363:
329:
407:
313:
418:
448:
38:
290:
1892:
689:
correct the orbit, most satellites released into low lunar orbits (under about 60 miles or 100 km) will eventually crash into the Moon. ... a number of 'frozen orbits' where a spacecraft can stay in a low lunar orbit indefinitely. They occur at four inclinations: 27°, 50°, 76°, and 86° — the last one being nearly over the lunar poles. The orbit of the relatively long-lived
179:) beneath the lunar surface caused by large impacting bodies at some remote time in the past. These anomalies are large enough to cause a lunar orbit to change significantly over the course of several days. They can cause a plumb bob to hang about a third of a degree off vertical, pointing toward the mascon, and increase the force of gravity by one-half percent. The
552:(LM) landed. The combined CSM/LM would first enter an elliptical orbit, nominally 170 nautical miles (310 km; 200 mi) by 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi), which was then changed to a circular parking orbit of about 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi). Orbital periods vary according to the sum of
527:
of 102.1 nautical miles (189.1 km; 117.5 mi). Then the orbit was circularized at around 170 nautical miles (310 km; 200 mi) to obtain suitable imagery. Five such spacecraft were launched over a period of thirteen months, all of which successfully mapped the Moon, primarily for the
183:
first manned landing mission employed the first attempt to correct for the perturbation effect (the frozen orbits were not known at that time). The parking orbit was "circularized" at 66 nautical miles (122 km; 76 mi) by 54 nautical miles (100 km; 62 mi), which was expected to
688:
Lunar mascons make most low lunar orbits unstable ... As a satellite passes 50 or 60 miles overhead, the mascons pull it forward, back, left, right, or down, the exact direction and magnitude of the tugging depends on the satellite's trajectory. Absent any periodic boosts from onboard rockets to
188:
with the CSM. But the effect was overestimated by a factor of two; at rendezvous, the orbit was calculated to be 63.2 nautical miles (117.0 km; 72.7 mi) by 56.8 nautical miles (105.2 km; 65.4 mi).
229:, and successfully completed its mission after one and a half years. PFS-2 was placed in a particularly unstable orbital inclination of 11°, and lasted only 35 days in orbit before crashing into the lunar surface.
938:
256:
extends to a radius of 60,000 km (37,000 mi), the gravity of Earth intervenes enough to make lunar orbits unstable at a distance of 690 km (430 mi).
697:
had an inclination of 28°, which turned out to be close to the inclination of one of the frozen orbits—but poor PFS-2 was cursed with an inclination of only 11°.
934:
710:
Konopliv, A. S.; Asmar, S. W.; Carranza, E.; Sjogren, W. L.; Yuan, D. N. (2001-03-01). "Recent
Gravity Models as a Result of the Lunar Prospector Mission".
884:
775:
991:
475:, on January 4, 1959. It passed within 6,000 kilometres (3,200 nmi; 3,700 mi) of the Moon's surface, but did not achieve lunar orbit.
1050:
136:) is an orbit below 100 km (62 mi) altitude. These have a period of about 2 hours. They are of particular interest in the
560:, and for the CSM were about two hours. The LM began its landing sequence with a Descent Orbit Insertion (DOI) burn to lower their
222:
1769:
642:
572:
to save more of the LM fuel for its powered descent, by using the CSM's fuel to perform the DOI burn, and later raising its
568:
reaching heights of 20,000 feet (6.1 km; 3.3 nmi). After the second landing mission, the procedure was changed on
1829:
352:
437:
958:
421:
17:
1024:
237:
For lunar orbits with altitudes in the 500 to 20,000 km (300 to 12,000 mi) range, the gravity of Earth leads to orbit
909:
508:, was launched on August 24, 1966, and studied lunar gravitational anomalies, radiation and solar wind measurements.
362:
1824:
1704:
1123:
1789:
1543:
806:
1862:
1501:
1492:
1229:
824:
The moon's Hill sphere has a radius of 60,000 kilometres, about one-sixth of the distance between it and Earth.
