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line. In a Reed–Kellogg diagram, the vertical dividing line that crosses the base line corresponds to the binary division in the constituency-based tree (S → NP + VP), and the second vertical dividing line that does not cross the baseline (between verb and object) corresponds to the binary division of VP into verb and direct object (VP → V + NP). Thus the vertical and slanting lines that cross or rest on the baseline correspond to the constituency relation. The dependency relation, in contrast, is present insofar as modifiers dangle off of or appear below the words that they modify.
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where the category acronyms (e.g. N, NP, V, VP) are used as the labels on the nodes in the tree. The one-to-one-or-more constituency relation is capable of increasing the amount of sentence structure to the upper limits of what is possible. The result can be very "tall" trees, such as those associated with
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A sentence may also be broken down by functional parts: subject, object, adverbial, verb (predicator). The subject is the owner of an action, the verb represents the action, the object represents the recipient of the action, and the adverbial qualifies the action. The various parts can be phrases
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Constituency is a one-to-one-or-more relation; every word in the sentence corresponds to one or more nodes in the tree diagram. Dependency, in contrast, is a one-to-one relation; every word in the sentence corresponds to exactly one node in the tree diagram. Both parse trees employ the convention
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Reed–Kellogg diagrams employ both of these modern tree generating relations. The constituency relation is present in the Reed–Kellogg diagrams insofar as subject, verb, object, and/or predicate are placed equi-level on the horizontal base line of the sentence and divided by a vertical or slanted
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The Reed–Kellogg system was developed by Alonzo Reed and
Brainerd Kellogg for teaching grammar to students through visualization. It lost some support in the 1970s in the US, but has spread to Europe. It is considered "traditional" in comparison to the
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440:. These two relations are illustrated here adjacent to each other for comparison, where D means Determiner, N means Noun, NP means Noun Phrase, S means Sentence, V means Verb, VP means Verb Phrase and IP means Inflectional Phrase.
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Haussamen, Brock, Amy, Benjamin, Martha, Kolln, Rebecca S., Wheeler, & members of NCTE's
Assembly for the Teaching of English Grammar. (2003). Grammar Alive! A Guide for Teachers. National Council of Teachers of English.
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A practical grammar: In which words, phrases & sentences are classified according to their offices and their various relationships to each another
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Graded
Lessons in English: An Elementary English Grammar Consisting of One Hundred Practical Lessons, Carefully Graded and Adapted to the Class-Room
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Reed–Kellogg diagrams reflect, to some degree, concepts underlying modern parse trees. Those concepts are the constituency relation of
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on the right, separated by a vertical bar that extends through the base. The predicate must contain a
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These basic diagramming conventions are augmented for other types of sentence structures, e.g. for
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Sentence
Diagramming: A Step-by-Step Approach to Learning Grammar Through Diagramming
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Simple sentences in the Reed–Kellogg system are diagrammed according to these forms:
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X-bar theory graph of the sentence "He studies linguistics at the university."
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The diagram of a simple sentence begins with a horizontal line called the
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of the subject, predicate, or object are placed below the baseline:
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Pictorial representation of the grammatical structure of a sentence
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Lessons in English: An Elementary English Grammar
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Grammar
Revolution—The English Grammar Exercise Page
212:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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806:Hefty, Marye; Sallie Ortiz; Sara Nelson (2008).
314:. The term "sentence diagram" is used more when
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512:https://wac.colostate.edu/books/ncte/grammar/
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626:"Ch. 6. 'English Word Classes and Phrases'"
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377:, the line is vertical. If the object is a
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
150:. Please do not remove this message until
802:that specializes in Reed–Kellogg diagrams
771:GrammarBrain - Sentence Diagramming Rules
760:Sentence Diagramming by Eugene R. Moutoux
675:. Cincinnati: H. W. Barnes & Company.
628:. In Bas Aarts; Liliane Haegeman (eds.).
290:Learn how and when to remove this message
272:Learn how and when to remove this message
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792:, including many advanced configurations
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146:Relevant discussion may be found on the
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678:Reed, A. and B. Kellogg (1877).
609:(in French). Paris: Klincksieck.
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