934:
1475:
62:
1551:"In 1979, the Seminoles opened the first casino on Indian land, ushering in what has become a multibillion-dollar industry operated by numerous tribes nationwide." This casino was the first tribally operated bingo hall in North America. Since its establishment, gaming on Native American sovereign land has been expanded under federal and state laws, and become a major source of revenue for tribal governments. Tribal gaming has provided secure employment, and the revenues have supported higher education, health insurance, services for the elderly, and personal income. In more recent years, income from the gaming industry has funded major economic projects, such as acquisition and development of sugarcane fields, citrus groves, cattle ranches, ecotourism, and commercial agriculture.
1611:) 6,385 people in 1822 (as reported by Captain Hugh Young), up to 10,000 people in 1836 (at the beginning of the Second Seminole War). Perhaps the population was increasing due to continued immigration of Indians to Florida, as well as due to assimilation of the remnants of tribes native to the region. However, during the Second Seminole War the Indians suffered heavy casualties. On 25 November 1841, it was reported that 623 Seminoles had already been removed from Florida, with 3,190 at that time undergoing removal or about to be removed, and the number of those who stayed in Florida was estimated in that report at 575. Another source says that in total around 4,000 Seminole were removed to
106:
1377:
793:
84:
1369:
and economic environment" of the
Seminoles. In the 1930s, the Seminoles slowly began to move onto federally designated reservation lands within the region. The U.S. government had purchased lands and put them in trust for Seminole use. Initially, few Seminoles had any interest in moving to the reservation land or in establishing more formal relations with the government. Some feared that if they moved onto reservations, they would be forced to move to Oklahoma. Others accepted the move in hopes of stability, jobs promised by the Indian New Deal, or as new
95:
1508:
1298:
1354:
412:
1628:
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128:
139:
1107:
1202:, the Seminole exclusively occupied and used 24 million acres in Florida, which they ceded under the treaty. Assuming that most blacks in Florida were escaped slaves, the United States did not recognize the Black Seminoles as legally members of the tribe, nor as free in Florida under Spanish rule. Although the Black Seminoles also owned or controlled land that was seized in this cession, they were not acknowledged in the treaty.
873:, continued the Seminole resistance against the army. After a full decade of fighting, the war ended in 1842. Scholars estimate the U.S. government spent about $ 40,000,000 on the war, at the time a huge sum. An estimated 3,000 Seminoles and 800 Black Seminoles were forcibly exiled to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi, where they were settled on the Creek reservation. After later skirmishes in the
1198:, to consider compensation for tribes that claimed their lands were seized by the federal government during times of conflict. Tribes seeking settlements had to file claims by August 1961, and both the Oklahoma and Florida Seminoles did so. After combining their claims, the Commission awarded the Seminole a total of $ 16 million in April 1976. It had established that, at the time of the 1823
351:, meaning "runaway" or "wild one", historically used for certain Native American groups in Florida. The people who constituted the nucleus of this Florida group either chose to leave their tribe or were banished. At one time, the terms "renegade" and "outcast" were used to describe this status, but the terms have fallen into disuse due to their negative connotations. The Seminole identify as
751:
1336:, below.) With federal recognition, they gained reservation lands and worked out a separate arrangement with the state for control of extensive wetlands. Other Seminole not affiliated with either of the federally recognized groups are known as Traditional or Independent Seminole, known formally as the Council of the Original Miccosukee Simanolee Nation Aboriginal People.
1006:, while others belong to unorganized groups. The Florida Seminole re-established limited relations with the U.S. government in the early 1900s and were officially granted 5,000 acres (20 km) of reservation land in south Florida in 1930. Members gradually moved to the land, and they reorganized their government and received federal recognition as the
850:. Drawing on a population of about 4,000 Seminoles and 800 allied Black Seminoles, he mustered at most 1,400 warriors (President Andrew Jackson estimated they had only 900). They countered combined U.S. Army and militia forces that ranged from 6,000 troops at the outset to 9,000 at the peak of deployment in 1837. To survive, the Seminole allies employed
1170:, still practice these ceremonies. As converted Christian Seminoles established their own churches, they incorporated their traditions and beliefs into a syncretic indigenous-Western practice. For example, Seminole hymns sung in the indigenous (Muscogee) language are inclusive of key Muscogee language terms (for example, the Muscogee term
1486:(BIA) hoped that the cattle raising would teach Seminoles to become citizens by adapting to agricultural settlements. The BIA also hoped that this program would lead to Seminole self-sufficiency. Cattle owners realized that by using their cattle as equity, they could engage in "new capital-intensive pursuits", such as housing.
1529:
were able to market their culture by selling traditional craft products (made mostly by women) and by exhibitions of traditional skills, such as wrestling alligators (by men). Some of the crafts included woodcarving, basket weaving, beadworking, patchworking, and palmetto-doll making. These crafts are still practiced today.
416:
415:
417:
950:
1885. In the early 20th century, the
Florida Seminoles re-established limited relations with the U.S. government. The Seminoles maintained a thriving trade business with white merchants during this period, selling alligator hides, bird plumes, and other items sourced from the Everglades. Then, in 1906, Governor
1393:
evangelist
Stanley Smith. For the new converts, relocating to the reservations afforded them the opportunity to establish their own churches, where they adapted traditions to incorporate into their style of Christianity. Reservation Seminoles began forming tribal governments and forming ties with the
1312:
The remaining few hundred
Seminoles survived in the Florida swamplands, avoiding removal. They lived in the Everglades, to isolate themselves from European Americans. Seminoles continued their distinctive life, such as "clan-based matrilocal residence in scattered thatched-roof chickee camps." Today,
989:
After removal, the
Seminoles in Oklahoma and Florida had little official contact until well into the 20th century. They developed along similar lines as the groups strove to maintain their culture while struggling economically. Most Seminoles in Indian Territory lived on tribal lands centered in what
780:
as military governor of
Florida. As European American colonization increased after the treaty, colonists pressured the federal government to remove Natives from Florida. Slaveholders resented that tribes harbored runaway black slaves, and more colonists wanted access to desirable lands held by Native
1440:
connecting Tampa and Miami, where they could sell crafts to travelers. They felt disfranchised by the move of the
Seminoles to reservations, who they felt were adopting too many European American ways. Their differences were exacerbated in 1950 when some reservation Seminoles filed a land claim suit
1270:
Two of the fourteen are "Freedmen Bands," composed of members descended from Black
Seminoles, who were legally freed by the U.S. and tribal nations after the Civil War. They have a tradition of extended patriarchal families in close communities. While the elite interacted with the Seminoles, most of
1209:
The federal government put the settlement in trust until the court cases could be decided. The
Oklahoma and Florida tribes entered negotiations, which was their first sustained contact in the more than a century since removal. In 1990, the settlement was awarded: three-quarters to the Seminole Tribe
913:
received word that a man named A. McBride had raised a company of sixty-five
Seminole who had volunteered to fight for the Confederacy. McBride claimed to have an understanding of Florida because of the time he had spent there fighting during the Seminole wars. While McBride never put such a company
1528:
was completed. The state attracted a growing number of tourists from the North and Midwest, stimulating the development of many resort towns. In the following years, many Seminoles took jobs in the cultural tourism trade. By the 1920s, many Seminoles were involved in service jobs. In addition, they
981:
In the 1950s, the Oklahoma and Florida Seminole tribes filed land claim suits, claiming they had not received adequate compensation for their lands. Their suits were combined in the government's settlement of 1976. The Seminole tribes and Traditionals took until 1990 to negotiate an agreement as to
1368:
The Seminoles worked hard to adapt, but they were highly affected by the rapidly changing American environment. Natural disasters magnified changes from the governmental drainage project of the Everglades. Residential, agricultural, and business development changed the "natural, social, political,
924:
After the war, the United States government declared void all prior treaties with the Seminoles of Indian Country because of the "disloyalty" of some in allying with the Confederacy. They required new peace treaties, establishing such conditions as reducing the power of tribal councils, providing
908:
offered aid to keep the Seminoles from fighting on the side of the Union. The Florida House of Representatives established a Committee on Indian Affairs in 1862 but, aside from appointing a representative to negotiate with the Seminole tribe, failed to follow its promises of aid. The lack of aid,
1118:
During the Seminole Wars, the Seminole people began to divide among themselves due to the conflict and differences in ideology. The Seminole population had also been growing significantly, though it was diminished by the wars. With the division of the Seminole population between Indian Territory
954:
began an effort to drain the Everglades in attempt to convert the wetlands into farmland. The plan to drain the Everglades, new federal and state laws ending the plume trade, and the start of World War I (which put a halt to international fashion trade), all contributed to a major decline in the
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legislature, gave the Seminoles one seat in the house and one seat in the senate of the state legislature. The Seminoles never filled the positions. After white Democrats regained control over the legislature, they removed this provision from the post-Reconstruction constitution they ratified in
1177:
In the 1950s, federal projects in Florida encouraged the tribe's reorganization. They created organizations within tribal governance to promote modernization. As Christian pastors began preaching on reservations, Green Corn Ceremony attendance decreased. This created tension between religiously
1185:
By the 1980s, Seminole communities were even more concerned about loss of language and tradition. Many tribal members began to revive the observance of traditional Green Corn Dance ceremonies, and some shifted away from Christian observance. By 2000, religious tension between Green Corn Dance
1074:
Muscogee is spoken by some Oklahoma Seminoles and about 200 older Florida Seminoles. The youngest native speaker was born in 1960. Today, English is the predominant language among both Oklahoma and Florida Seminoles, particularly the younger generations. Most Mikasuki speakers are bilingual.
