1772:(I)n this review, we compare the neural regions implicated in SPS with those found in fMRI studies of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Schizophrenia (SZ) and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) to elucidate the neural markers and cardinal features of SPS versus these seemingly related clinical disorders. We propose that SPS is a stable trait that is characterized by greater empathy, awareness, responsivity and depth of processing to salient stimuli. We conclude that SPS is distinct from ASD, SZ and PTSD in that in response to social and emotional stimuli, SPS differentially engages brain regions involved in reward processing, memory, physiological homeostasis, self-other processing, empathy and awareness. We suggest that this serves species survival via deep integration and memory for environmental and social information that may subserve well-being and cooperation.
887:
34:
1564:"(T)here is an emerging scientific consensus on how 'sensitivity to context' may be instantiated with an intricate and compelling neuroscience" (p. 149). "... a now substantial corpus of evidence ... documenting differences in susceptibility at the levels of temperament and behavior ("The Highly Sensitive Person at p. 146), neuroendocrine physiology, brain structure and function ("Cortical sensory processing sensitivity" at p. 149), neuronal sensitization and responsivity, and allelic and epigenetic variation within genomic structure" (p. 157).
70:
1614:
614:
2336:(2006): Aesthetic Sensitivity (AES, having greater awareness of beauty), Low Sensory Threshold (LST, easily unpleasantly aroused by external stimuli), and Ease of Excitation (EOE, easily overwhelmed by stimuli); results showing the (unidimensional) HSP Scale was "a valid and reliable measure of the construct of SPS"). Liss
710:
According to the Arons and colleagues, people with high SPS make up about 15–20% of the population. Although some researchers consistently related high SPS to negative outcomes, other researchers have associated it with increased responsiveness to both positive and negative influences. Aron and
676:
processing of physical, social, and emotional stimuli". The trait is characterized by "a tendency to 'pause to check' in novel situations, greater sensitivity to subtle stimuli, and the engagement of deeper cognitive processing strategies for employing coping actions, all of which is driven by
835:'s (1976, 1980, 1991) concept of filtering the "irrelevant", but wrote that the concept implied that the inability of HSPs' (Mehrabian's "low screeners") to filter out what is irrelevant would imply that what is relevant is determined from the perspective of non-HSPs ("high screeners").
894:
The HSP Scale, initially (1997) a questionnaire designed to measure SPS on a unidimensional scale, was subsequently decomposed into two, three, or four factors or sub-scales. Most components have been associated with traditionally accepted negative psychological outcomes including high
1891:
2459:"Five distinct but related frameworks comprise ES (environmental sensitivity), including diathesis stress, differential susceptibility theory (DST), sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) , biological sensitivity to context (BSC) , and vantage sensitivity (VS) ".
790:
that HSPs were "having a moment," noting that several hundred research studies had been conducted on topics related to HSPs' high sensitivity. The First
International Scientific Conference on High Sensitivity or Sensory Processing Sensitivity was held at the
2254:"...perhaps the most significant contribution shared across all three frameworks is the notion that sensitive individuals differ not only in their response to environmental adversity but also in response to positive, supportive aspects of the environment".
1667:
807:
Research pre-dating the Arons' coining of the term "high sensitivity" includes that of German medicine professor
Wolfgang Klages, who argued in the 1970s that the phenomenon of sensitive and highly sensitive humans is "biologically anchored" and that the
882:
and process stimuli cognitively deeper than most other people." This deeper processing may result in increased reaction time as more time is spent responding to cues in the environment, and might also contribute to cautious behavior and low risk-taking.
979:
costs and benefits. This observation parallels Aron's assertion that high SPS is not a disorder, but rather a personality trait with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Accordingly, Aron cautions medical professionals against prescribing
1050:
with a break point between 10% and 35%, with Aron choosing a cut-off of the highest-scoring 20% of individuals to define the HSP category. A 2019 review article stated that findings suggest people fall into three sensitivity groups along a
707:, who developed the Highly Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS) questionnaire by which SPS is measured. Other researchers have applied various other terms to denote this responsiveness to stimuli that is seen in humans and other species.
1271:
1039:
and violence and criminality, with the authors theorising that lower sensitivity to stimulation resulted in increased likelihood of risk-taking and sensation-seeking behaviour – effectively a low sensitivity counterpart to SPS.
2469:
Smolewska, Kathy A.; McCabe, Scott B.; Woody, Erik Z. (2006). "A psychometric evaluation of the Highly
Sensitive Person Scale: The components of sensory-processing sensitivity and their relation to the BIS/BAS and "Big Five"".
1389:"Such differences in responsiveness (also termed coping style, reactivity, flexibility, plasticity) have been documented in many organisms including ... humans" (n. 15 citing Aron & Aron (1997, SPS) and n. 16 citing Belsky
974:
In humans and other species, responsive and unresponsive individuals coexist and consistently display different levels of responsiveness to environmental stimuli, the different levels of responsiveness having corresponding
1463:
1636:
1163:
Greven, Corina U.; Lionetti, Francesca; Booth, Charlotte; Aron, Elaine N.; Fox, Elaine; Schendan, Haline E.; Pluess, Michael; Bruining, Hilgo; Acevedo, Bianca; Bijttebier, Patricia; Homberg, Judith (March 2019).
