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something, chemicals in the food or liquid interact with receptors on these sensory neurons, triggering signals that are sent to the brain. The brain then processes these signals and interprets them as specific taste sensations, allowing you to perceive and enjoy the flavors of the foods you consume. When taste receptor cells are stimulated by the binding of these chemical compounds (tastants), it can lead to changes in the flow of ions, such as sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), and potassium (K+), across the cell membrane. In response to tastant binding, ion channels on the taste receptor cell membrane can open or close. This can lead to depolarization of the cell membrane, creating an electrical signal.
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mechanotransduction complex, along with the potential loss of specialized ribbon synapses, can lead to hair cell death, often caused by ototoxic drugs like aminoglycoside antibiotics poisoning the cochlea. Through the use of these toxins, the K+ pumping hair cells cease their function. Thus, the energy generated by the
624:
Specialized sensory receptor cells called mechanoreceptors often encapsulate afferent fibers to help tune the afferent fibers to the different types of somatic stimulation. Mechanoreceptors also help lower thresholds for action potential generation in afferent fibers and thus make them more likely to
640:
are responsible for processing pain and temperature changes. The burning pain and irritation experienced after eating a chili pepper (due to its main ingredient, capsaicin), the cold sensation experienced after ingesting a chemical such as menthol or icillin, as well as the common sensation of pain
1039:
is a sensory receptor that adapts rapidly to a stimulus. The response of the cell diminishes very quickly and then stops. It does not provide information on the duration of the stimulus; instead some of them convey information on rapid changes in stimulus intensity and rate. An example of a phasic
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to relieve the perception of paralyzed or painful phantom limbs. It is a simple device which uses a mirror in a box to create an illusion in which the sensory system perceives that it is seeing two hands instead of one, therefore allowing the sensory system to control the "phantom limb". By doing
541:, the Na cation channels open allowing Na to flow into cell and the resulting depolarization causes the Ca channels to open, thus releasing its neurotransmitter into the afferent auditory nerve. There are two types of hair cells: inner and outer. The inner hair cells are the sensory receptors .
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is a drug that is used to treat neuropathic pain by interacting with one of the voltage-dependent calcium channels present on non-receptive neurons. Some drugs may be used to combat other health problems, but can have unintended side effects on the sensory system. Dysfunction in the hair cell
391:
Taste sensation is facilitated by specialized sensory neurons located in the taste buds of the tongue and other parts of the mouth and throat. These sensory neurons are responsible for detecting different taste qualities, such as sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory. When you eat or drink
379:). They do not use the same route as other sensory systems, bypassing the brain stem and the thalamus. The neurons in the olfactory bulb that receive direct sensory nerve input, have connections to other parts of the olfactory system and many parts of the
732:. They are found in internal organs as well as on the surface of the body to "detect and protect". Nociceptors detect different kinds of noxious stimuli indicating potential for damage, then initiate neural responses to withdraw from the stimulus.
2355:
458:), bipolar cell, and the ganglion cell. The first action potential occurs in the retinal ganglion cell. This pathway is the most direct way for transmitting visual information to the brain. There are three primary types of photoreceptors:
501:– degeneration of the central visual field due to either cellular debris or blood vessels accumulating between the retina and the choroid, thereby disturbing and/or destroying the complex interplay of neurons that are present there.
551:– Auditory information in the brain is processed in an abnormal way. Patients with auditory processing disorder can usually gain the information normally, but their brain cannot process it properly, leading to hearing disability.
1019:
over the duration of the stimulus. In this way it conveys information about the duration of the stimulus. Some tonic receptors are permanently active and indicate a background level. Examples of such tonic receptors are
470:
are photoreceptors that are very sensitive to the intensity of light, allowing for vision in dim lighting. The concentrations and ratio of rods to cones is strongly correlated with whether an animal is
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825:
784:. The sensory information traveling through the spinal cord follows well-defined pathways. The nervous system codes the differences among the sensations in terms of which cells are active.
430:) into electrical signals. These signals are refined and controlled by the interactions with other types of neurons in the retina. The five basic classes of neurons within the retina are
755:
nociceptors respond to a wide variety of chemicals, some of which signal a response. They are involved in the detection of some spices in food, such as the pungent ingredients in
466:. In humans the three different types of cones correspond with a primary response to short wavelength (blue), medium wavelength (green), and long wavelength (yellow/red).