414:
1205:
In 1976, the groups struggled on allocation of funds among the Oklahoma and Florida tribes. Based on early 20th century population records, at which time most of the people were full-blood, the Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma was to receive three-quarters of the judgment and the Florida peoples
820:. Contemporary accounts noted a group of 120 migrating in 1821, and a much larger group of 300 enslaved African Americans escaping in 1823. The latter were picked up by Bahamians in 27 sloops and also by travelers in canoes. They developed a village known as Red Bays on Andros.
1316:
In the 20th century before World War II, the Seminoles in Florida divided into two groups; those who were more traditional and those willing to adapt to the reservations. Those who accepted reservation lands and made adaptations achieved federal recognition in 1957 as the
560:
stated in the mid-20th century that the Seminole encountered and absorbed the Calusa who had remained in southwest Florida after the Spanish withdrew, more recent scholarship since the turn of the 21st century holds that there is no documentary evidence of that assertion.
698:, succeeded him in 1849 and, after his death in 1853, his brother Jim Jumper became principal chief. He was in power through the American Civil War, after which the U.S. government began to interfere with tribal government, supporting its own candidate for chief.
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1210:
of Oklahoma and one-quarter to the Seminoles of Florida, including the Miccosukee. By that time the total settlement was worth $ 40 million. The tribes have set up judgment trusts, which fund programs to benefit their people, such as education and health.
1242:
The split among the Seminoles lasted until 1872. After the war, the United States government negotiated only with the loyal Seminole, requiring the tribe to make a new peace treaty to cover those who allied with the Confederacy, to emancipate the
982:
division of the settlement, a judgment trust against which members can draw for education and other benefits. The Florida Seminoles founded a high-stakes bingo game on their reservation in the late 1970s, winning court challenges to initiate
600:
migrated south, adding about 2,000 people to the population. They were Creek-speaking Muscogee, and were the ancestors of most of the later Creek-speaking Seminole. In addition, a few hundred escaped African-American slaves (known as the
605:) had settled near the Seminole towns and, to a lesser extent, Native Americans from other tribes, and some white Americans. The unified Seminole spoke two languages: Creek and Mikasuki (mutually intelligible with its dialect
1119:(Oklahoma) and Florida, they still maintained some common traditions, such as powwow trails and ceremonies. In general, the cultures grew apart in their markedly different circumstances, and had little contact for a century.
3134:
Taborn, Karen. Momis Komet: ("We Will Endure") The Indigenization of Christian Hymn Singing by Creek and Seminole Indians. M.A. thesis, Department of Ethnomusicology, Hunter College, the City University of New York, 2006.
1615:
in years 1832-1842. After their removal to Oklahoma, the Seminole population there numbered around 3,000 people in 1884 according to the enumeration published in 1886. The census of 1910 reported only 1,729 Seminole.
1034:
kinship system, in which children are considered born into their mother's family and clan, and property and hereditary roles pass through the maternal line. Males held the leading political and social positions. Each
1186:
attendees and Christians (particularly Baptists) decreased. Some Seminole families participate in both religions; these practitioners have developed a syncretic Christianity that has absorbed some tribal traditions.
2114:
925:
freedom or tribal membership for Black Seminoles (at the same time that enslaved African Americans were being emancipated in the South), and forced concessions of tribal land for railroads and other development.
823:
Under colonists' pressure, the U.S. government made the 1823 Treaty of Camp Moultrie with the Seminoles, seizing 24 million acres in northern Florida. They offered the Seminoles a much smaller reservation in the
958:
In 1930, they received 5,000 acres (20 km) of reservation lands. Few Seminoles moved to these reservations until the 1940s. They reorganized their government and received federal recognition in 1957 as the
1388:
Beginning in the 1940s, more Seminoles began to move to the reservations. A major catalyst for this was the conversion of many Seminole to Christianity, following missionary effort spearheaded by the Creek
569:
As they established themselves in northern and peninsular Florida throughout the 1700s, the various new arrivals intermingled with each other and with the few remaining indigenous people. In a process of
1266:
kinship system of descent and inheritance: children are born into their mother's band and derive their status from her people. To the end of the nineteenth century, they spoke mostly Mikasuki and Creek.
413:
1289:
has had tribal citizenship disputes related to the Seminole Freedmen, both in terms of their sharing in a judgment trust awarded in settlement of a land claim suit, and their membership in the Nation.
1444:
Following federal recognition of the Seminole Tribe of Florida in 1957, the Trail Indians decided to organize a separate government. They sought recognition as the Miccosukee Tribe, as they spoke the
1002:
on small individual homesteads. While some tribe members left the territory to seek better opportunities, most remained. Today, residents of the reservation are enrolled in the federally recognized
854:
with devastating effect against U.S. forces, as they knew how to move within the Everglades and use this area for their protection. Osceola was arrested (in a breach of honor) when he came under a
613:
family. Creek became the dominant language for political and social discourse, so Mikasuki speakers learned it if participating in high-level negotiations. The Muskogean language group includes
2175:
541:
and others. The native population had been devastated by infectious diseases brought by Spanish explorers in the 1500s and later colonization by additional European settlers. Later, raids by
1271:
the Freedmen were involved most closely with other Freedmen. They maintained their own culture, religion and social relationships. At the turn of the 20th century, they still spoke mostly
1206:
one-quarter. The Miccosukee and allied Traditionals filed suit against the settlement in 1976 to refuse the money; they did not want to give up their claim for return of lands in Florida.
312:
on their sovereign land. Many U.S. tribes have likewise adopted this practice where state laws have gambling, in order to generate revenues for welfare, education, and development.
