 16020: 16019:P. nudipinnis 16015: 16013: 16011: 16006: 16004: 16002: 15997: 15995: 15993: 15988: 15987: 15985: 15983: 15982: 15981:Pristiophorus 15977: 15971: 15969: 15964: 15963: 15961: 15959: 15958: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15927: 15923: 15905: 15903: 15900:Zebra shark ( 15898: 15897: 15895: 15893: 15892: 15887: 15884: 15882: 15878: 15868: 15866: 15863:Whale shark ( 15861: 15860: 15858: 15856: 15855: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15841: 15831: 15829: 15828:P. variolatum 15824: 15822: 15820: 15815: 15813: 15811: 15806: 15804: 15802: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15792: 15791: 15786: 15780: 15778: 15773: 15771: 15769: 15768:C. formosanum 15764: 15762: 15760: 15755: 15754: 15752: 15750: 15749: 15744: 15741: 15735: 15731: 15721: 15719: 15714: 15713: 15711: 15709: 15708: 15703: 15697: 15695: 15690: 15688: 15686: 15681: 15679: 15677: 15672: 15670: 15668: 15663: 15661: 15659: 15654: 15652: 15650: 15645: 15643: 15641: 15636: 15634: 15632: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15618: 15617: 15615: 15613: 15612: 15607: 15601: 15599: 15594: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15588: 15583: 15580: 15574: 15573:Orectolobidae 15570: 15560: 15558: 15553: 15551: 15549: 15544: 15542: 15540: 15535: 15533: 15532: 15528: 15526: 15524: 15523:H. hallstromi 15519: 15517: 15516: 15512: 15510: 15508: 15507:H. freycineti 15503: 15502: 15500: 15498: 15497: 15492: 15486: 15484: 15479: 15477: 15475: 15470: 15468: 15466: 15461: 15459: 15457: 15452: 15450: 15448: 15443: 15441: 15439: 15434: 15432: 15430: 15425: 15423: 15421: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15411: 15410: 15409:Chiloscyllium 15405: 15402: 15396: 15392: 15382: 15380: 15375: 15374: 15372: 15370: 15369: 15364: 15358: 15356: 15351: 15350: 15348: 15346: 15345: 15340: 15334: 15332: 15329:Nurse shark ( 15327: 15326: 15324: 15322: 15321: 15320:Ginglymostoma 15316: 15313: 15307: 15303: 15293: 15291: 15290:H. colcloughi 15286: 15285: 15283: 15281: 15280: 15275: 15269: 15267: 15264:Blind shark ( 15262: 15261: 15259: 15257: 15256: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15234: 15225: 15221: 15203: 15201: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15191: 15190: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15176: 15166: 15164: 15159: 15157: 15155: 15150: 15149: 15147: 15145: 15144: 15139: 15133: 15131: 15126: 15124: 15122: 15117: 15116: 15114: 15112: 15111: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15097: 15087: 15085: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15075: 15074: 15069: 15066: 15064: 15060: 15050: 15048: 15043: 15042: 15040: 15038: 15037: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15026:Megachasmidae 15023: 15013: 15011: 15006: 15004: 15002: 14997: 14996: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14986: 14980: 14978: 14973: 14971: 14969: 14968:I. oxyrinchus 14964: 14963: 14961: 14959: 14958: 14953: 14947: 14945: 14944:C. carcharias 14940: 14939: 14937: 14935: 14934: 14929: 14926: 14924: 14920: 14910: 14908: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14898: 14897: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14883: 14873: 14871: 14868:Alopias sp. ( 14866: 14864: 14862: 14857: 14855: 14853: 14848: 14846: 14844: 14839: 14838: 14836: 14830: 14829: 14824: 14821: 14819: 14815: 14811: 14807: 14798: 14794: 14776: 14774: 14773:N. cepedianus 14769: 14768: 14766: 14764: 14763: 14758: 14752: 14750: 14745: 14743: 14741: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14731: 14730: 14725: 14719: 14717: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14707: 14706: 14701: 14698: 14692: 14688: 14678: 14676: 14671: 14669: 14667: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14657: 14656: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14642: 14638: 14634: 14628: 14624: 14606: 14604: 14599: 14597: 14595: 14594:H. ramalheira 14590: 14588: 14586: 14581: 14579: 14577: 14572: 14570: 14568: 14563: 14561: 14559: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14545: 14543: 14541: 14536: 14534: 14532: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14513: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14490: 14486: 14468: 14466: 14461: 14459: 14457: 14452: 14451: 14449: 14447: 14446: 14441: 14438: 14436: 14432: 14428: 14424: 14415: 14411: 14397: 14395: 14390: 14388: 14386: 14381: 14379: 14377: 14372: 14370: 14368: 14363: 14361: 14359: 14354: 14352: 14350: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14336: 14334: 14332: 14327: 14325: 14323: 14318: 14316: 14314: 14309: 14307: 14305: 14300: 14298: 14296: 14291: 14289: 14287: 14282: 14280: 14278: 14273: 14271: 14269: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14259: 14258: 14253: 14247: 14245: 14240: 14238: 14236: 14231: 14229: 14227: 14222: 14220: 14218: 14213: 14211: 14209: 14204: 14203: 14201: 14199: 14198: 14193: 14187: 14185: 14180: 14178: 14176: 14171: 14170: 14168: 14166: 14165: 14160: 14154: 14152: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14142: 14141: 14136: 14130: 14128: 14123: 14121: 14119: 14114: 14112: 14110: 14105: 14103: 14101: 14096: 14094: 14092: 14091:P. macmillani 14087: 14085: 14083: 14078: 14076: 14074: 14069: 14067: 14065: 14060: 14058: 14056: 14051: 14049: 14047: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14036: 14031: 14025: 14023: 14018: 14016: 14014: 14009: 14007: 14005: 14002:Crying izak ( 14000: 13998: 13997: 13993: 13991: 13990: 13986: 13985: 13983: 13981: 13980: 13975: 13969: 13967: 13962: 13960: 13958: 13953: 13951: 13949: 13944: 13942: 13940: 13935: 13934: 13932: 13930: 13929: 13924: 13918: 13916: 13911: 13909: 13907: 13906:H. natalensis 13902: 13900: 13898: 13893: 13891: 13889: 13884: 13882: 13880: 13875: 13873: 13871: 13866: 13864: 13862: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13848: 13846: 13844: 13839: 13837: 13835: 13830: 13828: 13826: 13821: 13819: 13817: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13807: 13806: 13801: 13795: 13793: 13788: 13786: 13784: 13779: 13777: 13775: 13770: 13768: 13767: 13763: 13761: 13759: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13745: 13743: 13741: 13736: 13734: 13732: 13727: 13725: 13723: 13722:G. mincaronei 13718: 13716: 13714: 13713:G. melastomus 13709: 13707: 13705: 13700: 13698: 13696: 13691: 13689: 13687: 13682: 13680: 13678: 13673: 13671: 13669: 13668:G. atlanticus 13664: 13662: 13660: 13655: 13653: 13651: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13641: 13640: 13635: 13629: 13627: 13622: 13620: 13618: 13613: 13612: 13610: 13608: 13607: 13602: 13596: 13594: 13589: 13588: 13586: 13584: 13583: 13578: 13572: 13570: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13560:C. ventriosum 13556: 13554: 13552: 13551:C. variegatum 13547: 13545: 13543: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13529: 13527: 13525: 13520: 13518: 13516: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13502: 13500: 13498: 13493: 13491: 13489: 13484: 13482: 13480: 13479:C. pardelotum 13475: 13473: 13471: 13466: 13464: 13462: 13457: 13455: 13453: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13443:C. hicosellum 13439: 13437: 13435: 13434:C. formosanum 13430: 13428: 13426: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13412: 