1185:
861:
600:
1227:
852:
36:
1122:
Inside the tomb the ramp shows irregular graduations. Petrie was also confused by the small number of clay seals. Only 17 seals were found. For archaeologists and
Egyptologists, the complete arrangement of the burial site suggests that the builders were pressed for time. When Petrie freed the ramp from sand, he found that the complete ramp was thickly covered in aromatic oil, which still gave off a scent. Beside the ramp several wooden and hand-made baskets and earthen jars were found. These were dated to the
1197:
1212:
5376:
1247:
1103:
540:
201:
804:
1094:'s report. The Eusebian version says: "His son, Semémpsês, who reigned for 18 years; in his reign a very great calamity befell Egypt." The Armenian version sounds similar: "Mempsis, 18 years. Under him many portents happened and a great pestilence occurred." None of the documents from after Semerkhet's reign provide any details about this "calamity".
1184:
829:. On the Cairo Stone she is described as his mother, but definite evidence for that view has not yet been found. It would be expected that Semerkhet had sons and daughters, but their names have not been preserved in the historical record. A candidate as a possible member of his family line is his immediate successor, king
1166:
head had died. Wilkinson goes further and thinks that
Semerkhet, as the godlike king, tried to demonstrate his power over the death and life of his servants and family members even in their afterlife. The tradition of burying the family and court of the king when he died was abandoned at the time of king
615:
head dress, and a long, plain stick in his hands. The reading and meaning of this special sign is disputed, since it doesn't appear in this form before association with king
Semerkhet. Indeed, the hieroglyph of the cloaked man is extremely rare. It appears only twice in relief inscriptions depicting
1165:
once covered the whole of the subsidiary tombs. Now the royal burial formed a unit with the 67 subsidiary tombs. Egyptologists such as Walter Bryan Emery and Toby
Wilkinson see this architectural development as proof that the royal family and household were killed willingly when their royal family
947:
at
Saqqara. The inscriptions show that king Qa'a, immediate successor of Semerkhet and sponsor of the vessels, accepted Semerkhet as a rightful ancestor and heir to the throne. Furthermore, the Egyptologists point out that nearly every king of First Dynasty had the habit of taking special vessels
1121:
at Abydos and is known as "Tomb U". While excavating, Petrie found no stairways as he did at the necropolis of Den and Adjib. He found a ramp, four metres wide and leading straight into the main chamber. The ramp starts approximately ten metres east outside the tomb and has a base slope of 12°.
1226:
990:
While the Cairo Stone reports the whole of
Semerkhet's reign, unfortunately, the surface of the stone slab is badly worn and most of the events are now illegible. The following chart follows the reconstructions by Toby A. H. Wilkinson,
35:
948:(so-called 'anniversary vessels') from their predecessor's tomb and then replacing their predecessor's name with their own. Semerkhet not only confiscated Adjib's vessels, in his tomb several artefacts from the necropolis of queen
911:
once held that
Semerkhet was a usurper and not the rightful heir to the throne. Their assumption was based on the observation that a number of stone vessels with Semerkhet's name on them, originally were inscribed with king
916:'s name. Semerkhet simply erased Adjib's name and replaced it with his own. Furthermore, they point out that no high official and priest associated with Semerkhet was found at Sakkara. All other kings, such as
943:
deny the 'usurping theory', because
Semerkhet's name is mentioned on stone vessel inscriptions along with those of Den, Adjib, and Qa'a. The objects were found in the underground galleries beneath the
611:
Semerkhet's birth name is more problematic. Any artefact showing his birth name curiously lacks any artistic detail of the used hieroglyphic sign: a walking man with waving cloak or skirt, a
952:
and king Den also were found. The lack of any high official's tomb at
Saqqara might be explained by the rather short reign of Semerkhet. It seems that the only known official of Semerkhet,
531:, where the complete reign of Semerkhet has been recorded. Additionally, they point to the archaeological records, which strengthen the view that Semerkhet had a relatively short reign.
504:
records seem to support the view that
Semerkhet had a difficult time as king and some early archaeologists questioned the legitimacy of Semerkhet's succession to the Egyptian throne.
1564:
Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams: Proceedings of the International Conference „Origin of the State, Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt“, Krakow, 28th August - 1st September 2002
1134:'s head. The findings inside the main chamber included precious objects such as inlays and fragments of furniture (especially pedestals), copper-made armatures, and jewelry made of
885:
of Semerkhet with a blessing wish below. On the upper left corner is described the content of the jar, to which the label was once adjusted. Also the name of the high official
996:
908:
5303:
656:
of the man. Some contemporary ivory tags show the Nebty name written with the single eye symbol only. Thus, the scholars also read Semerkhet's throne name as
860:
621:
5217:
765:
and means "the eldest". It was used as a title identifying someone as the head of the house. Due to this uncertainty, it seems that the compiler of the
585:
is commonly translated as "companion of the divine community" or "thoughtful friend". The latter translation is questioned by many scholars, since the
992:
1196:
5590:
1090:
in the second window of Semerkhet's year records. The inscription gives no further information about that event, but it has a resemblance to
1685:
Zur Rekonstruktion der Oberbauten der Königsgräber der 1. Dynastie in Abydos (Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts Kairo 47)
524:
and historians now consider both statements as exaggerations and credit Semerkhet with a reign of 8½ years. This evaluation is based on the
5296:
358:
5232:
5227:
953:
1211:
821:
Virtually nothing is known about Semerkhet's family. His parents are unknown, but it is thought that one of his predecessors, king
735:
408:
249:
753:
ideogram that was used during Semerkhet's lifetime was very similar to the sign of an old man with a walking stick (Gardiner sign
338:
299:
264:
234:
5289:
5207:
5202:
1190:
Calcite dish, from Royal Tomb "U" , Semerkhet, at Abydos, Egypt, First Dynasty, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
45:
732:
722:
405:
395:
320:
314:
175:
174:
5212:
323:
317:
178:
877:(a bald palm stem), reports -from top to bottom- a feast of the Sokar-bark, a visitation to the temple of the ancestor-deity,
5192:
1286:
727:
604:
400:
341:
145:
1154:
oil, which was of great value to the Egyptians. Outside the tomb, close to the entrance, a damaged tomb stela made of black
1126:. Scholars now think that Semerkhet's tomb was re-opened and restored when Ramesside priests and kings saw the tomb of king
729:
724:
402:
397:
101:
5222:
5197:
5187:
2967:
2755:
1014:
Appearance of the king of Lower- and Upper Egypt; unifying the two realms; circumambulation of the White Wall of Memphis
5176:
3937:
3653:
2521:
1781:
1755:
798:
5585:
1651:
1618:
1597:
1571:
1546:
1520:
1499:
1450:
1422:
1396:
1364:
1334:
1313:
676:
title of his predecessor. It seems that he felt connected with the 'Two Ladies', a title referring to the goddesses
5242:
4429:
1118:
92:
684:, the patron deities of the Ancient Egyptians who were worshiped by all after the unification of its two parts,
4479:
4206:
4062:
486:
4775:
4565:
4497:
4362:
4229:
4139:
3952:
2070:
4347:
4284:
3567:
1161:
The burial chamber measures 29.2 × 20.8 metres and is of simple construction. Petrie found that the king's
599:
550:
Semerkhet is well attested in archaeological records. His name appears in inscriptions on vessels made of
4708:
3817:
3729:
3214:
2991:
2982:
4537:
3870:
3607:
3434:
3366:
1948:
668:"). This reconstruction is strengthened by the observation that Semerkhet was the first king using the
5058:
2829:
1009:
637:
2903:
2674:
2536:
1114:
698:
1232:
Fragment of a vessel of white marble bearing the serekh of Semerkhet, at the left of the serekh a
4743:
4658:
4635:
2952:
2814:
2751:
2540:
2340:
2156:
1663:
G. Dreyer, A. Effland, U. Effland, E.M. Engel, H. Hartmann, R. Hartung, Lacher, Müller, Pokorny:
1171:
1246:
851:
5312:
5247:
5237:
4785:
4764:
4683:
3597:
3457:
3067:
2701:
2661:
2455:
2397:
2281:
2085:
1748:
1301:
493:
470:
1699:
5257:
4733:
4698:
4678:
4668:
4630:
3230:
3134:
2488:
5528:
5252:
4758:
4713:
4086:
3714:
3649:
3502:
3497:
3204:
3199:
3052:
2478:
2266:
2145:
633:
603:
Pottery shard inscribed with Semerkhet's serekh name, originally from his tomb, now in the
8:
4748:
4723:
4688:
4625:
4000:
3975:
3179:
3174:
2598:
2029:
1463:
956:, had survived his king: His name appears on ivory tags from Semerkhet's and Qaa's tomb.
896:
60:
5038:
5025:
4602:
3612:
3184:
3159:
2226:
2001:
900:
881:, and the travelling in a royal boat. The left part of the label shows the throne name
1218:
1203:
5093:
5072:
4966:
4933:
4645:
3980:
3602:
3482:
3104:
3032:
2690:
2493:
2483:
2415:
1741:
1647:
1614:
1593:
1567:
1542:
1516:
1495:
1446:
1418:
1392:
1360:
1330:
1309:
1282:
963:, (meaning "Horus, the judge of the divine community") and the new private household
944:
782:
5538:
5272:
5099:
4927:
4693:
4447:
4030:
3327:
3223:
3164:
2588:
2568:
940:
936:
766:
544:
500:, who reported that a calamity of some sort occurred during Semerkhet's reign. The
215:
889:
is preserved, who was obviously responsible for the delivery of the mentioned jar.
785:
omits Semerkhet's throne name. The reason for that is unknown, but all kings from
570:
tags and earthen jar seals. Objects bearing Semerkhet's name and titles come from
5518:
5469:
5281:
5044:
5014:
4973:
4909:
4653:
4583:
4453:
3792:
3447:
3169:
2563:
2201:
2169:
2008:
1237:
1107:
983:("the Great White"). And further tags show the celebration of a first (and only)
770:
517:
460:
276:
2750:
5523:
5140:
4938:
4899:
4617:
4573:
4442:
3526:
3452:
3282:
3154:
3114:
2862:
2714:
2679:
2669:
2603:
2558:
2440:
2435:
2015:
1994:
1960:
1492:
Early History of the Middle East (The Cambridge Ancient History; Vol. 1, Pt. 2)
1274:
932:
904:
870:
705:
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, he of the two ladies, and he who belongs to them
617:
496:. This ruler became known through a tragic legend handed down by the historian
616:
ceremonial processions of priests and standard bearers. Egyptologists such as
5579:
5548:
5544:
5350:
4819:
4718:
4550:
4520:
4196:
4051:
3908:
3777:
3617:
3592:
3542:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3129:
2936:
2867:
2857:
2719:
2473:
2221:
2164:
2117:
1954:
1913:
1443:
Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt: the Palermo Stone and its Associated Fragments
1175:
1167:
917:
822:
571:
525:
438:
5533:
4904:
4738:
4728:
4703:
4555:
4505:
4464:
4190:
4102:
3990:
3903:
3883:
3802:
3767:
3762:
3648:
3587:
3297:
3119:
3109:
3072:
3027:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2837:
2553:
2430:
2239:
2180:
2040:
1987:
1892:
1630:
Dieter Arnold: Lexikon der ägyptischen Baukunst, Patmos Verlag, 2000, S. 11
1036:
967:(meaning "house of the harem"), which was headed by Semerkhet's wives. Two
521:
1359:. (Ägyptologische Abhandlungen, Volume 45), Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1987,