909:
along with the growing number of Federal troops and pro-unionists in the state, led the Seminoles to remain officially neutral throughout the war. In July 1864, Secretary of War
624:
In part due to the arrival of Native Americans from other cultures, the Seminole became increasingly independent of other Creek groups and established their own identity through
1448:. It was not intelligible to Creek speakers, but some members of each group were bilingual in the two languages, especially as the Creek-speaking Seminole were more numerous.
1532:
In the 21st century, as gaming has become lucrative for the tribes, fewer Seminoles rely on crafts for income. The Miccosukee Tribe earns revenue by owning and operating a
1339:
At the time the tribes were recognized, in 1957 and 1962, respectively, they entered into agreements with the US government confirming their sovereignty over tribal lands.
3594:
1489:
Since then, the two Florida tribes have developed economies based chiefly on sales of duty-free tobacco, heritage and resort tourism, and gaming. On December 7, 2006, the
592:
which means "wild" (in their case, "wild men"), or "runaway" . The Seminole were a heterogeneous tribe made up of mostly Lower Creeks from Georgia, who by the time of the
444:
839:
if the chiefs agreed to leave Florida voluntarily with their people. The Seminoles who remained prepared for war. White colonists continued to press for their removal.
300:
Old crafts and traditions were revived in both Florida and Oklahoma in the mid-20th century as the Seminole began seeking revenue from tourists traveling along the new
463:
began moving into the territory at that time to escape conflict with English colonists to the north and established their own towns, mainly in the Florida panhandle.
3995:
2909:
Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II
1459:. The Miccosukee Tribe set up a 333-acre (1.35 km) reservation on the northern border of Everglades National Park, about 45 miles (72 km) west of Miami.
347:. This has been variously translated as "frontiersman", "outcast", "runaway", "separatist", and similar words. The Creek word may be derived from the Spanish word
1471:, 12,431 people self-reported as Seminole American. An additional 15,000 people identified as Seminole in combination with some other tribal affiliation or race.
490:
people, began to migrate from several of their towns into Florida to evade the dominance of the Upper Creeks and pressure from encroaching colonists from the
632:
and second Spanish periods (roughly 1767–1821). The tribe expanded considerably during this time, and was further supplemented from the late 18th century by
1607:
Seminole population appeared to be increasing during the early 19th century. It was estimated at 5,000 people in 1820, 4,883 people in 1821 (as reported by
728:
and local militia groups made increasingly frequent incursions into Spanish Florida to recapture escaped slaves living among the Seminole. American general
3572:
1548:
attractions, and "Indian Village". At "Indian Village", Miccosukee demonstrate traditional, pre-contact lifestyles to educate people about their culture.
1710:
2998:
714:
637:
2852:
Index to the miscellaneous documents of the House of Representatives for the first session of the forty-ninth Congress, 1885-86. In twenty-six volumes
3587:
2079:
1868:
1039:
had civil, military and religious leaders; they were self-governing throughout the nineteenth century, but would cooperate for mutual defense. The
1599:
There is also a Seminole County in Oklahoma, and a Seminole County in the southwest corner of Georgia (separated from Florida by Lake Seminole).
549:. Most of the survivors left for Cuba when the Spanish withdrew, after ceding Florida to the British in 1763, following Britain's victory in the
974:, roughly sixty-five Seminoles fled into the Everglades to avoid registering for the draft. The superintendent of the Seminole Indian agency in
319:
has been particularly successful with gambling establishments, attracting many of the numerous tourists to the state. In 2007 it purchased the
4010:
1278:
The Nation is ruled by an elected council, with two members from each of the fourteen bands, including the Freedmen's bands. The capital is at
1482:
The Seminoles in Florida have been engaged in stock raising since the mid-1930s, when they received cattle from western Native Americans. The
1258:
now has about 16,000 enrolled members, who are divided into a total of fourteen bands; for the Seminole members, these are similar to tribal
2819:
A report to the Secretary of War of the United States on Indian Affairs, comprising a narrative of a tour performed in the summer of 1820...
1178:
traditional Seminoles and those who began adopting Christianity. In the 1960s and 1970s, some tribal members on reservations, such as the
933:
529:
The new arrivals moved into virtually uninhabited lands that had once been peopled by several cultures indigenous to Florida, such as the
4005:
3580:
2923:
736:. Though Spain decried the incursions into its territory, the United States effectively controlled the Florida panhandle after the war.
4000:
3610:
3495:
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in the early 1500s. However, the introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases, along with conflict with Spanish colonists, led to a
3532:
1766:
858:
to negotiations with the US in 1837. He died in jail less than a year later. He was decapitated, his body buried without his head.
3136:
1455:
received federal recognition in 1962. The federal government assigned them their own reservation lands, collectively known as the
768:, which took effect in 1821. According to its terms, the United States acquired Florida and, in exchange, renounced all claims to
2964:
Clark, C. Blue. "Native Christianity Since 1800." Sturtevant, William C., general editor and Raymond D. Fogelson, volume editor.
1504:, the Seminole Tribe of Florida today owns "one of the largest cattle operations in Florida, and the 12th largest in the nation.
360:
3249:
2721:
1749:
998:
in the late 1890s parceled out tribal lands in preparation for the admission of Oklahoma as a state, reducing most Seminoles to
701:
After raids by Anglo-American colonists on Seminole settlements in the mid-18th century, the Seminole retaliated by raiding the
3330:
1452:
1329:
1131:
1071:
is working to revive the use of Creek among its people, as it had been the dominant language of politics and social discourse.
1064:
942:
274:
101:
3240:
2275:
2143:
3164:
3041:
2988:
2959:
2943:
Adams, Mikaëla M., "Savage Foes, Noble Warriors, and Frail Remnants: Florida Seminoles in the White Imagination, 1865–1934,"
2891:
2834:
2640:
2204:"Concerning the Miccosukee Tribe's Ongoing Negotiations with the National Park Service Regarding the Special Use Permit Area"
1474:
892:. The Florida Seminoles say they are the only tribe in America never to have signed a peace treaty with the U.S. government.
440:
250:
3602:
1174:
or chief conflates with "Jesus"). Also, hymns are frequently led by a song leader (a traditional indigenous song practice).
1166:
have practiced Green Corn rituals for centuries. Contemporary southeastern Native American tribes, such as the Seminole and
967:
defined themselves as independent. They received federal recognition as the Miccosukee Tribe of Indians in Florida in 1962.
3829:
3432:
3398:
1441:
against the federal government for seizure of lands in the 19th century, an action that the Trail Indians did not support.
1179:
1030:, the basis of their social, political and ritual systems, and roughly equivalent to towns or bands in English. They had a
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61:
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was the principal chief of the unified Seminole, until his death in 1849, after removal to Indian Territory. This chiefly
3749:
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Seminole culture is largely derived from that of the Creek. One of the more significant holdovers from the Creek was the
3226:
2743:
1839:
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1219:
As a result of the Second Seminole War (1835–1842), about 3,800 Seminoles and Black Seminoles were forcibly removed to
797:
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or "free people" because for centuries their ancestors had successfully resisted efforts to subdue or convert them to
3694:
3639:
3634:
3020:
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2573:
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2232:
1945:
1063:. Mikasuki is now restricted to Florida, where it was the native language of 1,600 people as of 2000, primarily the
3539:
808:
After acquisition by the U.S. of Florida in 1821, many American slaves and Black Seminoles frequently escaped from
3526:
3011:
Mahon, John K.; Weisman, Brent R. (1996). "Florida's Seminole and Miccosukee Peoples". In Gannon, Michael (ed.).
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758:
670:'s decline enabled the Seminole to settle more deeply into Florida. They were led by a dynasty of chiefs of the
1920:
1407:
1361:
2075:
3904:
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2203:
1456:
1232:
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828:, of about 100,000-acre (400 km). They and the Black Seminoles moved into central and southern Florida.