954:
have described under various other names. Conversely, Aron has distinguished SPS from what she considers it is not, explicitly distinguishing high SPS from possibly similar-appearing traits or disorders (such as
2654:
2694:
2404:
2884:
2629:
From "The
Clinical Implications of Jung's Concept of Sensitiveness" (2006): (re autism) HSPs are very aware of social and emotional cues and relate well socially once familiarity is achieved.
2764:â—Ź Licht, C., Mortensen, E. L., & Knudsen, G. M. (2011). "Association between sensory processing sensitivity and the serotonin transporter polymorphism 5-HTTLPR short/short genotype."
1953:
890:
SPS involves responsiveness to both environmental adversity and positive environmental aspects, respectively modeled by the diathesis–stress model and the vantage sensitivity framework.
2265:
2939:
1298:
Booth, Charlotte; Standage, Helen; Fox, Elaine (1 Dec 2015), "Sensory-processing sensitivity moderates the association between childhood experiences and adult life satisfaction",
1494:
2158:
2072:"From a clinical perspective, Aron (2010) adds that while sensitive people may be more vulnerable, sensitivity is not only a liability but also may confer advantages."
950:
provides evidence that the trait of SPS can be observed, under various terms, in over 100 nonhuman species, Aron writing that the SPS trait is meant to encompass what
2690:
2619:
From p. 2 of "The HSP in love" (<=2007): an HSP who is also a High
Sensation Seeker will find ways to have novel experiences without taking ill-considered risks.
971:). Contrary to common misconception, according to Aron HSPs include both introverts and extroverts, and may be simultaneously high-sensation seeking and cautious.
2083:
1622:"Aron and Aron (1997, p. 362) provide an important further elucidation of the reactivity construct in their discussion of sensory-processing sensitivity" (p. 286).
2642:
1853:
2922:
2181:
2880:
1793:
2421:"Application of environmental sensitivity theories in personalized prevention for youth substance abuse: a transdisciplinary translational perspective"
939:
sensitivity, who tend to experience heightened positive emotions in response to rewarding stimuli and more likely to score high on "openness" on the
2756:
1166:"Sensory Processing Sensitivity in the context of Environmental Sensitivity: A critical review and development of research agenda (Review article)"
1401:(2008) for the statement: "research in evolutionary biology provides evidence that the trait of SPS can be observed in over 100 nonhuman species."
1734:"The functional highly sensitive brain: a review of the brain circuits underlying sensory processing sensitivity and seemingly related disorders"
2780:"Contributions of dopamine-related genes and environmental factors to Highly Sensitive Personality: A multi-step neuronal system-level approach"
26:
This article is about the personality trait characterizing highly sensitive persons (HSPs). For the distinct but similarly-named disorder, see
2675:
2409:"DST and BSCT began with a focus on child-developmental processes, whereas SPS started with a focus on cognitive processes in adults" (p. 10).
1914:
2288:
2222:
Klages distinguishes between sensitive and highly sensitive people, classifying artists and "high intellectuals" as an example of the latter.
1828:
644:
2900:. Antti Latvala, Ralf Kuja-Halkola, Catarina Almqvist, et al. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(10):971–978. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1165
2034:"Differential susceptibility to environmental influences: Interactions between child temperament and parenting in adolescent alcohol use"
1440:
354:
2150:
2574:(Feldman), and the physiological differences underlying introversion and extroversion (Eysenck; Stelmack; Stelmack & Geen).
1978:
1090:
920:
581:
2200:
Der sensible Mensch : Psychologie, Psychopathologie, Therapie (The
Sensitive Human: Psychology, Psychopathology, Therapy)
1579:"Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary–developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity"
2837:
Todd, R. M.; Ehlers, M. R.; Muller, D. J.; Robertson, A.; Palombo, D. J.; Freeman, N.; Levine, B.; Anderson, A. K. (2015).
2881:"The Highly Sensitive Person: Emotional Sensitivity May Stem From A Person's Genes, Enhancing The Way They See The World"
2691:"Understanding the Highly Sensitivity Person: Sensitive, Introverted, or Both? | Extraverted HSPs face unique challenges"
967:, and autism), and further, that SPS may be a basic variable that may underlie multiple other trait differences (such as
2032:
Rioux, Charlie; Castellanos-Ryan, Natalie; Parent, Sophie; Bitaro, Frank; Tremblay, Richard E.; Seguin, Jean R. (2016).
2207:
2738:
Especially subsections "A Caution About
Medical Labels for Your Trait" through "Instant Arousal-Stopping Medications".
2778:
Chen, Chunhui; Chen, Chuansheng; Moyzis, Robert; Stern, Hal; He, Qinghua; Li, He; Li, Jin; Zhu, Bi; Dong, Qi (2011).
2731:
1085:
923:(DST) and biological sensitivity to context theory (BSCT) and sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) suggest increased
777:
behavior and disorders with which high SPS can be confused; overcoming the social unacceptability that can cause low
2367:
Ellis, Bruce J.; Boyce, W. Thomas; Belsky, Jay; Bakermans-Kranenburt, Marian J.; van
Ijzendoorn, Marinus H. (2011).
2124:
2962:
637:
561:
2982:
886:
2173:
1820:
750:
are popular synonyms for the scientific concept of SPS. By way of definition, Aron and Aron (1997) wrote that
556:
384:
2616:
From "Adult shyness: ..." (2005): SPS doesn't inherently possess shyness' fear of negative social evaluations.