13410: 13408: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13398:C. albipinnum 13394: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13388: 13383: 13377: 13375: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13361: 13360: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13350: 13344: 13342: 13341:A. marmoratus 13337: 13335: 13333: 13328: 13326: 13324: 13319: 13317: 13316: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13307: 13306: 13305:Atelomycterus 13301: 13295: 13293: 13288: 13286: 13284: 13279: 13277: 13276: 13272: 13270: 13269: 13265: 13263: 13261: 13256: 13254: 13252: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13240: 13238: 13236: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13226: 13225: 13220: 13214: 13212: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13202:A. spongiceps 13198: 13196: 13194: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13180: 13178: 13176: 13171: 13169: 13167: 13162: 13160: 13158: 13153: 13151: 13149: 13144: 13142: 13141: 13137: 13135: 13133: 13128: 13126: 13124: 13119: 13117: 13115: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13101: 13099: 13097: 13092: 13090: 13088: 13083: 13081: 13079: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13065: 13063: 13061: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13047: 13045: 13043: 13038: 13036: 13034: 13029: 13027: 13025: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13016:A. internatus 13013: 13011: 13009: 13004: 13002: 13000: 12995: 12993: 12991: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12970: 12968: 12966: 12961: 12959: 12957: 12952: 12950: 12948: 12947:A. atlanticus 12943: 12941: 12940: 12936: 12934: 12933: 12929: 12927: 12925: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12915: 12914: 12909: 12905: 12900: 12890: 12886: 12872: 12870: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12860: 12859: 12854: 12848: 12846: 12845:S. laticaudus 12841: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12835: 12830: 12824: 12822: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12808: 12806: 12804: 12799: 12797: 12795: 12790: 12788: 12786: 12781: 12779: 12777: 12772: 12770: 12768: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12757: 12752: 12746: 12744: 12739: 12738: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12728: 12722: 12720: 12717:Lemon shark ( 12715: 12713: 12711: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12700: 12695: 12689: 12687: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12677: 12676: 12671: 12665: 12663: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12652: 12647: 12641: 12639: 12638:L. temminckii 12634: 12633: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12617: 12615: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12605: 12604: 12599: 12593: 12591: 12590:Glyphis sp. B 12586: 12584: 12582: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12568: 12566: 12564: 12559: 12557: 12555: 12554:G. gangeticus 12550: 12549: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12535: 12529: 12527: 12524:Tiger shark ( 12522: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12516: 12511: 12505: 12503: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12482:Night shark ( 12480: 12478: 12476: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12462: 12460: 12458: 12453: 12451: 12449: 12444: 12442: 12440: 12437:Dusky shark ( 12435: 12433: 12431: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12412:C. longimanus 12408: 12406: 12404: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12363: 12361: 12359: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12345: 12343: 12341: 12338:Silky shark ( 12336: 12334: 12332: 12331:C. dussumieri 12327: 12325: 12323: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12313:C. brevipinna 12309: 12307: 12305: 12304:C. brachyurus 12300: 12298: 12296: 12295:C. borneensis 12291: 12289: 12287: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12264: 12262: 12260: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12246: 12244: 12242: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12231: 12226: 12222: 12217: 12207: 12203: 12188: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12179: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12153: 12151: 12146: 12144: 12142: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12119: 12117: 12115: 12114:T. acutipinna 12110: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12093: 12091: 12086: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12080: 12079:Scylliogaleus 12075: 12069: 12068: 12064: 12062: 12060: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12046: 12044: 12042: 12037: 12035: 12034: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12012: 12010: 12008: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11985: 11983: 11982: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11897: 11895: 11893: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11863:Gummy shark ( 11861: 11859: 11858: 11857:M. albipinnis 11854: 11853: 11851: 11845: 11844: 11839: 11833: 11831: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11791: 11789: 11788:H. hyugaensis 11784: 11783: 11781: 11779: 11778: 11773: 11767: 11765: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11719: 11718: 11713: 11707: 11705: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11694: 11689: 11683: 11681: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11659: 11657: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11646: 11641: 11638: 11635:(Houndsharks) 11632: 11628: 11618: 11616: 11611: 11609: 11607: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11542: 11537: 11531: 11529: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11518: 11513: 11510: 11504: 11500: 11490: 11488: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11477: 11476:Pseudotriakis 11472: 11466: 11464: 11463:G. attenuatus 11459: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11453: 11448: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11429: 11428: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11415: 11414: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11404: 11398: 11396: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11386:E. radcliffei 11382: 11380: 11378: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11356: 11354: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11343: 11338: 11335: 11329: 11328:Proscylliidae 11325: 11315: 11313: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11302: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11288: 11278: 11276: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11262: 11260: 11258: 11257:P. pectoralis 11253: 11251: 11249: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11233: 11227: 11225: 11224:H. microstoma 11220: 11218: 11216: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11200: 11194: 11192: 11191:C. macrostoma 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11176: 11170: 11168: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11157: 11152: 11149: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11106: 11102: 11100: 11096: 11094: 11090: 11088: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11077: 11074: 11069: 11061: 11056: 11054: 11049: 11047: 11042: 11041: 11038: 11026: 