334:
33:
134:
531:). This can happen innocently when a customer scans only one item of a "buy one, get one free" promotion, or deliberately by a customer at a self-checkout. Another form is scanning something expensive while using the barcode for a cheaper product, either having peeled off a label from another item in the store, or held by the customer in their hand underneath the item they pass over the scanner. The simplest form of skip-scanning is to pass the item quickly across the optical reader without it registering the item, perhaps covering the barcode with one's hand or finger.
48:
516:
438:. As of 2022, blind people, wheelchair users and others continue to struggle with the design of typical self-service machines which prevents them from shopping independently, and the problem is increasing as self-checkout machines are increasingly being installed. Although there are self-checkouts that have been designed for vision impaired and wheelchair users, they are not common, and disabled advocates are pushing for equal access. The US is considering regulations for accessibility of self-checkouts.
198:
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medication. The
California Grocers Association condemned the bill, stating how SCOs already lock out alcohol, requiring store staff to verify and approve purchases of alcohol. Similarly, the court said that a previous direction from the Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control was of no legal effect as it was not given for discussion or public comment.
564:
A study revealed that self-checkout machines increased shoplifting, 6.7% of transactions had some amount of shrink (theft), 1 in 5 shoppers admitted to accidentally taking an item without paying for it, 1 in 7 admitted to purposely stealing items, and individuals with household incomes over $ 100,000
548:
to identify known criminals. Some "missed-scan detection" systems have caused shoppers to feel embarrassed, harassed or accused, and honest shoppers to feel like they are being treated like thieves. It has even been suggested to avoid self-checkouts on the premise that one could be charged with theft
97:
As of 2013, there were 191,000 self-checkout units deployed across the globe, and by 2025, it is predicted that 1.2 million units will be installed worldwide. It has been estimated that "the self-checkout system market in the U.S., which accounts for 41% of the global market, reached $ 1.4 billion in
543:
signed up with new systems that detect a skipped scan and shows a video to the consumer who is given the opportunity to correct their mistake. If they repeat the action, then an employee is notified. Some retails fit their self-checkout terminals with a CCTV system which displays the customer's face
374:
One benefit to the retailer in providing self-checkout machines is in reduced labour costs: one attendant can often run four to six checkout lanes with the work of the cashier now being assumed by the customer. The size of a self-checkout machine is also smaller than a traditional checkout operated
506:
As customers are not trained to scan items, they may erroneously think that promotion items, such as 'buy one, get one' items, only need to be scanned once. It can also occur that the customer scans a different variety of a product that has the same price. Both of these scenarios would corrupt the
425:
A 2021 report by
Raydiant found that 67% of users have experienced at least one failure of a self checkout system. 25% said they would avoid self checkout because of prior bad experiences or slows. 65% worry about cleanliness. Many customers experience frustration at self-checkout when they need
404:
Self-checkout can also sometimes be faster than using a cashier lane. This can reduce the length of checkout lines and wait times. In a 2014 survey by NCR, 42% of customers said they liked the convenience of self-checkout, while 39% said it was faster than the cashier-assisted line. 90% of those
589:
A California appeal court confirmed in
September 2013, with a 2–1 majority, a law banning the sale of alcohol through self-checkouts. The law requires alcohol only to be sold in face-to-face transactions with staff members, as is mandatory for cigarettes, spray paint and some over-the-counter
538:
methods. Increasingly, multiple cameras are being used to catch skip-scanning at all self-checkout locations, some monitored by loss prevention employees and others being fed to artificial intelligence systems which can detect skip-scanning movements or behaviors. For example, in 2020
405:
surveyed responded as being users of self-checkout, with 7% of respondents saying they will always use self-checkout regardless of store lines and number of items. Respondents in Italy and
Australia said they "always use self-checkout" at a rate of 13% and 9% respectively.
408:
Another advantage is that self-checkouts can, if the necessary investment is made, provide a partly multilingual service. (It cannot be fully bilingual unless the goods themselves are labelled in all the relevant languages, which is often not the case.) For example,
385:, allowing the food court's kitchen staff to focus solely on food preparation and service. The system requires payment via debit or credit card, ending the need for customers to exchange paper money or coinage with those employees, a potential vector for
168:
Place all scanned items into a bagging area. The weight observed in the bagging area is verified against previously stored information to ensure that the correct item is bagged, allowing the customer to proceed only if the observed and expected weights
141:
store in Poland; a barcode scanner is in the glass below the display screen; below this is a flat metal plate on which produce may be weighed; a bank card PIN pad is to the right of the display screen; and to the right is the bagging
400:
system allow the customer to purchase their items without having to touch any part of the system, outside the bagging area, though if they utilize returned reusable bags, it can be a completely touchless experience.