2972:
1785:
968:
586:
153:
1026:
596:
509:
2931:
2977:
2623:
2609:
From "'The Power of (Shyness)' and High
Sensitivity..." (2012): (re introversion) 30% of HSPs are social
964:
630:
27:
2914:
2749:
1418:"The relationships between sensory processing sensitivity, alexithymia, autism, depression, and anxiety"
1035:
A 2015 longitudinal study based on army medical records of
Swedish men showed a correlation between low
931:(VS) concept emphasizes increased responsiveness to positive experiences. Researchers such as Smolewska
816:" is much lower in these persons. As a result, said Klages, there is a higher permeability for incoming
758:
is transmitted to or processed in the brain. They assert that the trait is not a disorder but an innate
2357:(2010): "DOES" acronym: Depth of processing, Overstimulation, Emotional intensity, Sensory sensitivity.
1242:"Making sense of it all: The impact of sensory processing sensitivity on daily functioning of children"
916:
792:
100:
2897:
1095:
551:
542:
464:
284:
165:
1705:
33:
2967:
1915:"Sensory processing sensitivity: A review in the light of the evolution of biological responsivity"
1872:"Social Reputation and Peer Relationships in Chinese and Canadian Children: A Cross-cultural Study"
175:
143:
2768:, 69, supplement for Society of Biological Psychiatry Convention and Annual Meeting, abstract 510.
2671:
1979:"Adult shyness: The interaction of temperamental sensitivity and an adverse childhood environment"
680:
A human with a particularly high measure of SPS is considered to have "hypersensitivity", or be a
1100:
786:
576:
474:
245:
210:
195:
190:
180:
129:
89:
781:; and emphasizing the advantages of high SPS to balance the disadvantages emphasized by others.
1700:
1125:
1015:
988:
951:
852:
755:
669:
591:
524:
414:
324:
279:
255:
230:
160:
148:
114:
2719:
1080:
1004:
875:
571:
566:
484:
349:
314:
289:
185:
84:
79:
1003:. For example, genetic studies provide evidence that higher levels of SPS are linked to the
2898:
A Longitudinal Study of Resting Heart Rate and Violent Criminality in More Than 700 000 Men
2791:
2369:"Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory"
1417:
1047:
947:
821:
469:
394:
304:
139:
124:
2750:"Association between Sensory Processing Sensitivity and the 5-HTTLPR Short/Short Genotype"
8:
1105:
1052:
928:
900:
879:
399:
389:
374:
339:
334:
319:
299:
294:
170:
109:
2795:
1526:"Differential Susceptibility of the Developing Brain to Contextual Adversity and Stress"
1044:
2863:
2838:
2814:
2779:
2445:
2420:
2396:
2111:
2058:
2033:
2009:
1945:
1887:
1758:
1733:
1606:
1550:
1525:
1375:
1348:
1320:
1130:
1036:
809:
494:
439:
434:
369:
309:
270:
200:
2501:
Paraphrasing Aron and citing Wolf re different names for same or equivalent concepts:
773:
publications for the lay reader have focused on distinguishing high SPS from socially
2868:
2839:"Neurogenetic Variations in Norepinephrine Availability Enhance Perceptual Vividness"
2819:
2727:
2450:
2388:
2233:
2213:
2203:
2116:
2063:
2001:
1937:
1871:
1845:
1763:
1659:
1598:
1555:
1486:
1380:
1325:
1241:
1197:
1135:
981:
960:
712:
618:
419:
344:
250:
235:
119:
2368:
1610:
1182:
1165:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2809:
2799:
2703:
2536:(Patterson & Newman), and what child temperament researchers have described as
2479:
2440:
2432:
2400:
2380:
2280:
2245:
2106:
2098:
2082:
Belsky, J.; Jonassaint, C; Pluess, M; Stanton, M; Brummett, B; Williams, R (2009).
2053:
2045:
2013:
1993:
1949:
1929:
1883:
1837:
1753:
1745:
1691:
Aron, E.N. (2006). "The Clinical Implications of Jung's Concept of Sensitiveness".
1651:
1590:
1578:
1545:
1537:
1478:
1432:
1370:
1360:
1315:
1307:
1261:
1253:
1187:
1177:
1022:
940:
896:
832:
817:
766:
743:
424:
379:
364:
359:
240:
215:
2419:
Thibodeau, Eric L.; August, Gerald J.; Cicchetti, Dante; Symons, Frank J. (2016).
1821:"Sensory-Processing Sensitivity and its Relation to Introversion and Emotionality"
1464:"Beyond Diathesis Stress: Differential Susceptibility to Environmental Influences"
851:
which is present in some individuals and reflects an increased sensitivity of the
774:
738:(SPS) as the defining trait of highly sensitive persons (HSPs). The popular terms
2804:
1637:"Vantage Sensitivity: Individual Differences in Response to Positive Experiences"
1115:
924:
825:
220:
2022:(1992) re social and cultural unacceptability adding to environmental stressors.
