Capital punishment

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the outcome. Researchers have shown that white Americans are more likely to support the death penalty when told that it is mostly applied to black Americans, and that more stereotypically black-looking or dark-skinned defendants are more likely to be sentenced to death if the case involves a white victim. However, a study published in 2018 failed to replicate the findings of earlier studies that had concluded that white Americans are more likely to support the death penalty if informed that it is largely applied to black Americans; according to the authors, their findings "may result from changes since 2001 in the effects of racial stimuli on white attitudes about the death penalty or their willingness to express those attitudes in a survey context."

4663: 3651:. But on 10 February 2012, Iran's parliament changed controversial laws relating to the execution of juveniles. In the new legislation the age of 18 (solar year) would be applied to accused of both genders and juvenile offenders must be sentenced pursuant to a separate law specifically dealing with juveniles. Based on the Islamic law which now seems to have been revised, girls at the age of 9 and boys at 15 of lunar year (11 days shorter than a solar year) are deemed fully responsible for their crimes. Iran accounted for two-thirds of the global total of such executions, and currently has approximately 140 people considered as juveniles awaiting execution for crimes committed (up from 71 in 2007). The past executions of 2408: 2206: 1578: 2089: 2721: 2797: 4564:

prisoners have almost certainly been executed. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty claims that between 1976 and 2015, 1,414 prisoners in the United States have been executed while 156 sentenced to death have had their death sentences vacated. It is impossible to assess how many have been wrongly executed, since courts do not generally investigate the innocence of a dead defendant, and defense attorneys tend to concentrate their efforts on clients whose lives can still be saved; however, there is strong evidence of innocence in many cases.

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precipitously, with 3,000 executed in 2012 versus 12,000 in 2002. A poll in South Africa, where capital punishment is abolished, found that 76% of millennial South Africans support re-introduction of the death penalty due to increasing incidents of rape and murder. A 2017 poll found younger Mexicans are more likely to support capital punishment than older ones. 57% of Brazilians support the death penalty. The age group that shows the greatest support for execution of those condemned is the 25 to 34-year-old category, in which 61% say they support it.

4238: 2690: 1669:) criticised the principle of revenge, because once the damage is done it cannot be cancelled by any action. So, if the death penalty is to be imposed by society, it is only to protect the latter against the criminal or for a dissuasive purpose. "The only right that Protagoras knows is therefore human right, which, established and sanctioned by a sovereign collectivity, identifies itself with positive or the law in force of the city. In fact, it finds its guarantee in the death penalty which threatens all those who do not respect it." 3475: 1788:

magistrate, scheming to kidnap a person and sell them into slavery and opening a coffin while desecrating a tomb. Decapitation was the method of execution prescribed for more serious crimes such as treason and sedition. Despite the great discomfort involved, most of the Tang Chinese preferred strangulation to decapitation, as a result of the traditional Tang Chinese belief that the body is a gift from the parents and that it is, therefore, disrespectful to one's ancestors to die without returning one's body to the grave intact.

2604: 1648: 3353:. In contrast, the rapid industrialisation in Asia has seen an increase in the number of developed countries which are also retentionist. In these countries, the death penalty retains strong public support, and the matter receives little attention from the government or the media; in China there is a small but significant and growing movement to abolish the death penalty altogether. This trend has been followed by some African and Middle Eastern countries where support for the death penalty remains high. 3680:, which take into account factors such as the number of victims, brutality and social impact of the crimes. The standards have been used in determining whether to apply the death sentence in murder cases. Teruhiko Seki, convicted of murdering four family members including a 4-year-old daughter and raping a 15-year-old daughter of a family in 1992, became the second inmate to be hanged for a crime committed as a minor in the first such execution in 20 years after Nagayama on 19 December 2017. 3572:, capital punishment for children under the age of 11 was no longer foreseen by 1770. The death penalty was, also for juveniles, nearly abolished in 1787 except for emergency or military law, which is unclear in regard of those. It was reintroduced for juveniles above 14 years by 1803, and was raised by general criminal law to 20 years in 1852 and this exemption and the alike one of military law in 1855, which may have been up to 14 years in wartime, were also introduced into all of the 1780:(r. 712–756). When abolishing the death penalty, Xuanzong ordered his officials to refer to the nearest regulation by analogy when sentencing those found guilty of crimes for which the prescribed punishment was execution. Thus, depending on the severity of the crime a punishment of severe scourging with the thick rod or of exile to the remote Lingnan region might take the place of capital punishment. However, the death penalty was restored only 12 years later in 759 in response to the 2167: 1854: 2924: 4433: 13222: 4364:

criminal show want of respect for property, or imprisoning him, for personal freedom? Just as unreasonable is it to think that to take the life of a man who has taken that of another is to show want of regard for human life. We show, on the contrary, most emphatically our regard for it, by the adoption of a rule that he who violates that right in another forfeits it for himself, and that while no other crime that he can commit deprives him of his right to live, this shall.

2848: 4040: 418: 3273: 3250: 3050: 4702: 1813: 14746: 3076: 3722: 3025: 2949: 4782: 14812: 4537: 14756: 3152: 3101: 3294: 2898: 3225: 3000: 3599:, the exclusion from the death penalty was extended for juveniles and young adults up to 19 years of age by 1835. In 1942, the death penalty was almost deleted in criminal law, as well for juveniles, but since 1928 persisted in military law during wartime for youth above 14 years. If no earlier change was made in the given subject, by 1979 juveniles could no longer be subject to the death penalty in military law during wartime. 4468:(close-range cannon fire) as quick and relatively painless alternatives to more torturous methods of executions used at that time. In the United States, electrocution and gas inhalation were introduced as more humane alternatives to hanging, but have been almost entirely superseded by lethal injection. A small number of countries, for example Iran and Saudi Arabia, still employ slow hanging methods, decapitation, and stoning. 3202: 3126: 2873: 2717:, there has been a trend toward abolishing the death penalty. 54 countries retain the death penalty in active use, 112 countries have abolished capital punishment altogether, 7 have done so for all offences except under special circumstances, and 22 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions. 2974: 2821: 2334: 3177: 3471:. China, Pakistan, the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen have since raised the minimum age to 18. Amnesty International has recorded 61 verified executions since then, in several countries, of both juveniles and adults who had been convicted of committing their offences as juveniles. China does not allow for the execution of those under 18, but child executions have reportedly taken place. 2518:, there has been a trend toward abolishing capital punishment. Capital punishment has been completely abolished by 108 countries, a further seven have done so for all offences except under special circumstances and 26 more have abolished it in practice because they have not used it for at least 10 years and are believed to have a policy or established practice against carrying out executions. 13060: 3914:

executions to be distasteful and most countries have outlawed the practice, throughout much of history executions were performed publicly as a means for the state to demonstrate "its power before those who fell under its jurisdiction be they criminals, enemies, or political opponents". Additionally, it afforded the public a chance to witness "what was considered a great spectacle".

1687:, for whom free will is proper to man, a person is responsible for their actions. If there was a crime, a judge must define the penalty allowing the crime to be annulled by compensating it. This is how pecuniary compensation appeared for criminals the least recalcitrant and whose rehabilitation is deemed possible. However, for others, he argued, the death penalty is necessary. 4591:

bypass legal procedures which are designed to designate the death penalty for the "worst of the worst" offenders. Opponents of execution volunteering cited the prevalence of mental illness among volunteers comparing it to suicide. Execution volunteers have received considerably less attention and effort at legal reform than those who were exonerated after execution.

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is found to be present or escaping from a location "proved or presumed to be used for the purpose of smoking or administering a controlled drug", if one is in possession of a key to a premises where drugs are present, if one is in the company of another person found to be in possession of illegal drugs, or if one tests positive after being given a mandatory

4223:, makes sure that convicted criminals do not offend again, and that it ensures justice for crimes such as homicide, where other penalties will not inflict the desired retribution demanded by the crime itself. Capital punishment for non-lethal crimes is usually considerably more controversial, and abolished in many of the countries that retain it. 1212:, in addition to drug trafficking, drug dealing, and drug possession, are capital crimes or enhancements. However, states have also imposed punitive executions, for an expansive range of conduct, for political or religious beliefs and practices, for a status beyond one's control, or without employing any significant due process procedures. 4642:. Earlier, there were appeals made to advocate for Abdul Kahar's death penalty be commuted to life imprisonment on humanitarian grounds, as Abdul Kahar came from a poor family and has struggled with drug addiction. He was also revealed to have been spending most of his life going in and out of prison, including a ten-year sentence of 4059:) or acting as drug couriers and had assisted the authorities in tackling drug-related activities, would be sentenced to life imprisonment instead of death, with the offender liable to at least 15 strokes of the cane if he was not sentenced to death and was simultaneously sentenced to caning as well. Notably, drug couriers like 1307: 1593:

Consequently, various classes of royalty, nobility, various commoners and slaves emerged. Accordingly, the systems of tribal arbitration were submerged into a more unified system of justice which formalized the relation between the different "social classes" rather than "tribes". The earliest and most famous example is

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When this country was founded, memories of the Stuart horrors were fresh and severe corporal punishments were common. Death was not then a unique punishment. The practice of punishing criminals by death, moreover, was widespread and by and large acceptable to society. Indeed, without developed prison

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Capital punishment, or 'the death penalty,' is an institutionalized practice designed to result in deliberately executing persons in response to actual or supposed misconduct and following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant

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to remove capital punishment in all circumstances. It ratified Protocol 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights in February 2006. As a result, Europe is a continent free of the death penalty in practice, all states, having ratified Protocol 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights, with the

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was denied his imam in the room during his execution, instead only offered a Christian chaplain. After filing a complaint, a federal court of appeals ruled 5–4 against Ray's request. The majority cited the "last-minute" nature of the request, and the dissent stated that the treatment went against the

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Opponents of the death penalty argue that this punishment is being used more often against perpetrators from racial and ethnic minorities and from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, than against those criminals who come from a privileged background; and that the background of the victim also influences

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A study of executions carried out in the United States between 1977 and 2001 indicated that at least 34 of the 749 executions, or 4.5%, involved "unanticipated problems or delays that caused, at least arguably, unnecessary agony for the prisoner or that reflect gross incompetence of the executioner".

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since 2010, should not be executed due to an alleged intellectual disability, as they argued that Nagaenthran has low IQ of 69 and a psychiatrist has assessed him to be mentally impaired to an extent that he should not be held liable to his crime and execution. They also cited international law where

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who was executed for heresy, and his father had previously fled the island. At less than one day old, he was ordered to be burned by Bailiff Hellier Gosselin, with the advice of priests nearby who said the boy should burn due to having inherited moral stain from his mother, who had given birth during

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and a number of wartime military offences as capital crimes) for a five-year experiment in 1965 and permanently in 1969, the last execution having taken place in 1964. It was abolished for all offences in 1998. Protocol 13 to the European Convention on Human Rights, first entering into force in 2003,

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levied upon Christian communities by Muslim rulers in order to fund military campaigns, all of which contributed a significant proportion of income to the Islamic states while conversely reducing many Christians to poverty, and these financial and social hardships forced many Christians to convert to

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A range of amendments proposed by a small minority of pro-death penalty countries were overwhelmingly defeated. It had in 2007 passed a non-binding resolution (by 104 to 54, with 29 abstentions) by asking its member states for "a moratorium on executions with a view to abolishing the death penalty".

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The United Nations introduced a resolution during the General Assembly's 62nd sessions in 2007 calling for a universal ban. The approval of a draft resolution by the Assembly's third committee, which deals with human rights issues, voted 99 to 52, with 33 abstentions, in support of the resolution on

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contains a series of presumptions which shift the burden of proof from the prosecution to the accused. This conflicts with the universally guaranteed right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty". Singapore's Misuse of Drugs Act presumes one is guilty of possession of drugs if, as examples, one

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following the arbitrary arrest and detention of activists and critics of the government. The attendees of the meeting were requested to demand from their Bahraini counterparts to take into consideration the concerns raised by the MEPs, particularly for the release of Abdulhadi Al-Khawaja and Sheikh

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criticised Singapore for finalizing and carrying out Abdul Kahar's execution, and about 400 Singaporeans protested against the government's use of the death penalty merely days after Abdul Kahar's death sentence was authorised. Still, over 80% of the public supported the use of the death penalty in

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An execution is not simply death. It is just as different from the privation of life as a concentration camp is from prison. For there to be an equivalency, the death penalty would have to punish a criminal who had warned his victim of the date at which he would inflict a horrible death on him and

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In England in the 18th century, when there was no police force, Parliament drastically increased the number of capital offences to more than 200. These were mainly property offences, for example cutting down a cherry tree in an orchard. In 1820, there were 160, including crimes such as shoplifting,

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Some further forms of capital punishment were practiced in the Tang dynasty, of which the first two that follow at least were extralegal. The first of these was scourging to death with the thick rod which was common throughout the Tang dynasty especially in cases of gross corruption. The second was

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for all crimes, seven have abolished it for ordinary crimes (while maintaining it for special circumstances such as war crimes), and 24 are abolitionist in practice. Although the majority of countries have abolished capital punishment, over half of the world's population live in countries where the

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Some prisoners have volunteered or attempted to expedite capital punishment, often by waiving all appeals. Prisoners have made requests or committed further crimes in prison as well. In the United States, execution volunteers constitute approximately 11% of prisoners on death row. Volunteers often

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until its abolition for civil offences and military offences in peacetime in 1891. The penalty for crimes committed in peacetime was then reinstated and abolished again twice (1938–1953 and 1969–1978), but on those occasions it was restricted to acts of terrorism or subversion considered "internal

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is among the 111 UN member states that supported the resolution passed by the United Nations General Assembly that called for the removal of the death penalty, therefore affirming its opposition to the practice. South Sudan, however, has not yet abolished the death penalty and stated that it must

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has been lobbying for Council of Europe observer states who practice the death penalty, the U.S. and Japan, to abolish it or lose their observer status. In addition to banning capital punishment for EU member states, the EU has also banned detainee transfers in cases where the receiving party may

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Again in 2008, a large majority of states from all regions adopted, on 20 November in the UN General Assembly (Third Committee), a second resolution calling for a moratorium on the use of the death penalty; 105 countries voted in support of the draft resolution, 48 voted against and 31 abstained.

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prevented the pending execution of more than 15 death row inmates during the same period in the US, but DNA evidence is only available in a fraction of capital cases. As of 2017, 159 prisoners on death row have been exonerated by DNA or other evidence, which is seen as an indication that innocent

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A 2023 poll by Research Co. found that 54% of Canadians support reinstating the death penalty for murder in their country. In April 2021 a poll found that 54% of Britons said they would support reinstating the death penalty for those convicted of terrorism in the UK, while 23% of respondents said

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that abolished the death penalty and ordered the destruction of all the instruments for capital execution in his land. In 2000, Tuscany's regional authorities instituted an annual holiday on 30 November to commemorate the event. The event is commemorated on this day by 300 cities around the world

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In retentionist countries, the debate is sometimes revived when a miscarriage of justice has occurred though this tends to cause legislative efforts to improve the judicial process rather than to abolish the death penalty. In abolitionist countries, the debate is sometimes revived by particularly

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When a minister of the fifth grade or above received a death sentence the emperor might grant him a special dispensation allowing him to commit suicide in lieu of execution. Even when this privilege was not granted, the law required that the condemned minister be provided with food and ale by his

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or vendetta occurs when arbitration between families or tribes fails, or an arbitration system is non-existent. This form of justice was common before the emergence of an arbitration system based on state or organized religion. It may result from crime, land disputes or a code of honour. "Acts of

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was a member of the Council of Europe, and the death penalty remains codified in its law, it has not made use of it since becoming a member of the council – Russia has not executed anyone since 1996. With the exception of Russia (abolitionist in practice) and Belarus (retentionist), all European

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The moratorium resolution has been presented for a vote each year since 2007. On 15 December 2022, 125 countries voted in support of the moratorium, with 37 countries opposing, and 22 abstentions. The countries voting against the moratorium included the United States, People's Republic of China,

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Social historians note that beginning in the 20th century in the U.S. and western Europe, death in general became increasingly shielded from public view, occurring more and more behind the closed doors of the hospital. Executions were likewise moved behind the walls of the penitentiary. The last

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A public execution is a form of capital punishment which "members of the general public may voluntarily attend". This definition excludes the presence of a small number of witnesses randomly selected to assure executive accountability. While today the great majority of the world considers public

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By continent, all European countries but one have abolished capital punishment; many Oceanian countries have abolished it; most countries in the Americas have abolished its use, while a few actively retain it; less than half of countries in Africa retain it; and the majority of countries in Asia

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maintained their firm stance that despite his certified low IQ, it is confirmed that Nagaenthran is not mentally or intellectually disabled based on the joint opinion of three government psychiatrists as he is able to fully understand the magnitude of his actions and has no problem in his daily

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In 2018, at least 35 countries retained the death penalty for drug trafficking, drug dealing, drug possession and related offences. People had been regularly sentenced to death and executed for drug-related offences in China, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and Vietnam. Other

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And we may imagine somebody asking how we can teach people not to inflict suffering by ourselves inflicting it? But to this I should answer – all of us would answer – that to deter by suffering from inflicting suffering is not only possible, but the very purpose of penal justice. Does fining a

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is a sufficient substitute. It is also argued that the punishing of a killing with another death is a relatively unusual punishment for a violent act, because in general violent crimes are not punished by subjecting the perpetrator to a similar act (e.g. rapists are, typically, not punished by

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The United States and Japan are the only developed countries to have recently carried out executions. The U.S. federal government, the U.S. military, and 27 states have a valid death penalty statute, and over 1,400 executions have been carried in the United States since it reinstated the death

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ranked regionally third and globally fifth among the countries that carried out most executions in 2019. The country increasingly ignored international human rights concerns and criticism. In March 2021, Egypt executed 11 prisoners in a jail, who were convicted in cases of "murder, theft, and

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and Singapore. Indonesia carried out no executions between November 2008 and March 2013. Singapore, Japan and the United States are the only developed countries that are classified by Amnesty International as 'retentionist' (South Korea is classified as 'abolitionist in practice'). Nearly all

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The two most common forms of execution in the Tang dynasty were strangulation and decapitation, which were the prescribed methods of execution for 144 and 89 offences respectively. Strangulation was the prescribed sentence for lodging an accusation against one's parents or grandparents with a

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In certain parts of the world, nations in the form of ancient republics, monarchies or tribal oligarchies emerged. These nations were often united by common linguistic, religious or family ties. Moreover, expansion of these nations often occurred by conquest of neighbouring tribes or nations.

