1047:, recto 6 at the bottom of the fragment shows the year of the 7th count of Sneferu while recto 7 on the same following row shows the year of the 8th count of Sneferu. Significantly, there is a previous mostly intact column for Sneferu in recto 5 which also mentions events in this king's reign in a specific year but does not mention the previous (6th) year. This column must, therefore, be dated to the year after the 6th count of Sneferu. Hence, Sneferu's reign would be a minimum of 28 years. Since there are many periods in Sneferu's reigns for which Egyptologists have few datesâonly the years of the 2nd, 7th, 8th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 23rd and 24th count are known for Sneferu before one considers the years after his cattle countsâthis pharaoh is most likely to have had a reign in excess of 30 years to manage to build three pyramids in his long rule but not 48 years since the cattle count was not regularly biannual during his kingship. (There are fewer years after the count dates known for Sneferu compared to year of the count or census dates.)
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1089:, a Middle Kingdom source, supports the fact that King Huni was indeed Sneferu's predecessor. It states that "the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Huni, came to the landing place (i.e., died), and the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sneferu, was raised up as a beneficent king in this entire land..." Aside from Sneferu's succession, we learn from this text that later generations considered him to be a "beneficent" ruler. This idea may stem from the etymology of the king's name, for it can be interpreted as the infinitive "to make beautiful". It is uncertain whether Huni was Sneferu's father; however, the Cairo Annals Stone denotes that his mother may have been a woman named
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designed to be built this way, but was modified during construction due to unstable accretion layers. As a means of stabilising the structure, the top layers were laid horizontally, marking the abandonment of the step pyramid concept. The internal components of the
Rhomboidal pyramid have also evolved. There are two entrances, one from the north and another from the west. The subterranean chambers are much larger, and distinguished by corbel walls and ceilings with more complex diagonal portcullis systems in place. J.P Lepre asserts:
1359:. Modifications later were made to add another platform, and at an even later stage limestone facing was added to create the smooth, angled finish characteristic of a "true" pyramid. Complete with a descending northern passage, two underground chambers, and a burial vault, the pyramid mainly follows the conventions of previous tombs in most aspects other than one: instead of being situated underneath the colossal structure, the burial chamber is built directly within the main body albeit very near ground level.
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1351:. Nonetheless, the pyramid is a remarkable example of the progression of technology and ideology surrounding the king's burial site. The immense stone structure serves as physical testimony to the transition from the stepped pyramid structure to that of a "true" pyramid structure. Archaeological investigations of the pyramid show that it was first conceived as a seven-stepped structure, built in a similar manner to the
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Sneferu's architectural innovations served as a catalyst for later pyramid builders to build on. The first king of the fourth dynasty set a challenging precedent for his successors to match, and only Khufu's Great
Pyramid can rival Sneferu's accomplishments. As time progressed and ideology changed in
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To enable
Sneferu to undertake such massive building projects, he would have had to secure an extensive store of labour and materials. According to Guillemette Andreu, this is where the king's foreign policy played a large part. Sneferu's conquests into Libya and Nubia served two purposes: the first
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The satellite pyramid adjacent to
Sneferu's Bent Pyramid introduces more change in the architecture of the time, when the passageway is built ascending westward (as opposed to the conventionally descending northward direction of the passages of previously built pyramids) towards the burial chambers.
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According to this inscription, Sneferu was able to capture large numbers of people from other nations, make them his prisoners and then add them into his labour force. During his raids into Nubia and Libya, he also captured cattle for the sustenance of his massive labour force. Such incursions must
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Considering that the remains of King
Sneferu have not yet been found or positively identified, it still may be possible that his sarcophagus and actual mummy lie hidden in his Red Pyramid in a hidden chamber. Lepre claims: "the Red pyramid remains one of the chief pyramids that may possibly contain
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Despite being
Sneferu's final pyramid, the Red Pyramid has a more simple design compared to its predecessor, with some of the earlier internal innovations missing. Although the chambers and burial vaults are all present in the monument's main body, no ascending passageway has been excavated, nor is
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The Bent
Pyramid, also known as the Rhomboidal or Blunted Pyramid, attests to an even greater increase in architectural innovations. As the name suggests, the angle of the inclination changes from 55° to about 43° in the upper levels of the pyramid. It is likely that the pyramid initially was not
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Egypt decided to open the Bent
Pyramid for tourism in July 2019 for the first time since 1965. Tourists will be able to reach two 4600-year-old chambers through a 79-meter narrow tunnel built from the northern entrance of the pyramid. 18-meter-high "side pyramid", which is assumed that have been
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In 1950, fragments of human remains were found in the passage way of the Red
Pyramid and examined by Dr. Ahmed Mahmud el Batrawi. The remains and wrappings were found to be consistent with 4th dynasty mummification techniques. Whether these humain remains belong to Sneferu is uncertain.
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there evidence of a western entrance or diagonal portcullis. Although the absence of these features have dissuaded many archaeologists from further studying the Red
Pyramid, Lepre is convinced that there are secret chambers waiting to be uncovered within the stone superstructure.