11025: 11016: 11014: 11013: 11004: 11003: 11000: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10952:Shark tourism 10950: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10935:Shark culling 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10919: 10918:United States 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10867: 10865: 10861: 10859: 10855: 10853: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10802: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10775:Shark anatomy 10773: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10750: 10745: 10743: 10738: 10736: 10731: 10730: 10727: 10720: 10719:Selachimorpha 10716: 10712: 10709: 10708:Selachimorpha 10704: 10700: 10699: 10690: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10676: 10672: 10668: 10664: 10661: 10657: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10632: 10631: 10620: 10614: 10610: 10605: 10601: 10595: 10591: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10564: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10541: 10536: 10535: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10510: 10505: 10504: 10497: 10496: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10439: 10432: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10402: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10312: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10231: 10216: 10212: 10206: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10162: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10129: 10125: 10118: 10103:on 2018-09-03 10102: 10098: 10094: 10087: 10072:on 2018-09-03 10071: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10031: 10024: 10008: 10004: 10003: 9998: 9991: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9947:on 2010-04-18 9943: 9936: 9930: 9916:on 2010-08-20 9915: 9911: 9905: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9874: 9866: 9862: 9856: 9841: 9837: 9833: 9826: 9811: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9794: 9775: 9771: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9721: 9705: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9676: 9660: 9656: 9652: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9624: 9621: 9615: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9579: 9564: 9560: 9554: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9535: 9521:on 2009-06-03 9520: 9516: 9510: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9479: 9468:September 19, 9463: 9459: 9455: 9448: 9446: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9399:on 2018-10-02 9398: 9394: 9387: 9376:September 19, 9371: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9345:September 19, 9340: 9336: 9329: 9313: 9309: 9308: 9303: 9297: 9286:September 18, 9282:on 2018-09-19 9281: 9277: 9273: 9267: 9265: 9263: 9247:on 2018-10-02 9246: 9242: 9236: 9221:on 2018-10-13 9220: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9175: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9144: 9142: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9111: 9100:September 18, 9096:on 2018-09-19 9095: 9091: 9087: 9080: 9078: 9066:September 18, 9062:on 2018-09-19 9061: 9057: 9053: 9047: 9045: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9013: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8910: 8906: 8902: 8895: 8879: 8875: 8871: 8864: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8833: 8817: 8813: 8806: 8790: 8786: 8779: 8765:on 2014-01-26 8764: 8760: 8753: 8745: 8738: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8697: 8693: 8692:Science Daily 8689: 8683: 8675: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8632: 8618:on 2019-01-10 8617: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8572: 8566: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8544: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8514: 8512: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8478: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8399: 8397: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8372: 8368: 8367:Marine Policy 8360: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8329: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8309: 8295: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8195:on 2012-07-16 8194: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8172: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8079: 8071: 8065: 8061: 8054: 8039:on 2018-11-28 8038: 8034: 8030: 8024: 8009:on 2018-10-25 8008: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7979:on 2018-10-25 7975: 7968: 7962: 7960: 7951: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7918: 7914: 7908: 7894:on 2006-09-01 7893: 7889: 7883: 7867: 7863: 7856: 7848: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7819: 7815: 7809: 7794: 7790: 7783: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7744: 7730: 7726: 7719: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7680:on 2013-09-06 7679: 7675: 7669: 7654: 7650: 7643: 7629:on 2009-03-03 7628: 7624: 7617: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7578:on 2009-07-24 7577: 7573: 7567: 7553:on 2007-08-18 7552: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7475:on 2011-06-05 7474: 7470: 7468: 7460: 7454: 7449: 7443: 7438: 7423: 7419: 7412: 7397: 7393: 7386: 7384: 7367: 7361: 7346: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7319:on 2019-04-27 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7260: 7256: 7250: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7200: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7182: 7177: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7158: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7119: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7081: 7077: 7074: 7069: 7061: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7035:on 2003-08-23 7034: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7006:on 2019-02-23 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6948:on 2013-08-03 6947: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6892: 6888: 6885: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6816:on 2018-09-06 6815: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6787:on 2009-08-28 6786: 6782: 6775: 6773: 6758:on 2019-02-23 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6693: 6689: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6656: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6541: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6500:on 2012-01-24 6499: 6495: 6489: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6399: 6395: 6392:(2): 129–30. 6391: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6324: 6316: 6302:on 2008-05-01 6301: 6297: 6290: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6195:on 2011-01-24 6194: 6190: 6184: 6170:on 2009-04-29 6169: 6165: 6158: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5935:: 1291–1336. 5934: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5886: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5858: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5816: 5802:on 2008-03-11 5801: 5797: 5790: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5640:(7962): 663. 