2479:
Schwartz and Begley 2002, p. 160; "Constraint-Induced
Movement Therapy", excerpted from "A Rehab Revolution," Stroke Connection Magazine, September/October 2004. Print.
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are another type of mechanoreceptors which literally means "receptors for self". These receptors provide spatial information about limbs and other body parts.
1662:
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557:– Comprehension of speech is lost but hearing, speaking, reading, and writing ability is retained. This is caused by damage to the posterior superior
1551:
Foster RG, Provencio I, Hudson D, Fiske S, De Grip W, Menaker M (July 1991). "Circadian photoreception in the retinally degenerate mouse (rd/rd)".
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is a sensory system disorder in which amputees perceive that their amputated limb still exists and they may still be experiencing pain in it. The
880:
661:, which is typically responds to temperatures between 23 and 26 degrees, and provides the cooling sensation associated with menthol and icillin
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Stefanatos, Gerry A.; Gershkoff, Arthur; Madigan, Sean (2005-07-01). "On pure word deafness, temporal processing, and the left hemisphere".
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within the ear. Depending on the movement, the hair cell can either hyperpolarize or depolarize. When the movement is towards the tallest
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Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James; White, Leonard (2008).
1863:
Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James; White, Leonard (2008).
1691:
Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James; White, Leonard (2008).
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Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William; LaMantia, Anthony-Samuel; McNamara, James; White, Leonard (2008).
1140:
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Priuska, E.M.; Schacht, J. (1997). "Mechanism and prevention of aminoglycoside ototoxicity: Outer hair cells as targets and tools".
2588:
209:. Spinal nerves transmit external sensations via sensory nerves to the brain through the spinal cord. The stimulus can come from
1541:"eye, human." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.
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developed by Taub have helped patients with paralyzed limbs regain use of their limbs by forcing the sensory system to grow new
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There are many drugs currently on the market that are used to manipulate or treat sensory system disorders. For instance,
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780:. Information from the sensory neurons below the head enters the spinal cord and passes towards the brain through the 31
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Somatic sensory receptors near the surface of the skin can usually be divided into two groups based on morphology:
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450:. The basic circuitry of the retina incorporates a three-neuron chain consisting of the photoreceptor (either a
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this, the sensory system can gradually get acclimated to the amputated limb, and thus alleviate this syndrome.
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57:
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Winter R, Harrar V, Gozdzik M, Harris LR (November 2008). "The relative timing of active and passive touch".
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plants, which target the sensory neural receptor to produce acute pain and subsequent pain hypersensitivity.
577:. While the mechanisms through which these receptors operate is unclear, recent discoveries have shown that
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1730:. British Society of Audiology APD Special Interest Group MRC Institute of Hearing Research. Archived from
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and are called thus because the terminal branches of the neuron are unmyelinated and spread throughout the
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respond to damage, or threat of damage, to body tissues, leading (often but not always) to pain perception
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consist of the remaining types of cutaneous receptors. Encapsulation exists for specialized functioning.
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respond to electric fields, salinity, and to temperature, but function primarily as electroreceptors
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Some types of mechanoreceptors fire action potentials when their membranes are physically stretched.
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491:. Of the ~1.3 million ganglion cells present in the retina, 1-2% are believed to be photosensitive.
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479:. In humans, rods outnumber cones by approximately 20:1, while in nocturnal animals, such as the
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Zhao, Jianhua; Lin King, John V.; Paulsen, Candice E.; Cheng, Yifan; Julius, David (2020-07-08).
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667:- a sensory system disorder where pain or movement is experienced in a limb that does not exist
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1085:. Huge strides have been made in treating disorders of the sensory system. Techniques such as
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Problems with sensory neurons associated with the auditory system leads to disorders such as:
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Alguire, Patrick; Dallas, Wilbur; Willis, John; Kenneth, Henry (1990). "Ch. 118 Tonometry".
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receptor, that detects cold temperatures. The other type is a warmth-sensitive receptor.
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which drives the auditory signal transduction process is lost, leading to hearing loss.
513:– poor blood sugar control due to diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina.