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Anzovin, item # 5393, p. 385 "Reference to a ship with a name appears in an inscription of 2613 BCE that recounts the shipbuilding achievements of the fourth-dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Sneferu. He was recorded as the builder of a cedarwood vessel called 'Praise of the Two
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of Dahshur and mentioning Sneferu's 24th cattle count, corresponding to at least 24 full years. Sneferu, however, was known to have a minimum of at least three years after the cattle count dates: his years after the 10th, the 13th and the 18th count are attested at his
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It is apparent that with the interior design of the Bent Pyramid the architect was groping and experimenting, taking maximum advantage of the huge volume of the monument (50 million cubic feet), the largest pyramid constructed to that
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led to the capture of 11,000 prisoners and 13,100 head of cattle. Aside from the extensive import of cedar (most likely from Lebanon) described above, there is evidence of activity in the turquoise mines on the
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Sneferu Pyramid waste limestone block. Hole in bottom, used as pivot block on which to turn heavy levers in moving stones. 4th Dynasty. From Meidum, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
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goal was to establish an extensive labour force, and the second goal was to gain access to the raw materials and special products that were available in these countries. This is alluded to in the
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The first of Sneferu's massive undertakings is the Pyramid at Meidum. There is some debate among scholars as to Sneferu's claim to the Meidum pyramid, and many credit its origin to King
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is only a fraction of the size of the previous pyramids, the focus of Egyptian ideology might have shifted from the worship of the king to the direct worship of the sun god,
1237:, eldest daughter of Sneferu. Buried in mastaba G 7050 at Giza. Her tomb dates to the time of Khafra. In the tomb Sneferu is mentioned as well as Nefertkau's son
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reigned for 24 years (2613â2589 BC). Manetho was an Egyptian priest, living in the third century BC, who categorized the pharaohs of dynastic Egypt into
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suggesting a reign from around 2613 to 2589 BC, a reign of 24 years, while Rolf Krauss suggests a 30-year reign, and Rainer Stadelmann a 48-year reign.
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figure for Sneferu's reign is considered today to be an underestimate since this king's highest-known date is an inscription discovered at the
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Detail of a relief showing Sneferu wearing the white robe of the Sed-festival, from his funerary temple of Dahshur and now on display at the
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see Christine Hobson, Exploring the World of the Pharaohs:A Complete Guide to Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson paperback, 1993, p. 15
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1955:
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will also be accessible. It is the first time for this adjacent pyramid opened to the public after its excavation in 1956.
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have been incredibly devastating to the populations of the raided countries, and it is suggested that the campaigns into
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The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Aidan Dodson & Dylan Hilton. Thames and Hudson Ltd: London, 2004.
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Porter and Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings; Part III;
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Porter and Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings; Part III.
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Lepre, J.P. The Egyptian Pyramids, A Comprehensive Illustrated Reference. McFarland & Company: London, 1990.
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Bard, A. Kathryn. An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt. Blackwell Publishing Ltd: Malden, 2008.
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The most well known monuments from Sneferu's reign are the three pyramids he is considered to have built. In
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Krauss, Rolf (1996). "The length of Sneferu's reign and how long it took to build the 'Red Pyramid'".
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secret chambers, not the least of which may be the true burial chamber of King Sneferu himself."
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Andreu, Guillemette. Egypt in the Age of the Pyramids. Cornell University Press: Ithaca, 1997.
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1150:. Buried in tomb 28 in Dashur. Second Vizier of Sneferu, who continued to serve under Khufu.
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period (26th century BC). He introduced major innovations in the design and construction of
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1684:"Snefru . Pharaoh of Egypt (± 2620-± 2547) » Stamboom Homs » Genealogie Online"
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The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Ed. Ian Shaw. Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2000
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H. SchĂ€fer, Ein BruchstĂŒck altĂ€gyptischer Annalen, 1902 (APAW: Phil.-hist Kl. 4) 30â31
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This article is about the Egyptian pharaoh. For the cryptographic hash function, see
2138:. The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians. The Project Gutenberg. November 16, 2008
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2010:"Egypt's 4,600yo Bent Pyramid opens to the public after more than half a century"
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Miroslav Verner, Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology",
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https://web.archive.org/web/20081013115157/http://egypt.thetao.info/kagemni.htm
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BeitrÀge zur Geschichte des Alten Reiches: Die LÀnge der Regierung des Snofru.
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The bringing of forty ships of cedar wood (or perhaps "laden with cedar
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1040:. This would mean that Sneferu ruled Egypt a minimum of 27 full years.
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Raid in the Land of the Blacks, and the bringing in of seven thousand
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1985:"Egyptian 'bent' pyramid dating back 4,600 years opens to public"
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is the first known instance of a ship being referred to by name.
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https://www.gutenberg.org/files/15932/15932-h/15932-h.htm#Pg_100
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The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians, p. 100 (emphasis added)
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prisoners, men and women, and twenty thousand cattle, sheep, and
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of a hundred capacity, and 60 royal boats of sixteen capacity.
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Nicolas-Christophe Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, p. 68
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An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, p. 144
1956:"Egypt opens Sneferu's 'Bent' Pyramid in Dahshur to public"
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An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, p. 135
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An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, pg.134
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Mitteilungen des Deutschen ArchÀologischen Institutes Kairo
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941:(c. 2600 BC) was an ancient Egyptian monarch and the first
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An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, p. 36
957:, and at least three of his pyramids survive to this day.
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2154:." Ancient Egyptian Books of Wisdom. November 16, 2008,
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1924:"'Bent' pyramid: Egypt opens ancient oddity for tourism"
1118:â son of Sneferu and Hetepheres I, successor to Sneferu.
