128:
36:
77:
332:"to know" (compare with science). "The sense development has been extraordinary, even for an adj". -- from "timid, faint-hearted" (pre-1300); to "fussy, fastidious" (late 14c.); to "dainty, delicate" (c. 1400); to "precise, careful" (1500s, preserved in such terms as a nice distinction and nice and early); to "agreeable, delightful" (1769); to "kind, thoughtful" (1830).
487:, would put this shift as early as the late 19th century among a certain "in crowd", knowledgeable of gay night-life. In the modern day, it is most often used to refer to homosexuals, at first among themselves and then in society at large, with a neutral connotation; or as a derogatory synonym for "silly", "dumb", or "boring".
1067:
Blank considered it problematic to include amelioration and pejoration of meaning (as in Ullman) as well as strengthening and weakening of meaning (as in
Bloomfield). According to Blank, these are not objectively classifiable phenomena; moreover, Blank has argued that all of the examples listed under
1187:
are prominent reference books for finding out about semantic changes. A recent survey lists practical tools and online systems for investigating semantic change of words over time. WordEvolutionStudy is an academic platform that takes arbitrary words as input to generate summary views of their
1479:
paraphrases these categories (except ellipses and folk etymology) as "similar-to" relation, "neighbor-of" relation, "part-of" relation, "kind-of" relation (for both specialization and generalization), "sibling-of" relation, and "contrast-to" relation (for antiphrasis, auto-antonymy, and
824:
originally meant "to cast seeds out"; with the advent of radio and television, the word was extended to indicate the transmission of audio and video signals. Outside of agricultural circles, very few use
449:â Originally meant (13th century) "lighthearted", "joyous" or (14th century) "bright and showy", it also came to mean "happy"; it acquired connotations of immorality as early as 1637, either sexual e.g.,
1978:
1918:
Lexicology: An international handbook on the nature and structure of words and vocabularies/lexikologie: Ein internationales
Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und WortschÀtzen
363:", the masculine form of the French word, but used in English without reference to gender. As a noun, "natural, artless, naive person", first attested 1893, from French, where
1104:
Dominance of the prototype (i.e., fuzzy difference between superordinate and subordinate term due to the monopoly of the prototypical member of a category in the real world)
1888:
1789:(1990), "From less to more situated in language: the unidirectionality of Semantic change", in Adamson, Silvia; Law, Vivian A.; Vincent, Nigel; Wright, Susan (eds.),
1611:
Blank, Andreas (1999), "Why do new meanings occur? A cognitive typology of the motivations for lexical
Semantic change", in Blank, Andreas; Koch, Peter (eds.),
1171:, a cultural process by which a group reclaims words or artifacts that were previously used in a way disparaging of that group, for example like with the word
1110:
Institutional and non-institutional linguistic pre- and proscriptivism (i.e., legal and peer-group linguistic pre- and proscriptivism, aiming at "demarcation")
1158:
Prestige/fashion (based on the prestige of another language or variety, of certain word-formation patterns, or of certain semasiological centers of expansion)
1960:
An online analysis tool for studying evolution of any input words based on Google Books n-gram dataset and the Corpus of
Historical American English (COHA).
286:â Literally "awe-inducing", originally meant "inspiring wonder (or fear)", hence "impressive". In contemporary usage, the word means "extremely good".
545:. In the plural, it can refer to a mixture of genders (e.g., "Come on, you guys!" could be directed to a group of mixed gender instead of only men).
280:â Literally "full of awe", originally meant "inspiring wonder (or fear)", hence "impressive". In contemporary usage, the word means "extremely bad".
1985:
1566:
845:: Change based on whole-part relation. The convention of using capital cities to represent countries or their governments is an example of this.