5639: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5584:on 2009-04-24 5583: 5579: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5541:on 2007-08-14 5540: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5436: 5422:on 2009-05-11 5421: 5417: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5361: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5316:on 2012-08-01 5315: 5311: 5304: 5289: 5285: 5278: 5276: 5267: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5158: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5114: 5110: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5021: 5015: 5013: 4998:on 2010-05-28 4997: 4993: 4987: 4985: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4878: 4874: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4689:9781605357218 4685: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4443: 4435: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4410: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4370: 4369: 4364: 4357: 4355: 4346: 4344:9780231035514 4340: 4336: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4119: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4041:Sharks portal 4036: 4031: 4028: 4017: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3967: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3831:Massachusetts 3828: 3827:United States 3823: 3819: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3804:Seafood Watch 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792:spiny dogfish 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3733:United States 3730: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3720:IUCN Red List 3716: 3713:In 2009, the 3711: 3707: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3690:ruled that a 3689: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3671:shark control 3668: 3664: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3633:Other threats 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3604:, an area of 3603: 3602:Kwazulu-Natal 3599: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3536:Shark culling 3530:Shark culling 3527: 3525: 3519: 3516: 3511: 3509: 3506:) whose high 3505: 3501: 3500:king mackerel 3497: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3442:status symbol 3438: 3436: 3431: 3430:Shark finning 3427: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3321: 3316: 3312: 3302: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3256:Tom and Jerry 3252: 3251: 3250:Austin Powers 3246: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3229: 3228:Deep Blue Sea 3224: 3220: 3216: 3215: 3207: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3088: 3087:Flying Tigers 3084: 3081:Shark-themed 3079: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2983:, as well as 2982: 2978: 2975:film series. 2974: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:viper dogfish 2832: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2727:Shark baiting 2713: 2711: 2707: 2706:spiny dogfish 2703: 2699: 2698:spiny dogfish 2694: 2685: 2682: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2649: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2589:(such as the 2588: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2484:ovoviviparous 2478:Ovoviviparity 2475: 2473: 2472:ovoviviparity 2469: 2465: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2429:sperm storage 2426: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2353:, sharks are 2352: 2342: 2340: 2339:longest-lived 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2319:spiny dogfish 2312: 2308: 2302: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2263: 2256: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2215: 2210: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2016: 2011: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1929:hypernatremia 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1892:is generally 1891: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859:rete mirabile 1856: 1855:blood vessels 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833:(such as the 1832: 1828: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1513: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1488: 1487:conveyor belt 1483: 1475: 1472:The teeth of 1470: 1465: 1451: 1446: 1445:Shark anatomy 1433: 1432:bramble shark 1429: 1428:prickly shark 1425: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360:carpet sharks 1357: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1342:ovoviviparous 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:basking shark 1315: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:whitetip reef 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:blacktip reef 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216:ground sharks 1213: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1182:frilled shark 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:Squalomorphii 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1068: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1042: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1024: 1023: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1005: 999: 998: 995: 994: 991: 989: 985: 979: 978: 972: 971: 968: 967: 964: 962: 958: 952: 951: 945: 944: 941: 940: 937: 935: 931: 925: 924: 918: 917:Squalomorphii 915: 914: 911: 910: 902: 901: 893: 892: 884: 883: 880: 878: 874: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860: 858: 854: 848: 847: 841: 840: 837: 836: 833: 831: 827: 821: 820: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 804: 800: 794: 793: 787: 784: 783: 777: 776:Selachimorpha 774: 773: 767: 766: 763: 762: 759: 757: 753: 747: 746: 740: 737: 736: 732: 731: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 704:Carboniferous 701: 697: 693: 689: 686: 682: 679: 675: 671: 664: 661: 656: 648: 642:Fossil record 638: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 613:Caribbean Sea 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 584: 579: 574: 572: 571: 566: 565: 561: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 527: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 427: 420: 415: 411: 407: 403: 402: 397: 396: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 366:Selachimorpha 364: 360: 359:pectoral fins 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 329: 327:Pleurotremata 326: 325: 323: 320: 316: 311: 304: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 280: 279:Squalomorphii 277: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 254: 253: 250: 249: 247: 242: 237: 232: 231:Selachimorpha 229: 227:Subdivision: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 179: 176: 173: 172: 169: 166: 163: 162: 159: 156: 153: 152: 147: 142: 138: 135: 131: 126: 122: 117: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18:Selachimorpha 18948: 18921: 18909: 18809:spiny-finned 18791: 18758:Major groups 18479:Intelligence 18459:Scale eaters 18404:Cleaner fish 18286:Mouthbrooder 18238:Reproduction 18213:Schreckstoff 18198:Lateral line 18114:Swim bladder 18104:Spiral valve 18033:hyomandibula 18016:pseudobranch 17899:Hypoxia in - 17768: 17759: 17750: 17749:Angelshark ( 17741: 17733: 17725: 17716: 17707: 17698: 17689: 17680: 17673: 17664: 17655: 17654:Sand devil ( 17646: 17638:S. australis 17637: 17628: 17620:S. argentina 17619: 17610: 17601: 17592: 17580: 17526: 