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Issues and decay of sensory neurons associated with vision lead to disorders such as:
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is responsible for converting pressure waves generated by vibrating air molecules or
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Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors which respond to mechanical forces, such as
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Nerve cell that converts environmental stimuli into corresponding internal stimuli
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is a sensory receptor that adapts slowly to a stimulus and continues to produce
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507:– loss of retinal ganglion cells which causes some loss of vision to blindness.
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mentor.lscf.ucsb.edu/course/fall/eemb157/lecture/Lectures%2016,%2017%2018.ppt
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Taruno A, Nomura K, Kusakizako T, Ma Z, Nureki O, Foskett JK (January 2021).
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nociceptors respond to excess pressure or mechanical deformation, such as a
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External receptors that respond to stimuli from outside the body are called
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Clinical methods : the history, physical, and laboratory examinations
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nociceptors are activated by noxious heat or cold at various temperatures.
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2164:"Irritant-evoked activation and calcium modulation of the TRPA1 receptor"
1599:
1586:
de Jong, Paulus T.V.M. (2006-10-05). "Age-Related
Macular Degeneration".
1291:. Newcastle Upon Thynde: Coordination Group Publishing Ltd. p. 138.
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outside the body, for example those that detect light and sound, or from
206:
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apparatus. Adequate stimulus can be used to classify sensory receptors:
676:
Internal receptors that respond to changes inside the body are known as
371:. These sensory neurons produce action potentials. Their axons form the
363:
molecules in the air. The molecules in the air are detected by enlarged
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Vincis R, Fontanini A (2019). "Central taste anatomy and physiology".
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by sending signals to the spinal cord and brain. This process, called
253:. There are at least six external and two internal sensory receptors:
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455:
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Phantoms in the brain : probing the mysteries of the human mind
35:
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1423:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 164. pp. 187–204.
772:
Information coming from the sensory neurons in the head enters the
614:
561:, again not allowing the brain to process auditory input correctly.
504:
467:
451:
657:- an increased sensitivity to pain caused by sensory ion channel,
3304:
3265:
3157:
2566:
2542:
Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, et al., eds. (2001).
1663:"NIHSeniorHealth: Diabetic Retinopathy - Causes and Risk Factors"
1117:
is a form of mechanoreception used in a range of animal species.
651:- a severe pain condition resulting from a damaged sensory nerve
375:, and they synapse directly onto neurons in the cerebral cortex (
316:
704:
that detect changes in chemical properties in the blood such as
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Binder, Marc D.; Hirokawa, Nobutaka; Windhorst, Uwe (2009).
2107:"Advances in understanding nociception and neuropathic pain"
3494:
3003:
2911:
2727:
2354:
Sherwood, Lauralee; Klandorf, Hillar; Yancey, Paul (2012).
1532:
729:
360:
308:
2544:"Table 9.1 The major classes of somatic sensory receptors"
2541:
1977:
Halligan, Peter W; Zeman, Adam; Berger, Abi (1999-09-04).
1754:
1628:
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developed by V.S. Ramachandran, has enabled patients with
644:
Problems with mechanoreceptors lead to disorders such as:
217:
inside the body, for example those that are responsive to
1827:
581:
have at least two distinct types of thermoreceptors. The
2161:
1489:
963:
contain mechanoreceptors that detect stretch in muscles.
245:, and different types of sensory neurons have different
2291:
1757:
1492:"Taste transduction and channel synapses in taste buds"
2353:
2488:
1289:
CGP: A-Level
Biology Complete Revision & Practice
533:
This mechanoelectrical transduction is mediated with
2552:(2nd ed.). Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates.
1976:
1381:(4th ed.). Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. p.
1243:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
530:into signals that can be interpreted by the brain.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2490:
1871:(4th ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp.
1699:(4th ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp.
1374:
1320:(4th ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp.
641:are all a result of neurons with these receptors.
1081:, there has been a large amount of research into
942:Sensory receptors can be classified by location:
933:respond to temperature, either heat, cold or both
462:are photoreceptors that respond significantly to
3599:
2033:
573:are sensory receptors, which respond to varying
2489:Blakeslee, Sandra; Ramachandran, V. S. (1998).
1418:
1351:. StatPearls . Treasure Island FL: StatPearls.
2436:
2251:
2104:
407:interact with chemicals in food to produce an
3413:
2582:
2084:The Integrative Action of the Nervous System.