513:
as a term for any "person of grotesque appearance" and then by the late 1800sâespecially in the United Statesâfor "any man", as in, e.g., "Some
138:
752:
Nomination: "the intentional naming of a referent, new or old, with a name that has not previously been used for it" (Stern 1931: 282), e.g.,
1604:
Prinzipien des lexikalischen
Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen (Beihefte zur Zeitschrift fĂŒr romanische Philologie 285)
716:
Substitution: Change related to the change of an object, of the knowledge referring to the object, of the attitude toward the object, e.g.,
505:
on 5 November 1605. The day was made a holiday, Guy Fawkes Day, commemorated by parading and burning a ragged manikin of Fawkes, known as a
577:, who claimed that every semantic change of a word would also affect all other words in a lexical field. His approach was later refined by
561:. Semantic change has attracted academic discussions since ancient times, although the first major works emerged in the 19th century with
1128:
Communicative-formal reasons (i.e., abolition of the ambiguity of forms in context, keyword: "homonymic conflict and polysemic conflict")
1855:
1903:
1101:
Fuzziness (i.e., difficulties in classifying the referent or attributing the right word to the referent, thus mixing up designations)
1909:
Grzega, Joachim (2000), "Historical
Semantics in the Light of Cognitive Linguistics: Aspects of a new reference book reviewed",
1620:
Blank, Andreas; Koch, Peter (1999), "Introduction: Historical
Semantics and Cognition", in Blank, Andreas; Koch, Peter (eds.),
2095:
1533:
1288:
1125:
Aesthetic-formal reasons (i.e., avoidance of words that are phonetically similar or identical to negatively associated words)
473:
referred to a hobo, especially a younger hobo in the company of an older one; by 1935, it was used in prison slang for a
1916:
Koch, Peter (2002), "Lexical typology from a cognitive and linguistic point of view", in: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.),
298:â Originally meant "inspiring terror", shifted to indicate anything spectacular, then to something spectacularly good.
1867:
1747:
292:â Originally meant "inspiring terror", shifted to indicate anything spectacular, then to something spectacularly bad.
190:
172:
63:
635:
ideas for a classification were published posthumously. He resorts to classical rhetorics and distinguishes between
1146:
Anthropological salience of a concept (i.e., anthropologically given emotionality of a concept, "natural salience")
49:
2129:
2108:
2033:
1971:
1842:
Sense
Developments: A contrastive study of the development of slang senses and novel standard senses in English,
17:
1137:
Morphological misinterpretation (keyword: "folk-etymology", creation of transparency by changes within a word)
1031:
Auto-converse: Lexical expression of a relationship by the two extremes of the respective relationship, e.g.,
762:
Permutation: non-intentional shift of one referent to another due to a reinterpretation of a situation, e.g.,
616:
A chronological list of typologies is presented below. Today, the most currently used typologies are those by
983:: A type of metonymy involving a part to whole relationship, e.g. "hands" from "all hands on deck" â "bodies"
802:
Widening: There are many examples of specific brand names being used for the general product, such as with
526:
2144:
1076:
Blank has tried to create a complete list of motivations for semantic change. They can be summarized as:
773:
This classification does not neatly distinguish between processes and forces/causes of semantic change.
724:"inseparable smallest physical-chemical element" â "physical-chemical element consisting of electrons",
252:
across space and time have very different meanings. The study of semantic change can be seen as part of
858:
728:"philosophical system of the Middle Ages" â "servile adherence to the methods and teaching of schools"
2090:
154:
2013:
2008:
1951:
1552:
Computational
Approaches to Lexical Semantic Change: Visualization Systems and Novel Applications
1247:
1184:
658:
Specialization on a specific part of the contents: reduction of single senses of a word's meaning
310:(12c.) meaning "careless, clumsy; weak; poor, needy; simple, stupid, silly, foolish", from Latin
232:âusually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from the original usage. In
573:. Studies beyond the analysis of single words have been started with the word-field analyses of
1994:
1582:"Every Word has its History: Interactive Exploration and Visualization of Word Sense Evolution"
1038:
921:
586:
542:
233:
1717:
Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Ein
Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie
1523:
1848:
1218:
1188:
evolution based on Google Books ngram dataset and the Corpus of Historical American English.
632:
594:
502:
343:
1852:
684:
The last two are defined as change between whole and part, which would today be rendered as
1725:
1314:
Lalor, Therese (2007). "'That's So Gay': A Contemporary Use of Gay in Australian English".
150:
55:
1925:
Völkerpsychologie: Eine Untersuchung der Entwicklungsgesetze von Sprache, Mythus und Sitte
769:
Adequation: Change in the attitude of a concept; distinction from substitution is unclear.
8:
2134:
1550:
1208:
1068:
these headings can be grouped under other phenomena, rendering the categories redundant.