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in the field, this letter shows how the Confederacy attempted to use Seminole warriors against the Union.
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266:
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390:, they developed local traditions, such as the construction of open-air, thatched-roof houses known as
1785:"United States. Treaty with the Seminole, 1832. 1832-05-09. State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory"
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2137:
Howard, Rosalyn. (2006) "The 'Wild Indians' of Andros Island: Black Seminole Legacy in the Bahamas",
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1134:, described below, are federally recognized, independent nations that operate in their own spheres.
709:), purportedly at the behest of the Spanish. The Seminoles also maintained a tradition of accepting
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to land that was not desired by settlers. They were finally left alone and they never surrendered.
656:
368:
364:
3057:
Frank, Andrew K. "Taking the State Out: Seminoles and Creeks in Late Eighteenth-Century Florida."
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1398:. In 1957 the nation reorganized and established formal relations with the U.S. government as the
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986:, which many tribes have adopted to generate revenues for welfare, education, and development.
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Several treaties seem to bear the mark of representatives of the Seminole tribe, including the
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lasted past Removal, when the US forced the majority of Seminole to move from Florida to the
550:
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in the early 18th century. More arrived in the second half of the 18th century, as the Lower
2867:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841"
3714:
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1227:). During the American Civil War, the members and leaders split over their loyalties, with
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A traditional group who became known as the Trail Indians moved their camps closer to the
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2839:. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. pp. 429–430.
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195:
3120:
Sattler, Richard A. "Cowboys and Indians: Creek and Seminole Stock Raising, 1700–1900."
2377:"The Florida Seminoles in the Depression and New Deal, 1933-1942: An Indian Perspective"
663:, Britain came to a settlement with Spain and transferred East and West Florida to it.
94:
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1882:
Hawkins, Philip Colin (June 2011). "The Textual Archaeology of Seminole Colonization".
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the Florida Seminoles proudly note the fact that their ancestors were never conquered.
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Captain Francis Asbury Hendry (center, standing) poses with a group of Seminole Indians
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had also left Georgia due to conflicts with colonists and their Native American allies.
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3160:
3037:
3016:
2984:
2969:
2955:
2887:
2636:
2625:
2569:
2430:
2228:
1961:
1941:
1916:
1746:
1570:
1445:
1419:
1325:
1306:
1060:
1056:
851:
836:
702:
523:
397:
335:
reservations; together these projects cost more than a billion dollars to construct.
166:
162:
1497:
chain of restaurants. They had previously licensed it for several of their casinos.
921:(Billy Bowlegs), refused to sign, withdrew from Florida, and joined with the Union.
651:
During the colonial years, the Seminole were on relatively good terms with both the
596:(1813–1814) numbered about 4,000 in Florida. At that time, numerous refugees of the
320:
308:
games on their reservations to raise revenue. They won court challenges to initiate
3964:
3959:
3954:
3894:
3879:
3874:
3844:
3839:
3819:
3664:
3556:
2272:
2147:
1908:
1612:
1588:
1501:
1302:
1279:
1275:, a language developed in Florida related to other African-based Creole languages.
1220:
801:
687:
574:, they constructed a new culture which they called "Seminole", a derivative of the
487:
483:
375:
175:
157:
66:
A Seminole mother and her children from the Brighton Reservation in Florida. (1949)
3268:
1784:
3949:
3929:
3854:
3739:
3684:
3654:
3442:
3253:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3131:
edited by Eleanor B. Leacock and Nancy O. Lurie, 92–128. New York: Random House.
2279:
2121:
1966:
1753:
1147:
1043:
continued to be the basis of Seminole society in Oklahoma into the 21st century.
910:
786:
671:
641:
629:
602:
479:
356:
282:
1297:
1051:
Historically, the various groups of Seminoles spoke two mutually unintelligible
640:
who settled near and paid tribute to Seminole towns. The latter became known as
3969:
3924:
3919:
3849:
3814:
3505:
3474:
3264:
3260:
John Horse and the Black Seminoles, First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery
3235:
1902:
1592:
1507:
1494:
1332:, gaining state recognition in 1957 and federal recognition in 1962. (See also
1263:
1167:
1096:
1031:
777:
729:
721:
in the American South by providing a route for their slaves to escape bondage.
667:
652:
581:
401:
328:
229:
3108:
The Seminole Baptist Churches of Oklahoma: Maintaining a Traditional Community
3080:
Removal Aftershock: The Seminoles' Struggles to Survive in the West, 1836–1866
2997:
M.A. thesis, Department of History, University of South Florida, Tampa, 2009.
3984:
3794:
3764:
3759:
3644:
3500:
3223:
3157:
The Tree That Bends: Discourse, Power, and the Survival of the MaskĂłki People
1437:
1143:
1111:
1011:
964:
817:
745:
718:
277:, as well as independent groups. The Seminole people emerged in a process of
120:
3909:
3744:
3734:
3003:
Hawkins, Philip Colin. "The Textual Archaeology of Seminole Colonization."
2427:
American Indians and World War II : toward a new era in Indian affairs
2358:"Reconstruction Treaties: The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture"
1541:
1520:
In the early 20th century, Florida had a population boom after the Flagler
1381:
1353:
1182:
in Florida, viewed organized Christianity as a threat to their traditions.
971:
809:
625:
571:
557:
502:
is a dialect. This is the primary traditional language spoken today by the
327:
and gaming resorts under that name. These include two large resorts on its
305:
278:
2176:
Bill Drummond, "Indian Land Claims Unsettled 150 Years After Jackson Wars"
842:
In 1835, the U.S. Army arrived to enforce the treaty. The Seminole leader
3479:
1228:
1155:
995:
918:
813:
475:
379:
3031:
2392:
2312:
1938:
The Calusa and Their Legacy: South Florida People and Their Environments
978:
was able to convince all but two of the group to eventually register.
804:
who in the early 1820s escaped from this area to freedom in the Bahamas.
3709:
2667:"Bobby C. Billie takes on National Park Service • the Seminole Tribune"
2376:
2296:
1940:. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 118–121.
1912:
1814:
1431:
1235:. From 1861 to 1866, he led as chief of the Seminole who supported the
1015:
878:
870:
855:
825:
597:
503:
233:
187:
2206:. Resources Committee, US House of Representatives. September 25, 1997
3459:
2817:
1608:
675:
618:
593:
530:
513:
447:
of Florida's original native population. By the early 1700s, much of
343:
The word "Seminole" is almost certainly derived from the Creek word
3679:
3614:
3605:
3447:
2507:
1711:"We went inside Seminole Hard Rock's $ 720 million Tampa expansion"
1521:
1390:
1301:
Seminole family of tribal elder, Cypress Tiger, at their camp near
1248:
1224:
1106:
835:
with a few of the Seminole chiefs. They promised lands west of the
679:
606:
499:
495:
460:
286:
258:
237:
212:
191:
132:
127:
37:"Seminoles" redirects here. For the collegiate sports program, see
3015:. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. pp. 183–206.
2429:(1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 26.
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
3804:
3454:
3199:
2568:(2d ed.). St. Petersburg, Fla.: Great Outdoors. p. 85.
1648:
1244:
866:
843:
785:" and fugitive slaves living among the Seminoles, known today as
782:
683:
614:
534:
509:
471:
392:
383:
294:
254:
216:
208:
143:
138:
3211:
3142:
The Black Seminole Legacy and North American Politics, 1693–1845
732:'s 1817–1818 campaign against the Seminoles became known as the
3944:
3774:
2399:
2014:
2002:
1907:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 125–128.
1545:
1537:
645:
538:
324:
224:
3149:
The Enduring Seminoles: From Alligator Wrestling to Ecotourism
1671:
3724:
3649:
1525:
1324:
Many of those who had kept to traditional ways and spoke the
769:
628:. They developed a thriving trade network by the time of the
467:
220:
2912:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 861.