1904:(4th ed.). Sinauer Associates. pp.
1134:Illustration of tactile receptors in the skin
712:responding to a number of different stimuli.
625:fire in the presence of sensory stimulation.
2390:"Mechanisms of Hair Cell Damage and Repair"
2256:. Clinton Community College. Archived from
2036:"Structure and function of mammalian cilia"
1818:. Pearson Education, Limited, 2009. p. 12.3
3420:
3406:
2589:
2575:
2387:
2357:Animal Physiology: From Genes to Organisms
1368:
1366:
768:Connection with the central nervous system
182:of the sensory neurons are located in the
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2010:
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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193:The sensory information travels on the
131:
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921:of fluids (such as in the hypothalamus)
14:
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2310:
2086:Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1906.
1799:
1405:Breed, Michael D., and Moore, Janice.
3427:
3401:
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2322:
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2089:
2034:Satir P, Christensen ST (June 2008).
1938:"Painful channels in sensory neurons"
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1808:Experiencing Sensation and Perception
1005:
671:
263:Perception § Types of perception
256:
228:
1725:"Auditory Processing Disorder (APD)"
1146:Illustration of lamellated corpuscle
1120:
816:respond to pressure in blood vessels
805:for which it possesses the adequate
792:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
2105:St. John Smith, Ewan (2017-10-14).
1087:constraint-induced movement therapy
949:are sensory receptors found in the
826:Electromagnetic radiation receptors
728:, usually causes the perception of
720:Nociceptors respond to potentially
708:concentration. These receptors are
596:
323:), and a number of other different
249:that respond to different kinds of
24:
2596:
1922:
1429:10.1016/B978-0-444-63855-7.00012-5
1206:Illustration of free nerve endings
1065:
426:, a process which converts light (
335:(stretch, distortion and stress).
155:, that convert a specific type of
25:
3634:
2523:
1345:Koop LK, Tadi P (July 25, 2022).
1182:Illustration of tactile corpuscle
1158:Illustration of Ruffini corpuscle
787:
483:, the ratio is closer to 1000:1.
2529:
2497:. William Morrow & Company.
2388:Wagner EL, Shin JB (June 2019).
1409:. London: Elsevier, 2010. Print.
1199:
1194:Illustration of root hair plexus
1187:
1175:
1170:Illustration of skin Merkel cell
1163:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1109:
343:The sensory neurons involved in
34:
2753:Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell
2482:
2473:
2439:Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
2430:
2381:
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2285:
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1970:
1889:
1856:
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1655:
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1588:New England Journal of Medicine
1579:
1407:Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior
1070:Ever since scientists observed
45:needs additional citations for
1936:Lee, Y; Lee, C; Oh, U (2005).
1842:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.06.090
1763:(4): 456–470, discussion 455.
1633:(3rd ed.). Butterworths.
1544:
1483:
1412:
1399:
1338:
1305:
1280:
883:respond to changes in humidity
715:
565:
13:
1:
1955:10.1016/S1016-8478(23)25242-5
1273:
967:
927:provide the sense of position
2294:Encyclopedia of Neuroscience
2231:(11th ed.). Wadsworth.
1983:BMJ: British Medical Journal
1348:Neuroanatomy, Sensory Nerves
549:Auditory processing disorder
136:Four types of sensory neuron
7:
2863:Postganglionic nerve fibers
2333:"Sensory Receptor Function"
1211:
937:
822:respond to chemical stimuli
517:
10:
3639:
2858:Preganglionic nerve fibers
2451:10.1177/014556139707600310
2406:10.1016/j.tins.2019.03.006
1508:10.1007/s00424-020-02464-4
606:
600:
271:. Exteroreceptors include
260:
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3435:
3368:Olfactory receptor neuron
3323:
3264:
3257:
3193:
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3032:Neurofibril/neurofilament
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2788:
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2188:10.1038/s41586-020-2480-9
2123:10.1007/s00415-017-8641-6
2052:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9
1769:10.1017/S1355617705050538
1287:Parsons, Richard (2018).
1083:sensory system plasticity
830:electromagnetic radiation
702:peripheral chemoreceptors
428:electromagnetic radiation
414:
403:(gustatory receptors) in
349:olfactory sensory neurons
174:. This process is called
2227:Kalat, James W. (2013).