133:
5008:
4953:
4804:
4753:
4673:
4545:
4437:
4419:
4377:
4288:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4123:
4107:
4080:
4045:
4035:
3970:
3923:
3913:
3898:
3888:
3835:
3797:
3772:
3752:
3742:
3508:
3492:
3467:
3462:
3262:
3189:
3099:
3082:
3037:
3012:
2946:
2926:
2911:
2893:
2623:
2618:
2425:
2252:
2232:
2046:
1980:
1971:
1855:
1123:
971:
tags show the yearly 'Escort of Horus', a feast connected to the regular
959:
Seal impressions from Semerkhet's burial site show the new royal domain,
746:
689:
685:
672:
title in its ultimate form. For unknown reason Semerkhet did not use the
625:
528:
501:
692:. The Nebty title in turn was thought to function as an addition to the
5448:
5426:
5390:
5125:
5079:
5032:
4987:
4959:
4780:
4663:
4588:
4515:
4404:
4219:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4129:
4117:
4097:
4070:
4040:
4020:
3965:
3918:
3893:
3825:
3787:
3757:
3747:
3487:
3287:
3277:
3047:
3042:
3007:
2916:
2888:
2709:
2613:
2608:
2593:
2578:
2386:
2380:
2294:
2022:
1840:
1777:
1050:
Appearance of the king of Upper Egypt; creation of... (rest is missing)
949:
807:
665:
586:
482:
769:
simply tried to imitate the original figure, whilst the author of the
539:
5065:
4980:
4943:
4869:
4863:
4790:
4770:
4487:
4469:
4414:
4394:
4257:
4092:
4075:
4025:
3878:
3845:
3840:
3782:
3581:
3402:
3355:
3307:
3267:
3244:
3017:
2883:
2852:
2506:
2420:
2246:
1864:
1143:
1074:
Appearance of the king of Lower- and Upper Egypt... (rest is missing)
555:
1391:
Toby A. H. Wilkinson: Early Dynastic Egypt. Routledge, London 1999,
825:, might have been his father. Possibly, Semerkhet was born to queen
42:
King Iry-Nebty visits the house-of-the-pleased-king, oil jars for it
5500:
5443:
5432:
5416:
5395:
5135:
5130:
5119:
5086:
5001:
4994:
4948:
4920:
4914:
4879:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4459:
4399:
4242:
4214:
3807:
3737:
3549:
3535:
3515:
3477:
3389:
3334:
3292:
3124:
3094:
3057:
3002:
2847:
2724:
2629:
2573:
2468:
2375:
2369:
2358:
2324:
2208:
2194:
2187:
2174:
2138:
1878:
1139:
773:
seems to have been convinced about reading it as the Gardiner-sign
750:
653:
5484:
5453:
5421:
5411:
5365:
5355:
5335:
5112:
5051:
4894:
4578:
4389:
4383:
4371:
4252:
4247:
4184:
4163:
4008:
3960:
3860:
3850:
3575:
3472:
3442:
3424:
3413:
3396:
3348:
3341:
3272:
3194:
2842:
2650:
2636:
2548:
2499:
2405:
2348:
2299:
2132:
2122:
2102:
2035:
1885:
1764:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1162:
1155:
1102:
1091:
925:
895:
An old theory, supported by Egyptologists and historians such as
830:
826:
815:
803:
677:
575:
559:
497:
489:
449:
434:
83:
73:
53:
1776:
1086:
Egyptologists and historians pay special attention to the entry
5564:
5474:
5330:
5019:
4889:
4526:
4409:
4014:
3985:
3855:
3830:
3622:
3556:
3382:
3375:
3302:
3257:
3251:
3077:
2997:
2583:
2410:
2363:
2317:
2289:
2215:
2093:
2052:
1934:
1899:
1871:
1478:
Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Kairo 1959, Abb. 37.
1147:
1131:
1032:
811:
786:
681:
582:
563:
551:
1308:. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2004 (Reprint),
5479:
5438:
5326:
5105:
4884:
4874:
4852:
4510:
3419:
3407:
3320:
3237:
3088:
3022:
2684:
2353:
2311:
2305:
2097:
2056:
1927:
1920:
1906:
1539:Ägypten, Geschichte und Kultur der Frühzeit, 3200-2800 v. Chr
1135:
984:
968:
921:
913:
567:
1202:
Pottery shard bearing Semerkhet's serekh, on display at the
1170:, one of the last rulers of the First Dynasty. The tombs of
931:
Today this theory has little support. Egyptologists such as
596:) normally was the symbol for "body" or "divine community".
5345:
5340:
4857:
4847:
4237:
4112:
3313:
2643:
2463:
2445:
2330:
2112:
2107:
1941:
1733:
1127:
976:
158:
1513:
Egypt's Making: the Origins of Ancient Egypt, 5000-2000 BC
1236:, meaning "brazen house" or "house of ore", is mentioned,
1062:
Appearance of the king of Upper Egypt... (rest is missing)
3062:
1669:
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Institut Kairo
972:
520:
credited him with an implausibly long reign of 72 years.
4283:
1413:
Jochem Kahl, Markus Bretschneider, Barbara Kneissler:
516:
and credited him with a reign of 18 years, whilst the
789:
up to king Den also are missing their throne names.
376:
King of Upper and Lower Egypt, he of the two ladies,
873:. The right section, introduced by the 'year'-sign
40:Alabaster vase of Semerkhet, the inscription reads
5311:
1329:. Griffith Institute of Oxford, Oxford (UK) 1997,
1158:displaying Semerkhet's serekh name was excavated.
1031:Appearance of the king; creation of a statue for
5577:
1306:Manetho (The Loeb Classical Library, Volume 350)
1700:Francesco Raffaele: Semerkhet - nisut-bity Iry
1671:, vol. 62. von Zabern, Mainz 2006, page 95-97.
1515:. Taylor & Francis, London/New York 1990,
1494:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2006,
1117:in 1899 by archaeologist and Egyptologist Sir
5297:
1749:
1417:, Band 1. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2002,
696:title. His prenomen is Nisut-Bity-Nebty-Iry,
979:celebration for the deity of the ancestors,
869:Ivory label of Semerkhet, on display in the
660:(meaning "guardian") and the Nebty name as
5304:
5290:
1756:
1742:
1217:Clay jar incised with Semerkhet's serekh,
543:Semsu, cartouche name of Semerkhet in the
34:
1445:. Kegan Paul International, London 2000,
5166:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1101:
1080:The ...th month and ...th day. (damaged)
802:
632:, meaning "divine guardian". During the
598:
538:
155:
46:National Archaeological Museum (France)
5591:Pharaohs of the First Dynasty of Egypt
5578:
4313:
3678:
2780:
1806:
1679:
1677:
1646:. University Press, Oxford (UK) 2003,
1638:
1636:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1486:
1484:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1367:, page 124, 160 - 162 & 212 - 214.