2855:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 896.
963:. During this process, the more traditional people near the
674:
chiefdom, founded in eastern Florida in the 18th century by
3283:
3259:
2691:
1849:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 429–449
1333:
1259:
877:(1855–1858), perhaps 200 survivors retreated deep into the
750:
2297:""Unforgotten Threat: Florida Seminoles in the Civil War""
1728:
1692:"How the Seminole Tribe came to rock the Hard Rock empire"
1478:
A Seminole spearing a garfish from a dugout, Florida, 1930
928:
285:
beginning in the early 1700s, most significantly northern
3127:
Sturtevant, William C. (1971). "Creek into Seminole." In
2966:
Handbook of North American Indians: Southeast. Volume 14.
2328:"Billy Bowlegs (Holata Micco) in the Civil War (Part II)"
1425:
466:
Native American refugees from northern wars, such as the
421:
A group of Seminole people dancing around a fire in 1928.
3224:
The Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida official site
3115:
The Black Seminoles: History of a Freedom-Seeking People
2924:"Indian Population in the United States and Alaska 1910"
621:, associated with two other major Southeastern tribes.
518:
Also fleeing to Florida were African Americans who had
3103:, St. Petersburg: Great Outdoors Publishing Company.
2883:
The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians
378:
ceremony. Other notable traditions include use of the
2952:
High Stakes: Florida Seminole Gaming and Sovereignty.
2227:, Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida.
1838:
Sturtevant, William C., Jessica R. Cattelino (2004).
1087:(also called bristly thistle) to make blowgun darts.
1010:
in 1957. The more traditional people living near the
451:
was uninhabited apart from Spanish colonial towns at
2772:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2490:
The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices
1999:
Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, pp. 69-70
1623:
1402:. The Seminole Tribe of Florida is headquartered in
1194:
In 1946, the Department of Interior established the
1142:
Seminole tribes generally follow Christianity, both
1021:
994:
of the state of Oklahoma. The implementation of the
512:, many of whom were native to western Florida. Some
3036:(ePub ed.). Gainesville, FL: LibraryPress@UF.
2128:
National Park Service, 2010, accessed 10 April 2013
1997:
Native Languages of the Southeastern United States,
1936:MacMahon, Darcie A.; Marquardt, William H. (2004).
724:After the United States achieved independence, the
304:. In the 1970s, Seminole tribes began to run small
281:from various Native American groups who settled in
2631:(3, illustrated ed.). Facts on File. p.
2624:
1802:
547:string of Spanish missions across northern Florida
3129:North American Indians in Historical Perspective,
3075:, Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press.
3073:The Florida Seminoles and the New Deal, 1933–1942
2712:, 3rd ed. New York: Checkmark Books, 2009. Print.
2495:
2262:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 261–275.
2141:Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 275–298. Abstract on-line at
2104:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 106–110.
1995:Hardy, Heather & Janine Scancarelli. (2005).
1935:
1554:Numerous Florida place names honor the Seminole:
846:led the vastly outnumbered resistance during the
3996:Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands
3982:
764:In 1819, the United States and Spain signed the
2049:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 34–70.
2031:
2029:
917:Other leaders, such as Halleck Tustenuggee and
2968:Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2004.
644:, although they kept many facets of their own
27:Native American people originally from Florida
3588:
3299:
3033:History of the Second Seminole War, 1835-1842
2374:
2294:
2198:
2196:
1833:
1831:
1829:
781:Americans. Georgian slaveholders wanted the "
3200:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma official website
3122:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
3068:, Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
3010:
2879:
2697:
2622:
2412:
2064:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 100.
2026:
2020:
2008:
1867:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1820:
1734:
1677:
1342:
1247:, and to extend tribal citizenship to those
2880:Wallace, Anthony; Foner, Eric (July 1993).
1847:Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14
3595:
3581:
3496:Indigenous people of the Everglades region
3306:
3292:
2836:Primitive society and its vital statistics
2193:
1837:
1826:
1305:, Florida, 1916. Photo taken by botanist,
545:and Native American slavers destroyed the
60:
2995:Creek Schism: Seminole Genesis Revisited.
2832:
2826:
2424:
1634:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal
1262:. The Seminole have a society based on a
1251:who chose to stay in Seminole territory.
865:and John Jumper, and the Black Seminoles
257:in the 18th century. Today, they live in
3533:Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States
3089:, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
2773:Robert Andrew Powell (August 24, 2005).
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2290:
2288:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
1773:. State Library and Archives of Florida.
1506:
1500:From beginnings in the 1930s during the
1473:
1375:
1352:
1296:
1105:
932:
831:In 1832, the U.S. government signed the
791:
749:
410:
359:. They signed several treaties with the
338:
3212:Seminole Tribe of Florida official site
3154:
2566:The story of Florida's Seminole Indians
2492:, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 507
2190:20 October 1978, accessed 13 April 2013
1900:
1881:
1708:
1689:
1683:
929:Post-Seminole Wars and the 20th century
564:
14:
3983:
3331:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
2775:"Florida State Can Keep Its Seminoles"
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2325:
1986:Sturtevant and Cattelino (2004), p.432
1453:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
1426:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
1334:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
1330:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
1132:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
1065:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
275:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
102:Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida
3576:
3287:
3029:
2983::St. Martin's Press. New York, 2012.
2954:Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.
2815:
2600:
2563:
2285:
2257:
2162:
2144:"The "Wild Indians" of Andros Island"
2099:
2059:
2044:
1808:
1602:
1406:. They control several reservations:
895:
2822:New Haven: S. Converse. p. 364.
2115:"Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park"
1292:
1180:Brighton Seminole Indian Reservation
1026:The Seminoles were organized around
1014:received federal recognition as the
323:and has rebranded or opened several
115:Regions with significant populations
3241:Resources for Hitchiti and Mikasuki
3159:. The University of Alabama Press.
2521:
2108:
1231:refusing to sign a treaty with the
800:commemorating hundreds of enslaved
508:Joining them were several bands of
396:. Historically the Seminoles spoke
24:
4006:Native American tribes in Oklahoma
3910:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)
3174:
3051:
2981:Osceola and the Great Seminole War
2744:"Seminoles to buy Hard Rock chain"
2710:Atlas of the North American Indian
2627:Atlas of the North American Indian
2260:Osceola and the Great Seminole War
2102:Osceola and the Great Seminole War
2062:Osceola and the Great Seminole War
2047:Osceola and the Great Seminole War
1904:The Indian Tribes of North America
1239:and fought in the Indian Brigade.
1162:held at their ceremonial grounds.
798:Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park
25:
4022:
4011:African–Native American relations
4001:Native American tribes in Florida
3188:
3144:(Howard University Press, 1999).
2326:Porter, Kenneth W. (April 1967).
1840:"Florida Seminole and Miccosukee"
1360:shawl made by Susie Cypress from
1154:, which is expressed through the
1022:Political and social organization
906:Confederate government of Florida
478:in South Carolina, migrated into
315:Since the late 20th century, the
3604:
3540:Seminole Nation v. United States
3236:Hitchiti-Mikasuki Creation Story
3184:, New York: Garland Publishing.
3155:Wickman, Patricia Riles (1999).
2746:. Market Watch. December 7, 2006
2455:The Florida Historical Quarterly
2381:The Florida Historical Quarterly
2332:The Florida Historical Quarterly
2301:The Florida Historical Quarterly
1845:. In Raymond D. Fogelson (ed.).
1767:"Treaty of Moultrie Creek, 1823"
1709:Cridlin, Jay (October 1, 2019).
1690:Herrera, Chabeli (27 May 2016).