17518:S. rancureli 17517: 17508: 17499: 17490: 17482:S. melanurus 17481: 17472: 17464:S. japonicus 17463: 17454: 17445: 17436: 17427: 17418: 17410: 17403:S. albifrons 17402: 17394:S. acanthias 17393: 17377: 17365: 17356: 17346:Cirrhigaleus 17344: 17315: 17307:Z. ichiharai 17306: 17294: 17283:S. rostratus 17282: 17274:S. pacificus 17273: 17264: 17255: 17254:Frog shark ( 17246: 17234: 17222: 17213: 17201: 17190:S. sherwoodi 17189: 17180: 17171: 17163:S. albicauda 17162: 17150: 17138: 17129: 17119:Proscymnodon 17117: 17105: 17093: 17081: 17072: 17063: 17051: 17023:O. paradoxus 17022: 17014:O. japonicus 17013: 17004: 16995: 16986: 16974: 16945: 16933: 16921: 16911:Miroscyllium 16909: 16897: 16888: 16879: 16870: 16861: 16852: 16843: 16834: 16825: 16816: 16807: 16798: 16789: 16780: 16771: 16762: 16753: 16745:E. litvinovi 16744: 16736:E. hillianus 16735: 16726: 16717: 16708: 16699: 16691: 16683: 16674: 16665: 16656: 16648: 16640: 16631: 16622: 16613: 16597: 16585: 16576: 16567: 16559:C. kamoharai 16558: 16549: 16540: 16531: 16519: 16507: 16495: 16487:Etmopteridae 16470: 16461: 16449: 16437: 16425: 16413: 16404: 16395: 16383: 16371: 16359: 16347: 16335: 16323: 16311: 16299: 16287: 16262: 16253: 16244: 16235: 16223: 16211: 16202: 16194:C. squamosus 16193: 16184: 16175: 16166: 16157: 16148: 16139: 16130: 16121: 16111:Centrophorus 16109: 16085:Squaliformes 16054: 16045: 16036: 16027: 16018: 16010:P. japonicus 16009: 16001:P. delicatus 16000: 15991: 15979: 15967: 15955: 15902:S. fasciatum 15901: 15889: 15864: 15852: 15827: 15818: 15809: 15800: 15790:Parascyllium 15788: 15777:C. japonicum 15776: 15767: 15759:C. expolitum 15758: 15746: 15717: 15705: 15693: 15684: 15675: 15666: 15658:O. maculatus 15657: 15649:O. japonicus 15648: 15640:O. hutchinsi 15639: 15630: 15621: 15609: 15598:E. dasypogon 15597: 15585: 15577:(Wobbegongs) 15556: 15547: 15539:H. ocellatum 15538: 15530: 15522: 15514: 15506: 15496:Hemiscyllium 15494: 15483:C. punctatum 15482: 15474:C. plagiosum 15473: 15464: 15456:C. hasseltii 15455: 15446: 15437: 15429:C. burmensis 15428: 15419: 15407: 15378: 15366: 15354: 15342: 15330: 15318: 15289: 15277: 15265: 15255:Brachaelurus 15253: 15200:P. kamoharai 15199: 15187: 15162: 15153: 15141: 15129: 15120: 15108: 15083: 15071: 15046: 15034: 15009: 15000: 14988: 14976: 14967: 14955: 14943: 14931: 14906: 14894: 14886:Cetorhinidae 14869: 14860: 14851: 14843:A. pelagicus 14842: 14826: 14803:Lamniformes 14772: 14760: 14749:H. nakamurai 14748: 14739: 14727: 14715: 14705:Heptranchias 14703: 14695:(Cow sharks) 14674: 14666:C. anguineus 14665: 14653: 14602: 14593: 14584: 14575: 14567:H. omanensis 14566: 14558:H. mexicanus 14557: 14549:H. japonicus 14548: 14539: 14531:H. francisci 14530: 14529:Horn shark ( 14520:Heterodontus 14518: 14464: 14455: 14445:Echinorhinus 14443: 14393: 14384: 14375: 14367:S. stellaris 14366: 14365:Nursehound ( 14357: 14348: 14340:S. hesperius 14339: 14331:S. haeckelii 14330: 14321: 14312: 14304:S. cervigoni 14303: 14294: 14285: 14276: 14267: 14257:Scyliorhinus 14255: 14243: 14234: 14226:S. maculatus 14225: 14217:S. chilensis 14216: 14207: 14195: 14183: 14175:P. africanum 14174: 14162: 14150: 14138: 14126: 14117: 14108: 14099: 14090: 14081: 14072: 14063: 14055:P. albipenis 14054: 14045: 14033: 14021: 14013:H. punctatus 14012: 14003: 13995: 13988: 13977: 13965: 13956: 13947: 13939:H. edwardsii 13938: 13926: 13914: 13905: 13896: 13887: 13878: 13869: 13860: 13851: 13843:H. canescens 13842: 13833: 13825:H. boesemani 13824: 13815: 13803: 13792:G. springeri 13791: 13782: 13773: 13765: 13757: 13749:G. piperatus 13748: 13739: 13730: 13721: 13712: 13703: 13694: 13685: 13676: 13667: 13658: 13649: 13637: 13625: 13617:F. boardmani 13616: 13604: 13592: 13580: 13568: 13559: 13558:Swellshark ( 13550: 13542:C. umbratile 13541: 13532: 13523: 13514: 13506:C. signourum 13505: 13496: 13487: 13478: 13470:C. maculatum 13469: 13460: 13452:C. isabellum 13451: 13442: 13433: 13425:C. fasciatum 13424: 13415: 13406: 13397: 13385: 13373: 13365:A. kanakorum 13364: 13352: 13340: 13331: 13323:A. fasciatus 13322: 13315:A. baliensis 13314: 13303: 13291: 13282: 13274: 13267: 13259: 13250: 13242: 13234: 13222: 13210: 13201: 13192: 13183: 13174: 13165: 13156: 13147: 13139: 13131: 13122: 13113: 13104: 13095: 13086: 13077: 13068: 13059: 13050: 13041: 13033:A. japonicus 13032: 13023: 13015: 13007: 12999:A. herklotsi 12998: 12989: 12981: 12974:A. exsanguis 12973: 12964: 12955: 12946: 12938: 12931: 12923: 12911: 12868: 12856: 12844: 12832: 12820: 12811: 12802: 12794:R. oligolinx 12793: 12784: 12775: 12766: 12765:Milk shark ( 12754: 12742: 12741:Blue shark ( 12730: 12718: 12710:N. acutidens 12709: 12697: 12685: 12673: 12661: 12649: 12637: 12625: 12613: 12603:Isogomphodon 12601: 12589: 12581:G. siamensis 12580: 12571: 12562: 12553: 12537: 12525: 12513: 12501: 12492: 12483: 12474: 12465: 12456: 12447: 12438: 12429: 12420: 12411: 12402: 12393: 12392:Bull shark ( 12384: 12375: 12366: 12357: 12348: 12339: 12330: 12321: 12312: 12303: 12294: 12285: 12276: 12267: 12258: 12249: 12241:C. acronotus 12240: 12230:Carcharhinus 12228: 12149: 12140: 12131: 12122: 12113: 12101: 12090:S. quecketti 12089: 12077: 12066: 12058: 12049: 12040: 12032: 12024: 12015: 12006: 11997: 11988: 11981:M. minicanis 11980: 11972: 11963: 11955:M. lunulatus 11954: 11945: 11936: 11927: 11918: 11910:M. fasciatus 11909: 11900: 11891: 11882: 11873: 11864: 11856: 11841: 11829: 11821:I. omanensis 11820: 11811: 11799: 11787: 11775: 11763: 11754: 11745: 11736: 11727: 11715: 11704:G. filewoodi 11703: 11691: 11679: 11667: 11655: 11643: 11614: 11605: 11596: 11595:Bonnethead ( 11587: 11578: 11569: 11560: 11551: 11539: 11527: 11515: 11486: 11474: 11462: 11450: 11426: 11418: 11406: 11394: 11385: 11376: 11364: 11353:C. fehlmanni 11352: 11340: 11311: 11301:Leptocharias 11299: 11274: 11265: 11256: 11247: 11235: 11223: 11214: 11202: 11190: 11180:Chaenogaleus 11178: 11166: 11154: 11142:Hemigaleidae 11110: 11109:Subdivision 11067: 11022: 11010: 10908:South Africa 10893:Shark attack 10841:Squaliformes 10755: 10721:at Wikibooks 10688: 10670: 10652:The Guardian 10650: 10639: 10608: 10589: 10562: 10533: 10502: 10447: 10441: 10431: 10419:. Retrieved 10411: 10401: 10389:. Retrieved 10383: 10373: 10348:10871/124531 10322: 10318: 10311: 10299:. Retrieved 10271:10754/664495 10245: 10241: 10230: 10218:. Retrieved 10214: 10205: 10172: 10168: 10161: 10149:. Retrieved 10145: 10136: 10127: 10117: 10107:September 3, 10105:. Retrieved 10101:the original 10096: 10086: 10076:September 3, 10074:. Retrieved 10070:the original 10065: 10056: 10044:. Retrieved 10033: 10023: 10011:. Retrieved 10007:the original 10000: 9990: 9978:. Retrieved 9974:the original 9969: 9960: 9949:. Retrieved 9942:the original 9929: 9918:. Retrieved 9914:the original 9904: 9892:. Retrieved 9883: 9873: 9865:the original 9855: 9844:. Retrieved 9835: 9825: 9814:. Retrieved 9805:The Guardian 9803: 9793: 9781:. Retrieved 9774:the original 9759: 9746: 9736:25 September 9734:. Retrieved 9720: 9710:25 September 9708:. Retrieved 9694: 9675: 9663:. Retrieved 9648: 9639: 9618: 9614: 9602:. Retrieved 9587: 9578: 9567:. Retrieved 9553: 9534: 9523:. Retrieved 9519:the original 9509: 9499:December 22, 9497:. Retrieved 9488: 9478: 9466:. Retrieved 9458:Toronto Star 9457: 9432:. Retrieved 9423: 9413: 9401:. Retrieved 