1103:, the builder of the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau.
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Pharaoh and founder of the 4th dynasty of Ancient Egypt
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The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 60
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The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 58
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The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 61
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The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 57
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The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt, p. 51
1500:may have contributed to the dissemination of the
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960:Estimates of his reign vary, with for instance
1256:. Had a son named Kaemqed who is known from a
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1771:"The Instructions of Kagemni," Papyrus Prisse
1333:, which would be seen as the pinnacle of the
1584:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt
1340:'s majesty and splendour, and as one of the
980:, has perfected me", and is sometimes read
972:His name means "He has perfected me", from
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2172:
2117:Famous First Facts (International Edition)
1780:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, p. 93
1595:Alan H. Gardiner: The royal canon of Turin
1099:was Sneferu's main wife and the mother of
50:
1457:The building of Tuataua ships of mer wood
1200:. Owner of the famous statues now in the
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2035:"Egypt's Bent Pyramid opens to visitors"
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5742:Pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
2084:Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, p. 107
1156:â eldest son of Sneferu and husband of
360:he of the two ladies, Lord of the Maat"
260:
231:"Horus, Lord of Maat, has perfected me"
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14:
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1586:, Thames and Hudson Ltd: London, 2004.
1545:, a minor planet named for the pharaoh
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1260:. He was buried in Dashur during the
225:Second Horus name: Hor-Nebmaat Snefru
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1664:), Vol. 43. von Zabern, Mainz 1987,
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1288:
1913:The Egyptian Pyramids... pp. 53â54
1606:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
1077:of ancient Egypt, who according to
1057:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree
962:The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt
24:
2109:
2093:The Complete Royal Families, p. 50
1519:Sneferu's ancient cedar wood ship
1342:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
1128:, King's vizier (under his nephew
1073:Sneferu was the first king of the
25:
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1196:. Buried in Meidum with his wife
967:
949:, during the earlier half of the
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1272:Great of Sceptre and King's Wife
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2069:
2048:
2027:
2002:
1977:
1948:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1839:
1804:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1620:Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
1274:, married to her brother Khufu.
1011:
358:"King of Upper and Lower Egypt,
45:Snefru, Seneferu, Snofru, Soris
2119:, H. W. Wilson Company, 2000,
2054:The Egyptian Pyramids... p. 54
1904:The Egyptian Pyramids... p. 53
1886:The Egyptian Pyramids... p. 51
1720:
1718:. vol. 69, Praha 2001, p. 367
1700:
1675:
1646:
1611:
1598:
1589:
1576:
1507:Sneferu's military efforts in
13:
1:
5206:Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator
1565:. Albatros, DĂŒsseldorf 2002,
1549:
1160:. Titles included: Priest of
988:. He is also known under his
677:
412:
348:
122:
56:Limestone statue of Sneferu,
2193:
1962:. 2019-07-13. Archived from
7:
5139:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
1582:A. Dodson & D. Hilton,
1526:
1235:King's Daughter of his Body
1106:
10:
5758:
4038:Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef
3422:Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep
3186:Second Intermediate Period
1168:. First Vizier of Sneferu.
1054:
1001:
748:
689:
671:Prenomen (Praenomen)
603:
529:
458:
424:
362:
310:
271:
266:
242:
201:
176:
171:
147:
29:
5700:
5602:
5591:
5489:Lucius Mussius Aemilianus
5233:
5179:Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
5074:
5046:
5031:
4994:
4966:
4926:
4908:
4858:
4791:
4776:
4734:
4730:
4708:
4658:
4635:
4568:
4491:
4429:
4381:
4366:
4299:
4246:
4158:
4143:
4099:
4095:
4084:Third Intermediate Period
4073:
3996:
3955:
3863:
3795:
3643:
3411:
3396:
3332:
3306:
3258:
3243:
3201:
3197:
3175:
3130:
3090:
2965:
2950:
2884:
2826:
2769:
2710:
2695:
2585:
2514:
2499:
2400:
2284:
2269:
2227:
2223:
2212:First Intermediate Period
2201:
1533:List of Egyptian pyramids
1389:built for Sneferu's wife
922:
904:
893:
883:
829:
819:
676:
669:
411:
404:
352:Nisut Bity Nebmaat Nebty
347:
340:
270:
175:
121:
114:
103:
93:
83:
71:
64:
49:
44:
39:
5732:26th-century BC pharaohs
5727:27th-century BC pharaohs
5201:Cleopatra VII Philopator
3458:Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI
2216: (<3150â2040 BC)
2115:Anzovin, Steven et al.,
1538:List of megalithic sites
5174:Ptolemy XI Alexander II
5089:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
3383:Seankhibtawy Seankhibra
1930:. Reuters. 2019-07-14.
1521:Praise of the Two Lands
1069:in the Abydos King List
947:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
355:Nsw.t-bty-nbt.j-nb-mêŁê„t
5737:26th-century BC deaths
5216:Ptolemy XIV Philopator
5195:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
5189:Berenice IV Epiphaneia
5144:Ptolemy VIII Euergetes
5114:Arsinoe III Philopator
4028:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
3498:Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw
3438:Sekhemkare Amenemhat V
3029:Neferkare VI Pepiseneb
2152:Instruction of Kagemni
1492:
1405:
1382:
1371:
1306:
1298:
1220:Daughters of Sneferu:
1186:King's Son of his Body
1126:King's Son of his Body
1070:
1024:
687:""He has perfected me"
5164:Ptolemy X Alexander I
5129:Ptolemy VI Philometor
5109:Ptolemy IV Philopator
5104:Berenice II Euergetes
5099:Ptolemy III Euergetes
5061:Philip III Arrhidaeus
3570:Khahotepre Sobekhotep
3565:Merhotepre Sobekhotep
2919:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
1563:Lexikon der Pharaonen
1486:
1399:
1377:
1365:
1304:
1296:
1064:
1051:Family and succession
1019:
746:Alternative spelling:
601:"He has perfected..."