2483:
2284:
1841:
1436:
1311:
1257:
1110:
1029:
908:
2436:
2384:
2049:
1594:
2956:
2698:
1997:
1933:
996:
927:
in terms of responsiveness to both positive and negative influences; and the
863:
529:
489:
409:
404:
2563:
From "The Clinical Implications of Jung's Concept of Sensitiveness" (2006):
1365:
987:
By 2015 the trait had been documented at various levels of study, including
862:
People with high SPS report having a heightened response to stimuli such as
19:"Highly sensitive person" redirects here. For highly empathetic people, see
2872:
2823:
2454:
2392:
2217:
2120:
2067:
2005:
1941:
1767:
1749:
1663:
1602:
1559:
1490:
1384:
1329:
1266:
1201:
1140:
984:
to "cure" the trait, which may or may not coexist with an actual disorder.
848:
697:
665:
514:
205:
41:(review article, 2019) A person with a high measure of SPS is said to be a
1849:
1541:
1120:
992:
778:
731:
723:
704:
700:
429:
134:
2932:"She Writes About a Touchy Subject / Book aims to help sensitive people"
935:(2006) said positive outcomes were more common in individuals with high
919:
focused on increased vulnerability to negative influences. However, the
2249:
2102:
1192:
1043:
HSP Scale score patterns in adults were thought to be distributed as a
329:
225:
61:
754:
here refers not to the sense organs themselves, but to what occurs as
1655:
1482:
1349:"Evolutionary emergence of responsive and unresponsive personalities"
1075:
976:
936:
856:
770:
673:
479:
2366:
69:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1000:
867:
813:
759:
504:
499:
459:
2946:
2323:(2016): overreaction to stimuli (OS) and depth of processing (DP).
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1572:
1570:
2202:(in German) (1 ed.). Stuttgart, Germany: Enke. p. 133.
2031:
1065:
956:
904:
874:, these individuals are "believed to be easily overstimulated by
2748:
Licht, Cecile L.; Mortensen, Erik L.; Knudsen, Gitte M. (2011).
1718:
1567:
1070:
912:
20:
2418:
2257:
677:
heightened emotional reactivity, both positive and negative".
2081:
1342:
1340:
1338:
838:
1416:
Liss, Miriam; Mailloux, Jennifer; Erchull, Mindy J. (2008),
1347:
Wolf, Max; Van Doorn, G. Sander; Weissing, Franz J. (2008).
2225:
2151:"Do You Cry Easily? You May Be a 'Highly Sensitive Person'"
519:
37:
Characteristics of SPS as graphically summarized by Greven
1335:
2836:
2647:
Magazine: 'The Power of (Shyness)' and High Sensitivity"
2520:(of evoked potential; Buchsbaum, Haier, & Johnson),
2174:"Highly sensitive people: a condition rarely understood"
1732:
Acevedo, B; Aron, E; Pospos, S; Jessen, D (April 2018).
2683:
2634:
1731:
1162:
2711:
2672:"The Highly Sensitive Person In Love with Elaine Aron"
1870:
Chen, Xinyin; Rubin, Kenneth H.; Sun, Yuerong (1992).
718:
2747:
2622:
From "... A Review... " (2012): SPS is "unrelated to
2360:
2234:"Individual Differences in Environmental Sensitivity"
1346:
899:
levels, being easily overwhelmed, increased rates of
2830:
2598:
2596:
2468:
2462:
2412:
2075:
1912:
1863:
2777:
2266:"Temperamental sensitivity: Two constructs or one?"
2264:Evans, David E.; Rothbart, Mary K. (January 2008).
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1415:
2741:
2583:coping style, reactivity, flexibility, plasticity,
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
870:, hunger, and loud noises. According to Boterberg
2755:. Center for integrated molecular brain imaging.
2593:
2353:(2016), a "theoretical redefinition" by E. Aron,
2165:
2025:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1630:
1628:
1519:
1517:
1515:
784:In 2015, journalist Elizabeth Bernstein wrote in
2954:
2771:
1963:
1805:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1393:(2007, differential susceptibility)). Boterberg
1297:
1239:
1235:
1233:
1231:
847:(2016) describe high SPS as a "temperamental or
2495:
1677:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1158:
1156:
2326:
2193:
2191:
1976:
1901:
1625:
1512:
2355:Psychotherapy and the Highly Sensitive Person
2343:
2263:
1913:Aron, E.; Aron, A.; Jagiellowicz, J. (2012).
1777:
1450:
638:
2680:Transcript published October 2007 or before.
2666:
2664:
2313:
1869:
1829:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1634:
1461:
1208:
1153:
859:of physical, social and emotional stimuli."
762:that has both advantages and disadvantages.
16:Personality trait of highly sensitive people
2188:
2142:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
668:involving "an increased sensitivity of the
2552:(Cheek & Buss; Daniels & Plomin),
2084:"Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes?"
1986:Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
1977:Aron, E. N.; Aron, A.; Davies, K. (2005).
1577:Boyce, W. Thomas; Ellis, Bruce J. (2005).
1576:
1411:
1409:
1407:
839:Attributes, characteristics and prevalence
742:(not to be confused with the medical term
730:was published in 1996. In 1997 Elaine and
645:
631:
2862:
2813:
2803:
2661:
2444:
2148:
2110:
2057:
1757:
1704:
1549:
1374:
1364:
1319:
1265:
1240:Boterberg, Sofie; Warreyn, Petra (2016),
1191:
1181:
831:The Arons (1997) recognized psychologist
795:. By 2015, more than a million copies of
2929:
2878:
1922:Personality and Social Psychology Review
1818:
1278:
885:
32:
2657:from the original on February 12, 2012.