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on all executions until the passage of a new law that would abolish the death penalty. In April 2023, legislation abolishing the mandatory death penalty was passed in Malaysia. The death penalty would be retained, but courts have the discretion to replace it with other punishments, including

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The public opinion on the death penalty varies considerably by country and by the crime in question. Countries where a majority of people are against execution include Norway, where only 25% support it. Most French, Finns, and Italians also oppose the death penalty. In 2020, 55% of Americans

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Nearly all executions under the Tang dynasty took place in public as a warning to the population. The heads of the executed were displayed on poles or spears. When local authorities decapitated a convicted criminal, the head was boxed and sent to the capital as proof of identity and that the

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The support and sentencing of capital punishment has been growing in India in the 2010s due to anger over several recent brutal cases of rape, even though actual executions are comparatively rare. While support for the death penalty for murder is still high in China, executions have dropped

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calls for the abolition of the death penalty in all circumstances (including for war crimes). The majority of European countries have signed and ratified it. Some European countries have not done this, but all of them except Belarus have now abolished the death penalty in all circumstances

12942:, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the 3395:

According to Amnesty International's 2021 report, at least 483 people were executed in 2020 despite the COVID-19 pandemic. The figure excluded the countries that classify death penalty data as state secret. The top five executioners for 2020 were China, Iran, Egypt, Iraq and Saudi Arabia.

8959:: "The Convention on the Rights of the Child is the most widely and rapidly ratified human rights treaty in history. Only the United States has not ratified this celebrated agreement. By signing the Convention, the United States has signaled its intention to ratify but has yet to do so." 4615:

men, Ali Hakim al-Arab, 25, and Ahmad al-Malali, 24, were executed in Bahrain, despite the protests from the United Nations and rights group. Amnesty International stated that the executions were being carried out on confessions of "terrorism crimes" that were obtained through torture.

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Abolition was often adopted due to political change, as when countries shifted from authoritarianism to democracy, or when it became an entry condition for the EU. The United States is a notable exception: some states have had bans on capital punishment for decades, the earliest being

1676:, he considered necessary the execution of the animal or the destruction of the object which caused the death of a man by accident. For the murderers, he considered that the act of homicide is not natural and is not fully consented by the criminal. Homicide is thus a disease of the 1690:

This philosophy aims on the one hand to protect society and on the other hand to compensate to cancel the consequences of the crime committed. It inspired Western criminal law until the 17th century, a time when the first reflections on the abolition of the death penalty appeared.

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may vary from one jurisdiction to another) has become increasingly rare. Considering the age of majority is not 18 in some countries or has not been clearly defined in law, since 1990 ten countries have executed offenders who were considered juveniles at the time of their crimes:

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In 1977, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed in a formal resolution that throughout the world, it is desirable to "progressively restrict the number of offences for which the death penalty might be imposed, with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment".

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did so in 1865. The last execution in San Marino had taken place in 1468. In Portugal, after legislative proposals in 1852 and 1863, the death penalty was abolished in 1867. The last execution in Brazil was 1876; from then on all the condemnations were commuted by the Emperor

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or in some case an offer of a person for execution. The person offered for execution did not have to be an original perpetrator of the crime because the social system was based on tribes and clans, not individuals. Blood feuds could be regulated at meetings, such as the

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penalty in 1976. Japan has 108 inmates with finalized death sentences as of February 2, 2024, after Yuki Endo, who was sentenced to death on 18 January, by the Kofu District Court for murdering the parents of his love interest and setting fire to their home in

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brutal murders, though few countries have brought it back after abolishing it. However, a spike in serious, violent crimes, such as murders or terrorist attacks, has prompted some countries to effectively end the moratorium on the death penalty. One notable example is

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for this reason in the final years of the 18th century, while Britain banned hanging, drawing, and quartering in the early 19th century. Hanging by turning the victim off a ladder or by kicking a stool or a bucket, which causes death by strangulation, was replaced by

1410:, banishment and execution. In tribal societies, compensation and shunning were often considered enough as a form of justice. The response to crimes committed by neighbouring tribes, clans or communities included a formal apology, compensation, blood feuds, and 4713:

A number of regional conventions prohibit the death penalty, most notably, the Protocol 6 (abolition in time of peace) and Protocol 13 (abolition in all circumstances) to the European Convention on Human Rights. The same is also stated under Protocol 2 in the

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The use of formal execution extends to the beginning of recorded history. Most historical records and various primitive tribal practices indicate that the death penalty was a part of their justice system. Communal punishments for wrongdoing generally included

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wrote: "It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand guilty persons than to put a single innocent man to death." He argued that executing an accused criminal on anything less than absolute certainty would lead to a slippery slope of decreasing

4012:) to apply for the reduction of their death sentences after the courts in Singapore confirmed that they committed murder without the intention to kill and thus eligible for re-sentencing under the new death penalty laws in Singapore. In October 2018 the 3356:

Some countries have resumed practising the death penalty after having previously suspended the practice for long periods. The United States suspended executions in 1972 but resumed them in 1976; there was no execution in India between 1995 and 2004; and

3684:, who was convicted of raping and strangling a 23-year-old woman and subsequently strangling her 11-month-old daughter to death on 14 April 1999, when he was 18, is another inmate sentenced to death, and his request for retrial has been rejected by the 15752: 4646:

from 1995 to 2005, and has not been given much time for rehabilitation, which made the activists and groups arguing that Abdul Kahar should be given a chance for rehabilitation instead of subjecting him to execution. Both the European Union (EU) and

1784:. At this time in the Tang dynasty only the emperor had the authority to sentence criminals to execution. Under Xuanzong capital punishment was relatively infrequent, with only 24 executions in the year 730 and 58 executions in the year 736. 4718:, which, however, has not been ratified by all countries in the Americas, most notably Canada and the United States. Most relevant operative international treaties do not require its prohibition for cases of serious crime, most notably, the 3655:

and Makwan Moloudzadeh became the focus of Iran's child capital punishment policy and the judicial system that hands down such sentences. In 2023 Iran executed a minor who had knifed a man that fought him for following a girl in the street.

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According to Amnesty International, in 2012, "public executions were known to have been carried out in Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia and Somalia". There have been reports of public executions carried out by state and non-state actors in

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Marian J. Borg and Michael L. Radelet. (2004). On botched executions. In: Peter Hodgkinson and William A. Schabas (eds.) Capital Punishment. pp. 143–68. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available from: Cambridge Books Online

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which might include material (for example, cattle, slaves, land) compensation, exchange of brides or grooms, or payment of the blood debt. Settlement rules could allow for animal blood to replace human blood, or transfers of property or

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Gail A. Van Norman. (2010). Physician participation in executions. In: Gail A. Van Norman et al. (eds.) Clinical Ethics in Anesthesiology. pp. 285–91. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Available from: Cambridge Books Online

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The reason Canada has not ratified the Convention does not appear to be related to capital punishment, but because the Convention's provision on abortion is likely not consistent with the legal position in Canada relating to abortion:

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On 29 December 2021, after a 20-year moratorium, the Kazakhstan government enacted the 'On Amendments and Additions to Certain Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Abolition of the Death Penalty' signed by President

10152:"2019 Georgia Code Title 16 – Crimes and Offenses Chapter 8 – Offenses Involving Theft Article 2 – Robbery § 16-8-41. Armed robbery; robbery by intimidation; taking controlled substance from pharmacy in course of committing offense" 4576:. Urine drug screenings can be given at the discretion of police, without requiring a search warrant. The onus is on the accused in all of the above situations to prove that they were not in possession of or consumed illegal drugs. 15813: 8424: 15608: 15578: 15483: 10034: 8174: 10590: 2005:) in the lands invaded by the Arab Muslims on pain of death, they were banned from bearing arms, undertaking certain professions, and were obligated to dress differently in order to distinguish themselves from Arabs. Under 1269:

declares that the death penalty breaches human rights, specifically "the right to life and the right to live free from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." These rights are protected under the

12419: 15959: 15603: 4790: 2745:. According to Amnesty International, around 1,000 prisoners were executed in 2017. Amnesty reported in 2004 and 2009 that Singapore and Iraq respectively had the world's highest per capita execution rate. According to 2475:

abolished it in his immediate lands. In Tuscany it was reintroduced in 1790 after Leopolds departure becoming emperor. Only after 1831 capital punishment was again at times stopped, though it took until 2007 to abolish

8457: 3583:, the death penalty for children and youth under the age of 16 was abolished in 1799 yet the country was already dissolved in 1803 whereas the law could remain in force if it was not replaced on cantonal level. In the 2182:, there were three types of capital punishment; hanging, decapitation, and death by shooting. Also, modern military organisations employed capital punishment as a means of maintaining military discipline. In the past, 2064:, until we would be convicting merely "according to the judge's caprice". Maimonides's concern was maintaining popular respect for law, and he saw errors of commission as much more threatening than errors of omission. 5473:

systems, there was frequently no workable alternative. Since that time, successive restrictions, imposed against the background of a continuing moral controversy, have drastically curtailed the use of this punishment.

15533: 11292: 1764:. Intended to be a punishment, a humiliation, and a deterrent, the condemned could take up to a few days to die. Corpses of the crucified were typically left on the crosses to decompose and to be eaten by animals. 15583: 2740:

According to Amnesty International, 20 countries are known to have performed executions in 2022. There are countries which do not publish information on the use of capital punishment, most significantly China and

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defended a more extreme position, according to which every murderer deserves to die on the grounds that loss of life is incomparable to any penalty that allows them to remain alive, including life imprisonment.

4211:

effect, discriminates against minorities and the poor, and that it encourages a "culture of violence". There are many organizations worldwide, such as Amnesty International, and country-specific, such as the

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Protocol 6, which prohibits the death penalty during peacetime, has been ratified by all members of the Council of Europe. It had been signed but not ratified by Russia at the time of its expulsion in 2022.

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noted the incidence of increased violent criminality at the times and places of executions. Official recognition of this phenomenon led to executions being carried out inside prisons, away from public view.

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retaliation underscore the ability of the social collective to defend itself and demonstrate to enemies (as well as potential allies) that injury to property, rights, or the person will not go unpunished."

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in 1813 for children and youth under 16 years. In Prussia, the exemption was extended to youth under the age of 16 in 1851. For the first time, all juveniles were excluded for the death penalty by the

15573: 3545:, capital punishment was reinstated for juveniles between 16 and 17 years in 1939. This was broadened to children and youth from age 12 to 17 in 1943. The death penalty for juveniles was abolished by 15538: 15277: 9590: 3405:

supported the death penalty for an individual convicted of murder, down from 60% in 2016, 64% in 2010, 65% in 2006, and 68% in 2001. In 2020, 43% of Italians expressed support for the death penalty.

8332: 4314:. Human rights activists oppose the death penalty, calling it "cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment". Amnesty International considers it to be "the ultimate irreversible denial of Human Rights". 15974: 5492:(bite) a reference to the heavy compensation one must pay for causing an unjust death. The "bite" one had to pay was used as a term for the crime itself: "Mordre wol out; that se we day by day." – 4559:

Some have claimed that as many as 39 executions have been carried out in the face of compelling evidence of innocence or serious doubt about guilt in the US from 1992 through 2004. Newly available

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on 12 October 2021, when Endo was 19 years old at the time of the double murder, withdrew the appeal to the High Court, which was filed by his attorney, thus Endo's death sentence was finalized.

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Human Rights Watch opposes the death penalty in all cases as a violation of fundamental rights – the right to life and the right not to be subjected to cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment.

3993:

Intentional homicide is punishable by death in most countries retaining capital punishment, but generally provided it involves an aggravating factor required by statute or judicial precedents.

2630: Abolitionist-in-practice countries (have not executed anyone during the past 10 years or more and are believed to have a policy or established practice of not carrying out executions): 23 5433: 15954: 15593: 10912: 5130: 15949: 15929: 15747: 15588: 14879: 14685: 14283: 13082: 15598: 15316: 14288: 6763: 9866: 8420: 3663:, a Sri Lankan domestic worker, who was believed to have been 17 years old at the time of the crime. Saudi Arabia banned execution for minors, except for terrorism cases, in April 2020. 2247:(1966–1976). Partly as a response to such excesses, civil rights organisations started to place increasing emphasis on the concept of human rights and an abolition of the death penalty. 16826: 15478: 12195: 10024: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15256: 7960: 3420:

they would be opposed. In 2020, an Ipsos/Sopra Steria survey showed that 55% of the French people support re-introduction of the death penalty; this was an increase from 44% in 2019.

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Several international organizations have made abolition of the death penalty (during time of peace, or in all circumstances) a requirement of membership, most notably the EU and the

15548: 15463: 9134: 2471:, the then emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, abolished in his immediate lands in 1787 capital punishment, which though only lasted until 1795, after both had died and Leopolds son 15823: 15513: 15448: 15418: 15393: 14336: 11347: 10260: 2158:

was often tempered by juries who refused to convict, or judges, in the case of petty theft, who arbitrarily set the value stolen at below the statutory level for a capital crime.

14306: 12408: 7551: 4249:

Supporters of the death penalty argued that death penalty is morally justified when applied in murder especially with aggravating elements such as for murder of police officers,

2080:. From that moment on, capital punishment should be seen as useful to society through its dissuasive effect, but also as a means of protection of the latter vis-à-vis criminals. 17285: 16327: 15969: 15873: 15528: 15523: 15303: 15294: 15285: 4055:

The death penalty was mandated for drug trafficking in Singapore and Malaysia. Since 2013, Singapore ruled that those who were certified to have diminished responsibility (e.g.

1425:

In most countries that practice capital punishment, it is now reserved for murder, terrorism, war crimes, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries,

7010:

Alexandre Juster, L'histoire de la Polynésie française en 101 dates : 101 événements marquants qui ont fait l'histoire de Tahiti et ses îles, Les éditions de Moana, 2016 (

4289:

Some abolitionists argue that retribution is simply revenge and cannot be condoned. Others while accepting retribution as an element of criminal justice nonetheless argue that

4207:

Death penalty opponents regard the death penalty as inhumane and criticize it for its irreversibility. They argue also that capital punishment lacks deterrent effect, or has a

15868: 15468: 15398: 14273: 10049:"2019 Georgia Code Title 16 – Crimes and Offenses Chapter 5 – Crimes Against the Person Article 3 – Kidnapping, False Imprisonment, and Related Offenses § 16-5-40. Kidnapping" 8447: 12950:" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.) 10115: 16773: 15843: 15443: 15281: 13252: 10862:

In Nagaenthran (CM) (at and ), the High Court found that the appellant had borderline intellectual functioning; not that he was suffering from mild intellectual disability.

3647:, was the world's largest executioner of juvenile offenders, for which it has been the subject of broad international condemnation; the country's record is the focus of the 16783: 16717: 13408: 2202:). One method of execution, since firearms came into common use, has also been firing squad, although some countries use execution with a single shot to the head or neck. 2076:. These define the place of man within society no longer according to a divine rule, but as a contract established at birth between the citizen and the society, it is the 12909: 11885:"Directorate of Communication – The global campaign against the death penalty is gaining momentum – Statement by Terry Davis, Secretary General of the Council of Europe" 7491: 6959: 2487:(when the island was independent) was the first legislative assembly in the world to abolish the death penalty in 1824. Tahiti commuted the death penalty to banishment. 12079: 11985: 3659:

Saudi Arabia also executes criminals who were minors at the time of the offence. In 2013, Saudi Arabia was the center of an international controversy after it executed

1792:

truncation, in which the convicted person was cut in two at the waist with a fodder knife and then left to bleed to death. A further form of execution called Ling Chi (

1250:

death penalty is retained, including India, the U.S., Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan, Vietnam, Egypt, Nigeria, Ethiopia and DR Congo. As of 2023, only 2 out of

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and early modern Europe, before the development of modern prison systems, the death penalty was also used as a generalised form of punishment for even minor offences.

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a country should be prohibiting the execution of mentally and intellectually impaired people in order to push for Singapore to commute Nagaenthran's death penalty to

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in 2016, showing that 88% of Taiwanese people disagree with abolishing the death penalty. Its continuation of the practice drew criticism from local rights groups.

2311:, saw their executives making moves to reinstate the death penalty. In the same year, passage of the law in the Philippines failed to obtain the Senate's approval. 14711: 12221: 10459: 10444: 7453: 1631:

later repealed Draco's code and published new laws, retaining capital punishment only for intentional homicide, and only with victim's family permission. The word

3609:'s tenure as president of Iran from 2013 until 2021, at least 3,602 death sentences have been carried out. This includes the executions of 34 juvenile offenders. 17232: 17187: 16753: 8362: 8276: 5459: 3824: 1936:

followed in 1641. Throughout the 19th century, U.S. states repealed death sentences from their sodomy laws, with South Carolina being the last to do so in 1873.

11761: 10874: 9568: 8298: 7863: 7585: 5407: 17325: 16831: 10827: 4848:

became part of the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), which prohibits the use of the death penalty.

3602:

Between 2005 and May 2008, Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen were reported to have executed child offenders, the largest number occurring in Iran.