356:
146:
98:
1948:, Alfred Bammesberger and Marion Schöner, including a list of etymological dictionaries)
2139:
1786:
1629:
1560:
1341:
237:
1863:
1834:
From Polysemy to Semantic change: Towards a Typology of Lexical Semantic Associations
1768:
Reisig, Karl (1839), "Semasiologie oder Bedeutungslehre", in Haase, Friedrich (ed.),
1743:
1529:
1252:
1232:
661:
Transfer on a notion linked to the based notion in a spatial, temporal, or causal way
418:
1345:
1140:
Logical-formal reasons (keyword: "lexical regularization", creation of consociation)
2066:
1581:
1331:
1323:
1882:
Semantic Innovation and Change in Kuwaiti Arabic: A Study of the Polysemy of Verbs
2056:
2043:
1859:
1821:
1809:
1653:
1237:
1223:
1168:
347:
225:
1791:
Papers from the Fifth International Conference on English Historical Linguistics
1641:
2028:
2023:
1945:
1703:
1687:
1262:
1052:
915:
809:
781:
The most widely accepted scheme in the English-speaking academic world is from
602:
498:
431:"illustrious, select", literally, "standing out from the flock", which is from
382:
304:â Originally meant "foolish, ignorant, frivolous, senseless". from Old French
1727:
English and general historical lexicology: materials for onomasiology seminars
1327:
789:
Narrowing: Change from superordinate level to subordinate level. For example,
248:, which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that
2123:
2018:
1957:
1203:
1021:
1000:
Cohyponymic transfer: Horizontal shift in a taxonomy, e.g., the confusion of
474:
1779:
Meaning and change of meaning with special reference to the English language
1024:: Change of a word's sense and concept to the complementary opposite, e.g.,
554:
A number of classification schemes have been suggested for semantic change.
2082:
2051:
1836:, Studies in Language Companion Series 106, Amsterdam, New York: Benjamins.
1756:
1267:
1213:
483:
257:
245:
102:
1289:"13 Words That Changed From Negative to Positive Meanings (or Vice Versa)"
896:
Ullmann distinguishes between nature and consequences of semantic change:
799:, but now in the US it has narrowed to a horizon decorated by skyscrapers.
1963:
1387:
1011:
261:
1881:
1798:
1708:
Diachronic prototype Semantics: a contribution to historical lexicology
1548:
1228:
980:
842:
590:
494:
469:"deceitful and lecherous". In the United States by 1897 the expression
403:
364:
241:
229:
1770:
Professor Karl Reisigs Vorlesungen ĂŒber lateinische Sprachwissenschaft
1336:
1107:
Social reasons (i.e., contact situation with "undemarcation" effects)
848:
820:
731:
Analogy: Change triggered by the change of an associated word, e.g.,
443:) "flock". Now it means something that is remarkably bad or flagrant.
407:
265:
253:
91:
706:"Thickening" of sense: change from an abstract to a concrete meaning
2071:
1803:
Der deutsche Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes (dissertation)
1257:
1242:
1155:
Worldview change (i.e., changes in the categorization of the world)
970:
960:
909:
903:
832:
815:
87:
1143:
Desire for plasticity (creation of a salient motivation of a name)
1055:: Semantic change based on the similarity of names, e.g., French
804:
796:
791:
416:â Originally described something that was remarkably good (as in
249:
1904:
Polysemy and Semantic Change in the Arabic Language and Dialects
700:
Enlargement of sense: change from a special to a general meaning
697:
Restriction of sense: change from a general to a special meaning
655:
Generalization: enlargement of single senses of a word's meaning
137:
deal primarily with the English language and do not represent a
1952:
Etymonline, Online Etymology Dictionary of the English language
1198:
1175:. Other related processes include pejoration and amelioration.
986:
Specialization of meaning: Downward shift in a taxonomy, e.g.,
367:
305:
1014:: Change based on a contrastive aspect of the concepts, e.g.,
402:"leading, guiding". Now the word has strong connotations of a
1941:
1172:
1149:
Culture-induced salience of a concept ("cultural importance")
993:
Generalization of meaning: Upward shift in a taxonomy, e.g.,
423:
1920:, , Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, vol. 1, 1142â1178.
1041:: Semantic change based on the contiguity of names, e.g.,
720:"engines of war used to throw missiles" â "mounted guns",
236:, semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a
1853:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
1656:(1964), "Pour une sémantique diachronique structurale",
481:, referred to homosexuals. George Chauncey, in his book
997:"Hoover vacuum cleaner" â "any type of vacuum cleaner".