1783:
1404:
2955:
2472:Personality and Individual Differences
2273:Personality and Individual Differences
2231:
2197:
2184:from the original on October 18, 2015.
1897:from the original on February 4, 2016.
1796:from the original on December 8, 2015.
1693:Journal of Jungian Theory and Practice
1673:from the original on January 26, 2016.
1620:from the original on October 20, 2017.
1425:Personality and Individual Differences
1300:Personality and Individual Differences
1246:Personality and Individual Differences
1170:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
1091:Differential susceptibility hypothesis
824:so that they pass "unfiltered" to the
2942:from the original on August 22, 2016.
2912:
2171:
2149:Bernstein, Elizabeth (May 18, 2015).
1635:Pluess, Michael; Belsky, Jay (2013).
1523:
1462:Belsky, Jay; Pluess, Michael (2009).
2925:from the original on April 19, 2013.
2726:. Broadway Books. pp. 194–197.
2717:
2678:from the original on March 17, 2018.
2641:Aron, Elaine N. (February 2, 2012).
2640:
1784:Kaufman, Scott Barry (May 4, 2015).
1690:
1147:
2879:Castillo, Stephanie (May 8, 2015).
1819:Aron, Elaine; Aron, Arthur (1997).
802:
719:Origin and development of the terms
711:colleagues state that the high-SPS
13:
2887:from the original on May 11, 2015.
2762:from the original on June 6, 2012.
2570:From "Adult shyness: ..." (2005):
2504:From "Adult shyness: ..." (2005):
2407:from the original on July 4, 2016.
2232:Pluess, Michael (September 2015).
2161:from the original on June 1, 2015.
1959:from the original on May 13, 2015.
1888:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01698.x
1859:from the original on May 13, 2015.
1715:in "Prelude to Research" at p. 14.
921:differential susceptibility theory
666:temperamental or personality trait
14:
2994:
2906:
2720:"9. Medics, Medications and HSPs"
2602:Paraphrasing Aron re what SPS is
2172:Lally, Maria (October 12, 2015).
1711:Discussion re nervous system is,
1446:from the original on May 23, 2016
1274:from the original on May 23, 2016
1086:Development of the nervous system
2930:Madrigal, Alix (July 28, 1999).
2674:. WebMD Live Events Transcript.
969:introversion versus extraversion
696:were coined in the mid-1990s by
612:
68:
2891:
2373:Development and Psychopathology
1583:Development and Psychopathology
1183:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.009
2913:Bartz, Andrea (July 5, 2011).
2855:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4489-14.2015
2238:Child Development Perspectives
736:sensory processing sensitivity
658:Sensory processing sensitivity
1:
2949:, website run by researchers.
2883:. Medical Daily (IBT Media).
355:Industrial and organizational
2805:10.1371/journal.pone.0021636
2587:differential susceptibility.
510:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
2843:The Journal of Neuroscience
2724:The Highly Sensitive Person
2624:Sensory Processing Disorder
2558:threshold of responsiveness
2528:(Elliot & Thrash), and
2018:Note 3 (p. 195) cites Chen
1798:Kaufman explains Smolewska
1058:
965:sensory processing disorder
797:The Highly Sensitive Person
728:The Highly Sensitive Person
28:Sensory processing disorder
10:
2999:
2516:(of stimulation; Petrie),
2484:10.1016/j.paid.2005.09.022
2285:10.1016/j.paid.2007.07.016
1842:10.1037/0022-3514.73.2.345
1437:10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.009
1312:10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.020
1258:10.1016/j.paid.2015.12.022
878:because they have a lower
793:Vrije Universiteit Brussel
25:
18:
2556:(Rothbart; Strelau), and
2437:10.1007/s13142-015-0374-4
2385:10.1017/S0954579410000611
2198:Klages, Wolfgang (1978).
2050:10.1017/S0954579415000437
1595:10.1017/S0954579405050145
1524:Boyce, W. Thomas (2016).
1096:Environmental sensitivity
952:personality psychologists
285:Applied behavior analysis
2718:Aron, Elaine N. (1996).
2689:Aron, Elaine N., Ph.D,
1998:10.1177/0146167204271419
1934:10.1177/1088868311434213
982:psychoactive medications
2963:Evolutionary psychology
2947:Sensitivityresearch.com
2936:San Francisco Chronicle
2915:"Sense and Sensitivity"
2155:The Wall Street Journal
1786:"Shades of Sensitivity"
1530:Neuropsychopharmacology
1366:10.1073/pnas.0805473105
1101:Evolutionary psychology
1055:sensitivity continuum.
1032:-related gene variant.
787:The Wall Street Journal
682:highly sensitive person
475:Behavioral neuroscience
130:Behavioral neuroscience
43:highly sensitive person
2983:Personality typologies
2309:orienting sensitivity.
1750:10.1098/rstb.2017.0161
1738:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
1644:Psychological Bulletin
1471:Psychological Bulletin
1126:Personality psychology
997:neuronal sensitization
917:diathesis–stress model
891:
853:central nervous system
670:central nervous system
525:Psychology of religion
465:Behavioral engineering
149:Cognitive neuroscience
115:Affective neuroscience
50:
2766:Biological Psychiatry
2560:(Thomas & Chess).