527:"He has perfected me"
456:"He has perfected me"
5597:Dynastic genealogies
5221:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
4517:Tutkheperre Shoshenq
4431:High Priests of Amun
3933:Merankhre Mentuhotep
3635:Seheqenre Sankhptahi
3630:Sewadjare Mentuhotep
3483:Khaankhre Sobekhotep
3190: (2040â1550 BC)
2909:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
1083:thirty-one dynasties
132:"Horus, Lord of the
5119:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
5056:Alexander the Great
4088: (1550â664 BC)
3610:Mershepsesre Ini II
3605:Merkawre Sobekhotep
2999:Neferkare IV Khendu
1753:Verner, pp. 365â367
1652:Rainer Stadelmann:
1454:" Sneferu. Year ...
1427:Pyramid of Menkaure
1284:, married to Khufu.
1216:. Buried in Dashur.
1210:. Buried in Meidum.
5456:Trebonianus Gallus
4043:Senakhtenre Ahmose
3661:Ya'ammu Nubwoserre
3615:Sewahenre Senebmiu
3590:Sankhenre Sewadjtu
3019:Neferkare V Tereru
2989:Neferkare III Neby
2657:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
1561:Thomas Schneider:
1493:
1406:
1372:
1321:and in Meidum the
1307:
1299:
1297:The Meidum pyramid
1071:
1025:
974:កr-nb-mêŁê„t-snfr-wj
228:កr-nb-mêŁê„t-snfr-wj
77:24, 30 or 48 years
5709:
5708:
5696:
5695:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5503:Claudius Gothicus
5397:Severus Alexander
5364:Septimius Severus
5229:
5228:
5027:
5026:
4772:
4771:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4411:Osorkon the Elder
4362:
4361:
4139:
4138:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4033:Nubkheperre Intef
3913:Sekhemre Shedwast
3535:Sehetepkare Intef
3463:Semenkare Nebnuni
3392:
3391:
3239:
3238:
3171:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3162:
2946:
2945:
2924:Netjerkare Siptah
2846:Neferirkare Kakai
2691:
2690:
2495:
2494:
2265:
2264:
1716:Archiv OrientĂĄlnĂ
1688:Genealogie Online
1604:Jaromir Malek in
1491:for Sneferu
1437:Foreign relations
1289:Building projects
1241:and her grandson
1188:, High Priest of
1144:King's eldest son
1111:Sons of Sneferu:
932:
931:
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
801:
800:
794:
793:
786:
785:
744:
743:
740:
739:
733:
732:
725:
724:
665:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
647:
646:
639:
638:
586:
585:
582:
581:
575:
574:
567:
566:
510:
509:
506:
505:
499:
498:
491:
490:
440:
439:
436:
435:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
336:
335:
331:
330:
327:
326:
314:
313:
306:
305:
302:
301:
258:
257:
254:
253:
222:
221:
218:
217:
205:
204:
197:
196:
193:
192:
163:
162:
159:
158:
16:(Redirected from
5749:
5703:List of pharaohs
5593:
5592:
5358:Pescennius Niger
5246:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5154:Ptolemy IX Soter
5124:Cleopatra I Syra
5044:
5043:
5040:
5039:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4741:
4740:
4732:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4710:
4709:
4461:Djedkhonsuefankh
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4126:
4121:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4075:
4074:
3668:Qareh Khawoserre
3654:Yakbim Sekhaenre
3595:Mersekhemre Ined
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3177:
3176:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2203:
2202:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2067:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:on July 14, 2019
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1846:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1823:
1820:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1712:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1559:
1504:of that region.