1626:
1059:(and its dialect, Hitchiti) and
739:
261:and Florida, and comprise three
137:
126:
104:
93:
82:
3270:The Seminole Indians of Florida
3195:Seminole Nation Historical site
3180:Sturtevant, William C. (1987).
2916:
2900:
2873:
2859:
2843:
2809:
2800:
2791:
2766:
2757:
2736:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2682:
2673:
2659:
2616:
2591:
2582:
2557:
2548:
2539:
2482:
2473:
2443:
2418:
2368:
2350:
2319:
2266:
2251:
2238:
2217:
2131:
2093:
2082:from the original on 2001-03-03
2068:
2053:
2038:
1989:
1980:
1954:
1929:
1894:
1875:
1580:Seminole, a small community in
1101:
1083:The Seminole use the spines of
759:Smithsonian American Art Museum
588:, an adaptation of the Spanish
2451:"Present-Day Seminole Indians"
1777:
1759:
1740:
1702:
1362:Big Cypress Indian Reservation
1189:
1078:
386:. As the Seminoles adapted to
13:
1:
3277:, Bureau of Ethnology, 1884,
3256:, Florida Department of State
3085:McReynolds, Edwin C. (1957).
3071:Kersey Jr., Harry A. (1989).
2945:Florida Historical Quarterly,
2937:
2425:Bernstein, Alison R. (1991).
2076:"The Adams-OnĂs Treaty, 1819"
1457:Miccosukee Indian Reservation
1418:, Immokalee Reservation, and
441:arrival of European explorers
435:Florida had been the home of
3313:
3059:Florida Historical Quarterly
2244:Garbarino, Merwyn S. (1989)
1823:, pp. 183–184, 201–202.
1591:, a residential district in
1046:
690:(modern Oklahoma) after the
7:
3336:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
3323:Federally recognized tribes
2510:. Seminole Tribe of Florida
2488:Sturtevant, William, 1954,
1619:
1462:
1414:, Fort Pierce Reservation,
1287:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
1256:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
1215:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
1152:traditional Native religion
1137:
1124:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
1110:Seminole woman, painted by
1069:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
1004:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
955:demand for Seminole goods.
694:. Micanopy's sister's son,
437:several indigenous cultures
267:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
263:federally recognized tribes
80:Seminole Nation of Oklahoma
10:
4027:
3243:, William and Mary College
3101:Florida's Seminole Indians
3099:Neill, Wilfred T. (1956).
3013:The New History of Florida
2886:. Macmillan. p. 101.
2833:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934).
2564:Neill, Wilfred T. (1956).
2223:Covington, James W. 1993.
1429:
1346:
1212:
1150:. They also observe their
1094:
861:Other war chiefs, such as
743:
661:American Revolutionary War
430:
425:
36:
29:
3828:
3621:
3549:
3519:
3488:
3425:
3397:
3349:
3341:Seminole Tribe of Florida
3321:
2947:87 (Winter 2009), 404–35.
2733:Cattelino, pp. 32 and 34.
2278:October 24, 2016, at the
2186:News Service, printed in
2139:Journal of Black Studies.
1491:Seminole Tribe of Florida
1469:United States 2000 census
1400:Seminole Tribe of Florida
1349:Seminole Tribe of Florida
1343:Seminole Tribe of Florida
1319:Seminole Tribe of Florida
1128:Seminole Tribe of Florida
1008:Seminole Tribe of Florida
961:Seminole Tribe of Florida
943:1868 Florida Constitution
890:Treaty of Payne's Landing
833:Treaty of Payne's Landing
812:to the British colony of
317:Seminole Tribe of Florida
302:interstate highway system
271:Seminole Tribe of Florida
206:
201:
186:
181:
155:
150:
119:
114:
91:Seminole Tribe of Florida
76:
71:
59:
52:
32:Seminole (disambiguation)
3562:Miccosukee Indian School
3066:The Southeastern Indians
3064:Hudson, Charles (1976).
3007:64 (June 2011), 107–113.
2816:Morse, Jedidiah (1822).
2698:Mahon & Weisman 1996
2413:Mahon & Weisman 1996
2282:, Seminole Tribe website
2225:The Seminoles of Florida
2188:Sarasota Herald-Tribune,
2021:Mahon & Weisman 1996
2009:Mahon & Weisman 1996
1962:"Definition of Seminole"
1821:Mahon & Weisman 1996
1756:, Seminole Tribe website
1735:Mahon & Weisman 1996
1678:Mahon & Weisman 1996
1664:
1659:Florida State University
1484:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1396:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1200:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
1196:Indian Claims Commission
1090:
886:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
369:Treaty of Paynes Landing
365:Treaty of Moultrie Creek
253:people who developed in
3875:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
3275:Smithsonian Institution
3030:Mahon, John K. (2017).
2993:Hawkins, Philip Colin.
2806:Cattelino. Ibid p. 113.
2597:Sturtevant, pp. 454-455
1752:April 29, 2016, at the
1655:Florida State Seminoles
789:, returned to slavery.
494:. They spoke primarily
39:Florida State Seminoles
3611:Native American tribes
3182:A Seminole Source Book
3140:Twyman, Bruce Edward.
3005:Florida Anthropologist
2950:Cattelino, Jessica R.
2479:Sattler (2004), p. 459
2461:(2): 217. October 1941
2375:Kersey, H. A. (1986).
2295:Taylor, R. A. (1991).
2120:July 18, 2016, at the
2035:Sattler (2004), p. 461
1901:Swanton, John (1952).
1884:Florida Anthropologist
1517:
1479:
1385:
1365:
1309:
1115:
984:Native American gaming
938:
805:
774:President James Monroe
761:
422:
3094:Freedom on the Border
2797:Cattelino. Ibid p. 9.
2623:Carl Waldman (2009).
2588:Cattelino, pp. 64–65.
1510:
1477:
1416:Hollywood Reservation
1379:
1356:
1300:
1223:(the modern state of
1109:
936:
816:, settling mostly on
795:
753:
678:. Beginning in 1825,
659:. In 1784, after the
551:French and Indian War
459:. A stream of mainly
420:
339:Etymology and culture
202:Related ethnic groups
3905:Mescalero-Chiricahua
3660:Cheyenne and Arapaho
3511:Green Corn Rebellion
3465:Four Mothers Society
3433:Ah-Tah-Thi-Ki Museum
3407:Afro-Seminole Creole
2545:Clark, pp. 750, 752.
2258:Hatch, Thom (2012).
2100:Hatch, Thom (2012).
2060:Hatch, Thom (2012).
2045:Hatch, Thom (2012).
1657:, athletic teams of
1412:Brighton Reservation
1273:Afro-Seminole Creole
715:Southern plantations
638:Southern plantations
565:1700s to early 1800s
522:from slavery in the
492:Province of Carolina
171:Afro-Seminole Creole
30:For other uses, see
3470:Green Corn Ceremony
3438:Alligator wrestling
3124:22.3 (1998): 79–99.
3078:Lancaster, Jane F.
3061:84.1 (2005): 10–27.
2669:. 22 November 2011.
2654:Seminole conquered.
2554:Taborn, pp. 27, 74.
2415:, pp. 203–204.
2126:Network to Freedom,
2023:, pp. 190–191.
2011:, pp. 187–189.
1680:, pp. 183–187.
1160:Green Corn Ceremony
1053:Muskogean languages
1000:subsistence farming
952:Napoleon B. Broward
945:, developed by the
863:Halleck Tustenuggee
848:Second Seminole War
692:Second Seminole War
611:Muskogean languages
406:Muskogean languages
196:Green Corn Ceremony
49:
3675:Citizen Potawatomi
3252:2005-03-26 at the
3229:2007-03-18 at the
3217:2011-09-02 at the
3205:2018-06-20 at the
2688:Cattelino, p. 142.