2526:avoidance temperament
1176:. Elsevier: 287–305.
1081:Cultural neuroscience
1005:serotonin transporter
995:, brain function and
889:
822:afferent nerve fibers
619:Psychology portal
36:
2973:Personality theories
2565:innate sensitiveness
2091:Molecular Psychiatry
1542:10.1038/npp.2015.294
1048:categorical variable
948:evolutionary biology
880:perceptual threshold
857:cognitive processing
769:articles as well as
734:formally identified
2796:2011PLoSO...621636C
2697:April 19, 2013, at
2506:weak nervous system
2490:Scientific American
2294:on February 7, 2016
1790:Scientific American
1500:on December 7, 2010
1359:(41): 15825–15830.
1106:Executive functions
1053:normal distribution
993:behavior psychology
929:vantage sensitivity
756:sensory information
715:is not a disorder.
470:Behavioral genetics
385:Occupational health
125:Behavioral genetics
56:Part of a series on
2978:Personality traits
2488:See also Kaufman,
2250:10.1111/cdep.12120
2103:10.1038/mp.2009.44
1744:(1744): 20170161.
1397:(2016) cites Wolf
1131:Sensory processing
1037:resting heart rate
892:
810:stimulus threshold
752:sensory processing
587:Schools of thought
425:Sport and exercise
271:Applied psychology
51:
2849:(16): 6506–6516.
2038:Dev. Psychopathol
1876:Child Development
1148:Sources and notes
1136:Social psychology
961:sensation-seeking
849:personality trait
760:survival strategy
713:personality trait
655:
654:
552:Counseling topics
495:Consumer behavior
236:Psycholinguistics
120:Affective science
2990:
2943:
2926:
2919:Psychology Today
2901:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2876:
2866:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2715:
2709:
2704:Psychology Today
2687:
2681:
2679:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2651:Psychology Today
2638:
2632:
2600:
2591:
2530:nondisinhibition
2499:
2493:
2487:
2478:(6): 1269–1279.
2466:
2460:
2458:
2448:
2425:Transl Behav Med
2416:
2410:
2408:
2364:
2358:
2347:
2341:
2330:
2324:
2317:
2311:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2287:. Archived from
2270:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2123:. Archived from
2114:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2017:
1983:
1974:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1919:
1910:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1882:(6): 1336–1343.
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1825:
1816:
1803:
1797:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1761:
1729:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1688:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1656:10.1037/a0030196
1641:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1574:
1565:
1563:
1553:
1521:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1493:. Archived from
1483:10.1037/a0017376
1468:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1422:
1413:
1402:
1388:
1378:
1368:
1344:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1295:
1276:
1275:
1269:
1237:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1185:
1160:
1023:neurotransmitter
941:Big Five factors
876:external stimuli
833:Albert Mehrabian
803:Earlier research
767:academic journal
748:highly sensitive
744:hypersensitivity
740:hypersensitivity
703:and her husband
647:
640:
633:
617:
616:
615:
582:Research methods
241:Psychophysiology
101:Basic psychology
72:
53:
52:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2968:Neuropsychology
2953:
2952:
2909:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2835:
2831:
2776:
2772:
2759:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2716:
2712:
2688:
2684:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2639:
2635:
2601:
2594:
2500:
2496:
2467:
2463:
2417:
2413:
2365:
2361:
2348:
2344:
2331:
2327:
2318:
2314:
2305:Negative affect
2297:
2295:
2291:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2230:
2226:
2210:
2196:
2189:
2170:
2166:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2130:on June 6, 2012
2127:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2030:
2026:
1981:
1975:
1964:
1956:
1917:
1911:
1902:
1894:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1823:
1817:
1806:
1782:
1778:
1730:
1719:
1706:10.1.1.490.9371
1689:
1678:
1670:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1617:
1575:
1568:
1522:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1443:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1345:
1336:
1296:
1279:
1267:1854/LU-7172755
1238:
1209:
1161:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1116:Neuropsychology
1061:
1025:genes, and the
841:
826:cerebral cortex
805:
799:had been sold.
721:
651:
613:
611:
604:
603:
602:
601:
577:Psychotherapies
545:
535:
534:
455:
447:
446:
445:
444:
273:
263:
262:
261:
260:
221:Neuropsychology
103:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2996:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2951:
2950:
2944:
2927:
2908:
2907:External links
2905:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2829:
2770:
2740:
2732:
2710:
2708:July 21, 2011.
2682:
2660:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2592:
2590:
2589:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2494:
2461:
2411:
2359:
2349:Per Boterberg
2342:
2325:
2312:
2279:(1): 108–118.
2256:
2244:(3): 138–143.
2224:
2209:978-3432898711
2208:
2187:
2164:
2141:
2097:(8): 746–754.
2074:
2044:(1): 265–275.
2024:
1992:(2): 181–197.
1962:
1928:(3): 262–282.
1900:
1862:
1836:(2): 345–368.
1804:
1776:
1717:
1676:
1650:(4): 901–916.
1624:
1589:(2): 271–301.
1566:
1536:(1): 141–162.
1511:
1477:(6): 885–908.