9397:the original 9386: 9374:. Retrieved 9365: 9355: 9343:. Retrieved 9328: 9316:. Retrieved 9305: 9296: 9284:. Retrieved 9280:the original 9275: 9272:"Shark nets" 9249:. Retrieved 9245:the original 9235: 9225:September 2, 9223:. Retrieved 9219:the original 9214: 9204: 9192:. Retrieved 9188:the original 9183: 9174: 9164:December 22, 9162:. Retrieved 9153: 9128:. Retrieved 9119: 9110: 9098:. Retrieved 9094:the original 9089: 9064:. Retrieved 9060:the original 9055: 9031:. Retrieved 9022: 9012: 9000:. Retrieved 8996: 8985: 8973:. Retrieved 8969:the original 8964: 8955: 8945:September 2, 8943:. Retrieved 8934: 8925: 8913:. Retrieved 8904: 8894: 8882:. Retrieved 8874:The Guardian 8873: 8863: 8851:. Retrieved 8843:The Guardian 8842: 8832: 8820:. Retrieved 8805: 8793:. Retrieved 8778: 8767:. Retrieved 8763:the original 8752: 8743: 8737: 8726:. Retrieved 8712: 8700:. Retrieved 8682: 8645: 8642:Marine Drugs 8641: 8631: 8620:. Retrieved 8616:the original 8611: 8602: 8589:. Retrieved 8580: 8571: 8560: 8543: 8532:. Retrieved 8528:the original 8523: 8498:. Retrieved 8494:the original 8487: 8477: 8466:. Retrieved 8462: 8453: 8445: 8413: 8409: 8370: 8366: 8359: 8348:. Retrieved 8339: 8308: 8297:. Retrieved 8288: 8263: 8252:. Retrieved 8243: 8233: 8222:. Retrieved 8218:the original 8208: 8197:. Retrieved 8193:the original 8188: 8179: 8152: 8148: 8138: 8111: 8107: 8097: 8088: 8078: 8059: 8053: 8041:. Retrieved 8037:the original 8032: 8023: 8011:. Retrieved 8007:the original 8002: 7993: 7981:. Retrieved 7974:the original 7939: 7933: 7921:. Retrieved 7917:the original 7907: 7896:. Retrieved 7892:the original 7882: 7870:. Retrieved 7855: 7846: 7822:. Retrieved 7818:the original 7808: 7796:. Retrieved 7782: 7757: 7753: 7743: 7732:. Retrieved 7728: 7718: 7707:. Retrieved 7693: 7682:. Retrieved 7678:the original 7668: 7657:. Retrieved 7653:the original 7642: 7631:. Retrieved 7627:the original 7616: 7605:. Retrieved 7591: 7580:. Retrieved 7576:the original 7566: 7555:. Retrieved 7551:the original 7537: 7502: 7498: 7488: 7477:. Retrieved 7473:the original 7466: 7459: 7453:Stevens 1987 7448: 7437: 7426:. Retrieved 7411: 7400:. Retrieved 7370:. Retrieved 7360: 7349:. Retrieved 7321:. Retrieved 7317:the original 7291:(1): 55–64. 7288: 7284: 7274: 7263:. Retrieved 7249: 7238:. Retrieved 7224: 7205: 7199: 7176: 7157: 7135:(1): 76–84. 7132: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7107:. Retrieved 7102: 7092: 7083: 7068: 7059: 7037:. Retrieved 7033:the original 7019: 7008:. Retrieved 7004:the original 6975: 6971: 6961: 6950:. Retrieved 6946:the original 6918:. Retrieved 6909: 6899: 6882: 6878: 6846:(4): 425–7. 6843: 6839: 6829: 6818:. Retrieved 6814:the original 6809: 6800: 6789:. Retrieved 6785:the original 6760:. Retrieved 6756:the original 6727: 6723: 6696:. Retrieved 6692:the original 6681: 6654: 6631:. Retrieved 6612: 6602: 6551: 6545: 6539: 6531: 6523:the original 6513: 6502:. Retrieved 6498:the original 6488: 6479: 6473: 6441:(1): 13–25. 6438: 6434: 6424: 6389: 6385: 6375: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6322: 6315: 6304:. Retrieved 6300:the original 6289: 6248: 6244: 6238: 6227:. Retrieved 6218: 6208: 6197:. Retrieved 6193:the original 6183: 6172:. Retrieved 6168:the original 6157: 6138: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6022: 6018: 5992:. Retrieved 5977: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5906:. Retrieved 5895: 5885: 5874:. Retrieved 5829: 5825: 5815: 5804:. Retrieved 5800:the original 5789: 5778:. Retrieved 5763: 5751:. Retrieved 5747:the original 5737: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5637: 5633: 5623: 5612:. Retrieved 5597: 5586:. Retrieved 5582:the original 5572: 5564:the original 5554: 5543:. Retrieved 5539:the original 5528: 5519: 5483: 5442: 5435: 5424:. Retrieved 5420:the original 5409: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5349:. Retrieved 5345:the original 5338: 5329: 5318:. Retrieved 5314:the original 5303: 5292:. Retrieved 5254: 5247: 5220: 5214: 5202:. Retrieved 5198:the original 5174:. Retrieved 5137: 5117:. Retrieved 5102: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5024:. Retrieved 5000:. Retrieved 4996:the original 4950: 4946: 4936: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4881:. Retrieved 4831: 4827: 4817: 4808: 4767: 4764:Paleobiology 4763: 4753: 4712: 4708: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4575: 4571: 4561: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4495:. Retrieved 4486: 4477: 4466:. Retrieved 4456:Jones, Tom. 4451: 4442: 4417: 4409: 4398:. Retrieved 4384: 4372:. Retrieved 4366: 4334: 4328: 4299: 4291: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4107:. Retrieved 4104:www.gbif.org 4103: 4094: 4060:Osteichthyes 4000: 3991:. Sharks in 3970: 3968: 3957: 3953:DNA analysis 3942: 3910:Cook Islands 3895: 3863:Rhode Island 3824: 3820: 3808: 3776:school shark 3773: 3726: 3718: 3712: 3708: 3695: 3686:. In 2008 a 3681: 3675: 3663:South Africa 3660: 3647:Conservation 3638: 3636: 3621: 3614: 3606:South Africa 3600: 3588:tiger sharks 3577: 3554: 3546:tiger sharks 3539: 3520: 3512: 3481:smoothhounds 3470: 3439: 3423: 3371: 3367: 3353:Kāne'ohe Bay 3276: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3244:Finding Nemo 3242: 3232: 3226: 3212: 3209: 3184: 3176: 3158: 3138: 3125: 3097: 3056: 3028: 3004:In captivity 2998: 2995: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2945: 2939:In 2006 the 2938: 2922:South Africa 2908:Shark attack 2879: 2870:ocean basins 2863: 2855: 2828: 2808:Angel sharks 2805: 2794: 2790:great whales 2754:whale sharks 2743: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2680: 2677:Intelligence 2671:homeothermic 2667:warm-blooded 2655: 2643: 2639:silky sharks 2620: 2616:ocean basins 2608: 2599:smoothhounds 2583: 2555: 2541: 2500: 2481: 2461: 2441: 2418: 2395: 2372: 2363:lemon sharks 2349:Unlike most 2348: 2345:Reproduction 2334: 2326: 2323:Whale sharks 2316: 2273:Life history 2258: 2255:Lateral line 2249:Lateral line 2220: 2189:lateral line 2177: 2147:stereoscopic 2129: 2118:teleost fish 2075: 2069: 2046:nurse sharks 2039: 2036: 2020: 1984:, where the 1971: 1968:Fluorescence 1957:spiral valve 1954: 1950: 1922: 1883: 1871: 1843:homeothermic 1820: 1799:dorsal aorta 1791:Gas exchange 1772:venous blood 1761: 1752: 1733: 1721: 1709:dynamic lift 1702: 1673: 1671:caudal fin. 1649:heterocercal 1639: 1617:hydrodynamic 1613: 1583: 1570: 1555: 1519: 1495: 1479: 1474:tiger sharks 1410:angel sharks 1392:Squaliformes 1368:nurse sharks 1364:zebra sharks 1362:, including 1349: 1314:goblin shark 1202: 1186:Squaliformes 1146:Galeomorphii 1143: 1139:polyphyletic 1106: 1093: 1004:Squaliformes 1002: 982: 955: 928: 871: 851: 824: 797: 786:Galeomorphii 775: 750: 687: 681: 674:acanthodians 667: 620: 608: 605:John Hawkins 600: 578:Yucatec Maya 575: 568: 562: 546: 544: 533: 513: 478: 462:Ganges shark 458:river sharks 449: 441: 435: 424: 399: 395:Cladoselache 393: 374:sister group 369: 365: 343:elasmobranch 338: 337: 294:Squaliformes 252:Galeomorphii 230: 214: 204:Infraclass: 133: 36: 19106:Ichthyology 18973:Wikispecies 18923:WikiProject 18882:Prehistoric 18866:Threatened 18557:Other types 18454:Sardine run 18429:Forage fish 18409:Corallivory 18261:Development 18246:Bubble nest 18119:physoclisti 18109:Suckermouth 