1995:10.1136/bmj.319.7210.587
1048:
683:
386:
359:, that are activated by
351:. These neurons contain
338:
3554:Intrafusal muscle fiber
1979:"Phantoms in the brain"
1373:Campbell, Neil (1996).
555:Auditory verbal agnosia
3315:Neuromuscular junction
3178:III or Aδ or fast pain
1115:Hydrodynamic reception
1060:endocochlear potential
999:Encapsulated receptors
774:central nervous system
485:Retinal ganglion cells
223:sense of body position
137:
2229:Biological Psychology
1218:Pseudounipolar neuron
1103:phantom limb syndrome
1095:Phantom limb syndrome
1079:Silver Spring monkeys
873:Ampullae of Lorenzini
857:ultraviolet radiation
853:Ultraviolet receptors
797:A sensory receptor's
665:Phantom limb syndrome
607:Further information:
195:afferent nerve fibers
135:
3333:Meissner's corpuscle
3298:Postsynaptic density
3195:Efferent nerve fiber
3183:IV or C or slow pain
3125:Afferent nerve fiber
2951:Satellite glial cell
2538:at Wikimedia Commons
2360:. Cengage Learning.
2279:"Cutaneous receptor"
2252:Michael J. Gregory.
2111:Journal of Neurology
1600:10.1056/NEJMra062326
1263:Efferent nerve fiber
1258:Afferent nerve fiber
807:sensory transduction
696:contain clusters of
511:Diabetic retinopathy
499:Macular degeneration
489:sympathetic response
487:are involved in the
176:sensory transduction
54:improve this article
3559:Nuclear chain fiber
3473:Merkel nerve ending
3338:Merkel nerve ending
2180:2020Natur.585..141Z
2040:Histochem Cell Biol
1942:Molecules and Cells
1667:nihseniorhealth.gov
947:Cutaneous receptors
432:photoreceptor cells
420:Photoreceptor cells
397:olfactory receptors
357:olfactory receptors
277:olfactory receptors
233:Sensory neurons in
184:dorsal root ganglia
172:receptor potentials
3453:Lamellar corpuscle
3373:Photoreceptor cell
3343:Pacinian corpuscle
3274:Electrical synapse
3228:Lower motor neuron
3223:Upper motor neuron
2944:Internodal segment
2884:Connective tissues
2854:Autonomic ganglion
2343:on August 3, 2008.
1813:2017-11-17 at the
1565:10.1007/BF00198171
1072:cortical remapping
1042:Pacinian corpuscle
1006:Rate of adaptation
977:Free nerve endings
839:infrared radiation
835:Infrared receptors
672:Internal receptors
587:cutaneous receptor
257:External receptors
237:are predominantly
229:Types and function
138:
3618:Sensory receptors
3595:
3594:
3564:Nuclear bag fiber
3503:Free nerve ending
3483:Bulbous corpuscle
3463:Tactile corpuscle
3429:Sensory receptors
3395:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3358:Free nerve ending
3325:Sensory receptors
3253:
3252:
3168:Ib or Golgi or Aα
3076:
3075:
2959:
2958:
2836:Ramus communicans
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2641:Commissural fiber
2636:Association fiber
2631:Projection fibers
2534:Media related to
2504:978-0-688-15247-5
2367:978-0-8400-6865-1
2303:978-3-540-29678-2
2254:"Sensory Systems"
2238:978-1-111-83100-4
2174:(7823): 141–145.
1989:(7210): 587–588.
1594:(14): 1474–1485.