172:
671:
565:
545:
471:
sent the first spacecraft to the vicinity of the Moon (or any extraterrestrial object), the robotic vehicle
1809:
1279:
377:
367:
1754:
605:
317:
302:
490:
and returned to the Earth. This craft provided the first pictures of the far side of the Lunar surface.
1916:
1734:
1561:
171:
Gravitational anomalies slightly distorting the orbits of some Lunar
Orbiters led to the discovery of
1872:
999:
962:
184:
become the nominal circular 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) when the LM made its return
1857:
1382:
600:
268:
238:
141:
1867:
1175:
827:
For mean distance and mass data for the bodies (for verification of the foregoing citation), see
283:
274:
Some halo orbits remain over particular regions of the lunar surface. These can be used by lunar
137:
830:
1729:
1331:
1251:
1239:
483:
480:
1058:
328:
1852:
1794:
1764:
1552:
1429:
1397:
1367:
1326:
1311:
1190:
342:
370:
trajectory around Earth. Using a direct transfer, it arrived on moon in four and a half days
1877:
1699:
1483:
1372:
1341:
1269:
1244:
1219:
1180:
1161:
1116:
858:
719:
487:
279:
753:
406:
205:: 27°, 50°, 76°, and 86°, in which a spacecraft can stay in a low orbit indefinitely. The
8:
1739:
1534:
1274:
549:
452:
425:
356:
226:
202:
1051:"CHAPTER IX: MISSIONS I, II, III: APOLLO SITE SEARCH AND VERIFICATION, The First Launch"
723:
1412:
1301:
1199:
992:"APPENDIX C [367-373] RECORD OF UNMANNED LUNAR PROBES, 1958-1968: Soviet Union"
305:, using as well a Lagrange point, have been used and are planned to be employed by the
246:
1779:
1677:
1607:
1362:
1316:
1234:
735:
638:
595:
312:
31:
1080:
1759:
1691:
1455:
1417:
1291:
1261:
1214:
811:
787:
727:
630:
516:
185:
263:
of the Earth-Moon system can provide stable orbits in the lunar vicinity, such as
1799:
1392:
1296:
1286:
1185:
1109:
512:
456:
417:
346:
286:. It was placed around Earth-Moon L2 at roughly 65,000 km (40,000 mi).
275:
225:, contributed to this discovery. PFS-1 ended up in a long-lasting orbit, at 28°
197:
Study of the mascons' effect on lunar spacecraft led to the discovery in 2001 of
123:
1028:
634:
447:
1895:
1847:
1839:
1834:
1719:
1714:
1645:
1625:
1616:
1209:
1195:
1171:
1166:
1141:
590:
585:
541:
529:
501:
260:
37:
966:
479:, launched on October 4, 1959, was the first robotic spacecraft to complete a
1910:
1749:
1744:
1663:
1306:
1224:
739:
410:
351:
There are three main ways to get to lunar orbit from Earth: direct transfer,
306:
242:
163:
41:
935:"Fifty Years Ago, This Photo Captured the First View of Earth From the Moon"
486:, still not a lunar orbit, but a figure-8 trajectory which swung around the
76:. In general these orbits are not circular. When farthest from the Moon (at
1814:
1724:
1598:
1581:
1439:
1336:
1204:
731:
468:
289:
198:
150:
109:
413:'s trajectory included multiple orbit raising maneuvers to get to the Moon
1819:
1654:
1424:
1321:
564:
to about 50,000 feet (15 km; 8.2 nmi), chosen to avoid hitting
253:
57:
455:(the Moon), and first picture of both Earth and the Moon from space, by
1387:
1101:
791:
264:
145:
320:) in cislunar space, as illustrated by A.I. Solutions, Inc. using the
1804:
1156:
690:
573:
569:
561:
557:
504:
flux, and lunar environment until May 30, 1966. A follow-on mission,
460:
321:
214:
206:
180:
93:
53:
45:
835:
553:
524:
298:
77:
876:
776:"Stable Constellations of Frozen Elliptical Inclined Lunar Orbits"
1709:
910:"45 Years Ago: How the 1st Photo of Earth From the Moon Happened"
520:
505:
493:
1057:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
998:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from
625:
Woods, W.D. (2008). "Entering lunar orbit: the LOI manoeuvre".