580:
Commentators have noted that the introduction of self-checkouts has enabled retailers to reduce in-store staffing levels, leading to lower levels of employment in the retail sector and poorer in-store maintenance.
180:
There is normally at least one supervising staff member who will assist customers when required, authorise the sale of age-restricted products such as medicines, alcohol, knives and tobacco, remove or de-sensitize
552:
Since 2022, the
British retailer Sainsbury's has introduced a receipt-scanning system in its stores. Self-checkout customers are held within a barriered area and are required to scan their printed receipt on an
1411:
Self-checkout lines get clogged as the customers needed to wait for store staff to assist with problems with bar codes, coupons, payment problems and other issues that invariably arise with many transactions
641:"Self-checkout Systems Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By Components (Systems, Services), By Type (Cash Based, Cashless), By Application, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2020 - 2027"
271:
when they enter the store through a companion app, which is linked to their Amazon.com account. When the customer exits the store, the items in their bag are automatically charged to the account.
1119:
78:, are machines that provide a mechanism for customers to complete their own transaction from a retailer without needing a traditional staffed checkout. When using SCOs, customers scan item
1863:
2010:
1594:
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use cameras throughout the entire store. Customers either pay the bill on the way out, or register a smartphone on the way in so they can just walk out with their selected items.
287:, and others have manufactured hybrid checkout systems that allows the checkout counter to be switched between either a cashier operated mode or a customer self-service mode.
417:, whereas finding enough fluent Welsh-speakers as staff can be difficult because in some areas only a small proportion of local people have Welsh as their first language.
94:. Most self-checkout areas are supervised by at least one staff member, often assisting customers process transactions, correcting prices, or otherwise providing service.
325:
and cameras to determine which products a customer has picked. Upon leaving, the customer passes through an RFID-reading gate and only has to pay the bill to check out.
831:
1423:
Bajaj, Komal; Mirka, Gary A.; Sommerich, Carolyn M.; Khachatoorian, Haig (31 March 2006). "Evaluation of a
Redesigned Self-Checkout Station for Wheelchair Users".
1625:
252:-based "Scan and Go" program, allowing customers to scan items into their carts without downloading another mobile app, while paying through Wechat Payment or
434:
In 2002, a study was carried out where people with disabilities used self-checkout machines, and found that existing checkout machines were not designed for
1219:
694:
1728:
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project was announced. By using hardware and open source software, this library self-checkout system costs less than one-tenth of the commercial version.
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that is used by the customer to scan and bag items while shopping. When the customer has finished shopping, the scanner is brought to a checkout
221:. The customer pays and receives a receipt at the checkout kiosk. The integrity of the system is maintained through the use of random audits or
113:
having the largest market share. They were introduced to the public in July 1986; the first machine, produced by CheckRobot, was installed in a
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stores countered by limiting how many items customers can take through self-checkout, and some stores closed all their self-checkout lanes.
1602:
1201:
1916:
953:
267:, which uses a variety of cameras and sensors in order to see what customers are putting into their shopping bags. The customers scan a
1467:
1795:
1238:
1041:
2069:
1769:
256:. The "Scan and Go" program carried 30% of all payments made in Chinese stores, and even improved sales in certain markets by 10%.
1987:
1961:
1329:
1302:
498:. The new voices led to an increase in customer complaints, with many questioning the appropriateness of some of the comments.
461:
Customers often complain about the repeated robotic-sounding messages coming from self-service checkouts. In 2015, supermarket
744:
519:
Security barriers in a
British Sainsbury's shop require customers to scan receipts before being allowed to leave the premises.
2059:
1354:
1286:
1183:
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by a cashier; thus, a store can save space, which could be used for more shelves, display cabinets, or additional checkouts.
1009:
669:
1886:"'It's ridiculous!': Furious Sainsbury's shoppers criticise new barriers 'detaining' customers who fail to show receipt"
597:
backed a proposed ballot measure in Oregon, US, to prohibit stores from operating more than two self-checkout machines.
1935:
392:
Customers who do not want to interact with the cashier can use the self-checkout. Systems which allow payment through
544:
on a small video screen. The video is intended to deter shoplifters, but also has the potential to use an additional
640:
82:
before paying for their total shop without needing one-to-one staff assistance. Self-checkouts are used mainly in
229:
uses handheld scanners or mobile phone apps for its "ScanIt!" as-you-go system for customers who want to use it.