1043:However, in the
1003:
976:"Horus, Lord of
768:
767:
760:
759:
753:
752:
749:
709:
708:
701:
700:
694:
693:
690:
678:
623:
622:
615:
614:
608:
607:
604:
549:
548:
541:
540:
534:
533:
530:
478:
477:
470:
469:
463:
462:
459:
444:Abydos King List
429:
428:
425:
413:
367:
366:
363:
349:
323:
322:
276:
275:
272:
264:
247:
246:
243:
239:
235:
234:
214:
213:
181:
180:
177:
169:
152:
151:
148:
144:
140:
139:
123:
112:
111:
54:
37:
36:
21:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5692:
5598:
5575:
5475:Macrianus Minor
5404:Maximinus Thrax
5340:Marcus Aurelius
5239:
5238:
5237:
5225:
5084:Ptolemy I Soter
5070:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5023:
4990:
4962:
4922:
4904:
4884:Psammetichus IV
4854:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4768:
4746:
4737:
4726:
4723:(664 BCâ313 AD)
4722:
4721:
4692:
4654:
4631:
4627:Menkheperre Ini
4564:
4487:
4425:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4358:
4295:
4242:
4223:Neferneferuaten
4149:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4118:Pharaohs
4111:
4102:
4091:
4087:
4086:
4057:
3992:
3951:
3878:Sobekhotep VIII
3859:
3791:
3639:
3600:Sewadjkare Hori
3402:
3401:
3400:
3388:
3328:
3302:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3235:
3213:
3204:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3159:
3126:
3086:
2994:Djedkare Shemai
2956:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2880:
2822:
2765:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2687:
2581:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2491:
2396:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2239:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2197:
2192:
2112:
2110:Further reading
2107:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1989:The Independent
1983:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:Verner, pp. 367
1725:
1721:
1710:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1680:
1676:
1651:
1647:
1632:10.2307/3822113
1616:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1529:
1514:Sinai Peninsula
1502:A-Group culture
1439:
1291:
1282:King's daughter
1250:King's daughter
1148:Son of his Body
1109:
1065:Cartouche name
1059:
1053:
1022:Egyptian Museum
1014:
970:
815:
814:
778:
747:
745:
688:
686:
682:
602:
600:
596:
594:
591:Turin King List
588:
587:
559:
528:
526:
520:
518:
512:
511:
457:
455:
449:
447:
441:
423:
422:"Golden Falcon"
421:
417:
384:
376:
371:
361:
359:
357:
353:
332:
320:
294:
280:
232:
230:
226:
224:
223:
211:
185:
137:
131:
127:
109:
78:
60:
58:Egyptian Museum
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5755:
5745:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5589:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5571:Maximinus Daza
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5400:
5393:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5330:Antoninus Pius
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5254:
5252:
5243:
5240:(30 BCâ313 AD)
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5041:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5004:Artaxerxes III
5000:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4880:
4875:
4873:Petubastis III
4870:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4810:
4805:
4797:
4795:
4786:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4728:
4727:
4706:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4664:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4376:
4368:3 Intermediate
4364:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4153:
4150:(1550â1070 BC)
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4103:
4100:
4093:
4092:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3883:Neferhotep III
3880:
3875:
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3801:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Sewadjkare III
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3682:Maaibre Sheshi
3678:
3675:'Ammu Ahotepre
3671:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Merhotepre Ini
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3545:Sobekhotep III
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3403:(1802â1550 BC)
3398:2 Intermediate
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3293:Mentuhotep III
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3250:(2040â1802 BC)
3245:Middle Kingdom
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3205:
3202:
3195:
3194:
3182:Middle Kingdom
3173:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:Neferkare VIII
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3110:Nebkaure Khety
3107:
3102:
3100:Meryibre Khety
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3034:Neferkamin Anu
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2960:
2957:(2181â2040 BC)
2952:1 Intermediate
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2871:Djedkare Isesi
2868:
2866:Menkauhor Kaiu
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2702:(2686â2181 BC)
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2506:(3150â2686 BC)
2501:Early Dynastic
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2220:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2086:
2077:
2068:
2056:
2047:
2026:
2001:
1976:
1947:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1847:
1838:
1824:
1812:
1803:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1699:
1682:Homs, George.
1674:
1672:, pp. 229â240.
1645:
1610:
1597:
1588:
1575:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1525:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1438:
1435:
1323:Meidum pyramid
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1265:
1254:God's Daughter
1246:
1228:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1179:
1169:
1151:
1137:
1119:
1108:
1105:
1087:Papyrus Prisse
1075:Fourth Dynasty
1052:
1049:
1038:Meidum pyramid
1013:
1010:
969:
968:Sneferu's name
966:
930:
929:
927:Fourth Dynasty
924:
920:
919:
909:Meidum Pyramid
906:
902:
901:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
880:
872:, Nefertnesu,
831:
827:
826:
821:
817:
816:
811:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
799:
798:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
775:
772:
764:
763:
757:
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
723:
722:
719:
716:
713:
705:
704:
698:
674:
673:
667:
666:
663:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
651:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
619:
618:
612:
584:
583:
580:
579:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
556:
553:
545:
544:
538:
515:Saqqara Tablet
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
489:
488:
485:
482:
474:
473:
467:
438:
437:
434:
433:
409:
408:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
381:
378:
373:
345:
344:
338:
337:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
324:
317:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
303:
300:
299:
296:
291:
288:
285:
282:
268:
267:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
233:
220:
219:
216:
215:
208:
206:
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
173:
172:
166:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
138:
119:
118:
110:
107:Royal titulary
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
69:
68:
62:
61:
55:
47:
46:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5754:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5704:
5699:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5594:
5590:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5236:
5232:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:Cleopatra III
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4951:Nepherites II
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4729:
4720:
4716:
4711:
4707:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4638:
4634:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4482:Psusennes III
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:(1069â664 BC)
4369:
4365:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4339:Ramesses VIII
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4208:Amenhotep III
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4146:
4142:
4131:
4128:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4094:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4048:Seqenenre Tao
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Sobekemsaf II
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:Wepwawetemsaf
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Merneferre Ay
3578:
3576:
3575:Wahibre Ibiau
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Sobekhotep IV
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Amenemhat III
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3298:Mentuhotep IV
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:Mentuhotep II
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Wahkare Khety
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Neferkare VII
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Seth-Peribsen
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Hotepsekhemwy
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2386:
2385:Double Falcon
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2276:(pre-3150 BC)
2272:
2271:Protodynastic
2268:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2209:
2208:Protodynastic
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:Budge, Wallis
2134:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:0-8242-0958-3
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2099:
2090:
2081:
2072:
2063:
2061:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2015:
2011:
2005:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1842:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1601:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1573:, pp. 278â279
1572:
1571:3-491-96053-3
1568:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1543:4906 Seneferu
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1509:ancient Libya
1505:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:Palermo Stone
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:Ancient Egypt
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:Great Pyramid
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1295:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:Nefertnesu â
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1046:
1045:Palermo Stone
1041:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1007:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
965:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
928:
925:
921:
918:
914:
910:
907:
903:
899:
896:
892:
889:
886:
882:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
822:
818:
796:
790:
789:
781:
776:
773:
770:
769:
766:
765:
762:
761:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
735:
729:
728:
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
685:
680:
679:
675:
672:
668:
652:
649:
643:
642:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
610:
609:
606:
605:
599:
593:
592:
577:
571:
570:
562:
557:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
525:
524:
517:
516:
501:
495:
494:
486:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
454:
453:
446:
445:
431:
430:
427:
426:
420:
415:
414:
410:
407:
403:
387:
382:
379:
374:
369:
368:
365:
364:
356:
351:
350:
346:
343:
339:
318:
316:
309:
297:
292:
289:
286:
283:
278:
277:
274:
273:
269:
265:
262:
249:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
229:
209:
207:
200:
188:
183:
182:
179:
178:
174:
170:
167:
154:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
135:
130:
125:
124:
120:
117:
113:
108:
102:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
76:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5522:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5461:
5454:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5356:
5349:
5335:Lucius Verus
5292:
5193:
5169:Berenice III
5159:Cleopatra IV
5134:Cleopatra II
5066:Alexander IV
4986:Nectanebo II
4955:
4936:Nepherites I
4895:Artaxerxes I
4882:
4812:
4800:
4783:(664â332 BC)
4763:
4719:Roman Period
4621:Shoshenq VII
4619:
4592:
4552:
4533:Shoshenq III
4515:
4480:
4443:
4421:Psusennes II
4334:Ramesses VII
4314:Ramesses III
4198:Amenhotep II
4193:Thutmose III
4129:
4018:Sobekemsaf I
4010:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3944:
3937:
3842:
3825:
3820:'Aper-'Anati
3818:
3811:
3804:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3728:Sekheperenre
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3550:Neferhotep I
3540:Seth Meribre
3517:
3503:Djedkheperew
3420:
3381:
3372:Amenemhat IV
3362:Senusret III
3352:Amenemhat II
3268:Mentuhotep I
3230:
3119:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
2984:Neferkare II
2935:
2928:
2861:Nyuserre Ini
2815:
2798:
2778:
2753:
2746:
2734:
2675:
2670:Neferkasokar
2668:
2661:
2644:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2574:
2567:
2475:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2418:Finger Snail
2416:
2409:
2389:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2256:
2116:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2050:
2039:. Retrieved
2037:. 2019-07-13
2029:
2018:. Retrieved
2016:. 2019-07-14
2013:
2004:
1993:. Retrieved
1991:. 2019-07-13
1988:
1979:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1959:
1950:
1939:. Retrieved
1928:The Guardian
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1841:
1806:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1731:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1691:. Retrieved
1687:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1562:
1557:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1489:Sed festival
1440:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:Bent Pyramid
1346:
1315:Bent Pyramid
1308:
1281:
1271:
1253:
1249:
1239:Nefermaat II
1234:
1225:Hetepheres A
1219:
1202:Cairo Museum
1185:
1174:, buried in
1172:Netjeraperef
1147:
1143:
1125:
1110:
1097:Hetepheres I
1095:
1072:
1066:
1042:
1027:The 24-year
1026:
1012:Reign length
993:
985:
981:
973:
971:
961:
959:
938:
934:
933:
913:Bent Pyramid
866:Hetepheres A
850:Netjeraperef
824:Hetepheres I
683:
597:
589:
521:
513:
450:
442:
418:
406:Golden Horus
354:
227:
128:
5439:Gordian III
5384:Diadumenian
5184:Cleopatra V
5038:(332â30 BC)
5033:Hellenistic
4976:Nectanebo I
4868:Cambyses II
4850:Psamtik III
4808:Tefnakht II
4610:Takelot III
4605:Osorkon III
4600:Shoshenq VI
4554:Pedubast II
4538:Shoshenq IV
4511:Shoshenq II
4476:Pinedjem II
4466:Menkheperre
4401:Psusennes I
4354:Ramesses XI
4344:Ramesses IX
4329:Ramesses VI
4319:Ramesses IV
4266:Ramesses II
4228:Tutankhamun
4203:Thutmose IV
4183:Thutmose II
4173:Amenhotep I
4145:New Kingdom
4080:New Kingdom
3939:Senusret IV
3923:Dedumose II
3898:Nebiriau II
3893:Nebiryraw I
3888:Mentuhotepi
3693:Khakherewre
3620:Merkheperre
3530:Imyremeshaw
3513:Sedjefakare
3468:Sehetepibre
3443:Ameny Qemau
3377:Sobekneferu
3357:Senusret II
3342:Amenemhat I
3324:Iyibkhentre
3054:Neferirkare
3049:Neferkauhor
2856:Shepseskare
2697:Old Kingdom
2683:Khasekhemwy
2663:Neferkara I
2632:Weneg-Nebty
2477:Scorpion II
1402:Red Pyramid
1355:complex at
1338:Old Kingdom
1319:Red Pyramid
1268:Meritites I
1262:5th dynasty
1243:Sneferukhaf
1231:Nefertkau I
1154:Nefermaat I
1033:Red Pyramid
1029:Turin Canon
998:KoinÄ Greek
951:Old Kingdom
917:Red Pyramid
898:Red Pyramid
888:Meresankh I
874:Meritites I
870:Nefertkau I
126:Hor-Nebmaat
84:Predecessor
5716:Categories
5556:Diocletian
5510:Quintillus
5463:Aemilianus
5418:Gordian II
5390:Elagabalus
5211:Arsinoe IV
5094:Arsinoe II
5019:Darius III
4946:Psammuthes
4835:Psamtik II
4650:Bakenranef
4588:Pedubast I
4583:Takelot II
4578:Harsiese A
4560:Osorkon IV
4548:Shoshenq V
4528:Osorkon II
4501:Shoshenq I
4471:Smendes II
4451:Pinedjem I
4396:Amenemnisu
4349:Ramesses X
4324:Ramesses V
4276:Amenmesses
4256:Ramesses I
4218:Smenkhkare
4188:Hatshepsut
4178:Thutmose I
3928:Montuemsaf
3918:Dedumose I
3718:Nebdjefare
3708:Merdjefare
3478:Nedjemibre
3473:Sewadjkare
3347:Senusret I
3319:Qakare Ini
3140:Meryhathor
3044:Neferkaure
3039:Qakare Iby
3024:Neferkahor
3009:Neferkamin
2817:Thamphthis
2811:Shepseskaf
2725:Sekhemkhet
2576:Horus Bird
2453:Scorpion I
2041:2019-07-15
2020:2019-07-15
1995:2019-07-15
1970:2019-07-15
1941:2019-07-15
1693:2019-03-05
1550:References
1475:wood")..."
1404:of Sneferu
1391:Hetepheres
1370:at Dahshur
1366:Sneferu's
1258:false door
1194:Heliopolis
1134:Hetepheres
1055:See also:
990:Hellenized
900:(possibly)
342:Nebty name
129:កr-nb-mêŁê„t
116:Horus name
79:c. 2600 BC
5688:Ptolemaic
5496:Gallienus
5411:Gordian I
5374:Caracalla
5300:Vespasian
5294:Vitellius
5076:Ptolemaic
4918:Amyrtaeus
4900:Darius II
4845:Ahmose II
4825:Psamtik I
4764:uncertain
4752:Pharaohs
4688:Tanutamun
4523:Takelot I
4506:Osorkon I
4456:Masaharta
4406:Amenemope
4309:Setnakhte
4271:Merneptah
4213:Akhenaten
4130:uncertain
4012:Nebmaatre
3833:Sakir-Har
3786:Yaqub-Har
3698:Nebefawre
3448:Hotepibre
3314:Segerseni
3283:Intef III
3231:uncertain
3219:Pharaohs
2851:Neferefre
2677:Hudjefa I
2558:Semerkhet
2295:Hedju Hor
2257:uncertain
2245:Pharaohs
1936:0261-3077
1670:0342-1279
1626:: 43â50.
1214:Iynefer I
1091:Meresankh
905:Monuments
862:Iynefer I
846:Nefermaat
595:Snefer...
416:Bik-nebu
94:Successor
5648:21 to 23
5566:Galerius
5561:Maximian
5550:Numerian
5517:Aurelian
5469:Valerian
5432:Balbinus
5425:Pupienus
5379:Macrinus
5351:Pertinax
5345:Commodus
5310:Domitian
5273:Claudius
5268:Caligula
5263:Tiberius
5258:Augustus
4878:Darius I
4830:Necho II
4673:Shebitku
4645:Tefnakht
4238:Horemheb
4168:Ahmose I
3980:Pantjeny
3966:Senebkay
3946:Pepi III
3908:Bebiankh
3765:Shenshek
3723:Nebsenre
3555:Sihathor
3525:Khendjer
3488:Renseneb
3433:Nerikare
3278:Intef II
3155:Merykare
3060:Wadjkare
3004:Merenhor
2899:Userkare
2806:Menkaure
2800:Bikheris
2789:Djedefre
2755:Qahedjet
2639:Wadjenes
2625:Horus Sa
2618:Nubnefer
2605:Nynetjer
2569:Sneferka
2309:Ni-Neith
2195:Pharaohs
2103:Lands.'"
2014:ABC News
1527:See also
1469:goats...
1335:Egyptian
1317:and the
1278:Henutsen
1107:Children
955:pyramids
878:Henutsen
830:Children
598:S.nfr...