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1281:, 1992, Oxford: Blackwell publishing,
5285:
5165:
4282:
3647:
2749:
1775:
1737:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1297:
1295:
1263:
1150:were also found. They once contained
4818:
1665:Excavations in the Tomb of Semerkhet
1505:
1146:. Some vessels originating from the
1674:
1644:The Oxford history of ancient Egypt
1633:
1577:
1526:
1481:
1472:Inscriptions gravées sur les vases.
1370:
1340:
1178:, onward have no subsidiary tombs.
975:collections. Other tags report the
13:
1687:. von Zabern, Mainz 1991, page 56.
1613:. Harry N. Abrams, New York 2003,
1609:Ian Shaw & Paul T. Nicholson:
1428:
1402:
1319:
1292:
799:First Dynasty of Egypt family tree
507:
14:
5602:
1693:
1490:Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen Edwards:
648:) and a human eye (Gardiner-sign
119:Companion of the divine community
5374:
1245:
1225:
1210:
1195:
1183:
859:
850:
749:were also confused, because the
566:. His name is also preserved on
199:
1657:
1624:
1611:The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt
1603:
1552:
1357:Untersuchungen zur Thinitenzeit
1119:William Matthew Flinders Petrie
1106:Map of Semerkhet's tomb in the
534:
5313:First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt
1456:
1068:Escort of... (rest is missing)
1056:Escort of... (rest is missing)
1044:Escort of... (rest is missing)
1:
4776:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
1257:
365:
108:
1763:
1113:Semerkhet's burial site was
709:He whom the two ladies guard
636:, this word is written with
384:He whom the two ladies guard
7:
4709:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1541:. Fourier, Wiesbaden 1964,
1003:Cairo Stone, main fragment:
792:
781:with uniliteral signs. The
745:Scribes and priests of the
10:
5607:
3608:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
2992:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
2756:Second Intermediate Period
1415:Frühägyptisches Wörterbuch
1279:A History of Ancient Egypt
796:
714:
664:(meaning "guardian of the
387:
359:Prenomen (Praenomen)
291:
226:
190:
166:
161:
137:
5557:
5509:
5493:
5462:
5404:
5383:
5372:
5319:
5270:
5172:
5161:
5059:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
4803:
4749:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
4644:
4616:
4601:
4564:
4536:
4496:
4478:
4428:
4361:
4346:
4304:
4300:
4278:
4228:
4205:
4138:
4061:
3999:
3951:
3936:
3869:
3816:
3728:
3713:
3669:
3665:
3654:Third Intermediate Period
3643:
3566:
3525:
3433:
3365:
3213:
2981:
2966:
2902:
2876:
2828:
2813:
2771:
2767:
2745:
2700:
2660:
2535:
2520:
2454:
2396:
2339:
2280:
2265:
2155:
2084:
2069:
1970:
1854:
1839:
1797:
1793:
1782:First Intermediate Period
1771:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1549:, page 15–17 & 94–95.
1277:, Ian Shaw (translator):
997:Hermann Alexander Schlögl
757:). This had been read as
466:
455:
445:
430:
364:
357:
165:
107:
100:
89:
79:
69:
59:
52:
33:
28:
23:
5586:30th-century BC pharaohs
4771:Cleopatra VII Philopator
3028:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
1786: (<3150–2040 BC)
1566:. Peeters, Leuven 2004,
1399:, page 78, 79 & 275.
1337:; page 15 & Table I.
1327:The royal Canon of Turin
1130:as the ritual burial of
924:, are attested in local
844:Ivory label of Semerkhet
836:
512:Manetho named Semerkhet
4744:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
4659:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
2953:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
1560:The Domain of Semerkhet
1097:
4786:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
4765:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
4759:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
4714:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
4684:Arsinoe III Philopator
3598:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
3068:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
3008:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
2599:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
1592:. Beck, München 2008,
1562:. In: Stan Hendrickx:
1468:La Pyramide a Degrees.
1441:Toby A. H. Wilkinson:
1302:William Gillan Waddell
1172:Second Dynasty founder
1110:
1088:"Destruction of Egypt"
818:
814:'s pyramid complex at
608:
547:
378:he who belongs to them
4734:Ptolemy X Alexander I
4699:Ptolemy VI Philometor
4679:Ptolemy IV Philopator
4674:Berenice II Euergetes
4669:Ptolemy III Euergetes
4631:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3140:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
3135:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
2489:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
1252:Tomb stela of Semerkh
1105:
806:
602:
542:
492:who ruled during the
125:Companion of the gods
65:8½ years, ca. 2920 BC
5529:Den seal impressions
5167:Dynastic genealogies
4791:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
4087:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
4001:High Priests of Amun
3503:Merankhre Mentuhotep
3205:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
3200:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
3053:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
2760: (2040–1550 BC)
2479:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
1588:Hermann A. Schlögl:
1537:Walter Bryan Emery:
1023:destruction of Egypt
771:Royal Canon of Turin
644:flag (Gardiner-sign
518:Royal Canon of Turin
369:Nisut-Bity-Nebty-Iry
4689:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
4626:Alexander the Great
3658: (1550–664 BC)
3180:Mershepsesre Ini II
3175:Merkawre Sobekhotep
2569:Neferkare IV Khendu
897:Jean-Philippe Lauer
372:nsw.t-bty-nb.ty-iry
5026:Trebonianus Gallus
3613:Senakhtenre Ahmose
3231:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
3185:Sewahenre Senebmiu
3160:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
2589:Neferkare V Tereru
2559:Neferkare III Neby
2227:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
1325:Alan H. Gardiner:
1111:
1010:Year of coronation
901:Walter Bryan Emery
819:
810:of Semerkhet from
634:Old Kingdom period
622:Bernhard Grdseloff
609:
548:
288:The elder of Horus
29:Semempses, Mempses
5573:
5572:
5279:
5278:
5266:
5265:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5073:Claudius Gothicus
4967:Severus Alexander
4934:Septimius Severus
4799:
4798:
4597:
4596:
4342:
4341:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
3981:Osorkon the Elder
3932:
3931:
3709:
3708:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3603:Nubkheperre Intef
3483:Sekhemre Shedwast
3105:Sehetepkare Intef
3033:Semenkare Nebnuni
2962:
2961:
2809:
2808:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2516:
2515:
2494:Netjerkare Siptah
2416:Neferirkare Kakai
2261:
2260:
2065:
2064:
1835:
1834:
1732:
1731:
1723:Succeeded by
1558:Eva-Maria Engel:
1287:978-0-63-119396-8
1020:Escort of Horus;
945:Pyramid of Djoser
783:Saqqara King List
743:
742:
739:
738:
476:
475:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
335:
334:
327:
326:
272:
271:
268:
267:
261:
260:
253:
252:
211:
210:
207:
206:
194:
193:
186:
185:
182:
181:
153:
152:
149:
148:
5598:
5539:MacGregor plaque
5378:
5377:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5273:List of pharaohs
5163:
5162:
4928:Pescennius Niger
4816:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4724:Ptolemy IX Soter
4694:Cleopatra I Syra
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4311:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4280:
4279:
4031:Djedkhonsuefankh
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3726:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3696:
3691:
3676:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3645:
3644:
3238:Qareh Khawoserre
3224:Yakbim Sekhaenre
3165:Mersekhemre Ined
2979:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2747:
2746:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1773:
1772:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1718:Pharaoh of Egypt
1708:Preceded by
1705:
1704:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1661:
1655:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1607:
1601:
1590:Das alte Ägypten
1586:
1575:
1556:
1550:
1535:
1524:
1509:
1503:
1488:
1479:
1460:
1454:
1439:
1426:
1411:
1400:
1389:
1368:
1355:Wolfgang Helck:
1353:
1338:
1323:
1317:
1299:
1290:
1272:
1249:
1229:
1214:
1199:
1187:
941:Winifred Needler
937:I. E. S. Edwards
863:
854:
767:Abydos king list
719:
718:
715:
638:uniliteral signs
545:Abydos king list
392:
391:
388:
366:
311:
310:
303:
302:
296:
295:
292:
246:
245:
238:
237:
231:
230:
227:
216:Abydos King List
203:
202:
171:
170:
167:
159:
142:
141:
138:
134:
130:
129:
109:
98:
97:
38:
21:
20:
16:Egyptian pharaoh
5606:
5605:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5553:
5519:Narmer macehead
5511:
5505:
5489:
5458:
5400:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5315:
5310:
5280:
5275:
5262:
5168:
5145:
5045:Macrianus Minor
4974:Maximinus Thrax
4910:Marcus Aurelius
4809:
4808:
4807:
4795:
4654:Ptolemy I Soter
4640:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4593:
4560:
4532:
4492:
4474:
4454:Psammetichus IV
4424:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4338:
4316:
4307:
4296:
4293:(664 BC–313 AD)
4292:
4291:
4262:
4224:
4201:
4197:Menkheperre Ini
4134:
4057:
3995:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3928:
3865:
3812:
3793:Neferneferuaten
3719:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3688:Pharaohs
3681:
3672:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3627:
3562:
3521:
3448:Sobekhotep VIII
3429:
3361:
3209:
3170:Sewadjkare Hori
2972:
2971:
2970:
2958:
2898:
2872:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2805:
2783:
2774:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2729:
2696:
2656:
2564:Djedkare Shemai
2526:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2450:
2392:
2335:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2257:
2151:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2061:
1966:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1831:
1809:
1800:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1767:
1762:
1728:
1713:
1696:
1691:
1683:Günter Dreyer:
1682:
1675:
1662:
1658:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1608:
1604:
1587:
1578:
1574:, page 705–710.
1557:
1553:
1536:
1527:
1510:
1506:
1489:
1482:
1461:
1457:
1440:
1429:
1412:
1403:
1390:
1371:
1354:
1341:
1324:
1320:
1300:
1293:
1273:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1241:
1238:Egyptian Museum
1230:
1221:
1219:Musée du Louvre
1215:
1206:
1204:Musée du Louvre
1200:
1191:
1188:
1100:
993:John D. Degreef
893:
892:
891:
890:
866:
865:
864:
856:
855:
846:
845:
839:
801:
795:
728:
723:
712:
592:(Gardiner-sign
537:
510:
508:Length of reign
426:
425:
401:
396:
386:
382:
380:
377:
374:
370:
290:
286:
282:
280:
277:Turin King List
274:
273:
225:
221:
219:
213:
212:
200:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
95:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5604:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5561:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5524:Narmer palette
5521:
5515:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5460:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5408:
5406:
5405:Queen consorts
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5387:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5323:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5286:
5277:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5141:Maximinus Daza
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5097:
5090:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5048:
5041:
5036:
5029:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4924:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4900:Antoninus Pius
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4810:(30 BC–313 AD)
4801:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4611:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4574:Artaxerxes III
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4450:
4445:
4443:Petubastis III
4440:
4434:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4380:
4375:
4367:
4365:
4356:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4298:
4297:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3938:3 Intermediate
3934:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3732:
3723:
3720:(1550–1070 BC)
3711:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3663:
3662:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3453:Neferhotep III
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3283:Sewadjkare III
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3252:Maaibre Sheshi
3248:
3245:'Ammu Ahotepre
3241:
3234:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:Merhotepre Ini
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3115:Sobekhotep III
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2976:
2973:(1802–1550 BC)
2968:2 Intermediate
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2863:Mentuhotep III
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2820:(2040–1802 BC)
2815:Middle Kingdom
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2765:
2764:
2752:Middle Kingdom
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2715:Neferkare VIII
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2680:Nebkaure Khety
2677:
2672:
2670:Meryibre Khety
2666:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2604:Neferkamin Anu
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2527:(2181–2040 BC)
2522:1 Intermediate
2518:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2441:Djedkare Isesi
2438:
2436:Menkauhor Kaiu
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
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2366:
2361:
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2334:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2309:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2272:(2686–2181 BC)
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2079:
2076:(3150–2686 BC)
2071:Early Dynastic
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
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1952:
1945:
1938:
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1695:
1694:External links
1692:
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1623:
1602:
1576:
1551:
1525:
1511:Michael Rice:
1504:
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1462:Pierre Lacau,
1455:
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1291:
1275:Nicolas Grimal
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1078:year of death:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1026:
1015:
933:Toby Wilkinson
905:Wolfgang Helck
871:British Museum
868:
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858:
857:
849:
848:
847:
843:
842:
841:
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835:
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618:Toby Wilkinson
536:
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487:early Egyptian
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93:Royal titulary
91:
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5510:Artefacts and
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4719:Cleopatra III
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4521:Nepherites II
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4128:
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4119:
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4109:
4106:
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4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4052:Psusennes III
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
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3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3943:(1069–664 BC)
3939:
3935:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3909:Ramesses VIII
3907:
3905:
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3900:
3897:
3895:
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3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
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3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:Amenhotep III
3776:
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3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
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3759:
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3677:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Seqenenre Tao