182:
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138:
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468:
Retailers have been known to use novelty voices for their self-service checkouts. For example, discount store
17:
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to open an automatic gate, before they are permitted to exit the store. The system has been criticised for
217:, where the information from the barcode scanner is downloaded to the kiosk, usually in conjunction with a
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805:
1743:
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883:
545:
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replaced the robotic announcements with more human-sounding voice prompts in response to criticism.
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102:
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announced that it would cease operating self-checkouts in its stores to improve customer service.
494:
386:
535:
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replaced its regular checkout announcers with the voices of judges from that year's season of
366:) allow customers to put items in a designated area but not align them to expose the barcode.
333:
32:
558:
310:
133:
122:
8:
958:
927:
606:
446:
1674:
1448:
986:
954:"Amazon Working on Several Grocery-Store Formats, Could Open More Than 2,000 Locations"
594:
569:
489:
245:
1569:"Jedi Master Yoda is set to help out at the tills at Ballymena's Poundland – he must!"
1440:
1282:
382:
352:
341:
91:
1452:
1093:
727:"As self-checkout expands in grocery, here are 4 ways the technology is leveling up"
161:
Weigh products (such as fresh produce) without barcodes and select the variety on a
1436:
1432:
485:
359:
87:
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began to institute self-checkout screens for their food courts in 2021 during the
47:
1595:"WATCH: Elvis, Dracula and Santa entertain customers at Poundland store in Derry"
699:
515:
280:
218:
210:
186:
110:
36:
554:
414:
397:
393:
309:-based open source self check client for libraries, which has been used at the
284:
237:
226:
202:
40:
1833:"Sainsbury's faces backlash as it makes shoppers scan receipts to exit stores"
1813:
1120:"Self-Check Kiosk from Scratch: Iowa Librarian's Coding Skills Prove Valuable"
762:
2053:
782:
730:
616:
611:
481:
477:
435:
244:, allows customers to download an app and scan items into their cart using a
241:
1796:"Walmart shoppers say they are fed up with the store's self-checkout system"
1626:"Chummy automation: why no one wants Ant and Dec to voice the M&S tills"
1157:
1630:
1444:
1068:"Wincor Nixdorf to present 'Always Open' checkout solution at NRF Big Show"
809:
362:
in the United States. Systems manufactured by Caper
Counters (acquired by
1962:"Shop closures and self-checkouts cost tens of thousands of women's jobs"
621:
524:
358:
As of April 2022, camera-based self-checkout machines are in use at some
297:
162:
83:
1516:"Booths supermarkets to ditch self-checkouts in north of England stores"
695:"NCR Named Global Leader in Self-Checkout for the 18th Consecutive Year"
1814:"Attorney goes viral for advising shoppers to skip self-checkout lanes"
1330:"Tesco is looking at introducing Irish-speaking self-service checkouts"
982:"Amazon Moves to Cut Checkout Line, Promoting a Grab-and-Go Experience"
903:"Walmart's sam's club scan-and-go app may make cash registers obsolete"
345:
561:
until they are able to prove their innocence by presenting a receipt.
1817:
1675:"Self Checkout Theft : Skip Scanning And Theft Charges In Texas"
1019:
1014:
469:
442:
363:
338:
264:
197:
2011:"Measure to limit self-checkout gets nod from Oregon Supreme Court"
1917:"Self-checkout theft is a bigger problem than you may have thought"
1546:
147:
1202:"Alibaba's 'Futuremart' is a High-Tech Cashierless Store in China"
344:
track customers' choices and charge customers automatically via a
1856:"Shoppers rage against supermarket's scan-receipt-to-exit policy"
1705:
1239:"China is both ahead of and behind Amazon in cashier-less stores"
268:
260:
233:
173:
155:
118:
106:
79:
1422:
1258:"No cash, no cashier: AI-powered checkout debuts at Fenway Park"
445:
and technical problems, which can have an adverse effect on the
2038:
565:
per year were more likely to steal than lower income brackets.
540:
450:
378:
259:
In
December 2016, Amazon announced a brick-and-mortar store in
253:
249:
114:
549:
even if one did not notice an item did not ring up correctly.
1468:"Disabled Shoppers Struggle With Inaccessible Self-Checkouts"
568:
In response to a 120% increase in retail theft in 2023, some
528:
462:
410:
214:
209:
An alternative system (self-scanning) consists of a portable
1770:"Does your supermarket have CCTV at its self service tills?"
1729:"Self-checkout "Skip Scanning" Problems Continue at Walmart"
725:
Moran, Catherine
Douglas; Silverstein, Sam (14 March 2022).
101:
The machines were originally invented by David R. Humble at
473:
322:
222:
52:
1220:"Tencent beats Amazon to launch unmanned shop in Shanghai"
441:
Self-checkouts have been criticised for difficulties with
321:
Several experimental stores in China use a combination of
1275:
Krafft, Manfred; Mantrala, Murali K. (17 December 2009).