1449:
1431:(3): 255–259,
1403:
1334:
1277:
1207:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1111:Neurodiversity
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1030:norepinephrine
909:sleep problems
840:
837:
804:
801:
765:Elaine Aron's
720:
717:
653:
652:
650:
649:
642:
635:
627:
624:
623:
622:
621:
606:
605:
600:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
547:
546:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
276:
275:
274:
269:
268:
265:
264:
259:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
166:Cross-cultural
163:
158:
157:
156:
146:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
106:
105:
104:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
74:
73:
65:
64:
58:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2995:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:(7): e21636.
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2735:
2733:9780806536705
2729:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2699:archive.today
2696:
2692:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:arousal focus
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2538:inhibitedness
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2512:(Mehrabian),
2511:
2510:low screening
2507:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2456:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2179:
2178:The Telegraph
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1629:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1571:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:polymorphisms
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
983:
978:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
949:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
911:, as well as
910:
906:
902:
898:
888:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
860:
858:
855:and a deeper
854:
850:
846:
836:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
800:
798:
794:
789:
788:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
716:
714:
708:
706:
702:
699:
698:psychologists
695:
691:
688:). The terms
687:
683:
678:
675:
672:and a deeper
671:
667:
663:
659:
648:
643:
641:
636:
634:
629:
628:
626:
625:
620:
610:
609:
608:
607:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:Psychologists
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Organizations
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
544:
539:
538:
531:
530:Psychometrics
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
490:Consciousness
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
457:
451:
450:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Psychotherapy
408:
406:
405:Psychometrics
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
272:
267:
266:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
176:Developmental
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
147:
145:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
96:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
71:
67:
66:
63:
60:
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
40:
35:
29:
22:
2935:
2918:
2893:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2765:
2743:
2723:
2713:
2702:
2685:
2650:
2644:
2636:
2610:
2603:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:reflectivity
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2431:(1): 81–89.
2428:
2424:
2414:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2304:
2296:. Retrieved
2289:the original
2276:
2272:
2259:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2199:
2177:
2167:
2154:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2094:
2090:
2077:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2019:
1989:
1985:
1925:
1921:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1833:
1827:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1771:
1741:
1737:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1647:
1643:
1586:
1582:
1533:
1529:
1502:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1474:
1470:
1428:
1424:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1356:
1352:
1303:
1299:
1249:
1245:
1173:
1169:
1141:Trait theory
1042:
1034:
1010:short/short
986:
977:evolutionary
973:
946:Research in
945:
932:
915:traits; the
893:
871:
861:
844:
842:
830:
806:
796:
785:
783:
764:
751:
747:
739:
735:
727:
722:
709:
693:
689:
685:
681:
679:
661:
657:
656:
515:Intelligence
246:Quantitative
211:Mathematical
206:Intelligence
196:Experimental
191:Evolutionary
181:Differential
46:
42:
38:
2524:(Strelau),
2379:(1): 7–28.
2298:February 7,
2134:January 28,
1713:inter alia,
1504:January 28,
1193:2066/202697
1121:Neuroticism
1045:dichotomous
989:temperament
779:self-esteem
732:Arthur Aron
724:Elaine Aron
705:Arthur Aron
701:Elaine Aron
557:Disciplines
430:Suicidology
325:Educational
280:Anomalistic
256:Theoretical
231:Personality
161:Comparative
144:Cognitivism
135:Behaviorism
2957:Categories
2577:From Wolf
2554:reactivity
2522:reactivity
2514:augmenting
2508:(Pavlov),
2332:Smolewska
2319:Boterberg
925:plasticity
901:depression
843:Boterberg
485:Competence
350:Humanistic
330:Ergonomics
315:Counseling
290:Assessment
226:Perception
186:Ecological
62:Psychology
2613:troverts.
2540:(Kagan),
1701:CiteSeerX
1699:: 11–43.
1306:: 24–29,
1252:: 80–86,
1076:Cognition
937:aesthetic
771:self-help
674:cognitive
480:Cognition
395:Political
305:Community
140:Cognitive
90:Subfields
2940:Archived
2923:Archived
2885:Archived
2873:25904801
2824:21765900
2784:PLOS ONE
2757:Archived
2695:Archived
2676:Archived
2655:Archived
2581:(2008):
2518:reducing
2455:27012256
2405:Archived
2393:21262036
2182:Archived
2159:Archived
2121:19455150
2068:26030853
2006:15619591
1954:Archived
1942:22291044
1892:Archived
1854:Archived
1794:Archived
1768:29483346
1668:Archived
1664:23025924
1615:Archived
1611:15413527
1603:16761546
1560:26391599
1491:19883141
1441:archived
1385:18838685
1330:26688599
1272:archived
1202:30639671
1059:See also
1020:dopamine
1012:genotype
1008:5-HTTLPR
1001:genetics
913:autistic
868:caffeine
814:thalamus
775:reticent
726:'s book
592:Timeline
505:Feelings
500:Emotions
460:Behavior
454:Concepts
415:Religion
400:Positive
390:Pastoral
375:Military
340:Forensic
335:Feminist
320:Critical
310:Consumer
300:Coaching
295:Clinical
171:Cultural
110:Abnormal
2864:6605217
2815:3135587
2792:Bibcode
2567:(Jung),
2550:shyness
2492:(2015).
2446:4807189
2401:9802873
2340:(2008).
2218:6710563
2180:. U.K.