381:â Originally meant "a popular leader". It is from the
1152:
Changes in the referents (i.e., changes in the world)
973:: Change based on contiguity between concepts, e.g.,
963:: Change based on similarity between concepts, e.g.,
1826:
Semantics: An introduction to the science of meaning
1615:, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 61â90
1430:
was generalized to refer to all forms of solid food
1093:
This list has been revised and slightly enlarged by
818:: Change based on similarity of thing. For example,
1624:, Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1â16
1525:
Fixing English: Prescriptivism and Language History
1045:"cart" â "automobile", due to the invention of the
891:
872:"boy" â "servant" â "deceitful or despicable man";
835:: Change based on nearness in space or time, e.g.,
557:Recent overviews have been presented by Blank and
1740:Principles and methods for historical linguistics
665:
2121:
1549:Adam Jatowt, Nina Tahmasebi, Lars Borin (2021).
1528:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 146â148.
861:: Change from stronger to weaker meaning, e.g.,
851:: Change from weaker to stronger meaning, e.g.,
776:
541:and other such words throughout the rest of the
1737:
1464:
1431:
1162:
1979:
1723:
1510:
374:"native inhabitant; simpleton, natural fool".
135:The examples and perspective in this article
1565:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1460:
1458:
1456:
1398:) referred to all forms of solid food while
865:"strike with thunder" â "surprise strongly".
627:
350:
1668:
1579:
1555:. Language Science Press. pp. 311â340.
1521:
1071:
947:
887:"terrifying" â "astonishing" â "very good".
759:Regular transfer: a subconscious Nomination
710:
691:
570:
426:
397:
391:
385:
311:
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1993:
1986:
1972:
1738:Jeffers, Robert J.; Lehiste, Ilse (1979),
1628:
1573:
1542:
1515:
782:
649:
617:
1724:Grzega, Joachim; Schöner, Marion (2007),
1702:
1690:(1983), "Reclassifying Semantic change",
1686:
1658:Travaux de Linguistique et de Littérature
1619:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1335:
808:. Such uses are known as generonyms: see
642:Metonymy: shifts between cause and effect
639:Synecdoche: shifts between part and whole
558:
525:in the U.S., and, under the influence of
191:Learn how and when to remove this message
173:Learn how and when to remove this message
1911:Arbeiten aus Anglistik und Amerikanistik
1793:, Amsterdam: Benjamins, pp. 496â517
1785:
938:Amelioration of meaning: rise of quality
912:: change based on a contiguity of senses
906:: change based on a similarity of senses
606:
517:called for you". Over the 20th century,
1820:
1808:
1652:
1426:restricted to the tissue of humans and
1375:
1371:
1119:Disguising language (i.e., "misnomers")
990:"grain" â "wheat" (UK), â "maize" (US).
924:: change based on a contiguity of names
918:: change based on a similarity of names
589:semantics. More recent works including
578:
346:"natural, primitive, or native" . From
14:
2122:
1839:
1767:
1714:
1506:
1476:
1167:A specific case of semantic change is
1094:
941:Pejoration of meaning: loss of quality
935:Narrowing of meaning: loss of quantity
598:
562:
271:
234:diachronic (or historical) linguistics
2096:Farming/language dispersal hypothesis
1967:
1797:
1776:
1677:
1640:
1610:
1601:
1494:
1490:
1358:
1313:
977:"animal horn" â "musical instrument".
953:
932:Widening of meaning: rise of quantity
621:
610:
582:
574:
549:
1755:
1183:Apart from many individual studies,
1178:
566:
316:("ignorant or unaware"). Literally "
121:
70:
29:
1897:: Semantic Change in Kuwaiti Arabic
1844:, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell
24:
1874:
1622:Historical Semantics and Cognition
1613:Historical Semantics and Cognition
956:has gained increasing acceptance:
509:. This led to the use of the word
25:
2156:
1935:
1816:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Blackwell
1316:Australian Journal of Linguistics
477:boy; and by 1951, and clipped to
45:This article has multiple issues.
1587:. ACM Press. pp. 1988â1902.
1406:) referred to animal tissue and
929:Consequences of semantic change
892:Typology by Ullmann (1957, 1962)
126:
75:
34:
1761:Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte
1648:(2nd ed.), Paris: Hachette
1499:
1035:in the dialectal use as "give".
952:However, the categorization of
766:"prayer" â "pearl in a rosary")
529:, has been gradually replacing
461:"brothel", or otherwise, e.g.,
53:or discuss these issues on the
1483:
1470:
1437:
1386:An example of this comes from
1380:
1364:
1352:
1307:
1281:
666:Typology by Darmesteter (1887)
240:. Every word has a variety of
90:format but may read better as
13:
1:
1680:Bedeutungswandel im Deutschen
1636:, New York: Allen & Unwin
1595:
1418:was eventually restricted to
1414:) referred to animal fodder;
1028:in the slang sense of "good".