1438:978-0-444-63855-7
1121:Additional images
1017:action potentials
979:characterize the
904:mechanical strain
900:mechanical stress
803:stimulus modality
799:adequate stimulus
793:Adequate stimulus
583:bulboid corpuscle
424:phototransduction
247:sensory receptors
165:action potentials
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3630:
3608:Afferent neurons
3422:
3415:
3408:
3399:
3398:
3288:Synaptic vesicle
3283:Chemical synapse
3262:
3261:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2786:
2785:
2681:
2680:
2611:
2610:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2533:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2339:. Archived from
2329:
2320:
2317:
2308:
2307:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
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2159:
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2142:
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2087:
2080:
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2063:
2031:
2025:
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2014:
1974:
1968:
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1957:
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1903:
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1870:
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1803:
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1736:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1669:. Archived from
1659:
1653:
1652:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1553:J Comp Physiol A
1548:
1542:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1519:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1468:
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1416:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1380:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1319:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1284:
1228:Posterior column
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1131:
1074:in the brain of
1040:receptor is the
896:Mechanoreceptors
887:Magnetoreceptors
864:Electroreceptors
722:damaging stimuli
649:Neuropathic pain
609:Mechanosensation
597:Mechanoreceptors
444:horizontal cells
409:action potential
325:mechanoreceptors
145:afferent neurons
143:, also known as
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
69:"Sensory neuron"
62:
38:
30:
21:
18:Sensory receptor
3638:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3570:
3530:
3526:Thermoreceptors
3512:
3489:
3445:Mechanoreceptor
3431:
3426:
3396:
3387:
3319:
3249:
3198:
3189:
3173:II or Aβ and Aγ
3128:
3119:
3072:
3062:Apical dendrite
3057:Dendritic spine
3036:
2998:
2968:
2955:
2939:Node of Ranvier
2934:Myelin incisure
2906:
2878:
2767:
2758:Oligodendrocyte
2741:Ependymal cells
2722:
2672:
2600:
2595:
2560:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2505:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2435:
2431:
2394:Trends Neurosci
2386:
2382:
2372:
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2318:
2311:
2304:
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2263:
2261:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2225:
2221:
2160:
2156:
2103:
2090:
2082:Sherrington C.
2081:
2077:
2032:
2028:
1975:
1971:
1934:
1923:
1916:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1861:
1857:
1826:
1822:
1815:Wayback Machine
1804:
1800:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1727:
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1718:
1711:
1689:
1685:
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1661:
1660:
1656:
1641:
1627:
1623:
1584:
1580:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1488:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1439:
1421:Smell and Taste
1417:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1371:
1364:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1233:Receptive field
1214:
1207:
1204:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1159:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1135:
1132:
1123:
1112:
1091:neural pathways
1068:
1066:Neuroplasticity
1051:
1037:phasic receptor
1008:
985:thermoreceptors
970:
961:Muscle spindles
940:
931:Thermoreceptors
917:respond to the
891:magnetic fields
868:electric fields
795:
790:
770:
718:
686:
674:
611:
605:
603:Mechanoreceptor
599:
571:Thermoreceptors
568:
524:auditory system
520:
422:are capable of
417:
401:taste receptors
389:
373:olfactory nerve
341:
297:thermoreceptors
285:taste receptors
269:exteroreceptors
265:
259:
231:
215:interoreceptors
211:exteroreceptors
141:Sensory neurons
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3623:Receptor cells
3620:
3615:
3610:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3549:Muscle spindle
3546:
3540:
3538:
3536:Proprioception
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3487:
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3485:
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3425:
3424:
3417:
3410:
3402:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3383:Taste receptor
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3353:Muscle spindle
3350:
3348:Ruffini ending
3345:
3340:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3312:
3310:Ribbon synapse
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3191:
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3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3130:Sensory neuron
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3098:Pseudounipolar
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3066:Basal dendrite
3059:
3054:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Axon terminals
3014:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2979:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2956:
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2953:
2948:
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2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
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2905:
2904:
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2869:Nerve fascicle
2866:
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2849:
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2831:
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2598:Nervous tissue
2594:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2539:
2536:Sensory neuron
2525:
2524:External links
2522:
2519:
2518:
2503:
2481:
2472:
2445:(3): 164–171.
2429:
2400:(6): 414–424.
2380:
2366:
2346:
2337:frank.mtsu.edu
2321:
2309:
2302:
2284:
2270:
2244:
2237:
2219:
2154:
2117:(2): 231–238.
2088:
2075:
2026:
1969:
1948:(3): 315–324.
1921:
1915:978-0878936977
1914:
1888:
1882:978-0878936977
1881:
1855:
1820:
1805:Krantz, John.