2679:Cattelino, p. 130.
2508:"Seminole History"
1603:Population history
1518:
1480:
1404:Hollywood, Florida
1386:
1366:
1358:Seminole patchwork
1310:
1164:Indigenous peoples
1116:
1085:Cirsium horridulum
939:
902:American Civil War
896:American Civil War
875:Third Seminole War
806:
762:
734:First Seminole War
423:
289:from what are now
47:
3978:
3977:
3900:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
3640:Alabama-Quassarte
3570:
3569:
3417:Muscogee language
3412:Mikasuki language
3279:Project Gutenberg
3166:978-0-8173-0966-4
3113:Porter, Kenneth.
3106:Schultz, Jack M.
3043:978-1-947372-26-9
2989:978-0-312-35591-3
2960:978-0-8223-4227-4
2893:978-0-8090-1552-8
2763:Cattelino, p. 40.
2724:. Web.archive.org
2642:978-0-8160-6858-6
2613:Cattelino, p. 23.
2536:Cattelino, p. 41.
1789:Floridamemory.com
1516:clipper ship card
1446:Mikasuki language
1420:Tampa Reservation
1373:to Christianity.
1328:organized as the
1326:Mikasuki language
1307:John Kunkel Small
1293:Florida Seminoles
852:guerrilla tactics
837:Mississippi River
802:African Americans
766:Adams-OnĂs Treaty
703:Southern Colonies
609:), two among the
524:Southern Colonies
418:
357:Roman Catholicism
243:
242:
16:(Redirected from
4018:
3830:Tribal languages
3810:United Keetoowah
3740:Muscogee (Creek)
3700:Fort Sill Apache
3635:Absentee Shawnee
3609:
3608:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3573:
3557:Ahfachkee School
3520:Politics and law
3308:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3247:Seminole history
3170:
3047:
3026:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2649:
2630:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2598:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2397:
2396:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2292:
2283:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2242:
2236:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2191:
2173:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2146:. Archived from
2135:
2129:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1844:
1835:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1763:
1757:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1696:The Miami Herald
1687:
1681:
1675:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1613:Indian Territory
1589:Seminole Heights
1502:Great Depression
1280:Wewoka, Oklahoma
1221:Indian Territory
755:Coeehajo, Chief,
688:Indian Territory
517:
419:
388:Florida environs
376:Green Corn Dance
363:, including the
142:
141:
131:
130:
108:
97:
86:
72:Total population
64:
50:
46:
21:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4015:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3832:
3824:
3695:Eastern Shawnee
3685:Delaware Nation
3626:
3624:
3617:
3603:
3601:
3571:
3566:
3545:
3515:
3484:
3443:Black Seminoles
3421:
3393:
3345:
3317:
3312:
3254:Wayback Machine
3231:Wayback Machine
3219:Wayback Machine
3207:Wayback Machine
3191:
3177:
3175:Primary sources
3167:
3092:Mulroy, Kevin.
3054:
3052:Further reading
3044:
3023:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2831:
2827:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2400:
2373:
2369:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2320:
2293:
2286:
2280:Wayback Machine
2271:
2267:
2256:
2252:
2243:
2239:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2184:Washington Post
2174:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2122:Wayback Machine
2113:
2109:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1967:Merriam-Webster
1960:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1899:
1895:
1880:
1876:
1860:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1754:Wayback Machine
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1715:Tampa Bay Times
1707:
1703:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1632:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1605:
1582:Okaloosa County
1575:Pinellas County
1559:Seminole County
1465:
1434:
1428:
1351:
1345:
1295:
1217:
1192:
1140:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1081:
1049:
1024:
1018:Tribe in 1962.
992:Seminole County
931:
911:James A. Seddon
898:
787:Black Seminoles
748:
742:
642:Black Seminoles
603:Black Seminoles
567:
507:
480:Spanish Florida
445:drastic decline
433:
428:
411:
361:U.S. government
341:
287:Muscogee Creeks
283:Spanish Florida
251:Native American
227:
207:Ethnic origin:
173:
160:
136:
125:
123:
109:
100:
98:
89:
88:15,572 enrolled
87:
78:
67:
55:
45:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4024:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3833:(still spoken)
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3750:Otoe-Missouria
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3690:Delaware Tribe
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3619:
3618:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3527:List of chiefs
3523:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3506:Trail of Tears
3503:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3475:Seminole music
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3440:
3435:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3265:Clay MacCauley
3262:
3257:
3244:
3238:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3190:
3189:External links
3187:
3186:
3185:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3027:
3021:
3008:
3001:
2991:
2977:
2962:
2948:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2915:
2899:
2892:
2872:
2858:
2842:
2825:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2779:New York Times
2765:
2756:
2735:
2726:
2714:
2702:
2700:, p. 203.
2690:
2681:
2672:
2658:
2641:
2615:
2599:
2590:
2581:
2574:
2556:
2547:
2538:
2520:
2494:
2481:
2472:
2442:
2435:
2417:
2398:
2387:(2): 175–195.
2367:
2349:
2318:
2307:(3): 300–314.
2284:
2273:"No Surrender"
2265:
2250:
2237:
2216:
2192:
2161:
2130:
2107:
2092:
2067:
2052:
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1988:
1979:
1953:
1946:
1928:
1921:
1893:
1874:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1776:
1771:Florida Memory
1758:
1739:
1737:, p. 183.
1727:
1701:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1652:
1638:
1637:
1621:
1618:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:Tampa, Florida
1585:
1578:
1568:
1565:Osceola County
1562:
1495:Hard Rock Cafe
1493:purchased the
1464:
1461:
1430:Main article:
1427:
1424:
1384:meal mid-1950s
1347:Main article:
1344:
1341:
1294:
1291:
1213:Main article:
1191:
1188:
1168:Muscogee Creek
1139:
1136:
1103:
1100:
1097:Seminole music
1095:Main article:
1092:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1048:
1045:
1023:
1020:
947:Reconstruction
930:
927:
897:
894:
778:Andrew Jackson
744:Main article:
741:
738:
730:Andrew Jackson
717:, infuriating
711:escaped slaves
668:Spanish Empire
634:escaped slaves
582:Creek language
566:
563:
486:, part of the
461:Muscogee Creek
432:
429:
427:
424:
340:
337:
321:Hard Rock Café
241:
240:
230:Black Seminole
204:
203:
199:
198:
184:
183:
179:
178:
153:
152:
148:
147:
117:
116:
112:
111:
99:4,000 enrolled
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
53:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4023:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Seneca-Cayuga
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3586:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3575:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Seminole Wars
3499:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3304:
3302:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3150:
3147:West, Patsy.
3146:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:The Seminoles
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3022:0-8130-1415-8
3018:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:Hatch, Thom.
2978:
2975:
2974:0-16-072300-0
2971:
2967:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2903:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2862:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2820:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2760:
2745:
2739:
2730:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2694:
2685:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2655:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2575:9780820010182
2571:
2567:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2438:
2436:9780806123301
2432:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2362:Okhistory.org
2359:
2353:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2233:0-8130-1196-5
2230:
2226:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2150:on 2015-11-05
2149:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2116:
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1890:(2): 107–113.
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1438:Tamiami Trail
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1145:
1144:Protestantism
1135:
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1129:
1125:
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1113:
1112:George Catlin
1108:
1098:
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856:flag of truce
853:
849:
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818:Andros Island
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771:
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746:Seminole Wars
740:Seminole Wars
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3351:Reservations
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3269:
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2882:
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2828:
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2811:
2802:
2793:
2782:. Retrieved
2778:
2768:
2759:
2748:. Retrieved
2738:
2729:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2693:
2684:
2675:
2661:
2653:
2646:. Retrieved
2626:
2618:
2593:
2584:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2512:. Retrieved
2489:
2484:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2458:
2454:
2445:
2426:
2420:
2384:
2380:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2335:
2331:
2321:
2304:
2300:
2268:
2259:
2253:
2246:The Seminole
2245:
2240:
2235:. pp. 145–6.