1018:in the sense of "prostitute".
967:"rodent" â "computer device".
876:"awe-inspiring" â "very bad".
777:Typology by Bloomfield (1933)
390:"leader of the people", from
27:Evolution of a word's meaning
1669:Darmesteter, ArsĂšne (1887),
1480:auto-converse), respectively
1122:Taboo (i.e., taboo concepts)
1089:Cultural/encyclopedic forces
497:was the alleged leader of a
406:who panders to emotions and
7:
1902:AlBader, Yousuf B. (2017) "
1887:AlBader, Yousuf B. (2016) "
1880:AlBader, Yousuf B. (2015) "
1522:Anne Curzan (May 8, 2014).
1511:Grzega & Schöner (2007)
1465:Jeffers & Lehiste (1979
1432:Jeffers & Lehiste (1979
1191:
1163:The case of reappropriation
398:
392:
386:
228:regarding the evolution of
149:, discuss the issue on the
10:
2161:
900:Nature of semantic change
2104:
2080:
2042:
2001:
1858:February 1, 2014, at the
1840:Warren, Beatrice (1992),
1832:Vanhove, Martine (2008),
1787:Traugott, Elizabeth Closs
1328:10.1080/07268600701522764
1185:etymological dictionaries
1134:Excessive length of words
795:formerly referred to any
735:adj. "fixed and rapid" â
628:Typology by Reisig (1839)
465:"over-indulgent man" and
2091:Father Tongue hypothesis
1958:Exploring Word Evolution
1733:, EichstÀtt: UniversitÀt
1715:Grzega, Joachim (2004),
1274:
1072:Forces triggering change
948:Typology by Blank (1999)
711:Typology by Stern (1931)
692:Typology by Bréal (1899)
527:American popular culture
422:). The word is from the
2014:Synchrony and diachrony
2009:Comparative Linguistics
1923:Wundt, Wilhelm (1912),
1814:Principles of Semantics
1602:Blank, Andreas (1997),
1248:Phono-semantic matching
855:"torment" â "slaughter"
739:adv. "fixedly, rapidly"
650:Typology by Paul (1880)
559:Blank & Koch (1999)
501:to blow up the English
368:
306:
99:converting this article
2130:Historical linguistics
1995:Historical linguistics
1944:(internet platform by
1862:. Palgrave Macmillan,
1777:Stern, Gustaf (1931),
597:theories are those in
543:English-speaking world
427:
351:
312:
1931:, Leipzig: Engelmann.
1692:Quaderni di Semantica
1219:Genericized trademark
839:"cheek" â "mandible".
829:in the earlier sense.
324:"not" (from PIE root
1763:, TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer
1719:, Heidelberg: Winter
1682:, TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer
1678:Fritz, Gerd (1974),
1606:, TĂŒbingen: Niemeyer
1580:Adam Jatowt (2018).
1086:Sociocultural forces
1083:Psychological forces
883:"boy" â "nobleman";
868:Degeneration: e.g.,
756:"brave man" â "lion"
677:Narrowing of meaning
503:Houses of Parliament
218:semantic development
214:semantic progression
155:create a new article
147:improve this article
1942:Onomasiology Online
1849:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1828:, Oxford: Blackwell
1781:, Göteborg: Elander
1772:, Leipzig: Lehnhold
1710:, Oxford: Clarendon
1646:Essai de sémantique
1630:Bloomfield, Leonard
1209:Euphemism treadmill
680:Widening of meaning
272:Examples in English
2145:Semantic relations
2081:Relationship with
1673:, Paris: Delagrave
742:Shortening: e.g.,
571:Darmesteter (1887)
550:Evolution of types
101:, if appropriate.
2117:
2116:
1535:978-1-107-02075-7
1422:of animals, then
1253:Q-based narrowing
1233:lexical semantics
1179:Practical studies
1080:Linguistic forces
1008:in some dialects.
879:Elevation: e.g.,
783:Bloomfield (1933)
618:Bloomfield (1933)
419:Theorema Egregium
328:"not") + stem of
201:
200:
193:
183:
182:
175:
157:, as appropriate.