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3593:Sobekemsaf II
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
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3554:
3552:
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3547:
3545:
3544:
3543:Wepwawetemsaf
3540:
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3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3511:
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3404:
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3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Merneferre Ay
3148:
3146:
3145:Wahibre Ibiau
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Sobekhotep IV
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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3011:
3009:
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3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
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2977:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2950:
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2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Amenemhat III
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
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2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2868:Mentuhotep IV
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Mentuhotep II
2856:
2854:
2851:
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2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
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2779:
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2766:
2757:
2753:
2748:
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2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Wahkare Khety
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Neferkare VII
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
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2531:
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2235:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:Seth-Peribsen
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Hotepsekhemwy
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1955:Double Falcon
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1846:(pre-3150 BC)
1842:
1841:Protodynastic
1838:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1779:
1778:Protodynastic
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1652:0-19-280458-8
1649:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1627:
1620:
1619:0-8109-9096-2
1616:
1612:
1606:
1600:, page 71–72.
1599:
1598:3-406-48005-5
1595:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1572:90-429-1469-6
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1548:
1547:0-415-18633-1
1544:
1540:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1521:0-415-05092-8
1518:
1514:
1508:
1502:, page 27–31.
1501:
1500:0-521-07791-5
1497:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1451:0-7103-0667-9
1448:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1424:
1423:3-447-04594-9
1420:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1398:
1397:0-415-18633-1
1394:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1365:3-447-02677-4
1362:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:0-900416-48-3
1332:
1328:
1322:
1316:, page 33–37.
1315:
1314:0-674-99385-3
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:Hotepsekhemwy
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:Ramesside era
1120:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:seventh year:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
988:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
862:
853:
834:
832:
828:
824:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
790:
788:
784:
780:
777:and he wrote
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:Ramesside era
734:
731:
726:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
710:
706:
702:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
652:) nearby the
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
606:
605:Petrie Museum
601:
597:
595:
591:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
546:
541:
532:
530:
527:
523:
522:Egyptologists
519:
515:
505:
503:
499:
495:
494:First Dynasty
491:
488:
484:
480:
472:
471:First Dynasty
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
433:
429:
407:
404:
399:
394:
393:
390:
389:
385:
379:
373:
368:
367:
363:
360:
356:
340:
337:
331:
330:
322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
289:
285:
279:
278:
263:
257:
256:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
224:
218:
217:
198:
196:
189:
177:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
160:
157:
144:
143:
140:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
126:
120:
116:
112:Hor-Semerkhet
111:
110:
106:
103:
99:
94:
88:
85:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
64:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
37:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5534:Abydos boats
5494:Other people
5431:
5360:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5092:
5085:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5057:
5050:
5043:
5031:
5024:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:
4926:
4919:
4905:Lucius Verus
4862:
4763:
4739:Berenice III
4729:Cleopatra IV
4704:Cleopatra II
4636:Alexander IV
4556:Nectanebo II
4525:
4506:Nepherites I
4465:Artaxerxes I
4452:
4382:
4370:
4353:(664–332 BC)
4333:
4289:Roman Period
4191:Shoshenq VII
4189:
4162:
4122:
4103:Shoshenq III
4085:
4050:
4013:
3991:Psusennes II
3904:Ramesses VII
3884:Ramesses III
3768:Amenhotep II
3763:Thutmose III
3699:
3588:Sobekemsaf I
3580:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3514:
3507:
3412:
3395:
3390:'Aper-'Anati
3388:
3381:
3374:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3298:Sekheperenre
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3120:Neferhotep I
3110:Seth Meribre
3087:
3073:Djedkheperew
2990:
2951:
2942:Amenemhat IV
2932:Senusret III
2922:Amenemhat II
2838:Mentuhotep I
2800:
2689:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2554:Neferkare II
2505:
2498:
2431:Nyuserre Ini
2385:
2368:
2323:
2316:
2304:
2245:
2240:Neferkasokar
2238:
2231:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2144:
2137:
2127:
2045:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1988:Finger Snail
1986:
1979:
1959:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1826:
1716:
1684:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1643:
1626:
1610:
1605:
1589:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1538:
1512:
1507:
1491:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:J.-Ph. Lauer
1458:
1442:
1414:
1356:
1326:
1321:
1305:
1278:
1233:
1160:
1151:
1112:
1108:Umm el-Qa'ab
1087:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1072:eighth year:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1048:fourth year:
1047:
1041:
1029:second year:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1002:
1001:
989:
980:
964:
961:Hor wep-khet
960:
958:
930:
909:Michael Rice
894:
886:
882:
878:
874:
820:
778:
774:
762:
758:
754:
744:
708:
704:
697:
693:
673:
669:
661:
657:
649:
645:
641:
629:
612:
610:
593:
589:
581:Semerkhet's
580:
549:
535:Name sources
513:
511:
478:
477:
461:Umm el-Qa'ab
383:
381:Alternative:
375:
371:
287:
283:
275:
222:
214:
124:
122:Alternative:
118:
114:
41:
18:
5009:Gordian III
4954:Diadumenian
4754:Cleopatra V
4608:(332–30 BC)
4603:Hellenistic
4546:Nectanebo I
4438:Cambyses II
4420:Psamtik III
4378:Tefnakht II
4180:Takelot III
4175:Osorkon III
4170:Shoshenq VI
4124:Pedubast II
4108:Shoshenq IV
4081:Shoshenq II
4046:Pinedjem II
4036:Menkheperre
3971:Psusennes I
3924:Ramesses XI
3914:Ramesses IX
3899:Ramesses VI
3889:Ramesses IV
3836:Ramesses II
3798:Tutankhamun
3773:Thutmose IV
3753:Thutmose II
3743:Amenhotep I
3715:New Kingdom
3650:New Kingdom
3509:Senusret IV
3493:Dedumose II
3468:Nebiriau II
3463:Nebiryraw I
3458:Mentuhotepi
3263:Khakherewre
3190:Merkheperre
3100:Imyremeshaw
3083:Sedjefakare
3038:Sehetepibre
3013:Ameny Qemau
2947:Sobekneferu
2927:Senusret II
2912:Amenemhat I
2894:Iyibkhentre
2624:Neferirkare
2619:Neferkauhor
2426:Shepseskare
2267:Old Kingdom
2253:Khasekhemwy
2233:Neferkara I
2202:Weneg-Nebty
2047:Scorpion II
1621:, page 202.