1798:
1747:
1716:
1710:978-0878936977
1709:
1683:
1654:
1640:978-0409900774
1639:
1621:
1578:
1543:
1531:
1482:
1473:|journal=
1437:
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1331:978-0878936977
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1111:
1108:
1067:
1064:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1033:
1030:muscle spindle
1022:pain receptors
1013:tonic receptor
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
996:
969:
966:
965:
964:
958:
939:
936:
935:
934:
928:
925:Proprioceptors
922:
912:
906:
893:
884:
881:Hydroreceptors
878:
877:
876:
861:
860:
859:
850:
844:Photoreceptors
841:
823:
820:Chemoreceptors
817:
794:
791:
789:
788:Classification
786:
778:cranial nerves
776:(CNS) through
769:
766:
765:
764:
750:
740:
717:
714:
694:carotid bodies
685:
682:
673:
670:
669:
668:
662:
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632:Proprioceptors
601:Main article:
598:
595:
591:cold-sensitive
567:
564:
563:
562:
559:temporal lobes
552:
519:
516:
515:
514:
508:
502:
448:amacrine cells
440:ganglion cells
416:
413:
388:
385:
377:olfactory bulb
340:
337:
333:proprioception
289:photoreceptors
273:chemoreceptors
258:
255:
239:pseudounipolar
230:
227:
219:blood pressure
153:nervous system
128:
127:
110:September 2017
42:
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3279:
3275:
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3263:
3260:
3256:
3244:
3243:γ motorneuron
3241:
3239:
3238:β motorneuron
3236:
3234:
3233:α motorneuron
3231:
3230:
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2046:(6): 687–93.
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1248:Sensory nerve
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848:visible light
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815:
814:Baroreceptors
812:
811:
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785:
783:
782:spinal nerves
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690:aortic bodies
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678:interoceptors
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436:bipolar cells
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3587:Baroreceptor
3459:Light touch
3428:
3278:Gap junction
3200:Motor neuron
3129:
2994:Axon hillock
2970:nerve fibers
2924:Schwann cell
2834:
2817:
2795:
2713:Medium spiny
2626:White matter
2614:Tissue Types
2549:Neuroscience
2548:
2492:
2484:
2475:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2356:
2349:
2341:the original
2336:
2296:. Springer.
2293:
2287:
2273:
2262:. Retrieved
2258:the original
2247:
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2157:
2114:
2110:
2083:
2078:
2043:
2039:
2029:
1986:
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1945:
1941:
1900:Neuroscience
1899:
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1867:Neuroscience
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1858:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1806:
1801:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1732:the original
1719:
1695:Neuroscience
1694:
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1671:the original
1666:
1657:
1630:
1624:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1559:(1): 39–50.
1556:
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1401:
1376:
1359:. NBK539846.
1347:
1340:
1316:Neuroscience
1315:
1307:
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1282:
1268:Motor neuron
1113:
1069:
1052:
1036:
971:
941:
796:
771:
752:
742:
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698:glomus cells
687:
677:
675:
655:Hyperalgesia
643:
636:
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627:
623:
612:
590:
575:temperatures
569:
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246:
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192:
159:, via their
144:
140:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3613:Human cells
3544:Golgi organ
3518:Temperature
3508:Nociceptors
3293:Active zone
3258:Termination
3108:Interneuron
3012:Telodendron
2920:Myelination
2902:Endoneurium
2897:Perineurium
2718:Interneuron
2708:Von Economo
2656:Decussation
2651:Nerve tract
2621:Grey matter
2373:13 December
1502:(1): 3–13.
1253:Motor nerve
981:nociceptors
909:Nociceptors
898:respond to
889:respond to
866:respond to
855:respond to
846:respond to
837:respond to
828:respond to
726:nociception
716:Nociceptors
638:Nociceptors
566:Temperature
539:stereocilia
395:Similar to
347:are called
305:nociceptors
301:temperature
235:vertebrates
207:spinal cord
188:spinal cord
180:cell bodies
3602:Categories
3582:Hair cells
3449:Vibration
3363:Nociceptor
3103:Multipolar
3052:Nissl body
2929:Neurilemma
2892:Epineurium
2677:Cell Types
2264:2013-06-06
1741:2016-12-19
1677:2016-12-19
1392:0805319409
1274:References
1099:mirror box
1055:gabapentin
968:Morphology
919:osmolarity
743:Mechanical
619:distortion
535:hair cells
405:taste buds
369:microvilli
313:hair cells
261:See also:
80:newspapers
3469:Pressure
3378:Hair cell
2912:Neuroglia
2874:Funiculus
2763:Microglia
2736:Astrocyte
2693:Pyramidal
2646:Lemniscus
2196:1476-4687
2131:0340-5354
2003:0959-8138
1830:Brain Res
1777:1355-6177
1608:0028-4793
1475:ignored (
1465:cite book
993:epidermis
955:epidermis
710:polymodal
481:tawny owl
477:nocturnal
355:, called
353:receptors
201:, to the
161:receptors
3479:Stretch
3163:Ia or Aα
3093:Unipolar
3042:Dendrite
3027:Axolemma
3022:Axoplasm
2806:Ganglion
2746:Tanycyte
2698:Purkinje
2685:Neuronal
2668:Meninges
2663:Neuropil
2513:43344396
2424:30992136
2214:32641835
2149:29032407
2070:18365235
2021:10473458
1964:16404144
1850:18634764
1836:: 54–8.