1184:"A store without cashiers opens in China's "future city""
1399:"Nobody likes self-checkout. Here's why it's everywhere"
1278:
Retailing in the 21st Century: Current and Future Trends
806:"Nobody likes self-checkout. Here's why it's everywhere"
1542:"Tesco replacing 'irritating' self-checkout robo-voice"
1010:"Amazon just launched a cashier-free convenience store"
1281:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 189.
1042:"Coles trials hybrid self-checkout system in Victoria"
27:
Machine for customers to complete a retail transaction
559:
presuming customers to be potentially guilty of theft
51:
NCR Corporation model of self-service checkout at an
1744:"Sports Direct slammed over facial recognition tech"
1701:"Skip-Scanning Raises Concerns about Self-Checkouts"
952:
Stevens, Laura; Safdar, Khadeeja (6 December 2016).
832:"A new way to shop — check it out for yourself"
884:"How to Use the Scan It! Device at Stop & Shop"
778:"Self-Checkout Latest Innovation In Grocery Stores"
39:model of self-service checkouts and fast-lane at a
1936:"Target makes an extreme move to cut retail theft"
1268:
2051:
1355:"Home Truths: the decline of the Welsh language"
724:
1988:"Alcohol can't be sold at self-checkout lines"
1483:
1481:
1274:
670:"SELF-CHECKOUT: A GLOBAL CONSUMER PERSPECTIVE"
501:
1653:"Self-checkout in Retail: Measuring the Loss"
951:
413:'s Welsh stores which can serve customers in
248:. In summer 2018, Walmart China launched its
313:, is also available under a GPL v3 license.
1478:
1303:"The Pros and Cons of Using Self-Checkouts"
745:"Self-Checkout Reaches Critical Mass - LPM"
337:Cameras and sensors in the ceiling at this
510:
192:
1853:
1767:
1396:
979:
856:
803:
1465:
1372:
514:
332:
196:
132:
46:
31:
1539:
1327:
1236:
1039:
829:
523:Failure to scan all items is a form of
328:
14:
2052:
1985:
1914:
1793:
1741:
1726:
1507:
1490:"Self-Checkout Is a Failed Experiment"
928:"南方都市报：边逛边扫移动支付，沃尔玛推进门店升级，记者带你体验"扫码购""
823:
775:
720:
718:
290:
2008:
1959:
1933:
1830:
1623:
1513:
1397:Meyersohn, Nathaniel (10 July 2022).
1380:"The State of Self-Service Checkouts"
1255:
1007:
900:
804:Meyersohn, Nathaniel (10 July 2022).
109:-based company CheckRobot Inc., with
1915:Reuter, Dominick (6 December 2023).
1794:Reuter, Dominick (23 October 2023).
1698:
1672:
1487:
1466:Deighton, Katie (21 November 2022).
1040:Barwick, Hamish (19 December 2012).
664:
662:
316:
86:, although they are not uncommon in
1960:Booth, Robert (11 September 2019).
1854:Sommerlad, Joe (18 December 2022).
1820:. 16 July 2022 – via YouTube.
980:Wingfield, Nick (5 December 2016).
830:Miletic, Daniella (22 April 2008).
715:
507:inventory records of the retailer.
24:
1934:Kline, Daniel (14 December 2023).
1866:from the original on 27 March 2023
1727:Kocher, Jennifer (31 March 2020).
1645:
901:Sozzi, Brian (22 September 2016).
859:"Check Out the Future of Shopping"
763:"Self-service distribution system"
456:
128:
25:
2081:
2031:
1986:Egelko, Bob (20 September 2013).
1843:from the original on 5 July 2023.
1831:Nazir, Sahar (13 December 2022).
1601:. 1 November 2018. Archived from
1237:Horwitz, Josh (22 January 2018).
659:
274:
2037:
1514:Brown, Mark (10 November 2023).
1488:Mull, Amanda (18 October 2023).
1141:Oxford Developments at GAUG 2002
449:. In 2023, the British retailer
429:
420:
185:devices, and provide additional
2070:Retail processes and techniques
2002:
1979:
1953:
1927:
1908:
1896:from the original on 6 May 2023
1878:
1847:
1824:
1806:
1787:
1761:
1735:
1720:
1699:Hill, Nick (15 November 2022).
1692:
1666:
1617:
1587:
1561:
1533:
1459:
1416:
1390:
1347:
1328:Hosford, Paul (24 March 2014).