476:
472:
293:
An example of a halo orbit at the second lunar lagrange point.
885:"It's International Moon Day! Let's talk about Cislunar Space"
629:. Space Exploration. Springer Praxis Books. pp. 189–210.
1514:
1133:
694:
523:
of 1,008 nautical miles (1,867 km; 1,160 mi) and a
359:. These take 3–4 days, months or 2.5–4 months respectively.
218:
210:
69:
709:
576:
back to a circular orbit after the LM had made its landing.
760:
497:
73:
882:
511:
The first United States spacecraft to orbit the Moon was
168:
Most lunar low orbits below 100 km (60 mi) are unstable.
1055:
DESTINATION MOON: A History of the Lunar
Orbiter Program
996:
DESTINATION MOON: A History of the Lunar
Orbiter Program
500:
and any extraterrestrial body in April 1966. It studied
746:
157:
144:
that make most unstable, and leave only a few orbital
431:
154:. These would be useful for long-term stays in LLO.
241:. At altitudes higher than that perturbed two-body
828:
548:(CSM) remained in a lunar parking orbit while the
496:became the first spacecraft to actually orbit the
851:
839:. Greenbelt, MD: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
221:, both small satellites released from the Apollo
1908:
30:For the orbit of the Moon around the Earth, see
1087:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
1117:
804:
438:List of extraterrestrial orbiters § Moon
108:. These derive from names or epithets of the
535:
278:to communicate with surface stations on the
1027:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
651:
515:on August 14, 1966. The first orbit was an
1891:
1124:
1110:
1018:
1016:
985:
983:
780:The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences
451:First image of Earth from around another
1131:
883:The Aerospace Corporation (2023-07-20).
446:
416:
405:
361:
327:
311:
288:
36:
1013:
952:
950:
948:
829:Williams, David R. (20 December 2021).
767:
14:
1909:
1770:Transposition, docking, and extraction
980:
126:maneuver used to achieve lunar orbit.
1105:
1078:
1072:
1048:
989:
941:from the original on August 25, 2016.
927:
907:
624:
945:
282:. The first to do this was the 2019
232:
192:
773:
459:(not to be confused with the later
336:
158:Perturbation effects and low orbits
24:
432:History of missions to lunar orbit
27:Orbit of an object around the Moon
25:
1928:
1830:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
908:Stein, Ben P. (August 23, 2011).
859:"A New Paradigm for Lunar Orbits"
442:
332:Overview of NRHOs around the Moon
1890:
1825:Interplanetary Transport Network
1705:Collision avoidance (spacecraft)
1022:
956:
805:Follows, Mike (4 October 2017).
140:, but suffer from gravitational
80:) a spacecraft is said to be at
48:above the Moon in December 2022.
1790:Astronomical coordinate systems
1544:Longitude of the ascending node
1085:Apollo 11 Lunar Surface Journal
1042:
92:. When closest to the Moon (at
1863:Retrograde and prograde motion
1049:Byers, Bruce K. (1976-12-14).
990:Byers, Bruce K. (1976-12-14).
901:
798:
703:
618:
13:
1:
1079:Jones, Eric M. (1976-12-14).