18082:Root effect 17904:Ichthyology 17751:S. squatina 17734:S. punctata 17717:S. nebulosa 17708:S. mexicana 17690:S. japonica 17602:S. africana 17593:S. aculeata 17572:Squatinidae 17527:S. suckleyi 17473:S. megalops 17446:S. cubensis 17366:C. barbifer 17214:S. obscurus 17181:S. oligodon 17172:S. garricki 17139:P. plunketi 17039:Somniosidae 17005:O. centrina 16889:E. villosus 16880:E. unicolor 16844:E. sentosus 16835:E. schultzi 16808:E. pusillus 16790:E. princeps 16684:E. dianthus 16649:E. burgessi 16623:E. bigelowi 16541:C. fabricii 16532:C. excelsum 16414:I. plutodus 16405:I. labialis 16337:Mollisquama 16185:C. niaukang 15992:P. cirratus 15934:(Sawsharks) 15622:O. floridus 15611:Orectolobus 15548:H. strahani 15420:C. arabicum 15331:G. cirratum 15163:O. noronhai 15073:Mitsukurina 15047:M. pelagios 15008:Porbeagle ( 15001:L. ditropis 14933:Carcharodon 14861:A. vulpinus 14762:Notorynchus 14691:Hexanchidae 14675:C. africana 14540:H. galeatus 14385:S. torazame 14295:S. capensis 14286:S. canicula 14268:S. besnardi 14118:P. xaniurus 13996:H. grennian 13897:H. lutarius 13888:H. lineatus 13870:H. hispidus 13834:H. buergeri 13816:H. alcockii 13783:G. schultzi 13695:G. gracilis 13686:G. eastmani 13677:G. cadenati 13626:F. striatus 13593:C. cephalus 13533:C. sufflans 13461:C. laticeps 13374:A. labiosus 13332:A. macleayi 13292:A. vincenti 13260:A. pallidus 13251:A. occiduus 13243:A. funebris 13211:A. stenseni 13193:A. sinensis 13175:A. saldanha 12990:A. gibbosus 12982:A. fedorovi 12956:A. brunneus 12939:A. aphyodes 12932:A. albisoma 12924:A. acanutus 12898:(Catsharks) 12785:R. longurio 12776:R. lalandii 12563:G. garricki 12502:C. tilstoni 12484:C. signatus 12457:C. plumbeus 12439:C. obscurus 12403:C. limbatus 12367:C. hemiodon 12141:T. scyllium 12123:T. maculata 12059:M. whitneyi 12041:M. schmitti 12016:M. palumbes 11998:M. mustelus 11901:M. dorsalis 11874:M. asterias 11812:I. garricki 11746:H. japanica 11717:Hemitriakis 11669:Galeorhinus 11588:S. mokarran 11577:Scoophead ( 11487:P. microdon 11427:P. venustum 11419:P. habereri 11408:Proscyllium 11377:E. barbouri 11266:P. randalli 11167:H. elongata 11156:Hemipristis 11024:WikiProject 10886:interaction 10780:Shark tooth 9434:October 25, 9403:October 25, 9318:October 25, 9251:October 25, 9194:31 December 9154:News.com.au 9130:October 25, 9033:31 December 9002:31 December 8975:31 December 8915:2 September 8884:31 December 8853:31 December 8822:31 December 8373:: 194–204. 8043:October 25, 8013:October 25, 7983:October 25, 7729:www.bbc.com 7372:16 December 5832:: 162–175. 5753:31 December 4834:(6): 1–12. 4374:January 31, 4027:Fish portal 3977:overfishing 3800:Shark Trust 3796:supermarket 3788:tiger shark 3761:hammerheads 3540:In 2014, a 3349:tiger shark 3291:statistical 3127:Kamohoali'i 3063:nurse shark 3020:whale shark 2960:bull sharks 2948:great white 2886:river shark 2839:great white 2820:crustaceans 2778:gill rakers 2774:luminescent 2766:ram feeding 2746:carnivorous 2702:spinal cord 2595:blue sharks 2515:whale shark 2305:The spiral 2082:vertebrates 1986:fluorophore 1978:swell shark 1974:fluorescent 1857:called the 1768:circulatory 1764:respiratory 1744:respiration 1730:Respiration 1717:nurse shark 1625:Tiger shark 1621:Zebra shark 1605:lemon shark 1502:crustaceans 1464:Shark tooth 1400:roughsharks 1376:whale shark 1306:Lamniformes 1286:horn sharks 1260:houndsharks 1162:Lamniformes 873:Lamniformes 670:total-group 668:The oldest 663:shark teeth 524:overfishing 501:mako sharks 493:tiger shark 446:whale shark 272:Lamniformes 221:Neoselachii 19075:Categories 18538:Groundfish 18533:Freshwater 18528:Euryhaline 18513:Coral reef 18449:Salmon run 18439:Paedophagy 18341:Amphibious 18328:Locomotion 18136:pharyngeal 18124:physostome 18077:Photophore 18023:Glossohyal 17996:gill raker 17979:dorsal fin 17929:physiology 17726:S. oculata 17699:S. legnota 17665:S. formosa 17656:S. dumeril 17509:S. nasutus 17455:S. grahami 17384:(Spurdogs) 17256:S. longus 17223:S. ringens 17082:C. owstoni 16962:Oxynotidae 16946:T. kabeyai 16922:M. sheikoi 16826:E. robinsi 16763:E. molleri 16754:E. lucifer 16657:E. carteri 16641:E. bullisi 16614:E. baxteri 16599:Etmopterus 16586:C. ritteri 16577:C. ornatum 16451:Squaliolus 16324:H. marleyi 16279:Dalatiidae 15968:P. warreni 15891:Stegostoma 15801:P. collare 15707:Sutorectus 15667:O. ornatus 15465:C. indicum 15447:C. griseum 15143:Odontaspis 15110:Carcharias 15084:M. owstoni 15036:Megachasma 14907:C. maximus 14896:Cetorhinus 14740:H. griseus 14376:S. tokubee 14358:S. retifer 14322:S. garmani 14140:Pentanchus 14109:P. pilosus 14082:P. lanatus 14035:Parmaturus 13861:H. dawsoni 13805:Halaelurus 13774:G. sauteri 13766:G. priapus 13731:G. murinus 13582:Cephalurus 13524:C. speccum 13184:A. sibogae 13140:A. pinguis 13123:A. nasutus 13105:A. microps 13008:A. indicus 12965:A. canutus 12913:Apristurus 12858:Triaenodon 12812:R. taylori 12803:R. porosus 12572:G. glyphis 12515:Galeocerdo 12466:C. porosus 12448:C. perezii 12421:C. macloti 12385:C. leiodon 12259:C. altimus 12067:M. widodoi 12033:M. ravidus 12007:M. norrisi 11937:M. higmani 11919:M. griseus 11777:Hypogaleus 11737:H. falcata 11615:S. zygaena 11561:S. couardi 11528:E. blochii 11503:Sphyrnidae 11395:E. sinuans 11312:L. smithii 11237:Paragaleus 11204:Hemigaleus 11093:Vertebrata 11091:Subphylum 10940:Drum lines 10864:Symmoriida 10421:29 January 10391:29 January 9951:2009-08-29 9920:2010-09-23 9846:2017-02-23 9816:2009-07-16 9808:. London. 9569:2012-06-15 9525:2009-08-29 8795:24 January 8769:2014-01-24 8728:2007-09-06 8622:2019-01-10 8534:2012-12-02 8500:30 January 8468:2023-07-27 8416:: e00590. 8350:2010-05-23 8299:2008-06-23 8254:2009-08-29 8224:2008-06-23 8199:2006-09-08 7923:August 14, 7898:2006-09-13 7872:August 13, 7824:2006-09-13 7734:2024-06-04 7709:2024-05-09 7684:2013-09-07 7659:2009-08-29 7633:2009-08-29 7607:2014-01-17 7582:2006-09-12 7557:2007-08-28 7479:2006-09-08 7428:2009-08-29 7402:2009-08-22 7351:2006-08-07 7323:2019-09-05 7265:2006-08-07 7240:2006-08-07 7109:2006-09-17 7039:2006-09-12 7010:2018-11-24 6952:2009-09-03 6920:2007-11-13 6820:2018-09-09 6791:2009-08-22 6762:2018-11-24 6577:2022/26597 6504:2012-08-27 6306:2008-06-01 6229:2011-01-19 6199:2011-02-03 6174:2009-08-22 5994:2009-08-21 5876:2009-08-22 5806:2008-03-16 5780:2008-03-16 5614:2009-08-21 5588:2009-09-03 5545:2007-08-28 5426:2009-08-29 5351:2021-11-25 5320:2007-08-28 5294:2009-08-29 5204:August 14, 5176:2009-08-21 5119:2007-08-28 5052:(1): 162. 5026:2022-01-29 5002:2009-09-14 4883:2009-09-14 4497:2014-02-02 4468:2009-07-11 4400:2013-09-07 4202:. 521693. 