1216:

is the intentional and premeditated killing of an innocent person by means of capital punishment. For example, the executions following the show trials in the

10798: 8563: 2404:, published in 1516, debated the benefits of the death penalty in dialogue form, coming to no firm conclusion. More was himself executed for treason in 1535. 2276:, where it was abolished in 1846, while other states still actively use it today. The death penalty in the United States remains a contentious issue which is 16962: 16816: 16763: 16332: 12599: 11910: 10082: 7616: 4909:

considers the death penalty as "inadmissible" in any circumstance and denounces it as an "attack" on the "inviolability and dignity of the person." Both the

3930:, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Yemen. Executions which can be classified as public were also carried out in the U.S. states of Florida and Utah as of 1992. 12032: 9582: 8324: 4793:, which has 90 parties; and the Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights to Abolish the Death Penalty (for the Americas; ratified by 13 states). 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 10137: 4719: 3644: 3637: 1265:

Capital punishment is controversial, with many people, organisations, and religious groups holding differing views on whether it is ethically permissible.

502: 9343: 6820: 3349:). Public support for the death penalty in the EU varies. The last execution in a member state of the present-day Council of Europe took place in 1997 in 17014: 16878: 16574: 10513: 4706: 1283: 15166: 13482: 9612: 8155: 6860: 4548:. The case was considered vital in bolstering opposition, which limited the scope of the penalty in 1957 and abolished it completely for murder in 1965. 2549:(2005; death penalty unconstitutional if defendant was under age 18 at the time the crime was committed). In the United States, 23 of the 50 states and 17689: 16537: 15006: 13552: 11576: 8119: 3965:

are usually punishable by death in countries retaining capital punishment. Death sentences for such crimes were handed down and carried out during the

12332: 9268: 8497: 16584: 15924: 14721: 13442: 12247: 11683: 10675: 5429: 4863:

are noted for their opposition to capital punishment. A number of such NGOs, as well as trade unions, local councils, and bar associations, formed a

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Mother Catherine Cauchés (center) and her two daughters Guillemine Gilbert (left) and Perotine Massey (right) with her infant son burning for heresy

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A map showing U.S. states where the death penalty is authorized for certain crimes, even if not recently used. The death penalty is also authorized

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for the signing of a Cooperation Agreement. A total of 16 MEPs undersigned the letter expressing their grave concern towards the extended abuse of

2624: Abolitionist-in-law countries for all crimes except those committed under exceptional circumstances (such as crimes committed in wartime): 10 1703:, the body of laws handed down from archaic Rome, prescribe the death penalty for a variety of crimes including libel, arson and theft. During the 10752: 10308: 9784: 4722:. This instead has, in common with several other treaties, an optional protocol prohibiting capital punishment and promoting its wider abolition. 1605:, blasphemy, and a wide range of sexual crimes, although evidence suggests that actual executions were exceedingly rare, if they occurred at all. 17784: 17476: 17217: 17004: 16836: 16821: 16382: 15026: 11787: 8471: 7334: 5656: 4826: 11445: 3434:

The death penalty for juvenile offenders (criminals aged under 18 years at the time of their crime although the legal or accepted definition of

2694: 2328: 1290:, which has 46 member states, has worked to end the death penalty and no execution has taken place in its current member states since 1997. The 17416: 17080: 17067: 17043: 16806: 16743: 16305: 14905: 14635: 13857: 12191: 11818: 11631: 9874: 9313: 7512: 6924: 6755: 4202: 3852: 2277: 9435: 8204: 6570: 3640:(whose Article 6.5 also states that "Sentence of death shall not be imposed for crimes committed by persons below eighteen years of age..."). 16376: 16315: 15641: 15362: 14108: 13658: 13598: 11251: 11168:

With 400 condemned on death row, Florida is an extremely aggressive death penalty state, a state that will even execute for drug trafficking.

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successfully applied to have their death sentences replaced with life imprisonment and 15 strokes of the cane in 2013 and 2015 respectively.

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One of the youngest children ever to be executed was the infant son of Perotine Massey on or around 18 July 1556. His mother was one of the

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Kazakhstan has abolished the death penalty, making permanent a nearly two-decade freeze on capital punishment in the Central Asian country.

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announced in November 2009 (reiterated in 2013) that it plans to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This move was lauded by

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In Taiwan, polls and research have consistently shown strong support for the death penalty at 80%. This includes a survey conducted by the

2438:"), published in 1764. In this book, Beccaria aimed to demonstrate not only the injustice, but even the futility from the point of view of 11970: 10988: 10623: 9755: 8063: 16869: 16758: 15473: 14792: 13398: 12132: 10424: 9927: 4079: 4004:

to reserve the mandatory death sentence for intentional murder while providing an alternative sentence of life imprisonment with/without

3981:(ICTR) forbade the death penalty and can only impose life imprisonment as a maximum penalty. This tradition is carried on by the current 3828: 1521: 13413: 11343: 10256: 8935: 3341:. Many of these countries aspired to enter the EU, which strictly requires member states not to practice the death penalty, as does the 1493:, drug trafficking and often drug possession is also a capital offence. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption and 17222: 16085: 13519: 11735: 9813: 9246: 8384: 7814: 7555: 4874:, Karen Melchior was sent to the European Commission ahead of the 26 January 2021 meeting of the Bahraini Minister of Foreign Affairs, 3978: 2754: 11937: 10645: 10282: 10006: 8511: 7736: 7097: 5390: 1566:. Systems deriving from blood feuds may survive alongside more advanced legal systems or be given recognition by courts (for example, 16517: 16482: 15488: 13497: 13366: 11196: 8406: 7986: 7470: 4864: 4809: 13172:

Academic research database on the laws, practice, and statistics of capital punishment for every death penalty country in the world.

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While during the Middle Ages the expiatory aspect of the death penalty was taken into account, this is no longer the case under the

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case once again permitted the death penalty under certain circumstances. Further limitations were placed on the death penalty in

1847: 1547:

included peace settlements often done in a religious context and compensation system. Compensation was based on the principle of

1326:

on Earth. Until the nineteenth century, without developed prison systems, there was frequently no workable alternative to ensure

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King, D. R. (1 December 1978). "The Brutalization Effect: Execution Publicity and the Incidence of Homicide in South Carolina".

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Signatories to the Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR: parties in dark green, signatories in light green, non-members in grey

4512:– further affirmed this principle, stating that while the ban on cruel and unusual punishment affirmatively bans penalties that 3699:

was buried up to her neck at a football stadium, then stoned to death in front of more than 1,000 people. Somalia's established

2565:

prohibits the death penalty in all circumstances for those states that are party to it, including the United Kingdom from 2004.

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Electrocution and gas inhalation (some U.S. states, but only if the prisoner requests it or if lethal injection is unavailable)

2380: 2029: 314: 308: 17498: 12904:

O'Brien, Doireann. "Investigating the Origin of Europe and America's Diverging Positions on the Issue of Capital Punishment."

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Islam. Christians unable to pay these taxes were forced to surrender their children to the Muslim rulers as payment who would

17827: 17510: 16559: 16472: 16467: 16352: 14801: 14675: 14580: 14326: 14278: 14170: 14165: 13904: 12996: 12972: 12895: 12874: 12850: 12829: 12772: 12640: 12083: 12006: 11128: 9964: 9512: 7318: 7291: 7264: 7237: 7210: 7183: 6995: 6904: 6702: 6595: 6447: 6398: 6343: 6227: 6009: 5819: 5595: 5332: 5209: 5143: 3716: 3613: 3491: 3409: 3366: 2308: 2216: 1832: 1271: 1099: 13165: 10208: 9296: 5744: 4556:

through the wrongful execution of innocent persons. Many people have been proclaimed innocent victims of the death penalty.

4544:, who was executed in 1950 after being wrongfully convicted of two murders that had in fact been committed by his landlord, 1868:. In the early history of Islam (7th–11th centuries), there is a number of "purported (but mutually inconsistent) reports" ( 1597:

which set the different punishment and compensation, according to the different class or group of victims and perpetrators.

17150: 17092: 16527: 16417: 16290: 16235: 16200: 15914: 14875: 14385: 13934: 11044: 10387: 10234: 9198: 8175:"Pena di morte, il 43% degli italiani è a favore: l'odio è diventato quotidiano. Miseria e brutalità nel Paese di Beccaria" 4926: 4044: 3429: 2758: 2118: 1711:

being prescribed in place of the death penalty, whereby a convict could either choose to leave in exile or face execution.

1680:, which must be reeducated as much as possible, and, as a last resort, sentence to death if no rehabilitation is possible. 13381:: United States-based volunteer program for foreign lawyers, students, and others to work at death penalty defense offices 11858: 10151: 10048: 7935: 7762: 7638: 6785: 4567:

Improper procedure may also result in unfair executions. For example, Amnesty International argues that in Singapore "the

4327:

who, from that moment onward, had confined him at his mercy for months. Such a monster is not encountered in private life.

1730:) and was supported by the majority of senators; among the minority voices opposed to the execution, the most notable was 1707:, there was consensus among the public and legislators to reduce the incidence of capital punishment. This opinion led to 17727: 17447: 17126: 16748: 16554: 16497: 16477: 16452: 16442: 16432: 16422: 16412: 16392: 16367: 16347: 16275: 16180: 16140: 16007: 15081: 14130: 13190: 13140: 11517: 11102: 8101: 6835: 5173: 4754: 4715: 4008:

for murder with no intention to cause death, which allowed some convicted murderers on death row in Singapore (including

3625: 2502: 1490: 488: 50: 13491: 13286: 13261: 12987:

A comparative analysis of capital punishment : statutes, policies, frequencies, and public attitudes the world over

12217: 11888: 11709: 11369: 11221: 10456: 10441: 9981: 8952: 7440: 4339:, on the other hand, it is an important idea that the right to life can be forfeited, as most other rights can be given 3616:, which forbids capital punishment for juveniles under article 37(a), has been signed by all countries and subsequently 16569: 16549: 16447: 16397: 16372: 16342: 16337: 16240: 16230: 16225: 16205: 15191: 15181: 14986: 14890: 14630: 14595: 14550: 14250: 13434: 9897: 7150: 6271: 5259: 5067: 4516:

pain and degradation, it does in no sense limit the possible infliction of pain in the execution of a capital verdict.

4487: 3856: 3621: 2683: 2137:(1764) was the first detailed analysis of capital punishment to demand the abolition of the death penalty. In England, 1989:, and Zoroastrians), which was inferior to the status of Muslims. Christians and other religious minorities thus faced 1295: 1011: 17: 9560: 8354: 7577: 5455: 5403: 2292:

during which 132 students and 9 members of staff of the Army Public School and Degree College Peshawar were killed by

2141:(1748–1832), the founder of modern utilitarianism, called for the abolition of the death penalty. Beccaria, and later 1796:), or death by/of a thousand cuts, was used from the close of the Tang dynasty (around 900) to its abolition in 1905. 17545: 17359: 16938: 16532: 16457: 16407: 16300: 16155: 16070: 15838: 15634: 15568: 15428: 15388: 15355: 15196: 15086: 15016: 14520: 14515: 14410: 14230: 13108: 12720: 12619: 10970: 10701: 9544: 8632: 7788: 7015: 6644: 6145: 5951: 5848: 5728: 5701: 5020: 4813: 3844: 3769: 3753: 3674:

who had been convicted of shooting four people dead in the late 1960s. Nagayama's case created the eponymously named

3525:, children under the age of 14 were exempted from the death penalty in 1794. Capital punishment was cancelled by the 2742: 2573: 11399: 10554: 10479: 8567: 2055:

Despite the wide use of the death penalty, calls for reform were not unknown. The 12th-century Jewish legal scholar

17852: 17811: 17162: 16811: 16387: 16190: 16185: 16060: 15408: 15176: 15141: 15126: 15111: 15066: 15001: 14640: 14615: 14530: 14510: 14460: 14430: 14420: 14200: 14160: 14140: 14120: 14023: 13574: 12611: 12270:"South Sudan says death penalty remains until constitution amended – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan" 11914: 11657: 11080: 7710: 7612: 6955: 6661:"Internal Workings of the Soviet Union – Revelations from the Russian Archives | Exhibitions – Library of Congress" 4662: 3696: 2569: 17570: 13152: 13008: 12464: 12036: 10078: 8921: 1896:

for one sodomite and had another thrown head-first from the top of the highest building in the town; according to

17710: 17060: 16862: 16544: 16492: 16402: 16280: 16245: 16150: 16125: 15808: 15719: 15664: 15438: 15131: 14785: 14726: 14605: 14600: 14480: 14316: 14135: 13909: 13331: 11315: 10759: 5041: 5016: 4896: 4875: 4672: 4568: 4359:

explained in a speech given in Parliament against an amendment to abolish capital punishment for murder in 1868:

3879: 3848: 3813: 3809: 3700: 3652: 2671: 1598: 1291: 42: 17036: 10129: 8325:"The death penalty: Strike less hard – Most of the world's sharp decline in executions can be credited to China" 6202: 17873: 17847: 17837: 17227: 17209: 17109: 16913: 16889: 16265: 16215: 16170: 16160: 16145: 16135: 16120: 16100: 16075: 16065: 16055: 15709: 15699: 15684: 15231: 15206: 15056: 15051: 15031: 14996: 14981: 14670: 14620: 14575: 14555: 14545: 14445: 14321: 14268: 14215: 14210: 14185: 14043: 13180: 11163: 10951:

Paternoster, R. (18 September 2012). Capital Punishment. Oxford Handbooks Online. Retrieved 15 June 2016, from

9838: 9339: 6812: 5071: 4638:, which marked the first execution in Singapore since 2019 as a result of an informal moratorium caused by the 4585: 4213: 3883: 3868: 3785: 3773: 3648: 2472: 2443: 2416: 2285: 364: 38: 10502: 9023: 4801: 4447:

Trends in most of the world have long been to move to private and less painful executions. France adopted the

2040:

for defending their Christian faith through dramatic acts of resistance such as refusing to convert to Islam,

17320: 17248: 16285: 16260: 16165: 16105: 16080: 16050: 16040: 15714: 15689: 15669: 15453: 15433: 15216: 15186: 15171: 15156: 15146: 15136: 15101: 15096: 15046: 14991: 14966: 14861: 14821: 14645: 14560: 14540: 14425: 14415: 14240: 14190: 14150: 14103: 14098: 14088: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14048: 14033: 14028: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13852: 13266: 11062: 10727: 9734: 6868: 5634: 5004: 4970: 4822: 4083: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3777: 2649: 2494: 2468: 2289: 1753: 1585: 1581: 1240: 13498:

Orthodox Union website: Rabbi Yosef Edelstein: Parshat Beha'alotcha: A Few Reflections on Capital Punishment

12383:"16 MEPs Urge Bahrain to Release EU-Bahraini Dual Nationals and End Death Penalty Ahead of Brussels Meeting" 8115: 4461: 4310:

is the most important, and capital punishment violates it without necessity and inflicts to the condemned a

4108:

Crimes against the state, such as attempting to overthrow government (most countries with the death penalty)

2720: 2407: 1749: 17720: 17610: 16923: 16220: 16175: 16115: 16090: 16045: 15944: 15694: 15674: 15627: 15458: 15403: 15348: 15226: 15221: 15161: 15116: 15076: 14971: 14952: 14900: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14826: 14690: 14625: 14590: 14525: 14505: 14495: 14455: 14440: 14435: 14331: 14235: 14225: 14205: 14195: 14180: 14175: 14155: 14125: 14093: 14078: 14053: 13989: 13276: 12938:, "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of 12930: 12324: 10671: 10605: 5531: 5075: 5037: 5033: 4741: 4734: 4427: 4414: 4295: 4278: 3982: 3793: 3448: 3346: 2667: 2304: 691: 474: 257: 16847: 12510: 12484: 12243: 11472:"Looking Deathworthy: Perceived Stereotypicality of Black Defendants Predicts Capital-Sentencing Outcomes" 8652: 8612: 4281:, who says that the punishment must be painful in proportion to the crime. Eighteenth-century philosopher 4192:

or aggravated robbery (Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kenya, Zambia, Ethiopia, the US state of Georgia etc.)

3313:

The use of the death penalty is becoming increasingly restrained in some retentionist countries including

17906: 17330: 16250: 16130: 16095: 15863: 15853: 15833: 15780: 15679: 15518: 15201: 15151: 15106: 15091: 15071: 15061: 15036: 14976: 14910: 14895: 14885: 14831: 14731: 14650: 14610: 14585: 14565: 14500: 14475: 14465: 14450: 14220: 14145: 14115: 13779: 13567: 13345:: includes a monthly watchlist of upcoming executions and death penalty statistics for the United States. 11316:"Volunteers for Execution: Directions for Further Research into Grief, Culpability, and Legal Structures" 9642: 8889: 7907: 4389: 3864: 3860: 3817: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3781: 3765: 3633: 2679: 2675: 2663: 2584:

retained the penalty until 1984). In South Australia, under the premiership of then-Premier Dunstan, the

2477: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2130: 2037: 1347: 1259: 743: 445: 437: 17337: 9220: 7961:"Death penalty 2020: Despite Covid-19, some countries ruthlessly pursued death sentences and executions" 4219:

Advocates of the death penalty argue that it deters crime, is a good tool for police and prosecutors in

3365:

on the death penalty on 20 November 2004, although it has not yet performed any further executions. The

2521:

In the United States between 1972 and 1976 the death penalty was declared unconstitutional based on the

1672:

Plato saw the death penalty as a means of purification, because crimes are a "defilement". Thus, in the

1141:, and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious crimes against a person, such as 17715: 17315: 16855: 16733: 16295: 16255: 16210: 16110: 15939: 15896: 15818: 15704: 15413: 15211: 15121: 15011: 14936: 14866: 14841: 14836: 14778: 14570: 14535: 14490: 14485: 14394: 13973: 13919: 10799:"High Court found Malaysian drug trafficker did not have mild intellectual disability: Singapore envoy" 10749: 10312: 7680: 6439: 6390: 6335: 6263: 4473: 4457: 4369: 4001: 3872: 3761: 3757: 3660: 3534: 2045: 1921: 1655: 1323: 387: 46: 14811: 12158: 9730: 7341: 5648: 3330:. During the 1980s, the democratisation of Latin America swelled the ranks of abolitionist countries. 17921: 17483: 17421: 16790: 13616: 13430: 13290: 12744: 11710:"Singapore: Shameful resumption of executions after more than two years won't end drug-related crime" 11422: 9002: 8142:"Il 43% degli italiani vuole la pena di morte: Una conseguenza della crisi e della cultura dell'odio" 6382:

A History of the Crusades, Volume 1: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem

6381: 6189: 4056: 3369:

re-introduced the death penalty in 1993 after abolishing it in 1987, but again abolished it in 2006.