120:
119:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2152:
2067:Syntactic change
1988:
1981:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1845:
1829:
1822:Ullmann, Stephen
1817:
1810:Ullmann, Stephen
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1654:Coseriu, Eugenio
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1451:
1449:Geeraerts (1997)
1445:Geeraerts (1983)
1441:
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1384:
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1356:
1350:
1349:
1339:
1322:(200): 147â173.
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
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1131:Wordplay/punning
1059:, orig. English
748:periodical paper
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97:You can help by
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2083:anthropology
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1913:25: 233â244.
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1491:Blank (1997)
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1297:. Retrieved
1293:Mental Floss
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1268:Skunked term
1214:False friend
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1016:perfect lady
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583:Fritz (1974)
575:Trier (1931)
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484:Gay New York
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467:gay deceiver
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435:â"out of" +
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342:â Initially
339:
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258:onomasiology
246:connotations
221:
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187:
169:
163:January 2023
160:
136:
108:
103:Editing help
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
1929:Die Sprache
1895:daĆĄĆĄ twitar
1799:Trier, Jost
1394:(or rather
1388:Old English
1359:Blank (1997
1057:contredanse
1047:(motor) car
1012:Antiphrasis
585:introduced
567:Paul (1880)
396:"people" +
372:also meant
318:not-knowing
262:semasiology
2135:Lexicology
2124:Categories
1891:daĆĄĆĄ l-ÄĄĆáčŁ
1596:References
1337:1885/30763
1229:Lexicology
981:Synecdoche
843:Synecdoche
744:periodical
686:synecdoche
587:Generative
495:Guy Fawkes
475:homosexual
404:politician
365:Old French
230:word usage
50:improve it
2140:Semantics
1698:: 217â240
1664:: 139â186
1561:cite book
849:Hyperbole
827:broadcast
821:broadcast
718:artillery
595:cognitive
591:pragmatic
459:gay house
451:gay woman
414:Egregious
408:prejudice
387:dÄmagĆgĂłs
379:Demagogue
357:literally
266:semantics
254:etymology
151:talk page
111:June 2019
56:talk page
2109:Category
2072:Archaism
1856:Archived
1851:(2003),
1824:(1962),
1812:(1957),
1801:(1931),
1759:(1880),
1706:(1997),
1644:(1899),
1634:Language
1632:(1933),
1505:Compare
1346:53710541
1258:Retronym
1243:Newspeak
1192:See also
1113:Flattery
1039:Ellipsis
971:Metonymy
961:Metaphor
922:Ellipsis
910:Metonymy
904:Metaphor
885:terrific
833:Metonymy
816:Metaphor
703:Metaphor
674:Metonymy
671:Metaphor
645:Metaphor
633:Reisig's
428:egregius
320:", from
296:Terrific
290:Terrible
250:cognates
145:You may
2034:More...
863:astound
859:Meiosis
805:Kleenex
797:horizon
792:skyline
471:gay cat
463:gay dog
455:gay man
313:nescius
284:Awesome
2002:Topics
1866:
1746:
1532:
1374:, and
1361::7â46)
1344:
1299:May 7,
1199:Calque
1116:Insult
995:hoover
881:knight
569:, and
531:fellow
523:fellow
399:agĆgĂłs
361:native
348:French
264:, and
242:senses
208:(also
86:is in
1889:From
1731:(PDF)
1585:(PDF)
1467::129)
1434::130)
1424:flesh
1420:flesh
1404:flĂŠsc
1400:flesh
1342:S2CID
1275:Notes
1173:queer
1002:mouse
965:mouse
874:awful
870:knave
535:bloke
424:Latin
393:dÄmos
383:Greek
344:meant
340:NaĂŻve
330:scire
278:Awful
220:, or
153:, or
92:prose
1864:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1567:link
1530:ISBN
1509:and
1493:and
1447:and
1428:food
1416:meat
1412:foda
1408:food
1396:mete
1392:meat
1301:2022
1231:and
1033:take
1004:and
988:corn
975:horn
853:kill
764:bead
754:lion
737:fast
733:fast
722:atom
620:and
609:and
593:and
539:chap
499:plot
441:grex
437:greg
369:naif
352:naĂŻf
336:NaĂŻf
326:*ne-
307:nice
302:Nice
244:and
238:word
88:list
1893:to
1489:in
1443:in
1370:in
1332:hdl
1324:doi
1043:car
1026:bad
1006:rat
837:jaw
519:guy
515:guy
511:guy
507:Guy
491:Guy
479:gay
447:Gay
338:or
322:ne-
2126::
1694:,
1660:,
1563:}}
1559:{{
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