2224:
2219:
2208:. Retrieved
2187:
2183:
2179:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2138:
2133:
2125:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2070:
2061:
2055:
2046:
2040:
2016:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
1965:
1956:
1937:
1931:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1851:. Retrieved
1846:
1816:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1742:
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1714:
1704:
1695:
1685:
1673:
1642:
1606:
1598:
1573:, a city in
1553:
1550:
1531:
1519:
1511:
1499:
1488:
1481:
1466:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1387:
1382:Thanksgiving
1367:
1338:
1323:
1315:
1311:
1284:
1277:
1269:
1253:
1241:
1218:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1184:
1176:
1171:
1141:
1121:
1117:
1102:Contemporary
1082:
1073:
1050:
1040:
1036:
1027:
1025:
988:
980:
972:World War II
969:
957:
940:
923:
916:
899:
883:
860:
841:
830:
822:
810:Cape Florida
807:
763:
754:
723:
700:
665:
650:
626:ethnogenesis
623:
589:
585:
576:
572:ethnogenesis
568:
558:John Swanton
555:
528:
506:in Florida.
465:
448:
434:
391:
373:
353:yat'siminoli
352:
348:
344:
342:
314:
299:
279:ethnogenesis
246:
244:
174:Historical:
110:400 enrolled
54:yat'siminoli
44:Ethnic group
3780:Sac and Fox
3480:Stomp dance
3369:Fort Pierce
3359:Big Cypress
2999:LINK TO PDF
1913:10088/15440
1408:Big Cypress
1380:Seminoles'
1364:, ca. 1980s
1264:matrilineal
1233:Confederacy
1229:John Chupco
1190:Land claims
1156:stomp dance
1148:Catholicism
1079:Ethnobotany
1032:matrilineal
996:Dawes Rolls
919:Sonuk Mikko
900:During the
814:the Bahamas
705:(primarily
696:John Jumper
498:, of which
476:Yamasee War
382:and ritual
380:black drink
77:est. 18,600
3985:Categories
3940:Potawatomi
3625:recognized
3384:Miccosukee
2938:References
2784:2011-03-02
2750:2011-03-02
2514:2011-03-02
2210:2011-03-02
2154:2013-04-11
2086:2003-02-19
1973:2011-03-02
1922:0874741793
1809:Mahon 2017
1794:9 February
1647:, an 1865
1544:, several
1432:Miccosukee
1126:, and the
1016:Miccosukee
879:Everglades
871:John Horse
826:Everglades
776:appointed
598:Red Sticks
504:Miccosukee
474:after the
449:La Florida
273:, and the
234:Miccosukee
228:Subgroup:
188:Protestant
161:Cultural:
3870:Chickasaw
3820:Wyandotte
3665:Chickasaw
3623:Federally
3550:Education
3460:Fastachee
3399:Languages
3379:Immokalee
3374:Hollywood
2722:US Census
2648:April 24,
1863:cite book
1747:"History"
1645:(clipper)
1609:Neamathla
1587:Historic
1542:golf club
1047:Languages
726:U.S. Army
676:Cowkeeper
648:culture.
619:Chickasaw
594:Creek War
586:simano-li
531:Apalachee
514:Chickasaw
457:Pensacola
345:simanĂł-li
333:Hollywood
151:Languages
18:Seminoles
3991:Seminole
3915:Muscogee
3890:Delaware
3885:Comanche
3865:Cheyenne
3860:Cherokee
3785:Seminole
3720:Kickapoo
3715:Kialegee
3680:Comanche
3655:Cherokee
3615:Oklahoma
3448:Mascogos
3364:Brighton
3315:Seminole
3250:Archived
3227:Archived
3215:Archived
3203:Archived
3151:(1998).
3117:(1996).
3110:(2000).
3096:(1993).
3082:(1995).
2465:10 March
2393:30146740
2342:13 April
2338:(4): 392
2313:30147523
2276:Archived
2248:, p. 55.
2180:LA Times
2118:Archived
2080:Archived
1750:Archived
1643:Seminole
1620:See also
1571:Seminole
1522:railroad
1513:Seminole
1463:Commerce
1371:converts
1249:freedmen
1225:Oklahoma
1158:and the
1138:Religion
1061:Muscogee
1057:Mikasuki
888:and the
796:Sign at
719:planters
680:Micanopy
655:and the
607:Hitchiti
590:cimarrĂłn
577:Mvskoke'
543:Carolina
500:Mikasuki
496:Hitchiti
488:Muscogee
398:Mikasuki
393:chickees
367:and the
349:cimarrĂłn
259:Oklahoma
247:Seminole
238:Mascogos
213:Muscogee
192:Catholic
182:Religion
167:Muscogee
163:Mikasuki
133:Oklahoma
48:Seminole
3965:Wyandot
3960:Wichita
3955:Shawnee
3895:Koasati
3880:Choctaw
3845:Arapaho
3840:Alabama
3815:Wichita
3805:Tonkawa
3795:Shawnee
3670:Choctaw
3489:History
3455:Chickee
3426:Culture
1853:21 June
1720:June 8,
1649:clipper
1467:In the
1391:Baptist
1303:Kendall
1172:"mekko"
990:is now
970:During
867:Abraham
844:Osceola
783:maroons
707:Georgia
684:dynasty
672:Alachua
657:British
653:Spanish
630:British
615:Choctaw
584:) word
535:Timucua
520:escaped
510:Choctaw
472:Yamasee
431:Origins
426:History
404:, both
384:tobacco
325:casinos
295:Alabama
291:Georgia
255:Florida
217:Yamasee
209:Choctaw
176:Spanish
158:English
144:Florida
3950:Seneca
3945:Quapaw
3930:Pawnee
3925:Ottawa
3855:Cayuga
3775:Quapaw
3765:Peoria
3760:Pawnee
3755:Ottawa
3645:Apache
3627:tribes
3163:
3040:
3019:
2987:
2972:
2958:
2890:
2639:
2572:
2433:
2391:
2311:
2231:
1944:
1919:
1546:museum
1538:resort
1534:casino
1245:slaves
1114:, 1834
1067:. The
1041:itálwa
1037:itálwa
1028:itálwa
904:, the
757:1837,
646:Gullah
556:While
539:Calusa
484:Creeks
269:, the
265:: the
249:are a
225:Gullah
156:Main:
3970:Yuchi
3935:Ponca
3920:Osage
3850:Caddo
3770:Ponca
3745:Osage
3735:Modoc
3730:Miami
3725:Kiowa
3650:Caddo
3389:Tampa
2927:(PDF)
2389:JSTOR
2309:JSTOR
1843:(PDF)
1665:Notes
1526:Miami
1260:clans
1237:Union
1091:Music
976:Dania
770:Texas
713:from
636:from
468:Yuchi
402:Creek
329:Tampa
306:bingo
221:Yuchi
3705:Iowa
3161:ISBN
3038:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2956:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2650:2014
2637:ISBN
2570:ISBN
2467:2023
2431:ISBN
2344:2023
2229:ISBN
1942:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1869:link
1855:2012
1796:2022
1722:2021
1651:ship
1540:, a
1451:The
1285:The
1254:The
1146:and
1130:and
1122:The
941:The
869:and
666:The
617:and
470:and
455:and
400:and
331:and
293:and
245:The
135:and
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1909:hdl
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