3326:

signed a law which allows to use capital punishment against officials and soldiers convicted of high

2435: 2293: 2205: 1960: 1727: 1403: 812: 349: 11814: 11488: 9317: 8254: 7815:"AIUK : Sri Lanka: President urged to prevent return to death penalty after 29-year moratorium" 6920: 6861:"Kazakhstan's President Signs Law Abolishing Death Penalty and Law on Commissioner for Human Rights" 5814:. Historical guides to controversial issues in America. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood. p. 8. 2129:

which justifies punishment as a form of deterrence as opposed to retribution, can be traced back to

17665: 17533: 17505: 15656: 14402: 14378: 13090: 13086: 13070: 11986:

Kelly O'Connor, "Abortion in the Americas: Article 4(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights"

9439: 7475: 6185: 4545: 4437: 3691:

There is evidence that child executions are taking place in the parts of Somalia controlled by the

2746: 2561: 2357: 2114: 1990: 1948: 1933: 1777: 1577: 1035:, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct. The 113: 11247: 9480: 8011: 6542: 5532:"Shot at Dawn, campaign for pardons for British and Commonwealth soldiers executed in World War I" 4418:

functioning of life. Despite the international outcry, Nagaenthran was executed on 27 April 2022.

4237: 2319:

as part of series of Omnibus reformations of the Kazak legal system 'Listening State' initiative.

2232: 2088: 1846:. As a result, tens of thousands of women were prosecuted for witchcraft and executed through the 1529: 17791: 17454: 17048: 16000: 13722: 13229: 13184: 13123: 10286: 7051: 6116: 4883: 4410: 3958: 3918:

formal public executions occurred in 1868 in Britain, in 1936 in the U.S. and in 1939 in France.

2540: 2195: 1858: 1294:

has adopted, throughout the years from 2007 to 2020, eight non-binding resolutions calling for a

1177: 275: 11962: 9748: 6048: 5099: 4856:

first amend its Constitution, and until that happens it will continue to use the death penalty.

4456:

where the subject is dropped a longer distance to dislocate the neck and sever the spinal cord.

1900:, the latter punishment must be followed by stoning. Other medieval Muslim leaders, such as the 17916: 17404: 17344: 17182: 15773: 13628: 11483: 11045:"Thirty Years of Executions with Reasonable Doubts: A Brief Analysis of Some Modern Executions" 10619: 8071: 6331: 4817: 4553: 3685: 2451: 2420: 2384: 2211: 2117:. The period saw an increase in standing police forces and permanent penitential institutions. 1944: 1726:, argued in support of the killing of conspirators without judgment by decision of the Senate ( 1627:

in about 621 BC: the death penalty was applied for a particularly wide range of crimes, though

1004: 748: 713: 334: 13395: 13007: 12463: 12357: 10962: 10417: 9504: 9498: 7308: 7281: 7254: 7173: 6634: 6585: 5322: 5199: 4619:

On 30 March 2022, despite the appeals by the United Nations and rights activists, 68-year-old

17859: 17640: 17540: 17493: 17437: 14929: 13966: 13749: 13737: 13611: 13538: 13532: 13039: 13033: 12762: 12561:

Greenberg, David F.; West, Valerie (2 May 2008). "Siting the Death Penalty Internationally".

11788:"Majority of Singapore residents still support death penalty in latest MHA survey: Shanmugam" 10452: 9785:"The Big Read: Capital punishment – a little more conversation on a matter of life and death" 7818: 7448: 7227: 7093: 6985: 6427: 6376: 6327: 6107: 5233: 4648: 4311: 4306:

Abolitionists believe capital punishment is the worst violation of human rights, because the

3729: 3526: 2658:, have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice; notable exceptions are the 2490:

In the United States, Michigan was the first state to ban the death penalty, on 18 May 1846.

2412: 2316: 2194:, shirking under enemy fire and disobeying orders were often crimes punishable by death (see 2061: 1994: 1952: 1651: 1327: 1266: 1107: 661: 577: 359: 218: 88: 13078: 12985: 12962: 12885: 12864: 12840: 12630: 10649: 9898:"Malaysian Government's plans to abolish death penalty could save Sydney grandmother's life" 9534: 7200: 6477: 6319: 6004:, Wellcome Trust–Funded Monographs and Book Chapters, Basingstoke (UK): Palgrave Macmillan, 3322:. The only retentionist country in Europe is Belarus and in March 2023 Belarusian President 1831:

In early modern Europe, a mass panic regarding witchcraft swept across Europe and later the

1800:

keepers and transported to the execution ground in a cart rather than having to walk there.

17774: 17528: 17488: 17464: 17104: 16950: 16738: 13877: 13717: 13514: 9932: 9902: 8448:"Majority of Canadians are in favour of bringing back the death penalty, new poll suggests" 8299:"Gang rapists sentenced to death in India: Is capital punishment making a global comeback?" 7740: 7369: 7089: 6478:"Improvement as the Foundation of Liberty: Locke on Labour, Equality, and Civic Membership" 5497: 4946: 4643: 4406: 4013: 3725: 3692: 3508: 3506:. The U.S. Supreme Court abolished capital punishment for offenders under the age of 16 in 3374: 3323: 2557: 2224: 2199: 2033: 807: 626: 213: 193: 15985: 13158:

Texas Department of Criminal Justice: list of executed offenders and their last statements

11189: 10181: 8613:"Pleading the Belly: A Sparing Plea? Pregnant Convicts and the Courts in Medieval England" 8589: 8515: 8402: 6137: 5720:

Platonisme politique et théorie du droit naturel: Le platonisme politique dans l'antiquité

5693:

Platonisme politique et théorie du droit naturel: Le platonisme politique dans l'antiquité

4910: 4070:

In April 2023, legislation abolishing the mandatory death penalty was passed in Malaysia.

2368:. However, the ban only lasted 12 years. Following his conversion to Christianity in 988, 8: 17705: 17682: 17575: 17562: 17471: 17411: 17392: 17364: 17192: 17145: 15730: 14700: 14371: 13754: 13742: 13671: 13417: 13384: 13295: 12764:

The ethics of medical involvement in capital punishment : a philosophical discussion

12741: 12409:"Letter from MEPs on Human Rights Abuses in Bahrain in Light of EU Cooperation Agreement" 10391: 7520: 6057: 4871: 4504: 4290: 4274: 4005: 3499: 3334: 2464: 2387: 2244: 2049: 1781: 1470: 1462: 1334:

times the executions themselves often involved torture with painful methods, such as the

775: 562: 540: 354: 31: 14770: 13239: 13147: 12821:

The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia

12750:

Davis, David Brion. "The movement to abolish capital punishment in America, 1787–1861."

11531:

Butler, Ryden; Nyhan, Brendan; Montgomery, Jacob M.; Torres, Michelle (1 January 2018).

10875:"Singapore executes Malaysian on drugs charges after rejecting mental disability appeal" 10828:"Death penalty protest at Speakers' Corner as it reopens 2 years after Covid-19 closure" 9160: 6524:

Marcello Maestro, "A pioneer for the abolition of capital punishment: Cesare Beccaria."

5355: 5169: 2753:, Iran has had the world's highest per capita execution rate. A 2012 EU report from the 17308: 16957: 16918: 15993: 13914: 13826: 13682: 12943: 12939: 12806: 12578: 12299: 11762:"Will 2022 signal sea change in the death penalty for drugs?: Jakarta Post contributor" 11509: 10585: 9709: 9701: 8037: 7714: 6562: 6507: 6193: 6167: 6151: 5893: 5796: 5774: 5229: 5044:

allow for it only in exceptional situations (such as treason committed during wartime).

4901:

The world's major faiths have differing views depending on the religion, denomination,

4860: 4833: 4623: 4525: 4465: 4352: 4336: 4172: 4114:

Rape (China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Brunei, etc.)

3789: 3588: 3530: 3494:

and in the United States, an estimated 365 juvenile offenders were executed by various

3030: 2588:(SA) was modified so that the death sentence was changed to life imprisonment in 1976. 2535: 2507: 2400: 2369: 1964: 1956: 1881: 1601:

lays down the death penalty for murder, kidnapping, practicing magic, violation of the

1553: 1379: 1169: 758: 753: 718: 666: 656: 582: 453: 236: 231: 208: 203: 198: 123: 68: 17075: 15619: 15340: 13360: 13301: 12382: 12159:"Transfers of detainees: legal framework, non-refoulement and contemporary challenges" 11836: 11273: 11018: 10362: 8679: 8537: 7124: 7064: 6043: 4812:, Turkey made some legal changes. The death penalty was removed from peacetime law by 4540:

Capital punishment was abolished in the United Kingdom in part because of the case of

17911: 17806: 17737: 17597: 17592: 17550: 17258: 17021: 16986: 14755: 13454: 12992: 12968: 12935: 12891: 12870: 12846: 12825: 12810: 12768: 12716: 12682: 12636: 12615: 12582: 12574: 12518: 12106: 11736:"Singapore: Statement by the Spokesperson on the execution of Abdul Kahar bin Othman" 11554: 11501: 11497: 11470:

Eberhardt, J. L.; Davies, P. G.; Purdie-Vaughns, V. J.; Johnson, S. L. (1 May 2006).

11441: 11056: 10966: 10531: 10029: 9960: 9870: 9843: 9713: 9693: 9540: 9508: 9096: 9071: 9041: 8628: 8141: 7513:"Quick policy insight The death penalty in the Middle East and North Africa (page 6)" 7314: 7287: 7260: 7233: 7206: 7179: 7011: 6991: 6900: 6640: 6591: 6511: 6499: 6443: 6394: 6349: 6339: 6267: 6223: 6219: 6171: 6159: 6141: 6111: 6071: 6066: 6039: 6015: 6005: 5957: 5947: 5912: 5885: 5844: 5815: 5724: 5697: 5628: 5591: 5328: 5293: 5205: 5149: 5139: 4936: 4726: 4639: 4620: 4402: 4344: 4146: 4093: 3741: 3580: 3569: 3342: 2689: 2655: 2523: 2514:

Many countries have abolished capital punishment either in law or in practice. Since

2484: 2447: 2041: 1940: 1901: 1889: 1776:(618–907) when the death penalty was abolished. This was in the year 747, enacted by 1739: 1594: 1287: 1158: 997: 621: 602: 597: 329: 280: 270: 249: 118: 56:"Capital case" redirects here. For the written representation of some languages, see 17026: 12730: 12269: 11513: 10776: 9365: 8231: 6324:

Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World

4791:

Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

1924:

were the last two Englishmen to be executed for sodomy in 1835. In 1636 the laws of

1185: 17878: 17732: 17197: 17157: 16933: 16903: 13707: 13702: 13692: 13623: 13505: 13462: 13446: 12798: 12708: 12663: 12651: 12570: 12543: 12173: 12010: 11609: 11544: 11493: 11437: 10958: 10343: 9685: 9027: 8620: 7841: 7535: 7425: 6687: 6554: 6489: 6215: 6211: 6133: 6061: 5877: 5493: 4931: 4730: 4498: 4441: 4356: 4126:

Kidnapping (China, Singapore, Bangladesh, the US states of Georgia and Idaho, etc.)

4017: 3966: 3908: 3596: 3592: 3591:, capital punishment was generally, including for juveniles, abolished by 1849. In 3557: 3514: 3483: 3362: 2550: 2545: 2529: 2056: 1913: 1893: 1885: 1624: 1562: 1351: 1311: 1111: 975: 960: 787: 572: 567: 552: 466: 319: 173: 108: 17031: 13175: 11132: 6660: 4232: 4000:, made the death penalty mandatory for murder, though Singapore later changed its 2345: 2337: 17832: 17660: 17459: 17442: 17349: 17099: 17055: 17009: 16928: 16886: 13889: 13806: 13402: 13256: 13169: 13162: 13130: 12916: 12819: 12737: 12667: 12655: 11993: 11938:"'Inhumane': Critics slam US vote against UN resolution condemning death penalty" 10756: 10463: 10448: 10309:"Discussion of Recent Deterrence Studies | Death Penalty Information Center" 10216: 9300: 9293: 9190: 9103: 8956: 7035: 6894: 6423: 6372: 5748: 5718: 4906: 4804:. About 50 of them were executed, the last one 25 October 1984. Then there was a 4064: 3681: 3573: 2458:

blocked executions (the last was in 1769), Leopold promulgated the reform of the

2428: 2427:

More recent opposition to the death penalty stemmed from the book of the Italian

2391: 2300:, who condemned the attack. Since then, Pakistan has executed over 400 convicts. 2228: 2191: 2142: 1929: 1825: 1761: 1708: 1673: 1567: 1506: 1494: 1486: 1343: 1213: 723: 614: 609: 382: 128: 15765: 12802: 11106: 10395: 9269:"Man sentenced to death for killing mother, baby daughter in 1999 seeks retrial" 4887:

Mohammed Habib Al-Muqdad, the two European-Bahraini dual citizens on death row.

4750:

the death penalty for war crimes in 2012, becoming the last EU member to do so.

4047:

warning that drug trafficking is a capital crime in the Republic of China (2005)

3666:

Japan has not executed juvenile criminals after August 1997, when they executed

3643:

Iran, despite its ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and

3474: 1647: 17652: 17620: 17582: 17354: 17278: 16979: 16945: 16908: 14921: 13958: 13831: 13727: 13697: 13633: 13191:

U.S. and 50 State death penalty/capital punishment law and other relevant links

12687: 12607: 10853: 8769:

Straftheorie im Dritten Reich – Entwicklung des Strafgedankens im Dritten Reich

8756:

Straftheorie im Dritten Reich – Entwicklung des Strafgedankens im Dritten Reich

8498:"Massive jump in number of French people in favour of the death penalty – poll" 8156:"Covid, 2020 anno della paura. 43% degli italiani a favore della pena di morte" 8093: 7496: 6197: 5997: 5362: 4879: 4453: 4385: 4381: 4254: 4162: 3950: 3939: 3675: 3667: 3606: 3584: 2376:, along with torture and mutilation; corporal punishment was also seldom used. 2373: 2297: 2138: 2077: 1909: 1817: 1609: 1536: 1498: 1466: 1411: 1335: 1279: 1275: 1119: 1036: 708: 703: 681: 397: 183: 13225: 13153:

Updates on the death penalty generally and capital punishment law specifically

12177: 9928:"Malaysia passes sweeping legal reforms to remove the mandatory death penalty" 9583:"Haunting Images Emerge of Hamas Public Execution of 18 Alleged Collaborators" 8700:

General State Laws for the Prussian States (1794), Part 20, § 17, Part 1, § 25

8624: 8538:"Saudi Arabia ends executions for crimes committed by minors, says commission" 4476:" remained steady over the period of the study. A separate study published in 3595:, it was abolished for youth and young adults under the age of 20 in 1816. In 2092: 1632: 17900: 17842: 17779: 17677: 14749: 14363: 13882: 13732: 13502: 13458: 13405:: an Australian organisation opposed to the Death Penalty in the Asian region 12921: 12731:

Cutting the Hangman's Noose: African Initiatives to Abolish the Death Penalty

12522: 11884: 11558: 11549: 11532: 11373: 11225: 9697: 8949: 8936:"Iran executes female juvenile offender despite grossly unfair legal process" 8617:

Crossing Borders: Boundaries and Margins in Medieval and Early Modern Britain

7842:"Philippines death penalty: A fight to stop the return of capital punishment" 6503: 6121: 6075: 6053: 5961: 5889: 5573: 5297: 5153: 5135: 4960: 4631: 4541: 4502:) that lethal injection does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment. In 4397: 4348: 4307: 4282: 4208: 4189: 4060: 3737: 3538: 2929: 2750: 2439: 2223:

Various authoritarian states employed the death penalty as a potent means of

1731: 1704: 1700: 1617: 1570:

or blood money). One of the more modern refinements of the blood feud is the

1383: 1367: 1306: 1146: 933: 686: 651: 646: 592: 547: 13945: 11471: 11076: 7146: 6756:"Afghanistan: Afghan Taliban condemned 'un-Islamic' Pakistan school carnage" 6163: 2288:

which in December 2014 lifted a six-year moratorium on executions after the

2243:

publicly stated that "800,000" people had been executed in China during the

1853: 1722:'s allies when he attempted to seize power in December, 63 BC. Cicero, then 1251: 17630: 17399: 17387: 16877: 13643: 13354: 12860: 11577:"Justices Let Alabama Execute Death Row Inmate Who Wanted Imam By His Side" 11505: 10697: 10110: 8452: 6435: 6246: 6155: 6019: 4560: 4509: 4492: 4482:

in 2005 found that in 43% of cases of lethal injection, the blood level of

4432: 4373: 4315: 4262: 4250: 4220: 3970: 3671: 3617: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3460: 3338: 2853: 2714: 2515: 2349: 2179: 2171: 2110: 1820:

was used during the Middle Ages and was still in use into the 19th century.