419:Bjk-nb.w
18:Seneferu
5722:Sneferu
5543:Carinus
5524:Tacitus
5482:Quietus
5325:Hadrian
5009:Khabash
4840:Wahibre
4820:Necho I
4814:Nekauba
4802:Ammeris
4745:Dynasty
4683:Taharqa
4678:Shabaka
4615:Rudamun
4594:Iuput I
4439:Herihor
4391:Smendes
4291:Twosret
4281:Seti II
4125:female)
4110:Dynasty
4006:Rahotep
3903:Semenre
3873:Djehuti
3855:Khamudi
3844:Yanassi
3827:Salitis
3779:Yakareb
3772:Khamure
3703:Sehebre
3625:Merkare
3273:Intef I
3212:Dynasty
3121:Imhotep
3081:Iytjenu
3067:Khuiqer
2979:Menkare
2930:Neferka
2914:Pepi II
2836:Userkaf
2730:Sanakht
2553:Anedjib
2533:Hor-Aha
2466:Iry-Hor
2460:Shendjw
2432:Pen-Abu
2316:Hat-Hor
2238:Dynasty
1960:Reuters
1640:3822113
1608:, p. 87
1357:Saqqara
1311:Dahshur
1208:Ranefer
1182:Rahotep
1140:Kanefer
1122:Ankhhaf
1079:Manetho
1067:Sneferu
1006:Manetho
945:of the
943:pharaoh
935:Sneferu
923:Dynasty
858:Ranefer
854:Rahotep
842:Kanefer
838:Ankhhaf
820:Consort
681:Snefru
523:snfr-wj
452:snfr-wj
66:Pharaoh
40:Sneferu
5683:Argead
5530:Probus
5450:Decius
5445:Philip
5320:Trajan
5048:Argead
4957:Muthis
4910:XXVIII
4890:Xerxes
4758:female
4736:Period
4445:Piankh
4416:Siamun
4286:Siptah
4261:Seti I
4101:Period
4053:Kamose
3987:Snaaib
3957:Abydos
3813:Semqen
3806:Sharek
3758:Sheneh
3738:'Apepi
3733:Bebnum
3688:Nehesy
3508:Sebkay
3428:Sonbef
3225:female
3203:Period
3014:Nikare
2904:Pepi I
2841:Sahure
2794:Khafre
2779:Snefru
2748:Sedjes
2720:Djoser
2646:Senedj
2524:Narmer
2483:Narmer
2365:Wazner
2330:Hsekiu
2302:Ny-Hor
2251:female
2229:Period
2123:
1934:
1668:
1638:
1569:
1353:Djoser
1313:: the
1198:Nofret
1176:Dashur
1162:Bastet
1130:Khafre
986:Snofru
982:Snefru
894:Burial
884:Mother
684:Snfr.w
519:Snefru
448:Snefru
32:Snefru
5536:Carus
5315:Nerva
5305:Titus
5283:Galba
5250:XXXIV
5235:Roman
5014:Arses
4941:Hakor
4860:XXVII
4570:XXIII
4160:XVIII
4120:(male
3850:Apepi
3838:Khyan
3751:Wazad
3519:Wegaf
3453:Iufni
3307:Nubia
3115:Setut
2937:Nefer
2784:Khufu
2742:Khaba
2736:Nebka
2600:Nebra
2528:Menes
2487:Menes
2439:Stork
2402:Upper
2358:Neheb
2351:Thesh
2337:Khayu
2286:Lower
2150:"The
1662:MDAIK
1636:JSTOR
1498:Nubia
1380:date.
1327:Khufu
1166:Thoth
1116:Khufu
1101:Khufu
1002:ΣῶÏÎčÏ
994:Soris
992:name
939:Soris
834:Khufu
98:Khufu
73:Reign
5369:Geta
5288:Otho
5278:Nero
4996:XXXI
4981:Teos
4928:XXIX
4793:XXVI
4778:Late
4755:male
4715:Late
4668:Piye
4637:XXIV
4543:Pami
4493:XXII
4082:and
3998:XVII
3744:Nuya
3413:XIII
3222:male
3184:and
3074:Khui
2971:VIII
2894:Teti
2876:Unas
2761:Huni
2563:Qa'a
2543:Djet
2538:Djer
2446:Bull
2425:Fish
2391:Wash
2372:Mekh
2248:male
2121:ISBN
1932:ISSN
1666:ISSN
1656:In:
1567:ISBN
1400:The
1349:Huni
1158:Itet
1146:and
978:Maat
134:Maat
88:Huni
4968:XXX
4717:to
4660:XXV
4383:XXI
4248:XIX
3865:XVI
3645:XIV
3493:Hor
3334:XII
2967:VII
2712:III
2548:Den
2344:Tiu
2210:to
1628:doi
1329:'s
1192:in
1008:).
1004:by
984:or
937:or
5718::
5678:31
5673:30
5668:27
5663:26
5658:25
5653:24
5643:20
5638:19
5633:18
5628:12
5623:11
4301:XX
4233:Ay
3797:XV
3260:XI
3092:IX
2886:VI
2771:IV
2611:Ba
2587:II
2526:/
2485:/
2471:Ka
2323:Pu
2059:^
2012:.
1987:.
1958:.
1926:.
1850:^
1827:^
1815:^
1794:^
1686:.
1634:.
1624:82
1622:.
1446::
1433:.
1431:Ra
1344:.
1280:â
1270:,
1252:,
1233:â
1190:Re
1184:â
1142:â
1124:â
1093:.
1000::
915:,
911:,
876:,
868:,
864:,
860:,
856:,
852:,
848:,
844:,
840:,
836:,
5618:4
5614:3
5611:2
5607:1
3132:X
2969:/
2828:V
2516:I
2411:A
2379:A
2187:e
2180:t
2173:v
2044:.
2023:.
1998:.
1973:.
1944:.
1702:'
1696:.
1660:(
1642:.
1630::
1264:.
1245:.
1204:.
1178:.
1136:.
996:(
136:"
34:.
20:)
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