2112:2834322
2059:4676730
2014:1679620
1950:2542035
1850:9248053
1802:(2006).
1759:5832686
1551:4677150
1376:2572984
1321:4681093
1066:Arousal
957:shyness
943:model.
907:, and
905:anxiety
818:signals
812:of the
664:) is a
567:Outline
440:Traffic
435:Systems
370:Medical
201:Gestalt
85:History
80:Outline
2871:
2861:
2822:
2812:
2730:
2579:et al.
2546:innate
2542:infant
2453:
2443:
2399:
2391:
2351:et al.
2338:et al.
2334:et al.
2321:et al.
2216:
2206:
2119:
2109:
2066:
2056:
2020:et al.
2012:
2004:
1948:
1940:
1848:
1800:et al.
1766:
1756:
1703:
1662:
1609:
1601:
1558:
1548:
1489:
1399:et al.
1395:et al.
1391:et al.
1383:
1373:
1328:
1318:
1200:
1071:Autism
1027:ADRA2b
999:, and
933:et al.
897:stress
872:et al.
845:et al.
597:Topics
420:School
345:Health
251:Social
154:Social
39:et al.
21:empath
2760:(PDF)
2753:(PDF)
2397:S2CID
2292:(PDF)
2269:(PDF)
2128:(PDF)
2087:(PDF)
2010:S2CID
1982:(PDF)
1957:(PDF)
1946:S2CID
1918:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1857:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1671:(PDF)
1640:(PDF)
1618:(PDF)
1607:S2CID
1498:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1444:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
820:from
746:) or
543:Lists
380:Music
365:Media
360:Legal
216:Moral
2869:PMID
2820:PMID
2728:ISBN
2645:Time
2585:and
2544:(or
2451:PMID
2389:PMID
2307:and
2300:2016
2214:OCLC
2204:ISBN
2136:2016
2117:PMID
2064:PMID
2002:PMID
1938:PMID
1846:PMID
1764:PMID
1660:PMID
1599:PMID
1556:PMID
1506:2016
1487:PMID
1381:PMID
1353:PNAS
1326:PMID
1198:PMID
991:and
864:pain
692:and
520:Mind
2877:â—Ź
2859:PMC
2851:doi
2810:PMC
2800:doi
2604:not
2532:or
2480:doi
2441:PMC
2433:doi
2381:doi
2281:doi
2246:doi
2107:PMC
2099:doi
2054:PMC
2046:doi
1994:doi
1930:doi
1884:doi
1838:doi
1754:PMC
1746:doi
1742:373
1652:doi
1648:139
1591:doi
1546:PMC
1538:doi
1479:doi
1475:135
1433:doi
1371:PMC
1361:doi
1357:105
1316:PMC
1308:doi
1262:hdl
1254:doi
1188:hdl
1178:doi
1018:in
694:HSP
690:SPS
686:HSP
662:SPS
47:HSP
2959::
2938:.
2934:.
2921:.
2917:.
2867:.
2857:.
2847:35
2845:.
2841:.
2818:.
2808:.
2798:.
2786:.
2782:.
2722:.
2701:)
2663:^
2653:.
2649:.
2611:ex
2606::
2595:^
2548:)
2476:40
2474:.
2449:.
2439:.
2427:.
2423:.
2403:.
2395:.
2387:.
2377:23
2375:.
2371:.
2277:44
2275:.
2271:.
2240:.
2236:.
2212:.
2190:^
2176:.
2157:.
2153:.
2115:.
2105:.
2095:14
2093:.
2089:.
2062:.
2052:.
2042:28
2040:.
2036:.
2008:.
2000:.
1990:31
1988:.
1984:.
1965:^
1952:.
1944:.
1936:.
1926:16
1924:.
1920:.
1903:^
1890:.
1880:63
1878:.
1874:.
1852:.
1844:.
1834:73
1832:.
1826:.
1807:^
1792:.
1788:.
1770:.
1762:.
1752:.
1740:.
1736:.
1720:^
1695:.
1679:^
1666:.
1658:.
1646:.
1642:.
1627:^
1613:.
1605:.
1597:.
1587:17
1585:.
1581:.
1569:^
1554:.
1544:.
1534:41
1532:.
1528:.
1514:^
1485:.
1473:.
1469:.
1452:^
1439:,
1429:45
1427:,
1423:,
1406:^
1379:.
1369:.
1355:.
1351:.
1337:^
1324:,
1314:,
1304:87
1302:,
1280:^
1270:,
1260:,
1250:92
1248:,
1244:,
1210:^
1196:.
1186:.
1174:98
1172:.
1168:.
1155:^
1014:,
963:,
959:,
903:,
866:,
828:.
49:).
2875:.
2853::
2826:.
2802::
2794::
2788:6
2736:.
2706:,
2693:(
2643:"
2626:"
2486:.
2482::
2457:.
2435::
2429:6
2383::
2302:.
2283::
2252:.
2248::
2242:9
2220:.
2138:.
2101::
2070:.
2048::
2016:.
1996::
1932::
1886::
1840::
1748::
1709:.
1697:8
1654::
1593::
1562:.
1540::
1508:.
1481::
1435::
1387:.
1363::
1310::
1264::
1256::
1204:.
1190::
1180::
808:"
684:(
660:(
646:e
639:t
632:v
142:/
45:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