1793: 1773: 1723: 1715: 1636: 1533: 1426: 1236: 1217: 1154: 1095: 828: 734: 698: 676: 557: 392: 265: 98: 13466: 13312: 12712: 10475: 10347: 9466:"Public Executions: Understand the "Cruel and Unusual Punishments" Clause" 8676:"Table of juvenile executions in British America/United States, 1642–1959" 6494: 4102:

Treason (a capital crime in most countries that retain capital punishment)

3587:, all juveniles were exempted from the death penalty at least in 1866. In 2556:

In the United Kingdom, it was abolished for murder (leaving only treason,

2166: 17742: 17635: 14759: 13872: 13712: 13687: 13677: 13638: 13531: 13416:, a 1900 photograph by William M. Vander Weyde, accompanied by a poem by 13032: 12947: 11395: 10558: 9613:"ISIS extremist reportedly kills his mother in public execution in Syria" 9287: 8012:"International Polls and Studies | Death Penalty Information Center" 7792: 7416: 5125: 4941: 4852: 4789:

There are also other international abolitionist instruments, such as the

4635: 4604: 4377: 4340: 4039: 3898:

Inert gas asphyxiation (Some U.S. states, Oklahoma, Mississippi, Alabama)

3278: 3255: 3055: 2572:(except for some military offences, with complete abolition in 1998); in 2454:, the first abolition in modern times. On 30 November 1786, after having 2395: 2236: 2155: 2126: 2122: 1998: 1843: 1757: 1745: 1430: 1395: 1391: 1355: 1339: 1221: 1150: 1123: 980: 918: 861: 856: 641: 631: 324: 223: 13435:

On death punishments: a paper read before the Dublin Statistical Society

11248:"Executed But Possibly Innocent | Death Penalty Information Center" 9116: 7661:"Belarus approves death penalty for officials convicted of high treason" 6260:

A Gay History of Britain: Love and Sex Between Men Since the Middle Ages

4701: 3748:

The following methods of execution have been used by various countries:

3628:

maintains that the death penalty for juveniles has become contrary to a

3620:

by all signatories with the exception of the United States (despite the

2073: 1812: 17625: 17605: 17371: 16969: 13836: 13800: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13774: 13486: 13124:

About.com's Pros & Cons of the Death Penalty and Capital Punishment

12783:

Ending the Death Penalty: The European Experience in Global Perspective

12755: 11291:. p. PART III EVIDENCE, ENFORCEMENT AND PUNISHMENT. Archived from 9705: 9673: 9117:"اختصاصی؛ حمیدرضا آذری، اعدام شده در زندان سبزوار، کمتر از ۱۸ سال داشت" 8472:"Slight Increase in Support for Death Penalty for Convicted Terrorists" 7867: 6566: 6529: 5897: 5865: 5111: 4859:

Among non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Amnesty International and

4774:

is the most recent country to ratify the protocol, on 19 October 2023.

4686:

15 November 2007 and was put to a vote in the Assembly on 18 December.

4478: 4448: 4332: 4331:

In the classic doctrine of natural rights as expounded by for instance

4242: 4185: 4168: 4129: 4009: 3927: 3721: 3629: 3444: 3381: 3081: 2459: 2240: 2002: 1978: 1912:), were often cruel in their punishments. In early modern England, the 1839: 1662: 1446: 1375: 1371: 1331: 1209: 1205: 938: 878: 873: 838: 833: 797: 422: 344: 168: 158: 103: 17138: 11684:"Man hanged in Singapore amid concern over surge of execution notices" 7511:

Calvieri, Anastasia; Hakala, Pekka; Bandone, Anete (4 December 2012).

5131:

Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI

4536: 17295: 17087: 16768: 13894: 13867: 13769: 13559: 13450: 9643:"Video: Taliban shoot woman 9 times in public execution as men cheer" 8590:"Stop Child Executions! Ending the death penalty for child offenders" 7864:"21-year-old man given death penalty for 2021 murder, arson in Japan" 6386: 6129: 5998:"Introduction: A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse" 5941: 5840: 5576:, "Whosoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed." 4965: 4627: 4573: 4393: 4266: 4088:

Other crimes that are punishable by death in some countries include:

3954: 3387:

According to an Amnesty International report released in April 2020,

3358: 3319: 2954: 2498: 2365: 2344:

In 724 AD in Japan, the death penalty was banned during the reign of

2187: 2183: 2146: 1897: 1873: 1735: 1684: 1502: 1474: 1319: 1193: 1173: 1165: 1052: 1047:. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is 1039:

ordering that an offender be punished in such a manner is known as a

985: 948: 895: 890: 885: 868: 843: 802: 671: 587: 303: 163: 93: 57: 13271: 13020:

Steiker, Carol S. "Capital punishment and American exceptionalism."

12009:. Office of the UN High Commissioner on Human Rights. Archived from 11533:"Revisiting white backlash: Does race affect death penalty opinion?" 11469: 11396:"Racial Bias | National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty" 11155: 9689: 7175:

Murder and Its Consequences: Essays on Capital Punishment in America

6558: 6258:

Cook, Matt; Mills, Robert; Trumback, Randolph; Cocks, Harry (2007).

5881: 4781: 4216:(ACLU), whose main purpose includes abolition of the death penalty. 2356:

and it lasted until 1156. In China, the death penalty was banned by

1963:

multiple times at the hands of Arab Muslim officials and rulers. As

417: 17670: 17615: 17268: 17121: 16974: 13899: 13811: 13348: 13342: 13135: 13089:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

10672:"Ethics – Capital punishment: Arguments against capital punishment" 7421: 4483: 4270: 4258: 4152:

Blasphemy (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, certain states in Nigeria)

4022: 3997: 3962: 3456: 2273: 1986: 1982: 1877: 1857:

The burning of Jakob Rohrbach, a leader of the peasants during the

1836: 1835:. During this period, there were widespread claims that malevolent 1719: 1620: 1613: 1558: 1497:

are punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world,

1434: 1407: 1387: 1197: 1181: 965: 955: 943: 928: 902: 851: 636: 523: 13511:

The Death Penalty: Why the Church Speaks a Countercultural Message

11423:"Persuasion and Resistance: Race and the Death Penalty in America" 10723: 7229:

Social Work and Human Rights: A Foundation for Policy and Practice

6353: 5615:. History-world.org. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010 5036:

have completely abolished capital punishment, while a few such as

17754: 13821: 13816: 13764: 13759: 13648: 13606: 13337: 13326: 13281: 13196:

Two audio documentaries covering execution in the United States:

11224:. National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty. Archived from 8736:

North German Confederation Criminal Law (1871), § 57 par. 1 nr. 1

7882:"Kazakhstan scraps death penalty after nearly 20-year moratorium" 7665: 5391:

A Record 120 Nations Adopt UN Death-Penalty Moratorium Resolution

4837: 4836:

countries that have recently abolished the death penalty include

4771: 4181: 4155: 3973:

in 1948, but starting in the 1990s, ad hoc tribunals such as the

3733: 3707:

as a welcome attempt to secure children's rights in the country.

3626:

UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights

3565: 3561: 3522: 3350: 3327: 3299: 3157: 3106: 2903: 2239:

of 1936 to 1938, almost all by a bullet to the back of the head.

2113:, justice came to be increasingly associated with the concept of 1925: 1917: 1905: 1884:, apparently recommended toppling a wall on the culprit, or else 1602: 1478: 1363: 1359: 1245: 1189: 1115: 1103: 970: 923: 148: 13549:: offers a Catholic perspective and provides resources and links 13439:

Journal of the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland

7065:"Capital punishment | Definition, Debate, Examples, & Facts" 6302:

Gay and Lesbian Educators: Personal Freedoms, Public Constraints

6184: 5535: 4840:, which abolished the death penalty for all crimes in 2009, and 4380:

and Kokila Annamalai and even the international groups like the

4320:

Reflections on the Guillotine, Resistance, Rebellion & Death

2423:

in 1786, making it the first country in modern history to do so.

2333: 2329:

Use of capital punishment by country § Abolition chronology

17749: 17303: 13424:

Lead prosecutor apologizes for role in sending man to death row

13372: 12955:

Is the Death Penalty Dying?: European and American Perspectives

12511:"Pope Francis Declares Death Penalty Unacceptable in All Cases" 7279: 6207: 6125: 5201:

A Dictionary of Modern English Usage: The Classic First Edition

4797: 4612: 3704: 3314: 3230: 3005: 2361: 2353: 2024: 2019: 2007: 1969: 1865: 1510: 1442: 1438: 1201: 1142: 530: 339: 298: 138: 27:

Killing a person as punishment for allegedly committing a crime

13302:

Clark County, Indiana, Prosecutor's Page on capital punishment

12934:, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 20, 22, 24. 12107:":: Multilateral Treaties – Department of International Law –" 11129:"The Innocence Project – News and Information: Press Releases" 10130:"The Anti-Sorcery Squad of Saudi Arabia – Mysterious Universe" 10007:"Duo who trafficked heroin escape gallows, get life in prison" 8807:

Publication Patent of the Austrian Criminal Law (1852), Art. 1

4052:

countries may retain the death penalty for symbolic purposes.

2511:

warfare" and all sentences were commuted and not carried out.

2215:

in retaliation for the assassination of 1 German policeman in

2154:

petty theft or stealing cattle. The severity of the so-called

1748:

was a form of punishment first employed by the Romans against

1742:, and especially for slaves, who were transferrable property. 13862: 12544:"Bahá'í Reference Library – The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Pages 203–204" 12445:"Death Penalty Development: A Conditional Advance of Justice" 11658:"Singapore hangs drug trafficker in resumption of executions" 5100:"The Abolition of Capital Punishment in Italy and San Marino" 4914: 4845: 4841: 4142: 3923: 3468: 3464: 3440: 3388: 3207: 3182: 3131: 2878: 2802: 2379:

In England, a public statement of opposition was included in

2013: 1872:) regarding the punishments of sodomy ordered by some of the 1666: 1628: 1501:

have imposed death sentences for offences such as cowardice,

1482: 1458: 1450: 1228: 1076: 12218:"Death Penalty: Hands Off Cain Announces Abolition in Gabon" 12192:"Burundi abolishes the death penalty but bans homosexuality" 11274:"Singapore – The death penalty: A hidden toll of executions" 10953:

Paternoster, Ray (29 September 2011). Tonry, Michael (ed.).

9867:"Malaysia to abolish death penalty; Bill may be tabled soon" 7392:"Amnesty: Almost 1,000 prisoners executed worldwide in 2017" 6987:

The Orthodox Church: An Introduction to Eastern Christianity

6288:

Chicago Whispers: A History of LGBT Chicago before Stonewall

4486:

was insufficient to guarantee unconsciousness. However, the

3384:

on 2 January 2021 after a moratorium dating back 2 decades.

3318:

retentionist countries are situated in Asia, Africa and the

2442:, of torture and the death penalty. Influenced by the book, 2109:

In the last several centuries, with the emergence of modern

1184:, along with crimes against the state such as attempting to 16015: 13378: 12686: 11530: 9247:"Japan hangs 2 inmates including man who killed 4 as minor" 9106:; BBCnews.co.uk; 6 December 2007; Retrieved 6 December 2007 8421:"Folha de S.Paulo: Notícias, Imagens, Vídeos e Entrevistas" 7554:. Singapore Democratic Party. 16 March 2010. Archived from 7471:"Zarif slams US silence on mass executions in Saudi Arabia" 5649:"capital punishment (law) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 5613:"Greece, A History of Ancient Greece, Draco and Solon Laws" 4902: 4298:, although it may be inflicted in Singapore, for example). 4135: 3452: 2979: 2826: 2762: 1974: 1677: 1571: 1544: 1454: 1418: 1232: 1161: 133: 13925:

Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations

13375:: American group dedicated to abolishing the death penalty 13355:

Amnesty International – Abolish the death penalty Campaign

10690: 9221:"Saudi Arabia ends death penalty for minors and floggings" 8922:"Annual report on the death penalty in Iran, October 2018" 7178:(2 ed.). Northwestern University Press. p. 143. 4821:

exceptions of Russia (which has entered a moratorium) and

2724:

Number of abolitionist and retentionist countries by year

2674:. Additionally, capital punishment is also carried out in 2501:

followed suit and abolished the death penalty in 1863 and

1639:

also used the death penalty for a wide range of offences.

1043:, and the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an 17133: 16882: 14800: 13014:

A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries

12926:

The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years

12509:

Povoledo, Elisabetta; Goodstein, Laurie (2 August 2018).

12470:

A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries

11815:"Journée contre la peine de mort : le monde décide!" 11632:"When will we stop killing "small people" who need care?" 11344:"Death Penalty and Race | Amnesty International USA" 11313: 10442:"The Death Penalty In 2011: Three Things You Should Know" 9957:

The Death Penalty for Drug Offences: Global Overview 2018

9366:"Methods of execution – Death Penalty Information Center" 9314:"UNICEF lauds move by Somalia to ratify child convention" 7335:"Abolitionist and Retentionist Countries as of July 2018" 6612:

The Story of Civilization, Volume IX: The Age of Voltaire

6583: 6117:

Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature

6101: 6099: 6097: 5484:

So common was the practice of compensation that the word

4552:

It is frequently argued that capital punishment leads to

3975:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

3380:

The most recent country to abolish the death penalty was

2539:(2002; death penalty unconstitutional for people with an 1932:

included a sentence of death for sodomy and buggery. The

1714:

A historic debate, followed by a vote, took place in the

782: 13390: 11833:"Abolish the death penalty | Amnesty International" 10581:"The Death Penalty Needs to Be an Option for Punishment" 9731:"The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law: Death Penalty" 9191:"Sri Lankan maid Rizana Nafeek beheaded in Saudi Arabia" 8649:"Execution of Juveniles in the U.S. and other Countries" 4949:, sometimes referred to as the "corporate death penalty" 4709:

affirms the prohibition on capital punishment in the EU.

4594: 1864:

The death penalty also targeted sexual offences such as

1449:

carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as

1390:. Other methods which appear only in legend include the 15649: 15370: 13546: 13226:

Singapore's Mandatory Death Penalty on Drug Trafficking

12924:, "The Last of His Kind" (review of John Paul Stevens, 10609:, film about retributive justice and capital punishment 9814:"Singapore completes review of mandatory death penalty" 9807: 9805: 9500:

Public Executions: From Ancient Rome to the Present Day

8780:

Constitutio Criminalis Theresiana (1770), § 6 par. 1, 2

8277:"Taiwan woman faces execution over fire that killed 46" 8116:"In U.S., 64% Support Death Penalty in Cases of Murder" 7578:"Indonesia: First Execution in 4 Years a Major Setback" 7492:"Iran Wins World Record for Most Executions Per Capita" 7310:

Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, Second Edition

6813:"Philippines Moves Closer to Reinstating Death Penalty" 6786:"465 prisoners sent to gallows since 2014, says report" 5588:

The Abolition of the Death Penalty in International Law

3886:, the People's Republic of China, Vietnam (after 2011)) 2761:

as having the highest per capita execution rate in the

13483:

Message supporting the moratorium on the death penalty

13409:

Winning a war on terror: eliminating the death penalty

10854:"Nagaenthran son of K Dharmalingam v Attorney-General" 10750:

Voluntary Euthanasia and the Inalienable Right to Life

9316:. Xinhua News Agency. 20 November 2009. Archived from 8385:"Why the death penalty won't solve SA's crime problem" 6257: 6094: 4825:, which are not members of the Council of Europe. The 3260: 3240: 3235: 3212: 3192: 3187: 3167: 3162: 3142: 3136: 3116: 3111: 3091: 3086: 3066: 3060: 3040: 3035: 3015: 3010: 2990: 2984: 2964: 2959: 2939: 2934: 2914: 2908: 2888: 2883: 2863: 2858: 2838: 2832: 2811: 2450:, abolished the death penalty in the then-independent 12387:

Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain

12059:"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 187" 12035:. Amnesty International. 9 April 2013. Archived from 11963:"U.N. Assembly calls for moratorium on death penalty" 11195:. Death Penalty Information Center. 9 December 2015. 10957:. The Oxford Handbook of Crime and Criminal Justice. 10223: 7552:"Heroin smuggler challenges Singapore death sentence" 7510: 6543:"Bentham's Utilitarian Critique of the Death Penalty" 6456: 6002:

A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse

5456:"Furman v. Georgia – MR. JUSTICE BRENNAN, concurring" 5356:"Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union" 4808:

moratorium on the death penalty in Turkey. As a move

3636:. A majority of countries are also party to the U.N. 16784:

White defendants executed for killing a black victim

10822: 10820: 9802: 9532: 9137:. Amnesty International. 12 May 2009. Archived from 6730:"Map: Which countries still have the death penalty?" 5943:

China's golden age everyday life in the Tang dynasty

5393:, 18 December 2018, Death Penalty Information Center 4800:, over 500 people were sentenced to death after the 4720:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

4273:

and genocide. This argument is strongly defended by

3938:"Capital crimes" redirects here. For the novel, see 3645:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

3638:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

3529:

in 1751 for children under the age of 11 and by the

1406:

compensation by the wrongdoer, corporal punishment,

1227:

The top 3 countries by the number of executions are

12598: 12476: 12244:"HANDS OFF CAIN against death penalty in the world" 10285:. Math.dartmouth.edu. 10 March 1973. Archived from 9896:Shelton, Tracey; Renaldi, Erwin (11 October 2018). 9161:"Saudi Arabia executes seven men for armed robbery" 9135:"Juveniles among five men beheaded in Saudi Arabia" 9072:"Iran Does Far Worse Than Ignore Gays, Critics Say" 8718:

Bavarian Criminal Law (1813), Art. 99, par. 1 nr. 1

7763:"HANDS OFF CAIN against death penalty in the world" 6290:. University of Wisconsin Press. 2012. p. 248. 5677: 4707:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