4109:2024-08-22 4082:References 4075:Shark meat 4007:extinction 3945:shark fins 3930:Micronesia 3867:Washington 3843:California 3640:Sharkwater 3561:drum lines 3557:Queensland 3550:drum lines 3450:neurotoxin 3411:Icelanders 3407:Tamil Nadu 3387:deep-fried 3351:caught in 3297:and treat 3259:cartoons, 3073:In culture 3059:pet stores 3035:hornsharks 2882:bull shark 2858:bonnethead 2824:molariform 2812:wobbegongs 2580:Viviparity 2574:swellshark 2562:horn shark 2497:Lamniforme 2468:viviparity 2448:blue shark 2433:vertebrate 2355:K-selected 2262:hair cells 2163:colorblind 1990:metabolite 1941:salt gland 1914:bull shark 1886:coelacanth 1757:asphyxiate 1694:Physiology 1669:homocercal 1665:locomotion 1645:Caudal fin 1629:camouflage 1374:, and the 1372:wobbegongs 1296:cow sharks 688:sensu lato 660:Cretaceous 635:See also: 588:pronounced 570:loan shark 564:card shark 538:," or the 516:shark meat 489:bull shark 485:food chain 454:bull shark 351:gill slits 208:Euselachii 194:Subclass: 19111:Predators 18787:chimaeras 18674:Predatory 18651:Salmonids 18609:Whitefish 18599:Poisonous 18574:Diversity 18508:Coldwater 18444:Predatory 18434:Migratory 18394:Bait ball 18377:behaviour 18296:Pregnancy 18291:Polyandry 18065:papillare 18060:Operculum 18055:Meristics 18001:gill slit 17964:Cleithrum 17894:Fish kill 17884:Fear of - 17877:- as food 17867:Fisheries 17852:Evolution 17842:Diversity 17629:S. armata 17332:Squalidae 17236:Somniosus 17203:Scymnodon 16898:E. virens 16853:E. spinax 16772:E. perryi 16700:E. evansi 16568:C. nigrum 16348:M. parini 16236:D. calcea 16158:C. isodon 15957:Pliotrema 15854:Rhincodon 15531:H. henryi 15121:C. taurus 14977:I. paucus 14818:Alopiidae 14729:Hexanchus 14465:E. cookei 14456:E. brucus 14394:S. torrei 14244:S. tenuis 14208:S. bivius 14164:Poroderma 14022:H. regani 13966:H. pictus 13948:H. fuscus 13915:H. quagga 13852:H. clevai 13569:C. zebrum 13515:C. silasi 13488:C. pictum 13268:A. parvus 13235:A. analis 13224:Asymbolus 13166:A. riveri 13042:A. kampae 12869:T. obesus 12834:Scoliodon 12767:R. acutus 12743:P. glauca 12699:Negaprion 12675:Nasolamia 12627:Lamiopsis 12526:G. cuvier 12493:C. sorrah 12475:C. sealei 12394:C. leucas 12376:C. isodon 12322:C. cautus 11964:M. manazo 11928:M. henlei 11830:Iago Sp.A 11728:H. abdita 11680:G. galeus 11645:Furgaleus 11631:Triakidae 11597:S. tiburo 11570:S. lewini 11552:S. corona 11366:Eridacnis 11103:Subclass 10945:Shark net 10898:Australia 10640:The Verge 10523:183037060 10482:237443284 10365:231723355 10301:17 August 10296:220696105 10280:1476-4687 10220:17 August 10197:218775112 10046:August 9, 10013:August 9, 9665:March 27, 9604:March 27, 8702:August 9, 6978:: 11–27. 6730:: 11–27. 6673:156157504 6633:11 August 6594:206647043 6482:(1st ed). 6457:1749-4877 6104:0027-8424 6039:1863-2661 5897:The Verge 5670:258639015 5502:183136093 5076:1471-2148 4792:0094-8373 4737:0272-4634 4665:229399689 4657:0305-8719 4592:0962-8452 4553:252570103 4255:Evolution 4218:1664-8021 4151:2167-8359 4135:: e1850. 4087:Citations 3964:ecosystem 3765:porbeagle 3661:In 1991, 3496:swordfish 3485:catsharks 3477:dogfishes 3379:Australia 3287:anecdotal 3283:parasites 3262:Jabberjaw 3094:In Hawaii 3043:catsharks 2989:director 2918:Salt Rock 2847:sawsharks 2700:that its 2637:dominate 2627:seamounts 2544:oviparous 2538:Oviparity 2464:oviparity 2401:catsharks 2359:Fecundity 2351:bony fish 2295:Shark egg 2197:tetrapods 2185:inner ear 2143:monocular 2110:nocturnal 2064:Eye of a 2023:olfactory 1947:Digestion 1811:ventricle 1542:cartilage 1522:bony fish 1414:stingrays 1386:sawsharks 1346:megalodon 1264:catsharks 1232:grey reef 1178:cow shark 1135:Chimaeras 720:hybodonts 692:chimaeras 540:porbeagle 530:Etymology 470:parasites 390:hybodonts 164:Kingdom: 158:Eukaryota 18993:46559672 18958:Wikidata 18911:Category 18862:Smallest 18775:lampreys 18738:flatfish 18728:Demersal 18684:mackerel 18679:billfish 18619:Commerce 18548:Tropical 18523:Demersal 18518:Deep-sea 18474:Venomous 18366:RoboTuna 18316:triggers 18311:Spawning 18271:Juvenile 18256:Egg case 17889:FishBase 17582:Squatina 17357:C. asper 16976:Oxynotus 16781:E. polli 16709:E. fusus 16508:A. nigra 16497:Aculeola 16462:S. aliae 16385:Isistius 16372:D. licha 16361:Dalatias 16212:C. uyato 15865:R. typus 15694:O. wardi 15631:O. halei 15515:H. galei 15266:B. waddi 15154:O. ferox 15010:L. nasus 14923:Lamnidae 14716:H. perlo 14603:H. zebra 14585:H. quoyi 14349:S. meadi 14064:P. bigus 13989:H. favus 13758:G. polli 13416:C. cooki 13087:A. manis 12732:Prionace 12686:N. velox 11989:M. mosis 11973:M. mento 11892:M. canis 11843:Mustelus 11656:F. macki 11606:S. tudes 11579:S. media 11517:Eusphyra 11342:Ctenacis 11275:P. tengi 11111:Selachii 11087:Chordata 11081:Animalia 11079:Kingdom 11012:Category 10804:Taxonomy 10663:Archived 10660:"Sharks" 10581:54822028 10554:15163749 10474:34492229 10412:ABC News 10385:BBC News 10357:33505035 10288:32699418 10215:phys.org 10146:phys.org 10040:Archived 9888:Archived 9884:BBC News 9840:Archived 9810:Archived 9783:April 3, 9730:Archived 9704:Archived 9684:Archived 9659:Archived 9634:, 2008). 9632:9th Cir. 9623:Archived 9598:Archived 9563:Archived 9542:Archived 9493:Archived 9462:Archived 9428:Archived 9370:Archived 9366:NBC News 9339:Archived 9312:Archived 9215:Buzzfeed 9158:Archived 9124:Archived 9027:Archived 8939:Archived 8909:Archived 8878:Archived 8847:Archived 8816:Archived 8789:Archived 8722:Archived 8696:Archived 8674:22412816 8591:June 20, 8585:Archived 8550:Archived 8463:Sky News 8442:24448405 8344:Archived 8317:Archived 8248:Archived 8171:15574750 8130:16264172 7866:Archived 7703:Archived 7601:Archived 7529:16777734 7422:Archived 7396:Archived 7345:Archived 7305:22933179 7259:Archived 7234:Archived 7184:Archived 7166:Archived 7105:. London 7076:Archived 7000:90834034 6914:Archived 6887:Archived 6870:17519185 6752:90834034 6698:June 20, 6627:Archived 6586:27516602 6465:21392273 6416:16849172 6281:30148811 6273:21212930 6223:Archived 6219:BBC News 6146:Archived 6122:20616012 6047:24435575 5988:Archived 5969:31402257 5929:iScience 5902:Archived 5870:Archived 5848:28066051 5774:Archived 5729:38498079 5662:37169849 5608:Archived 5462:28965588 5401:33569175 5288:Archived 5239:39217534 5170:Archived 5113:Archived 5094:26277575 4967:28927318 4928:16018112 4920:24293104 4877:Archived 4848:28927318 4800:86232401 4745:84162775 4610:31575362 4545:36171377 4491:Archived 4462:Archived 4394:Archived 4320:39627633 4283:59224442 4275:30675721 4236:34054911 4169:27350896 4013:See also 3922:Maldives 3889:and the 3871:New York 3847:Illinois 3839:Delaware 3835:Maryland 3696:purchase 3692:loophole 3590:and 577 3565:dolphins 3548:) using 3504:tilefish 3413:ferment 3247:and the 3234:The Reef 3149:Dakuwaqa 3104:Hawaiian 3083:nose art 2884:and the 2762:plankton 2740:, Mexico 2605:Behavior 2566:catshark 2548:egg case 2458:Brooding 2383:claspers 2307:egg case 2265:50 2134:electro- 1980:and the 1894:isotonic 1837:and the 1831:Lamnidae 1795:efferent 1784:afferent 1740:spiracle 1705:squalene 1699:Buoyancy 1684:mackerel 1566:tesserae 1516:Skeleton 1510:serrated 1498:mollusks 1330:shortfin 1282:bullhead 1198:Batoidea 1196:and the 1113:subclass 752:Batoidea 726:Taxonomy 708:Triassic 696:Devonian 678:Silurian 456:and the 406:Devonian 401:Doliodus 378:Batoidea 370:Selachii 330:Selachii 319:Synonyms 178:Chordata 174:Phylum: 168:Animalia 154:Domain: 18857:Largest 18770:hagfish 18765:Jawless 18743:pollock 18716:sardine 18711:herring 18706:anchovy 18656:Tilapia 18646:Octopus 18641:Catfish 18628:Farming 18543:Pelagic 18503:Coastal 18490:habitat 18346:Walking 18251:Clasper 18203:Otolith 18165:systems 18163:Sensory 18097:ganoine 18072:Papilla 17923:Anatomy 17862:Fishing 17379:Squalus 16122:C. acus 15344:Nebrius 14828:Alopias 13659:G. arae 12894:Family 12651:Loxodon 12539:Glyphis 12211:Family 12103:Triakis 11693:Gogolia 11541:Sphyrna 11085:Phylum 11070:species 11066:Extant 10961:Related 10903:Réunion 10452:Bibcode 10327:Bibcode 10250:Bibcode 10177:Bibcode 9980:27 July 9894:27 July 8814:. 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