611:
316:Near-rectilinear halo orbit (
1810:Equatorial coordinate system
528:purpose of finding suitable
378:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
303:near-rectilinear halo orbits
245:models are insufficient and
72:by an object around Earth's
7:
635:10.1007/978-0-387-74066-9_8
627:How Apollo Flew to the Moon
606:Near-rectilinear halo orbit
579:
10:
1933:
1562:Longitude of the periapsis
754:"Apollo 11 Mission Report"
676:NASA Science: Science News
435:
340:
161:
29:
1886:
1873:Specific angular momentum
1778:
1690:
1634:
1570:
1523:
1463:
1454:
1350:
1260:
1149:
1140:
1081:"The First Lunar Landing"
963:Encyclopedia Astronautica
807:"Ever Decreasing Circles"
536:Crewed and later orbiters
269:distant retrograde orbits
601:Distant retrograde orbit
148:possible for indefinite
1868:Specific orbital energy
774:Ely, Todd (July 2005).
424:'s trajectory included
284:Queqiao relay satellite
138:exploration of the Moon
1280:Geostationary transfer
763:. pp. 4–3 to 4–4.
732:10.1006/icar.2000.6573
672:"Bizarre Lunar Orbits"
546:Command/Service Module
484:free return trajectory
464:
428:
414:
403:
333:
325:
294:
96:) it is said to be at
49:
1853:Orbital state vectors
1795:Characteristic energy
1765:Trans-lunar injection
1553:Argument of periapsis
1230:Prograde / Retrograde
1191:Hyperbolic trajectory
450:
436:Further information:
420:
409:
365:
343:Trans-lunar injection
331:
315:
292:
249:models are required.
162:Further information:
116:Lunar orbit insertion
40:
1700:Bi-elliptic transfer
1220:Parabolic trajectory
488:far side of the Moon
280:far side of the Moon
252:Although the Moon's
203:orbital inclinations
1740:Low-energy transfer
937:. August 23, 2016.
724:2001Icar..150....1K
453:astronomical object
426:low energy transfer
357:low-energy transfer
353:low thrust transfer
173:mass concentrations
66:selenocentric orbit
18:Selenocentric orbit
1735:Inclination change
1383:Distant retrograde
1031:on August 21, 2002
792:10.1007/BF03546355
678:. NASA. 2006-11-06
465:
429:
415:
404:
334:
326:
295:
201:occurring at four
50:
1917:Orbit of the Moon
1904:
1903:
1878:Two-line elements
1686:
1685:
1608:Eccentric anomaly
1450:
1449:
1317:Orbit of the Moon
1176:Highly elliptical
831:"Moon Fact Sheet"
644:978-0-387-71675-6
596:Orbital mechanics
233:Lunar high orbits
193:Stable low orbits
64:(also known as a
32:Orbit of the Moon
16:(Redirected from
1924:
1894:
1893:
1835:Lagrangian point
1730:Hohmann transfer
1675:
1661:
1652:
1643:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1559:
1550:
1541:
1532:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1461:
1460:
1430:Heliosynchronous
1379:Lagrange points
1332:Transatmospheric
1147:
1146:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
987:
978:
977:
975:
974:
965:. Archived from
954:
943:
942:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
905:
899:
898:
896:
895:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
826:
821:
819:
812:NewScientist.com
802:
796:
795:
771:
765:
764:
758:
750:
744:
743:
707:
701:
700:
684:
683:
668:
649:
648:
622:
517:elliptical orbit
402:
400:
391:
389:
380:
375:
337:Orbital transfer
276:relay satellites
21:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1882:
1800:Escape velocity
1781:
1774:
1755:Rocket equation
1682:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1577:
1566:
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1502:Semi-minor axis
1497:
1493:Semi-major axis
1488:
1479:
1473:
1446:
1368:Areosynchronous
1352:
1346:
1327:Sun-synchronous
1312:Near-equatorial
1256:
1136:
1130:
1100:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1062:
1047:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1025:"Lunar Orbiter"
1021:
1014:
1005:
1003:
988:
981:
972:
970:
955:
946:
933:
932:
928:
918:
916:
906:
902:
893:
891:
881:
877:
868:
866:
857:
856:
852:
842:
840:
817:
815:
803:
799:
772:
768:
756:
752:
751:
747:
708:
704:
681:
679:
670:
669:
652:
645:
623:
619:
614:
582:
566:lunar mountains
538:
532:landing sites.