4680: Death penalty in legislation, but not applied 2352:abolished the death penalty under the influence of 2348:but the abolition only lasted a few years. In 818, 1284:

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

13043:. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 12984: 10380: 10079:"Idaho Statutes: Title 18: Crimes and Punishments" 9674:"Applying the Death Penalty to Crimes of Genocide" 8967: 8965: 8870:Swiss Military Criminal Law (1928), Art. 14 par. 1 7225: 6577: 4405:based on protection of human rights. However, the 4138:(Saudi Arabia, Iran, Qatar, Brunei, Nigeria, etc.) 37:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 15795: 13443:Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland 13250:Keep life without parole and death penalty intact 13073:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 12508: 11570: 11568: 10817: 9982:"A street urchin's journey to Death Row and back" 9030:, 17 September 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2008. 8514:. Internationaljusticeproject.org. Archived from 8094:"Troy Davis' execution and the limits of Twitter" 6432:The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book 5810:Melusky, Joseph Anthony; Pesto, Keith A. (2011). 5316: 5314: 4532:List of wrongful convictions in the United States 1967:, Christians under Muslim rule were subjected to 1129:Crimes that are punishable by death are known as 17898: 14951: 13988: 12818:Johnson, David T.; Zimring, Franklin E. (2009). 10773:"John Stuart Mill, Speech on Capital Punishment" 10360: 9889: 9749:"Understanding the International Criminal Court" 8403:"Study examines death penalty support in Mexico" 7198: 6703:"The Desperate Plight Behind "Darkness at Noon"" 6632: 6540: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6367: 6365: 6363: 4729:. The Council of Europe are willing to accept a 4368:In one of the most recent cases relating to the 4178:Arson (Algeria, Tunisia, Mali, Mauritania, etc.) 1322:has been used by nearly all societies since the 17005:Drug and precursor laws by country or territory 16822:National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty 13391:National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty 13334:International anti-death penalty campaign group 12104: 10209:"Cruel and Unusual: Executing the mentally ill" 8991: 8975:. Iranwpd.com. 10 February 2012. Archived from 8962: 7171: 6892: 5534:. Shot at Dawn Pardons Campaign. Archived from 5179: 4827:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe 4816:in August 2002, and in May 2004 Turkey amended 2702: States with a valid death penalty statute 14393: 13429: 12817: 12502: 12133:"Death Penalty Cannot be Reinstated in Turkey" 11565: 11420: 11051:. Archived from the original on 4 August 2007. 9922: 9920: 9895: 9859: 9831: 9561:"Death penalty statistics, country by country" 7607: 7605: 7603: 7441:"death sentences and executions 2009 (page 8)" 7364: 7362: 7306: 7273: 7252: 6313: 6311: 5717:Neschke, Ada Babette; Follon, Jacques (1995). 5690:Neschke, Ada Babette; Follon, Jacques (1995). 5311: 4440:in California formerly used for executions by 4203:Capital punishment debate in the United States 16863: 16827:Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment 16001: 15781: 15635: 15356: 14937: 14786: 14379: 13974: 13950: 13575: 13387:: Demanding a Moratorium on the Death Penalty 13309:– Famous Quotes supporting Capital Punishment 13240:Studies showing the death penalty saves lives 12560: 12482: 12465:"Book 6: Part V. The Fifth Commandment" 11812: 11414: 11370:"Racial Bias | Equal Justice Initiative" 10909:A Ride to India across Persia and Baluchistan 10532:"Does Death Penalty Save Lives? A New Debate" 9948: 9528: 9526: 9524: 9438:. Executions.justsickshit.com. Archived from 8973:"Iran changes law for execution of juveniles" 8825:Austrian Military Criminal Law (1855), § 3 d) 8745:German Criminal Law (1872), § 57 par. 1 nr. 1 8292: 8290: 6466:, at 269–71 (Charles B. Chavel trans., 1967). 6407: 6360: 6320:"Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam" 5716: 5689: 5324:Human rights law and practice, second edition 5165: 5163: 5047: 4608:core principle of denominational neutrality. 4603:In Alabama in 2019, a death row inmate named 2038:were executed under the Islamic death penalty 1286:prohibits the use of capital punishment. The 1243:, 111 countries have completely abolished it 1005: 496: 15754:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 13363:: Information on anti-death penalty policies 12953:Sarat, Austin and Juergen Martschukat, eds. 12628: 12325:"Lebanon: Don't Resurrect the Death Penalty" 10620:"New York Law School :: Robert Blecker" 10283:"John W. Lamperti | Capital Punishment" 10200: 10174: 10025:"Saudi Arabia executed six people yesterday" 8999:"مجازات قصاص برای افراد زیر 18 سال ممنوع شد" 8816:Austrian Military Criminal Law (1855), § 121 8709:Codex Iuris Bavarici Criminalis (1751), § 14 7936:"Egypt executes 11 prisoners amid criticism" 7791:. Cadpnet.com. 31 March 2012. Archived from 7681:"Why a world day against the death penalty?" 7300: 7283:Encyclopedia of Death & Human Experience 7219: 7090:"Death Sentences and Executions Report 2015" 6888: 6886: 6584:Mark Jones; Peter Johnstone (22 July 2011). 6534: 5809: 5430:"Criminal Justice: Capital Punishment Focus" 5185: 4844:which did the same in 2010. On 5 July 2012, 3399: 1947:between the 7th and 10th centuries suffered 1224:were an instrument of political repression. 13005: 12461: 10952: 9917: 9039: 8950:Convention of the Rights of the Child – FAQ 8879:Swiss Military Criminal Law (1979), Art. 14 8253:蕭, 承訓; 陳, 志賢; 郭, 建伸; 周, 毓翔 (17 July 2018). 7600: 7359: 7327: 7246: 7082: 6636:The criminal law of Japan: the general part 6547:The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 6475: 6308: 6243:The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline, and Fall. 6032: 5996:Ward, Richard (2015), Ward, Richard (ed.), 5070:abolished the death penalty in 1995, while 4870:An open letter led by Danish Member of the 4765: 4759: 4745: 4355:, in anticipation of an actual verdict. As 4080:Capital punishment for non-violent offenses 2390:, life was ensured as a basic right in its 2209:50 Poles tried and sentenced to death by a 2067: 1088: 1080: 1060: 16870: 16856: 16008: 15994: 15788: 15774: 15642: 15628: 15363: 15349: 14944: 14930: 14793: 14779: 14386: 14372: 13981: 13967: 13582: 13568: 13529: 13148:1000+ Death Penalty links all in one place 12866:Capital punishment: a balanced examination 12838: 12789:Hood, Roger (2001). "Capital Punishment". 12688:"Seventh Sunday: Capital Punishment" 12681: 11861:. Amnesty International. 9 December 2007. 10555:""Killing Time" | January 23rd, 2008" 10206: 9811: 9521: 9294:"Somalia to Ratify UN Child Rights Treaty" 8834:Helvetic Punishing Law (1799), § 48 par. 2 8287: 7417:"Singapore has highest death penalty rate" 7280:Clifton D. Bryant; Dennis L. Peck (2009). 7165: 7048:The death penalty: a worldwide perspective 6804: 5982: 5980: 5641: 5160: 4738:countries are classified as abolitionist. 4508:, the majority verdict – written by Judge 3979:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 2755:Directorate-General for External Relations 2419:), abolished the death penalty throughout 1943:, the Christian populations living in the 1012: 998: 503: 489: 13327:World Coalition Against the Death Penalty 13109:Learn how and when to remove this message 12485:"The Death Penalty Is a Failed Sacrifice" 12137:International Federation for Human Rights 11548: 11487: 11182: 10742: 9725: 9723: 9678:The American Journal of International Law 9496: 8798:Austrian Criminal Law (1852), §§ 2 d), 53 8172: 7987:"Can Norwegian punishment fit the crime?" 7613:"Abolitionist and retentionist countries" 7232:. Columbia University Press. p. 89. 7192: 6883: 6754:Sridharan, Vasudevan (17 December 2014). 6753: 6493: 6065: 5935: 5933: 4865:World Coalition Against the Death Penalty 4196: 2340:banned the death penalty in Japan in 724. 1842:were operating as an organised threat to 1314:about to be guillotined in France in 1894 1051:and is commonly referred to as being "on 17797:World Intellectual Property Organization 13369:International news on capital punishment 12883: 12632:Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook 11575:Schwartz, Matthew S. (8 February 2019). 11574: 11166:from the original on 11 September 2011. 10646:"Immanuel Kant, The Philosophy of Right" 10552: 10457:"Executions and Death Sentences in 2011" 10455:, 26 March 2012, in particular the map, 10184:. Amnesty International. 10 April 2013. 10182:"Death Sentences and Executions in 2012" 9959:. London: Harm Reduction International. 9778: 9776: 9459: 9457: 9024:Iranian activists fight child executions 8727:Prussian Criminal Law (1851), § 43 nr. 1 8173:Di Cesare, Donatella (5 December 2020). 6833: 6810: 6422: 6371: 5913:"Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Evidence" 5026: 4998: 4976:List of prisoners with whole life orders 4780: 4700: 4661: 4535: 4431: 4421: 4236: 4038: 3996:Some countries, including Singapore and 3720: 3624:decisions abolishing the practice). The 3473: 2719: 2688: 2406: 2332: 2204: 2165: 2087: 1852: 1811: 1752:, and throughout the Republican era was 1646: 1576: 1520: 1305: 16017:Capital punishment in the United States 13930:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 13287:The Paradoxes of a Death Penalty Stance 13176:Answers.com entry on capital punishment 12887:Capital Punishment – Point-counterpoint 12859: 12007:"Second Optional Protocol to the ICCPR" 11821:from the original on 15 September 2007. 11131:. Innoccenceproject.org. Archived from 10963:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195395082.001.0001 10476:"ACLU Capital Punishment Project (CPP)" 10233:. Amnesty International. Archived from 9954: 9812:Saad, Imelda; Ramesh, S (9 July 2012). 8566:. Amnesty International. Archived from 8355:"Youth 'want death penalty reinstated'" 8296: 8104:from the original on 23 September 2011. 7570: 7540:. London: Capital Punishments UK. 2022. 7340:. Amnesty International. Archived from 6896:13 ways of looking at the death penalty 6836:"Death penalty dead in Senate — Drilon" 5977: 5863: 5585: 5508:, ed. Alfred W. Pollard, et al. (1898). 5260:"Death Penalty 2021: Facts and Figures" 5097: 4981: 4035:Capital punishment for drug trafficking 2695:for certain federal and military crimes 2446:of Habsburg, the future emperor of the 2322: 1945:lands invaded by the Arab Muslim armies 1850:(between the 15th and 18th centuries). 1848:witch trials of the early modern period 14: 17899: 17802:World Intellectual Property Indicators 17326:Fictional pornography depicting minors 16774:Participation of medical professionals 14802:Capital punishment in the Middle East 13589: 13555:: Why The Death Penalty Is un-Islamic? 13030: 12335:from the original on 25 September 2015 12156: 11935: 11307: 11153: 10989:"Unusual Cruelty at the Supreme Court" 10542:from the original on 17 November 2015. 10529: 10519:from the original on 3 September 2015. 10311:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. Archived from 10118:from the original on 18 December 2016. 10103: 9720: 9593:from the original on 15 September 2014 9571:from the original on 31 December 2015. 8651:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. Archived from 8610: 8409:from the original on 28 December 2017. 8044:from the original on 18 September 2017 7649:from the original on 31 December 2015. 7459:from the original on 30 December 2020. 7256:An Introduction to Criminal Psychology 7205:. Oxford University Press. p. 3. 7202:The Handbook of Crime & Punishment 7004: 6317: 6203:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6038: 5930: 5834: 5327:. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 192. 5197: 5060: 4954:The Death Penalty: Opposing Viewpoints 4655: 4149:(Saudi Arabia, Iran, Afghanistan etc.) 3410:National Development Council of Taiwan 2735: Number of abolitionist countries 2729: Number of retentionist countries 2708: States without the death penalty 2381:The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards 2296:terrorists, a group distinct from the 1916:stipulated hanging as punishment for " 1543:Elaborations of tribal arbitration of 1241:56 countries retain capital punishment 16851: 15989: 15769: 15623: 15344: 14925: 14774: 14367: 13962: 13949: 13563: 13351:: Statistical information and studies 13313:Studies spur new death penalty debate 13009:"Book 6: On Capital Punishment" 12982: 12960: 12280:from the original on 28 February 2014 12250:from the original on 25 February 2014 12224:from the original on 25 February 2014 12198:from the original on 18 February 2014 12166:International Review of the Red Cross 11865:from the original on 15 February 2008 11430:American Journal of Political Science 11323:Northwestern University School of Law 11202:from the original on 12 December 2015 11083:from the original on 24 November 2010 10626:from the original on 2 September 2013 10593:from the original on 7 December 2016. 10430:from the original on 26 October 2015. 10363:"Why not all executions deter murder" 10361:Shepherd, Joanna (14 December 2005). 10162:from the original on 12 December 2020 9773: 9671: 9473:Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 9454: 9416:(in Norwegian). Amnesty International 9372:from the original on 25 February 2011 8902:from the original on 13 November 2008 8445: 7489: 7370:"Death sentences and executions 2022" 7118: 6727: 6105: 5659:from the original on 22 November 2012 5286:"Why Japan retains the death penalty" 5191: 5124: 4595:Racial, ethnic, and social class bias 4519: 4388:argued for Malaysian drug trafficker 3717:List of methods of capital punishment 3614:Convention on the Rights of the Child 3423: 2001:(for Christians, it was forbidden to 1939:Historians recognise that during the 1298:, with a view to eventual abolition. 1272:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 15371:Capital punishment in North America 13935:Capital punishment for homosexuality 13547:Catholics Against Capital Punishment 13542:. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 13475: 13349:The Death Penalty Information Center 13053: 12788: 12760: 12699: 12425:from the original on 10 October 2022 11911:"UN General Assembly – News Stories" 11891:from the original on 28 October 2012 11520:from the original on 31 August 2017. 11421:Peffley, Mark; Hurwitz, Jon (2007). 11350:from the original on 9 February 2014 11147: 10986: 10678:from the original on 9 February 2014 10388:"The High Cost of the Death Penalty" 10333: 10259:. Amnestyusa.org. 22 February 2008. 10140:from the original on 2 January 2017. 10085:from the original on 8 December 2020 10059:from the original on 9 December 2020 10037:from the original on 25 August 2017. 9782: 9761:from the original on 10 October 2022 9463: 9201:from the original on 16 January 2017 9171:from the original on 27 October 2013 9078:from the original on 22 October 2012 9064: 9052:from the original on 4 December 2012 8861:Zurich Criminal Law (1835), §§ 81–82 8789:Austrian Criminal Law (1803), § 2(d) 8564:"Executions of juveniles since 1990" 8252: 8185:from the original on 5 December 2020 7908:"Kazakhstan abolishes death penalty" 7789:"China Against Death Penalty (CADP)" 7769:from the original on 3 February 2014 7619:from the original on 9 February 2014 7372:. Amnesty International. 16 May 2023 6983: 6939: 6573:from the original on 31 August 2017. 5995: 5939: 5910: 5837:Crime and Punishment in Ancient Rome 5432:. criminaljusticedegreeschools.com. 5410:from the original on 27 January 2011 5406:. United Nations. 15 November 2007. 4991: 4927:Capital punishment for homosexuality 4045:Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport 3537:in 1871, which was continued by the 3430:Category:Executed juvenile offenders 2023:taxes, together with periodic heavy 2011:, Non-Muslims were obligated to pay 1491:countries that use the death penalty 1330:and incapacitation of criminals. In 1098:, but executions are carried out by 17785:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 15650:Capital punishment in South America 13513:by Kenneth R. Overberg, S.J., from 13282:The Death Penalty is Constitutional 13141:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13016:. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd. 12472:. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd. 11973:from the original on 17 April 2009. 11859:"UN set for key death penalty vote" 11105:. Mitglied.lycos.de. Archived from 10704:from the original on 30 August 2010 10327: 10263:from the original on 23 August 2017 9979: 9539:. SAGE Publications. pp. 4–5. 9394:(in Norwegian). Translate.google.no 9392:"Death penalty Bulletin No. 4-2010" 9042:"Iran rapped over child executions" 9017: 8460:from the original on 27 March 2023. 