1811:Archived
1793:25584363
1785:16209426
1649:15695765
1616:17021323
1526:32936320
1457:31604547
1357:30969668
1212:See also
938:Location
757:Brassica
753:Chemical
615:pressure
518:Auditory
505:Glaucoma
275:such as
205:via the
157:stimulus
3305:Autapse
3266:Synapse
3113:Renshaw
3088:Bipolar
2965:Neurons
2818:Ventral
2789:General
2703:Granule
2467:8216716
2459:9086645
2415:6556399
2205:7483980
2176:Bibcode
2140:5808094
2061:2386530
2012:1116476
1573:1941717
1517:9386877
1448:6989094
1377:Biology
801:is the
737:Thermal
585:, is a
579:mammals
473:diurnal
321:balance
317:hearing
251:stimuli
243:bipolar
221:or the
186:of the
163:, into
151:in the
149:neurons
94:scholar
3158:fibers
2796:Dorsal
2556:
2511:
2501:
2465:
2457:
2422:
2412:
2364:
2300:
2235:
2212:
2202:
2194:
2168:Nature
2147:
2137:
2129:
2068:
2058:
2019:
2009:
2001:
1962:
1912:
1908:–216.
1879:
1848:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1707:
1703:–330.
1647:
1637:
1614:
1606:
1571:
1524:
1514:
1455:
1445:
1435:
1389:
1355:
1328:
1295:
1076:Taub's
1028:, and
989:dermis
951:dermis
761:Allium
706:oxygen
446:, and
415:Vision
293:vision
283:) and
178:. The
169:graded
147:, are
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3575:Other
3437:Touch
3081:Types
2978:Parts
2847:White
2828:Ramus
2811:Ramus
2728:Glial
2463:S2CID
1789:S2CID
1735:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1049:Drugs
747:pinch
684:Blood
659:TRPM8
528:sound
464:color
460:Cones
387:Taste
383:. 9.
365:cilia
345:smell
339:Smell
329:touch
281:smell
203:brain
197:in a
101:JSTOR
87:books
3495:Pain
3004:Axon
2986:Soma
2842:Gray
2823:Root
2801:Root
2554:ISBN
2509:OCLC
2499:ISBN
2455:PMID
2420:PMID
2375:2017
2362:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2233:ISBN
2210:PMID
2192:ISSN
2145:PMID
2127:ISSN
2066:PMID
2017:PMID
1999:ISSN
1960:PMID
1910:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1846:PMID
1834:1242
1781:PMID
1773:ISSN
1705:ISBN
1645:OCLC
1635:ISBN
1612:PMID
1604:ISSN
1569:PMID
1522:PMID
1477:help
1453:PMID
1433:ISBN
1387:ISBN
1383:1028
1353:PMID
1326:ISBN
1293:ISBN
991:and
983:and
759:and
730:pain
692:and
688:The
522:The
468:Rods
456:cone
367:and
361:odor
331:and
327:for
319:and
309:pain
73:news
3218:SVE
3213:GVE
3208:GSE
3153:SVA
3148:SSA
3143:GVA
3138:GSA
2781:PNS
2606:CNS
2447:doi
2410:PMC
2402:doi
2200:PMC
2184:doi
2172:585
2135:PMC
2119:doi
2115:265
2056:PMC
2048:doi
2044:129
2007:PMC
1991:doi
1987:319
1950:doi
1906:215
1873:209
1838:doi
1765:doi
1701:327
1596:doi
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