513:Lunar Orbiter 1
457:Lunar Orbiter 1
445:
440:
434:
398:
397:
387:
386:
373:
372:
371:
349:
347:orbit insertion
341:Main articles:
339:
261:Lagrange points
235:
195:
166:
160:
130:Low lunar orbit
124:orbit insertion
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1896:List of orbits
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:Orbit equation
1845:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1720:Gravity assist
1717:
1715:Delta-v budget
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1646:Orbital period
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1626:True longitude
1619:
1617:Mean longitude
1610:
1601:
1584:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1373:Areostationary
1370:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1342:Very low Earth
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1270:Geosynchronous
1266:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1252:Transfer orbit
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1210:Lagrange point
1207:
1202:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1132:Gravitational
1129:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1071:
1041:
1012:
979:
944:
926:
900:
875:
850:
797:
786:(3): 301–316.
766:
745:
702:
650:
643:
616:
615:
613:
610:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
591:List of orbits
588:
586:Cislunar space
581:
578:
542:Apollo program
537:
534:
530:Apollo program
502:micrometeoroid
444:
443:First orbiters
441:
433:
430:
338:
335:
234:
231:
223:Service Module
194:
191:
159:
156:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1929:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1843:-body problem
1842:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1745:Oberth effect
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:Orbital speed
1658:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1611:
1609:
1602:
1600:
1585:
1583:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1538:
1536:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1505:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1487:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:Earth's orbit
1416:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1275:Geostationary
1273:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1061:on 2020-09-27
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1002:on 2021-01-26
1001:
997:
993:
986:
984:
969:on 2012-01-11
968:
964:
960:
953:
951:
949:
940:
936:
930:
915:
911:
904:
890:
886:
879:
864:
860:
854:
838:
837:
832:
825:
814:
813:
808:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
762:
755:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
706:
699:
698:
696:
693:subsatellite
692:
677:
673:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
646:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
617:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
533:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
489:
485:
482:
478:
474:
470:
462:
458:
454:
449:
439:
427:
423:
419:
412:
411:Chandrayaan-3
408:
395:
384:
379:
369:
366:Animation of
364:
360:
358:
354:
348:
344:
330:
323:
319:
314:
310:
308:
307:Lunar Gateway
304:
300:
291:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
250:
248:
244:
243:astrodynamics
240:
239:perturbations
230:
228:
224:
220:
217:subsatellite
216:
212:
209:subsatellite
208:
204:
200:
199:frozen orbits
190:
187:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
164:Lunar mascons
155:
153:
152:
151:frozen orbits
147:
143:
142:perturbations
139:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
42:Orion capsule
39:
33:
19:
1858:Perturbation
1840:
1815:Ground track
1725:Gravity turn
1676:
1669:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1599:True anomaly
1597:
1582:Mean anomaly
1580:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1533:
1513:
1500:
1491:
1484:Eccentricity
1482:
1440:Lunar cycler
1413:Heliocentric
1404:
1353:other points
1302:Medium Earth
1200:Non-inclined
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1074:
1063:. Retrieved
1059:the original
1054:
1044:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1023:Wade, Mark.
1004:. Retrieved
1000:the original
995:
971:. Retrieved
967:the original
957:Wade, Mark.
929:
917:. Retrieved
913:
903:
892:. Retrieved
888:
878:
867:. Retrieved
865:. 2006-12-01
862:
853:
841:. Retrieved
834:
823:
816:. Retrieved
810:
800:
783:
779:
769:
748:
715:
711:
705:
687:
686:
680:. Retrieved
675:
626:
620:
550:Lunar Module
539:
510:
492:
469:Soviet Union
466:
393:
382:
350:
297:Since 2022 (
296:
273:
258:
251:
236:
196:
176:
170:
167:
149:
146:trajectories
133:
129:
128:
119:
115:
114:
110:moon goddess
105:
102:pericynthion
101:
97:
89:
85:
81:
65:
61:
51:
1820:Hill sphere
1655:Mean motion
1535:Inclination
1524:Orientation
1425:Mars cycler
1363:Areocentric
1235:Synchronous
718:(1): 1–18.