1523:, page 127.
1425:, Seite 46.
1060:sixth year:
1054:fifth year:
1042:third year:
1018:first year:
690:Upper Egypt
686:Lower Egypt
626:Jochem Kahl
583:serekh name
529:inscription
526:Cairo Stone
220:Iry?/Semsu?
70:Predecessor
5580:Categories
5449:Seshemetka
5427:Nakhtneith
5391:Neithhotep
5126:Diocletian
5080:Quintillus
5033:Aemilianus
4988:Gordian II
4960:Elagabalus
4781:Arsinoe IV
4664:Arsinoe II
4589:Darius III
4516:Psammuthes
4405:Psamtik II
4220:Bakenranef
4158:Pedubast I
4153:Takelot II
4148:Harsiese A
4130:Osorkon IV
4118:Shoshenq V
4098:Osorkon II
4071:Shoshenq I
4041:Smendes II
4021:Pinedjem I
3966:Amenemnisu
3919:Ramesses X
3894:Ramesses V
3846:Amenmesses
3826:Ramesses I
3788:Smenkhkare
3758:Hatshepsut
3748:Thutmose I
3498:Montuemsaf
3488:Dedumose I
3288:Nebdjefare
3278:Merdjefare
3048:Nedjemibre
3043:Sewadjkare
2917:Senusret I
2889:Qakare Ini
2710:Meryhathor
2614:Neferkaure
2609:Qakare Iby
2594:Neferkahor
2579:Neferkamin
2387:Thamphthis
2381:Shepseskaf
2295:Sekhemkhet
2146:Horus Bird
2023:Scorpion I
1654:, page 69.
1642:Ian Shaw:
1453:, page 76.
1258:References
950:Meritneith
808:Nebty name
797:See also:
701:-nb.ty-iry
694:Nisut-Bity
666:Two Ladies
630:Iry-Netjer
607:, UC 36756
587:hieroglyph
483:Horus name
223:iry?/smsw?
102:Horus name
5543:Mastabas
5512:monuments
5463:Officials
5361:Semerkhet
5258:Ptolemaic
5066:Gallienus
4981:Gordian I
4944:Caracalla
4870:Vespasian
4864:Vitellius
4646:Ptolemaic
4488:Amyrtaeus
4470:Darius II
4415:Ahmose II
4395:Psamtik I
4334:uncertain
4322:Pharaohs
4258:Tanutamun
4093:Takelot I
4076:Osorkon I
4026:Masaharta
3976:Amenemope
3879:Setnakhte
3841:Merneptah
3783:Akhenaten
3700:uncertain
3582:Nebmaatre
3403:Sakir-Har
3356:Yaqub-Har
3268:Nebefawre
3018:Hotepibre
2884:Segerseni
2853:Intef III
2801:uncertain
2789:Pharaohs
2421:Neferefre
2247:Hudjefa I
2128:Semerkhet
1865:Hedju Hor
1827:uncertain
1815:Pharaohs
1476:Planches.
1474:Fasc. 1:
1144:turquoise
1115:excavated
981:Wer-Wadyt
883:Iry-Nebty
879:Wer-Wadyt
703:meaning,
699:nsw.t-bty
662:Iry-Nebty
556:alabaster
514:Semêmpsés
479:Semerkhet
115:Ḥr-smr.ẖt
80:Successor
24:Semerkhet
5501:Ahaneith
5444:Serethor
5433:Khenthap
5417:Herneith
5396:Merneith
5320:Pharaohs
5218:21 to 23
5136:Galerius
5131:Maximian
5120:Numerian
5087:Aurelian
5039:Valerian
5002:Balbinus
4995:Pupienus
4949:Macrinus
4921:Pertinax
4915:Commodus
4880:Domitian
4843:Claudius
4838:Caligula
4833:Tiberius
4828:Augustus
4448:Darius I
4400:Necho II
4243:Shebitku
4215:Tefnakht
3808:Horemheb
3738:Ahmose I
3550:Pantjeny
3536:Senebkay
3516:Pepi III
3478:Bebiankh
3335:Shenshek
3293:Nebsenre
3125:Sihathor
3095:Khendjer
3058:Renseneb
3003:Nerikare
2848:Intef II
2725:Merykare
2630:Wadjkare
2574:Merenhor
2469:Userkare
2376:Menkaure
2370:Bikheris
2359:Djedefre
2325:Qahedjet
2209:Wadjenes
2195:Horus Sa
2188:Nubnefer
2175:Nynetjer
2139:Sneferka
1879:Ni-Neith
1765:Pharaohs
1470:Band 4:
1140:amethyst
965:Hut-Ipty
926:mastabas
793:Identity
654:ideogram
459:Tomb U,
437: ?