8427:from the original on 9 January 2018 8064:"U.S. Death Penalty Support at 60%" 7839: 7737:"Death Penalty – Council of Europe" 7707:"International Polls & Studies" 7537:Death sentences and executions 2022 7100:from the original on 14 August 2016 6747: 6138:10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0006 5436:from the original on 27 August 2017 5320: 5240:from the original on 22 August 2016 5174:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5009: 4917:faiths support capital punishment. 4755:European Convention on Human Rights 4733:as an interim measure. Thus, while 4716:American Convention on Human Rights 4028: 3902: 2654:Most nations, including almost all 2595: 2586:Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 2497:banned capital punishment in 1849. 2250: 2231:claimed that more than one million 2042:repudiation of the Islamic religion 51:Capital punishment (disambiguation) 24: 12674: 12157:Droege, Cordula (September 2008). 11314:Rountree, Meredith Martin (2014). 11254:from the original on 13 April 2012 10885:from the original on 27 April 2022 10760:The Tanner Lecture on Human Values 10730:from the original on 13 April 2013 10724:"Death Penalty News & Updates" 10500: 10482:from the original on 12 April 2013 10257:"The Death Penalty and Deterrence" 10106:"Saudi Arabia's War on Witchcraft" 9340:"Methodes of execution by country" 9303:, allAfrica.com, 20 November 2013. 9074:. Foxnews.com. 25 September 2007. 9001:. Ghanoononline.ir. Archived from 8335:from the original on 3 August 2014 8122:from the original on 29 April 2012 7286:. Sage Publications. p. 144. 6899:. Seven Stories Press. p. 5. 6867:. 29 December 2021. Archived from 6823:from the original on 2 March 2017. 6044:"HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW" 5904: 5866:"Freedom and Slavery in Roman Law" 5610: 5032:Most Latin American countries and 4890: 3945: 1833:European colonies in North America 1526:The Christian Martyrs' Last Prayer 1516: 25: 17933: 13858:Most recent executions by country 13530:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). 13492:Buddhism & Capital Punishment 13338:Campaign to End the Death Penalty 13245:Criminal Justice Legal Foundation 13049: 12964:World issues – Capital Punishment 12869:. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. 12483:Taylor Graham, E. (3 June 2021). 12082:. Treaties.un.org. Archived from 11936:Marcus, Josh (15 December 2022). 11887:. Wcd.coe.int. 16 November 2007. 11835:. Web.amnesty.org. Archived from 11817:(in French). Coalition Mondiale. 11636:Transformative Justice Collective 11288:Misuse of Drugs Act (CHAPTER 185) 11019:"Innocence and the Death Penalty" 10999:from the original on 4 April 2019 10915:from the original on 18 July 2011 10530:Liptak, Adam (18 November 2007). 9873:. 10 October 2018. Archived from 9783:Tang, Louisa (30 November 2018). 9346:from the original on 14 July 2011 9097:Iranian hanged after verdict stay 8852:Ticino Penal Code (1816), Art. 75 8843:Bern Criminal Law (1866), Art. 48 8611:Butler, Sara M. (21 March 2018). 8512:"Juvenile executions (except US)" 8229: 7153:from the original on 24 July 2010 6811:Villamor, Felipe (1 March 2017). 6766:from the original on 22 June 2018 6108:"Muhammad and Male Homosexuality" 5462:from the original on 18 July 2017 5404:"moratorium on the death penalty" 5198:Fowler, H. W. (14 October 2010). 4905:and the individual adherent. The 4111:Political protests (Saudi Arabia) 4073: 4025:and imprisonment of 30–40 years. 3878:Lethal injection (United States, 3549:, also generally, in 1949 and by 3512:(1988), and for all juveniles in 2618: Abolitionist countries: 109 2003:evangelise or spread Christianity 1642: 1094:, "head") refers to execution by 17812:International copyright treaties 16812:Death Penalty Information Center 15484:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15252:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 15022:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14810: 14754: 14745: 14744: 13520:Wrestling with the Death Penalty 13220: 13058: 13037:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 12612:Presses universitaires de France 12575:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2008.00105.x 12554: 12536: 12455: 12437: 12401: 12375: 12350: 12317: 12292: 12262: 12236: 12210: 12184: 12150: 12125: 12098: 12072: 12051: 12025: 11999: 11977: 11955: 11929: 11903: 11877: 11851: 11825: 11806: 11780: 11754: 11728: 11702: 11676: 11650: 11624: 11594: 11524: 11498:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01716.x 11463: 11442:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00293.x 11402:from the original on 2 June 2014 11388: 11362: 11336: 11279: 11266: 11240: 11214: 11173: 11156:"Casey Anthony Trial– Aftermath" 11121: 11095: 11069: 11037: 11025:from the original on 1 July 2008 11011: 10980: 10945: 10936: 10927: 10897: 10867: 10846: 10791: 10765: 10716: 10664: 10638: 10612: 10597: 10573: 10546: 10523: 10494: 10468: 10434: 10410: 10354: 10301: 10275: 10249: 10188:from the original on 4 July 2015 10144: 10122: 10097: 10071: 10041: 10017: 9999: 9980:Lum, Selina (24 November 2013). 9973: 9754:. International Criminal Court. 9741: 9665: 9653:from the original on 2 June 2016 9635: 9623:from the original on 31 May 2016 9605: 9575: 9553: 9490: 9428: 9406: 9384: 9358: 9332: 9306: 9261: 9239: 9213: 9183: 9153: 9127: 9109: 9090: 9033: 8942: 8928: 8914: 8882: 8873: 8864: 8855: 8846: 8837: 8828: 8819: 8810: 8801: 8792: 8783: 8774: 8761: 8748: 8739: 8730: 8721: 8712: 8703: 8694: 8667: 8641: 8604: 8582: 8556: 8530: 8504: 8490: 8464: 8439: 8413: 8395: 8377: 8365:from the original on 19 May 2014 8347: 8317: 8305:from the original on 6 July 2014 8297:Keating, Joshua (4 April 2014). 8269: 8246: 8223: 8197: 8166: 8148: 8134: 8108: 8086: 8056: 8030: 8018:from the original on 19 May 2014 8004: 7979: 7953: 7928: 7900: 7874: 7856: 7833: 7817:. Amnesty.org.uk. Archived from 7807: 7781: 7755: 7729: 7711:Death Penalty Information Center 7699: 7673: 7588:from the original on 28 May 2013 7490:Lynch, Colum (27 October 2015). 6927:from the original on 19 May 2011 6792:from the original on 6 July 2017 6541:Bedau, Hugo Adam (Autumn 1983). 6464:The Commandments, Neg. Comm. 290 6220:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_4677 6082:from the original on 17 May 2013 6067:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037 5504:, l. 4242 (1387–1400), repr. In 5488:is derived from the French word 5372:from the original on 29 May 2010 3933: 3728:prisoners being executed by the 3695:(ICU). In October 2008, a girl, 3292: 3271: 3248: 3223: 3200: 3175: 3150: 3124: 3099: 3074: 3048: 3023: 2998: 2972: 2947: 2922: 2896: 2871: 2846: 2819: 2795: 2636: Retentionist countries: 53 2603: 2050:blasphemy towards Muslim beliefs 2032:to Muslim households where they 416: 16817:Most recent executions by state 13910:Religion and capital punishment 13396:NSW Council for Civil Liberties 13272:Pro Death Penalty Resource Page 13262:Why the death penalty is needed 12890:(2nd ed.). Chelsea House. 12592: 12489:Homiletic & Pastoral Review 12113:from the original on 7 May 2014 11451:from the original on 3 May 2014 11190:"Facts about the Death Penalty" 10104:Jacobs, Ryan (19 August 2013). 9839:"Death penalty to be abolished" 9464:Blum, Steven A. (Winter 1992). 8476:Redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com 8232:"ET民調／92.1％民眾支持維持死刑 93％挺政府立即執行" 8118:. Gallup.com. 8 November 2010. 7653: 7639:"Error – Amnesty International" 7631: 7544: 7528: 7504: 7483: 7463: 7433: 7409: 7384: 7149:. Newsbatch.com. 1 March 2005. 7139: 7121:"History of Capital Punishment" 7112: 7057: 7040: 7021: 6984:Ware, Timothy (29 April 1993). 6977: 6913: 6853: 6834:Romero, Alexis; Romero, Paolo. 6827: 6788:. tribune.com.pk. 6 July 2017. 6778: 6721: 6695: 6679: 6653: 6626: 6617: 6604: 6526:Journal of the History of Ideas 6518: 6469: 6294: 6280: 6251: 6236: 6178: 5989: 5968: 5857: 5828: 5803: 5789: 5763: 5737: 5710: 5683: 5671: 5604: 5579: 5567: 5560:(primarily discusses Icelandic 5550: 5524: 5511: 5478: 5448: 5422: 5396: 5384: 5348: 4897:Religion and capital punishment 4876:Abdullatif bin Rashid Al Zayani 4673:Death penalty for homosexuality 4301: 4233:Revenge § Revenge dynamics 3701:Transitional Federal Government 2757:' policy department pointed to 2372:abolished the death penalty in 2161: 2034:were forced to convert to Islam 1734:. The custom was different for 1694: 1635:derives from Draco's laws. The 1348:hanging, drawing and quartering 1296:global moratorium on executions 1292:United Nations General Assembly 1204:. Also, in some cases, acts of 75:Criminal trials and convictions 43:Death sentence (disambiguation) 17874:List of international rankings 17848:Separation of church and state 16904:Candidacy for political office 15814:Federated States of Micronesia 14712:British Indian Ocean Territory 13385:American Civil Liberties Union 13343:Anti-Death Penalty Information 13307:In Favor of Capital Punishment 13187:TV programme documentary, 2008 12629:Kronenwetter, Michael (2001). 11813:Thomas Hubert (29 June 2007). 11608:. 28 July 2019. Archived from 11154:Lundin, Leigh (10 July 2011). 10987:Epps, Garrett (4 April 2019). 10775:. Sandiego.edu. Archived from 10648:. American.edu. Archived from 10213:Amnesty International Magazine 9436:"execution methods by country" 9414:"INFORMATION ON DEATH PENALTY" 9249:. Kyodo News. 19 December 2017 8767:Kasseckert, Christian (2009), 8754:Kasseckert, Christian (2009), 8446:Jiang, Kevin (17 March 2023). 7840:Jha, Preeti (16 August 2020). 6476:Kashiwazaki, Masanori (2021). 6318:Sahner, Christian C. (2020) . 6304:. Amethyst. 1997. p. 153. 5590:. Cambridge University Press. 5278: 5252: 5222: 5176:, access-date: 4 December 2022 5118: 5091: 4666:Same-sex intercourse illegal: 4586:Volunteer (capital punishment) 4464:introduced throat-cutting and 4226: 4214:American Civil Liberties Union 3790:Palestinian National Authority 3649:Stop Child Executions Campaign 3333:This was soon followed by the 2493:The short-lived revolutionary 2417:Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 2303:In 2017, two major countries, 1997:in that they were banned from 1807: 1665:(whose thought is reported by 365:Sexually violent predator laws 39:Death penalty (disambiguation) 13: 1: 15796:Capital punishment in Oceania 14953:Capital punishment in Africa 13990:Capital punishment in Europe 13853:Enforcement or use by country 13207: 9533:William J. Chambliss (2011). 9040:O'Toole, Pam (27 June 2007). 8592:. Amnesty International. 2004 7739:. Hub.coe.int. Archived from 6639:. F.B. Rothman. p. 289. 5506:The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer 5085: 5057:and some Caribbean countries. 4971:Capital punishment in Judaism 4579: 4117:Economic crimes (China, Iran) 4084:Capital punishment by country 2650:Capital punishment by country 2643: 2364:, replacing it with exile or 2233:Soviet citizens were executed 2133:, whose influential treatise 2083: 1608:A further example comes from 1586:Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld 1582:Beheading of John the Baptist 17198:Legality of assisted suicide 15609:United States Virgin Islands 13503:Lists several Catholic links 13494:from The Engaged Zen Society 13006:Slater S.J., Thomas (1925). 12946:to most meaningful forms of 12931:The New York Review of Books 12839:McCafferty, James A (2010). 12668:10.1017/CBO9780511841361.051 12656:10.1017/CBO9780511489273.006 12462:Slater S.J., Thomas (1925). 12358:"Presentation & History" 11398:. Ncadp.org. 18 March 1999. 10933:Borg and Radelet, pp. 144–47 10606:Robert Blecker Wants Me Dead 10503:"Home – Stanford Law Review" 9503:. Chartwell Books. pp. 8209:National Development Council 6760:International Business Times 6728:Duggal, Hanna; Ali, Marium. 6590:. Routledge. pp. 150–. 4428:Cruel and unusual punishment 4318:wrote in a 1956 book called 3983:International Criminal Court 3820:, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Liberia) 3653:Mahmoud Asgari, Ayaz Marhoni 3449:Democratic Republic of Congo 3347:Capital punishment in Europe 2046:reconversion to Christianity 1465:(formal renunciation of the 1262:) allow capital punishment. 1055:". Etymologically, the term 258:Cruel and unusual punishment 7: 17331:Simulated child pornography 16779:Race and capital punishment 14395:Capital punishment in Asia 13780:Hanged, drawn and quartered 13414:Electric Chair at Sing Sing 13357:: Human Rights organisation 13319: 13181:"How to Kill a Human Being" 13031:Willis, John Wiley (1911). 12928:, Little, Brown, 549 pp.), 12906:Social and Political Review 12824:. Oxford University Press. 12803:10.1177/1462474501003003001 12033:"The Death Penalty in 2012" 11162:. Orlando: Criminal Brief. 10698:"Abolish the death penalty" 10557:. Wweek.com. Archived from 10231:"Abolish the death penalty" 8758:, Logos: Berlin, pp. 99–100 8040:. Gallup. 24 October 2006. 7226:Elisabeth Reichert (2011). 6958:. p. 6. Archived from 6587:History of Criminal Justice 5946:. Oxford University Press. 5835:Bauman, Richard A. (2002). 5204:. OUP Oxford. p. 310. 4920: 4390:Nagaenthran K. Dharmalingam 3634:customary international law 2478:capital punishment in Italy 1804:execution had taken place. 1738:who did not hold rights as 1318:Execution of criminals and 10: 17938: 17690:Legality of cryptocurrency 17027:Legal status of Mephedrone 13533:"Capital Punishment" 13034:"Capital Punishment" 12979:for middle school students 12761:Gaie, Joseph B. R (2004). 12752:American Historical Review 9672:Ohlin, Jens David (2005). 8230:張, 乃文 (28 December 2019). 7313:. CRC Press. p. 188. 7259:. Routledge. p. 268. 6440:Jewish Publication Society 6391:Cambridge University Press 6336:Princeton University Press 6264:Greenwood World Publishing 5864:Shumway, Edgar S. (1901). 5517:Translated from Waldmann, 4894: 4634:for illegally trafficking 4583: 4529: 4523: 4462:Shah of Persia (1896–1907) 4458:Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar 4425: 4370:death penalty in Singapore 4230: 4200: 4077: 4032: 3937: 3906: 3867:, and in the US states of 3825:People's Republic of China 3714: 3710: 3535:North German Confederation 3427: 3339:socialist states in Europe 2749:and UN Special Rapporteur 2647: 2383:, written in 1395. In the 2326: 1922:James Pratt and John Smith 1880:, the first caliph of the 1656:Metropolitan Museum of Art 1623:was first written down by 1324:beginning of civilisations 1301: 1208:, aggravated robbery, and 460: English/Welsh courts 55: 47:Execution (disambiguation) 36: 29: 17868: 17820: 17763: 17698: 17651: 17591: 17561: 17521: 17484:Censorship of LGBT issues 17430: 17380: 17294: 17267: 17241: 17208: 17175: 17032:Legal status of Methylone 16995: 16896: 16832:Women executed since 1976 16799: 16749:Dual sovereignty doctrine 16726: 16583: 16314: 16023: 15905: 15882: 15801: 15728: 15655: 15584:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 15502: 15376: 15265: 15240: 14959: 14817: 14808: 14740: 14699: 14659: 14401: 14345: 14297: 14259: 13996: 13956: 13951:Links to related articles 13845: 13657: 13597: 13332:Death Watch International 13219: 13214: 12745:Washington College of Law 12449:catholicmoraltheology.com 12194:. Amnesty International. 12178:10.1017/S1560775508000102 11372:. Eji.org. Archived from 11061:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 10858:Singapore Court of Appeal 10700:. Amnesty International. 10510:www.stanfordlawreview.org 10367:Christian Science Monitor 9497:Cawthorne, Nigel (2006). 8625:10.1163/9789004364950_009 8257:. China Times Group. 中國時報 7615:. Amnesty International. 7199:Michael H. Tonry (2000). 6633:Dando Shigemitsu (1999). 6377:"The Reign of Antichrist" 5940:Benn, Charles D. (2004). 5870:The American Law Register 5633:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5586:Schabas, William (2002). 5110:(2): 240–251 – via 5098:Shipley, Maynard (1906). 4343:is observed, such as the 4136:Unlawful sexual behaviour 4120:Human trafficking (China) 4057:major depressive disorder 3988: 3556:In the Hereditary Lands, 3467:, the United States, and 3400:Modern-day public opinion 2773: 2770: 2436:On Crimes and Punishments 2294:Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan 2186:, absence without leave, 2135:On Crimes and Punishments 2103:On Crimes and Punishments 2036:. Many Christian martyrs 1728:Senatus consultum ultimum 17666:Mergers and acquisitions 17534:Children in the military 17188:Law enforcement killings 15960:Northern Mariana Islands 15604:Turks and Caicos Islands 15007:Central African Republic 14461:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 13599:Current judicial methods 13255:16 December 2011 at the 13168:13 November 2013 at the 13163:Death Penalty Worldwide: 12915:21 December 2019 at the 12791:Punishment & Society 12700:Bohm, Robert M. (2016). 