1321:
1295:
1249:
1230:
1212:
1194:
1176:
1150:
1134:
1112:
1086:
1060:
1033:
1008:Garun, Natt (5 December 2016).
1001:
973:
945:
920:
894:
876:
850:
488:on various occasions. In 2019,
183:electronic article surveillance
1768:Eccleston, Ben (7 July 2018).
1742:Zhadan, Anna (14 March 2023).
1624:Kalia, Ammar (23 April 2019).
1437:10.1080/10400435.2006.10131903
857:Zimmerman, Ann (18 May 2011).
797:
776:Dowell, Sharon (20 May 1987).
769:
755:
737:
687:
633:
534:Retailers employ a variety of
146:In self-checkout systems, the
13:
1:
1540:Chester, Tom (30 July 2015).
1256:Kohli, Diti (20 April 2022).
627:
584:
575:
369:
137:A self-service checkout at a
2060:Payment methods in retailing
1158:"Ceridwen Self Issue Client"
7:
1660:Efficient Consumer Response
600:
502:Inventory record corruption
10:
2086:
150:is typically required to:
546:facial recognition system
1224:South China Morning Post
1100:. Google Project Hosting
1094:"open-source-self-check"
2015:Corvallis Gazette Times
749:losspreventionmedia.com
511:Theft and skip-scanning
472:has used the voices of
193:Scanning while shopping
1074:. Networld Media Group
536:retail loss prevention
520:
349:
206:
189:and customer service.
143:
76:self-service checkouts
56:
44:
518:
336:
279:Suppliers like ITAB,
219:customer loyalty card
200:
172:Make payment using a
136:
50:
35:
2046:at Wikimedia Commons
1425:Assistive Technology
1072:kioskmarketplace.com
1046:computerworld.com.au
495:Britain's Got Talent
387:disease transmission
329:Camera-based systems
311:University of Oxford
2009:Withycome, Claire.
1837:retailgazette.co.uk
1748:chargedretail.co.uk
1679:Varghese Summersett
1573:The Ballymena Daily
1472:Wall Street Journal
1386:. 19 February 2021.
1147:on 24 November 2012
1048:. IDG Communication
959:Wall Street Journal
863:Wall Street Journal
645:Grand View Research
607:Automated retailing
490:Marks & Spencer
447:customer experience
291:Open-source systems
201:"Scan It" kiosk at
1673:Varghese, Benson.
1226:. 22 January 2018.
1164:. Ceridwen Limited
1143:Archived from the
1124:libraryjournal.com
987:The New York Times
703:. 9 September 2020
521:
353:Cashierless stores
350:
246:mobile application
207:
144:
92:convenience stores
68:assisted checkouts
57:
45:
2042:Media related to
1605:on 30 August 2019
1359:opendemocracy.net
1288:978-3-540-72003-4
751:. 2 January 2006.
383:COVID-19 pandemic
360:baseball stadiums
342:cashierless store
317:RFID-based system
158:where these exist
66:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
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1126:. Archived from
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890:. 4 August 2021.
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675:. NCR Whitepaper
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486:Father Christmas
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457:Noise pollution
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263:under the name
227:Stop & Shop
211:barcode scanner
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187:loss prevention
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129:Typical systems
111:NCR Corporation
103:Deerfield Beach
37:NCR Corporation
28:
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394:mobile payment
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647:. April 2020
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1499:10 November
1334:The Journal
1307:BusinessBee
888:wikihow.com
842:2 September
838:. Melbourne
707:20 February
679:20 December
651:20 February
622:Shadow work
525:shoplifting
300:-self-check
298:open-source
163:touchscreen
117:store near
41:Sainsbury's
2054:Categories
2020:24 January
1098:google.com
1025:7 December
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912:7 December
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628:References
585:Regulation
576:Employment
370:Advantages
346:mobile app
242:Sam's Club
203:Giant Food
88:department
1940:TheStreet
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1553:3 January
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1020:Vox Media
1015:The Verge
932:oeeee.com
907:TheStreet
470:Poundland
443:usability
364:Instacart
339:Amazon Go
265:Amazon Go
1990:. SFGate
1894:Archived
1864:Archived
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165:display.
156:barcodes
148:customer
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1870:24 July
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815:10 July
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269:QR code
261:Seattle
236:-owned
234:Walmart
174:PIN pad
123:Georgia
119:Atlanta
107:Florida
98:2021."
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570:Target
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451:Booths
379:Costco
254:Alipay
250:Wechat
169:match.
115:Kroger
1656:(PDF)
1449:S2CID
1401:. CNN
673:(PDF)
529:theft
463:Tesco
415:Welsh
411:Tesco
396:or a
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1080:2014
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323:RFID
307:Java
232:The
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