5558:Capital
5485:Meriiti
5454:Betrest
5422:Penebui
5412:Benerib
5384:Regents
5356:Anedjib
5336:Hor-Aha
5113:Carinus
5094:Tacitus
5052:Quietus
4895:Hadrian
4579:Khabash
4410:Wahibre
4390:Necho I
4384:Nekauba
4372:Ammeris
4315:Dynasty
4253:Taharqa
4248:Shabaka
4185:Rudamun
4164:Iuput I
4009:Herihor
3961:Smendes
3861:Twosret
3851:Seti II
3695:female)
3680:Dynasty
3576:Rahotep
3473:Semenre
3443:Djehuti
3425:Khamudi
3414:Yanassi
3397:Salitis
3349:Yakareb
3342:Khamure
3273:Sehebre
3195:Merkare
2843:Intef I
2782:Dynasty
2691:Imhotep
2651:Iytjenu
2637:Khuiqer
2549:Menkare
2500:Neferka
2484:Pepi II
2406:Userkaf
2300:Sanakht
2123:Anedjib
2103:Hor-Aha
2036:Iry-Hor
2030:Shendjw
2002:Pen-Abu
1886:Hat-Hor
1808:Dynasty
1711:Anedjib
1289:, p. 54
1240:, Cairo
1234:per bja
1163:mastaba
1156:granite
1092:Manetho
987:feast.
954:Henu-Ka
827:Betrest
816:Saqqara
751:archaic
678:Nekhbet
576:Sakkara
560:breccia
498:Manetho
481:is the
467:Dynasty
450:Betrest
441: ?
435:Anedjib
74:Anedjib
54:Pharaoh
5565:Thinis
5475:Hemaka
5331:Narmer
5253:Argead
5100:Probus
5020:Decius
5015:Philip
4890:Trajan
4618:Argead
4527:Muthis
4480:XXVIII
4460:Xerxes
4328:female
4306:Period
4015:Piankh
3986:Siamun
3856:Siptah
3831:Seti I
3671:Period
3623:Kamose
3557:Snaaib
3527:Abydos
3383:Semqen
3376:Sharek
3328:Sheneh
3308:'Apepi
3303:Bebnum
3258:Nehesy
3078:Sebkay
2998:Sonbef
2795:female
2773:Period
2584:Nikare
2474:Pepi I
2411:Sahure
2364:Khafre
2349:Snefru
2318:Sedjes
2290:Djoser
2216:Senedj
2094:Narmer
2053:Narmer
1935:Wazner
1900:Hsekiu
1872:Ny-Hor
1821:female
1799:Period
1667:. In:
1650:
1617:
1596:
1570:
1545:
1519:
1498:
1449:
1421:
1395:
1363:
1333:
1312:
1285:
1152:Bescha
1148:Levant
1142:, and
1132:Osiris
1033:Seshat
995:, and
939:, and
907:, and
887:Henuka
875:Renpet
812:Djoser
787:Narmer
779:Semsem
688:, and
682:Wadjet
642:netjer
624:, and
572:Abydos
564:marble
562:, and
552:schist
485:of an
456:Burial
446:Mother
431:Father
281:Semsem
5549:S3504
5545:S3503
5480:Sabef
5439:Semat
5327:Menes
5106:Carus
4885:Nerva
4875:Titus
4853:Galba
4820:XXXIV
4805:Roman
4584:Arses
4511:Hakor
4430:XXVII
4140:XXIII
3730:XVIII
3690:(male
3420:Apepi
3408:Khyan
3321:Wazad
3089:Wegaf
3023:Iufni
2877:Nubia
2685:Setut
2507:Nefer
2354:Khufu
2312:Khaba
2306:Nebka
2170:Nebra
2098:Menes
2057:Menes
2009:Stork
1972:Upper
1928:Neheb
1921:Thesh
1907:Khayu
1856:Lower
1136:ebony
985:Sokar
969:ivory
922:Adjib
914:Adjib
837:Reign
759:Semsu
674:Nebuy
670:Nebty
640:of a
628:read
613:nemes
568:ivory
61:Reign
5547:and
5470:Amka
5366:Qa'a
5346:Djet
5341:Djer
4939:Geta
4858:Otho
4848:Nero
4566:XXXI
4551:Teos
4498:XXIX
4363:XXVI
4348:Late
4325:male
4285:Late
4238:Piye
4207:XXIV
4113:Pami
4063:XXII
3652:and
3568:XVII
3314:Nuya
2983:XIII
2792:male
2754:and
2644:Khui
2541:VIII
2464:Teti
2446:Unas
2331:Huni
2133:Qa'a
2113:Djet
2108:Djer
2016:Bull
1995:Fish
1961:Wash
1942:Mekh
1818:male
1726:Qa'a
1648:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1594:ISBN
1568:ISBN
1543:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1496:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1361:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1128:Djer
1098:Tomb
1035:and
977:cult
920:and
831:Qa'a
680:and
590:khet
574:and
490:king
284:smsm
84:Qa'a
5351:Den
4538:XXX
4287:to
4230:XXV
3953:XXI
3818:XIX
3435:XVI
3215:XIV
3063:Hor
2904:XII
2537:VII
2282:III
2118:Den
1914:Tiu
1780:to
1168:Qaa
1037:Sed
973:tax
918:Den
823:Den
775:A19
763:Sem
761:or
755:A19
707:or
658:Iry
594:F32
439:Den
5582::
5248:31
5243:30
5238:27
5233:26
5228:25
5223:24
5213:20
5208:19
5203:18
5198:12
5193:11
3871:XX
3803:Ay
3367:XV
2830:XI
2662:IX
2456:VI
2341:IV
2181:Ba
2157:II
2096:/
2055:/
2041:Ka
1893:Pu
1676:^
1635:^
1579:^
1528:^
1483:^
1466::
1430:^
1404:^
1372:^
1342:^
1304::
1294:^
1265:^
1174:,
1138:,
999::
935:,
928:.
903:,
899:,
833:.
650:D4
646:R8
620:,
578:.
558:,
554:,
44:,
5329:/
5305:e
5298:t
5291:v
5188:4
5184:3
5181:2
5177:1
2702:X
2539:/
2398:V
2086:I
1981:A
1949:A
1757:e
1750:t
1743:v
1012::
711:.
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