481:circumlunar
390: Earth
265:halo orbits
254:Hill sphere
227:inclination
86:apocynthion
62:lunar orbit
58:spaceflight
1760:Rendezvous
1456:Parameters
1292:High Earth
1262:Geocentric
1215:Osculating
1172:Elliptical
1091:2014-11-09
1065:2007-02-17
1035:2007-02-17
1006:2007-02-17
973:2007-02-17
919:October 7,
894:2023-11-07
869:2023-11-05
682:2012-12-09
612:References
519:, with an
401: Moon
247:three-body
186:rendezvous
106:periselene
1805:Ephemeris
1782:mechanics
1692:Maneuvers
1635:Variation
1398:Libration
1393:Lissajous
1297:Low Earth
1287:Graveyard
1186:Horseshoe
914:Space.com
740:0019-1035
691:Apollo 15
574:periapsis
570:Apollo 14
562:periapsis
558:periapsis
461:Earthrise
324:software.
322:FreeFlyer
215:Apollo 16
207:Apollo 15
181:Apollo 11
94:periapsis
90:aposelene
54:astronomy
46:Artemis 1
1911:Category
1571:Position
1196:Inclined
1167:Circular
939:Archived
863:Phys.org
836:NASA.gov
580:See also
554:apoapsis
525:perilune
463:image).
299:CAPSTONE
213:and the
175:(dubbed
122:) is an
98:perilune
78:apoapsis
68:) is an
1780:Orbital
1750:Phasing
1710:Delta-v
1515:Apsides
1509:,
1307:Molniya
1225:Parking
1162:Capture
1150:General
843:23 July
818:23 July
720:Bibcode
521:apolune
506:Luna 11
494:Luna 10
177:mascons
82:apolune
1436:Other
1337:Tundra
1205:Kepler
1181:Escape
1134:orbits
959:"Luna"
889:Medium
738:
712:Icarus
641:
477:Luna 3
473:Luna 1
399:
394:·
392:
388:
383:·
381:
376:
374:
1678:Epoch
1467:Shape
1405:Lunar
1359:Mars
1351:About
1322:Polar
1142:Types
757:(PDF)
695:PFS-1
396:
385:
219:PFS-2
211:PFS-1
104:, or
88:, or
70:orbit
1470:Size
1409:Sun
1388:Halo
1240:semi
921:2020
845:2023
820:2023
761:NASA
736:ISSN
639:ISBN
556:and
540:The
498:Moon
467:The
422:SLIM
355:and
345:and
318:NRHO
267:and
259:The
74:Moon
60:, a
56:and
1245:sub
1157:Box
788:doi
728:doi
716:150
631:doi
544:'s
368:LRO
134:LLO
120:LOI
52:In
44:of
1913::
1593:,
1589:,
1198:/
1174:/
1083:.
1053:.
1015:^
994:.
982:^
961:.
947:^
912:.
887:.
861:.
833:.
822:.
809:.
784:53
782:.
778:.
759:.
734:.
726:.
714:.
685:.
674:.
653:^
637:.
309:.
301:)
271:.
112:.
100:,
84:,
1841:n
1673:0
1670:t
1660:v
1651:n
1642:T
1622:l
1613:L
1604:E
1595:f
1591:θ
1587:ν
1578:M
1558:ϖ
1549:ω
1540:Ω
1531:i
1511:q
1507:Q
1498:b
1489:a
1480:e
1125:e
1118:t
1111:v
1094:.
1068:.
1038:.
1009:.
976:.
923:.
897:.
872:.
847:.
794:.
790::
742:.
730::
722::
647:.
633::
132:(
118:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