12635:(2 ed.). ABC-CLIO. 12563:Law & Social Inquiry 11913:. Un.org. Archived from 11602:"Bahrain executes 3 men" 11550:10.1177/2053168017751250 11250:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. 11021:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. 10603:Schillinger, Ted (2007) 10462:17 February 2013 at the 10207:Dan Malone (Fall 2005). 9735:Médecins Sans Frontières 9479:(2): 415. Archived from 9368:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. 8234:. 東森新媒體控股股份有限公司. ETtoday 8014:. Deathpenaltyinfo.org. 7172:Leigh B. Bienen (2010). 6956:House of Representatives 6947: 6921:"Encyclopedia of Shinto" 6893:Mario Marazziti (2015). 6865:Government of Kazakhstan 6610:Durant, Will and Ariel, 6200:, eds. (1986). "Liwāṭ". 5678:Jean-Marie Carbasse 2002 4986: 4878:with the members of the 4830:seek the death penalty. 4802:1980 Turkish coup d'état 4438:San Quentin State Prison 4123:Corruption (China, Iran) 3892:Stoning (Nigeria, Sudan) 3889:Beheading (Saudi Arabia) 2562:arson in royal dockyards 2553:ban capital punishment. 2432:Dei Delitti e Delle Pene 2358:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 2290:Peshawar school massacre 2256:retain it, for example, 2115:natural and legal rights 2099:Dei delitti e delle pene 2068:Enlightenment philosophy 1991:religious discrimination 1949:religious discrimination 1934:Massachusetts Bay Colony 1892:is said to have ordered 1778:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 1772:There was a time in the 1767: 1489:and witchcraft. In many 1252:38 OECD member countries 1222:Great Purge of 1936–1938 114:Presumption of innocence 30:Not to be confused with 17792:Antarctic Treaty System 17506:Video gaming censorship 17455:Cartographic censorship 16914:Criminal responsibility 16754:Execution drug shortage 15925:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 14722:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13526:on AmericanCatholic.org 13401:15 October 2015 at the 13367:IPS Inter Press Service 13230:Government of Singapore 13198:Witness to an Execution 13129:18 January 2006 at the 12967:. Chrysalis Education. 12884:Marzilli, Alan (2008). 12693:Sermons from the Latins 11992:2 December 2021 at the 11543:(1): 2053168017751250. 11537:Research & Politics 11272:Amnesty International, 10911:. Explorion.net. 1901. 10755:21 October 2012 at the 10674:. BBC. 1 January 1970. 9955:Girelli, Giada (2019). 9299:3 December 2013 at the 9102:7 December 2007 at the 8955:25 January 2016 at the 8771:, Logos: Berlin, p. 100 8255:"本報民調 8成反廢死！8成6促盡速執行死刑" 7307:Cliff Roberson (2015). 7253:Russil Durrant (2013). 7052:Oxford University Press 6114:; Roscoe, Will (eds.). 5502:The Nun's Priest's Tale 4884:human rights in Bahrain 4694:North Korea, and Iran. 4353:including provisionally 4092:Firearm offences (e.g. 3959:crimes against humanity 3361:declared an end to its 2580:(although the state of 2541:intellectual disability 1616:legal system replacing 1599:The Torah/Old Testament 1282:(EU), Article 2 of the 1178:crimes against humanity 829:Avunculicide/Nepoticide 276:Indefinite imprisonment 17838:National legal systems 17405:International adoption 17183:Legality of euthanasia 15534:British Virgin Islands 14039:Bosnia and Herzegovina 13426:Shreveport Times, 2015 11049:Capital Defense Weekly 10501:Review, Stanford Law. 10134:mysteriousuniverse.org 8895:. Human Rights Watch. 6692:, New York, pp. 485–86 6528:34.3 (1973): 463–468. 6332:Woodstock, Oxfordshire 5723:. Peeters Publishers. 5696:. Peeters Publishers. 4786: 4766: 4760: 4746: 4710: 4682: 4554:miscarriage of justice 4549: 4444: 4366: 4329: 4246: 4197:Controversy and debate 4048: 3745: 3697:Aisha Ibrahim Dhuhulow 3686:Supreme Court of Japan 3479: 2774:Total executed (2022) 2737: 2710: 2568:Abolition occurred in 2452:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2424: 2341: 2220: 2175: 2119:Rational choice theory 2106: 1861: 1821: 1718:to decide the fate of 1659: 1589: 1540: 1315: 1089: 1081: 749:Voluntary manslaughter 714:Vehicle-ramming attack 335:Miscarriage of justice 17860:World Justice Project 17494:Television censorship 17438:Censorship by country 17286:Size of police forces 15908:and other territories 15474:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15167:São Tomé and Príncipe 15027:Republic of the Congo 13539:Catholic Encyclopedia 13522:by Andy Prince, from 13267:Pro Death Penalty.com 13040:Catholic Encyclopedia 12845:. AldineTransaction. 12713:10.4324/9781315673998 12304:Amnesty International 12246:. Handsoffcain.info. 12220:. Handsoffcain.info. 12105:Francisco J Montero. 11714:Amnesty International 11476:Psychological Science 11103:"Wrongful executions" 11079:. Justicedenied.org. 10453:Amnesty International 10418:"Death Penalty Facts" 10081:. Idaho Legislature. 9026:, Ali Akbar Dareini, 8100:. 23 September 2011. 7965:Amnesty International 7765:. Handsoffcain.info. 7449:Amnesty International 7094:Amnesty International 6614:New York, 1965, p. 71 6495:10.5206/ls.2021.11110 6428:"Under the New Order" 6328:Princeton, New Jersey 6042:(30 December 2012) . 5911:Zias, Joseph (1998). 5771:"Jean-Marie Carbasse" 5264:Amnesty International 5234:Amnesty International 4814:the National Assembly 4810:towards EU membership 4784: 4704: 4665: 4649:Amnesty International 4539: 4496:) and again in 2015 ( 4435: 4426:Further information: 4422:Non-painful execution 4409:and both Singapore's 4361: 4324: 4312:psychological torture 4240: 4042: 3839:, Ethiopia, Nigeria, 3724: 3527:Electorate of Bavaria 3477: 2723: 2692: 2444:Grand Duke Leopold II 2413:Grand Duke of Tuscany 2410: 2336: 2317:Kassym-Jomart Tokayev 2227:. Anti-Soviet author 2208: 2170:Mexican execution by 2169: 2091: 1995:religious persecution 1953:religious persecution 1856: 1815: 1652:The Death of Socrates 1650: 1580: 1524: 1309: 1267:Amnesty International 767:Non-criminal homicide 662:Murder for body parts 578:Depraved-heart murder 360:Sex offender registry 80:Rights of the accused 17775:International waters 17489:Political censorship 17338:Internet pornography 17037:Legal status of MPDV 16951:Mandatory retirement 16739:Death-qualified jury 16718:Scheduled executions 14906:United Arab Emirates 14636:United Arab Emirates 13553:Kashif Shahzada 2010 13515:AmericanCatholic.org 13079:improve this article 12983:Simon, Rita (2007). 12961:Woolf, Alex (2004). 12754:63.1 (1957): 23–46. 12736:20 July 2012 at the 12695:. Benziger Brothers. 12610:(in French). Paris: 11969:. 18 December 2007. 11077:"Executed Innocents" 10447:31 July 2013 at the 9933:ABC News (Australia) 8500:. 17 September 2020. 8361:. 22 February 2013. 7717:on 27 September 2007 7645:. 28 February 2015. 7119:Stratford, Stephen. 6923:. kokugakuin.ac.jp. 6060:. pp. 441–445. 6049:Encyclopædia Iranica 5498:The Canterbury Tales 5170:'Capital Punishment' 4982:Notes and references 4947:Judicial dissolution 4644:preventive detention 4574:urine drug screening 4514:deliberately inflict 4407:Singapore government 4014:Malaysian Government 3693:Islamic Courts Union 3509:Thompson v. Oklahoma 3496:colonial authorities 3375:Yamanashi prefecture 3324:Alexander Lukashenko 2558:piracy with violence 2323:History of abolition 2225:political oppression 2217:Nazi-occupied Poland 2200:running the gauntlet 1859:German Peasants' War 1352:burning at the stake 1186:overthrow government 1031:and formerly called 1027:, also known as the 808:Justifiable homicide 627:Lonely hearts killer 446:English/Welsh courts 374:Related areas of law 17706:Corporal punishment 17683:Corporate liability 17563:Freedom of movement 17472:Internet censorship 17393:Minors and abortion 17193:Legality of suicide 17146:Psilocybin mushroom 17015:Alcohol consumption 16791:Wrongful executions 15489:Trinidad and Tobago 15384:Antigua and Barbuda 15242:States with limited 14663:limited recognition 14260:States with limited 13743:Republican marriage 13672:Damnatio ad bestias 13373:Death Penalty Focus 13296:The Washington Post 13201:The Execution Tapes 13091:footnote references 12991:. Lexington Books. 12767:. Kluwer Academic. 12742:American University 12600:Jean-Marie Carbasse 12548:reference.bahai.org 12416:European Parliament 12331:. 10 October 2010. 12013:on 21 November 2007 10652:on 17 February 2014 10392:Death Penalty Focus 10348:10.1093/sf/57.2.683 10219:on 16 January 2009. 9442:on 14 November 2010 9005:on 13 February 2012 8144:. 15 December 2020. 7521:European Parliament 7034:20 May 2011 at the 6965:on 20 November 2022 6871:on 22 February 2022 6709:. 19 September 2019 6424:Stillman, Norman A. 6106:Wafer, Jim (1997). 6058:Columbia University 6052:. Vol. XII/4. 5458:. law.cornell.edu. 5104:American Law Review 4872:European Parliament 4834:Sub-Saharan African 4753:Protocol 13 to the 4656:International views 4569:Misuse of Drugs Act 4505:Bucklew v. Precythe 4472:The rate of these " 4454:long drop "hanging" 4296:corporal punishment 4291:life without parole 4275:New York Law School 3612:The United Nations 3500:American Revolution 2656:developed countries 2527:case, but the 1976 2467:. Leopolds brother 2465:Cities for Life Day 2388:Republic of Poljica 2245:Cultural Revolution 2030:sell them as slaves 1973:status (along with 1782:An Lushan Rebellion 1754:reserved for slaves 1750:slaves who rebelled 563:Consensual homicide 518:Part of a series on 355:Restorative justice 32:Corporal punishment 17907:Capital punishment 17360:Child sexual abuse 16879:Lists of countries 16837:Women on death row 16734:Botched executions 16328:Federal government 16031:Federal government 15424:Dominican Republic 13915:Wrongful execution 13827:Suffocation in ash 13683:Blowing from a gun 13591:Capital punishment 13136:Capital Punishment 12944:U.S. Supreme Court 12940:sovereign immunity 12842:Capital Punishment 12683:Bellarmine, Robert 12608:Que sais-je ? 12515:The New York Times 12329:Human Rights Watch 12039:on 29 October 2013 11839:on 11 October 2008 11346:. Amnestyusa.org. 11160:Capital Punishment 10955:Capital Punishment 10905:"Ispahan – Shiraz" 10805:. 11 November 2021 10726:. People.smu.edu. 10586:The New York Times 10561:on 24 January 2008 10536:The New York Times 10237:on 19 January 2008 9877:on 10 October 2018 9619:. 8 January 2016. 9589:. 22 August 2014. 9320:on 13 January 2010 9197:. 9 January 2013. 9123:. 9 December 2023. 8570:on 4 December 2012 8283:. 21 January 2022. 8281:The Times of India 8162:. 4 December 2020. 7870:. 18 January 2024. 7795:on 27 October 2012 7743:on 5 February 2014 7582:Human Rights Watch 6817:The New York Times 6685:Conquest, Robert, 6462:Moses Maimonides, 6442:. pp. 22–28. 6393:. pp. 20–37. 6132:. pp. 88–96. 6112:Murray, Stephen O. 6040:Rowson, Everett K. 5812:Capital punishment 5751:on 29 October 2020 5745:"La peine de mort" 5321:Das, J.K. (2022). 4861:Human Rights Watch 4851:The newly created 4787: 4711: 4683: 4624:Abdul Kahar Othman 4611:In July 2019, two 4550: 4526:Wrongful execution 4520:Wrongful execution 4488:U.S. Supreme Court 4474:botched executions 4466:blowing from a gun 4445: 4392:, who has been on 4247: 4245:in Germany in 1946 4049: 3746: 3677:Nagayama standards 3531:Kingdom of Bavaria 3504:federal government 3480: 3455:, Japan, Nigeria, 3424:Juvenile offenders 2738: 2711: 2536:Atkins v. Virginia 2425: 2370:Vladimir the Great 2342: 2221: 2176: 2107: 1965:People of the Book 1957:religious violence 1882:Rashidun Caliphate 1862: 1822: 1660: 1590: 1541: 1380:blowing from a gun 1316: 1170:aircraft hijacking 1075:, derived via the 1025:Capital punishment 793:Capital punishment 759:Vehicular homicide 754:Negligent homicide 719:Wrongful execution 657:Misdemeanor murder 583:Felony murder rule 245:Capital punishment 237:Dangerous offender 124:Self-incrimination 69:Criminal procedure 49:, and 18:Sentenced to death 17894: 17893: 17888: 17887: 17807:Foreign ownership 17551:Human trafficking 17546:Same-sex marriage 17529:Children's rights 17321:Child pornography 17259:Life imprisonment 16845: 16844: 16807:Death row inmates 16727:Issues and ethics 15983: 15982: 15975:Wallis and Futuna 15883:Associated states 15763: 15762: 15735:other territories 15617: 15616: 15506:other territories 15338: 15337: 15269:other territories 15042:Equatorial Guinea 14919: 14918: 14768: 14767: 14705:other territories 14361: 14360: 13943: 13942: 13920:Botched execution 13235: 13234: 13119: 13118: 13111: 13024:. 81 (2002): 97+ 13022:Oregon Law Review 12998:978-0-7391-2091-0 12974:978-1-59389-155-8 12936:John Paul Stevens 12897:978-0-7910-9796-0 12876:978-0-7637-3308-7 12852:978-0-202-36328-8 12831:978-0-19-533740-2 12774:978-1-4020-1764-3 12642:978-1-57607-432-9 12389:. 25 January 2021 12086:on 4 January 2014 11917:on 9 January 2009 11766:The Straits Times 11376:on 1 October 2012 11179:Van Norman p. 288 10942:Van Norman p. 287 10881:. 27 April 2022. 10860:. 16 April 2022. 10832:The Straits Times 10803:The Straits Times 10289:on 13 August 2001 10030:Independent.co.uk 9986:The Straits Times 9966:978-0-9935434-8-7 9871:Channel News Asia 9847:. 10 October 2018 9844:New Straits Times 9567:. 12 April 2013. 9514:978-0-7858-2119-9 9486:on 26 March 2014. 9342:. Nutzworld.com. 9275:. 30 October 2012 9167:. 13 March 2013. 8938:. 2 October 2018. 8924:. 8 October 2018. 8405:. 28 March 2017. 8331:. 3 August 2013. 7584:. 21 March 2013. 7396:www.aljazeera.com 7320:978-1-4987-2120-2 7293:978-1-4129-5178-4 7266:978-1-136-23434-7 7239:978-0-231-52070-6 7212:978-0-19-514060-6 7185:978-0-8101-2697-8 6997:978-0-14-192500-4 6906:978-1-60980-567-8 6597:978-1-4377-3491-1 6449:978-0-8276-0198-7 6400:978-0-521-34770-9 6345:978-0-691-17910-0 6338:. pp. 1–28. 6229:978-90-04-16121-4 6190:van Donzel, E. J. 6011:978-1-137-44401-1 5974:Benn, pp. 209–210 5821:978-1-4408-0057-3 5597:978-0-521-81491-1 5334:978-81-951611-6-4 5292:. 26 April 2022. 5211:978-0-19-161511-5 5186:Kronenwetter 2001 5145:978-0-307-74248-3 4992:Explanatory notes 4937:Execution chamber 4727:Council of Europe 4705:Article 2 of the 4640:COVID-19 pandemic 4621:Malay Singaporean 4403:life imprisonment 4372:, activists like 4345:right to property 4145:offences such as 4094:Arms Offences Act 3829:Republic of China 3742:Finnish Civil War 3581:Helvetic Republic 3570:Habsburg monarchy 3436:juvenile offender 3343:Council of Europe 3311: 3310: 2582:Western Australia 2578:Australia in 1973 2524:Furman v. Georgia 2485:Kingdom of Tahiti 2448:Holy Roman Empire 1941:Early Middle Ages 1890:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1886:burning him alive 1595:Code of Hammurabi 1288:Council of Europe 1274:, adopted by the 1033:judicial homicide 1022: 1021: 813:"License to kill" 622:Internet homicide 603:Child cannibalism 598:Human cannibalism 513: 512: 388:Criminal defenses 330:Habitual offender 281:Three-strikes law 271:Life imprisonment 250:Execution warrant 119:Exclusionary rule 16:(Redirected from 17929: 17922:Killings by type 17879:Lists by country 17733:Police brutality 17158:Salvia divinorum 17076:Amanita mushroom 16872: 16865: 16858: 16849: 16848: 16575:Washington, D.C. 16306:Washington, D.C. 16010: 16003: 15996: 15987: 15986: 15965:Pitcairn Islands 15935:French Polynesia 15920:Christmas Island 15849:Papua New Guinea 15829:Marshall Islands 15802:Sovereign states 15790: 15783: 15776: 15767: 15766: 15755: 15743:Falkland Islands 15657:Sovereign states 15644: 15637: 15630: 15621: 15620: 15574:Saint Barthélemy 15504:Dependencies and 15377:Sovereign states 15365: 15358: 15351: 15342: 15341: 15330: 15329:(United Kingdom) 15325:Tristan da Cunha 15321:Ascension Island 15313: 15300: 15291: 15267:Dependencies and 14960:Sovereign states 14946: 14939: 14932: 14923: 14922: 14814: 14795: 14788: 14781: 14772: 14771: 14758: 14748: 14747: 14717:Christmas Island 14403:Sovereign states 14388: 14381: 14374: 14365: 14364: 14298:Dependencies and 13997:Sovereign states 13983: 13976: 13969: 13960: 13959: 13947: 13946: 13629:Nitrogen hypoxia 13624:Lethal injection 13584: 13577: 13570: 13561: 13560: 13543: 13535: 13506:Priests for Life 13470: 13277:119 Pro DP Links 13224: 13223: 13212: 13211: 13114: 13107: 13103: 13100: 13094: 13062: 13061: 13054: 13044: 13036: 13017: 13011: 13002: 12990: 12978: 12901: 12880: 12856: 12835: 12814: 12778: 12726: 12696: 12690: 12646: 12625: 12604:La peine de mort 12587: 12586: 12558: 12552: 12551: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12506: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12467: 12459: 12453: 12452: 12441: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12430: 12424: 12413: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12379: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12354: 12348: 12347: 12342: 12340: 12321: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12296: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12240: 12234: 12233: 12231: 12229: 12214: 12208: 12207: 12205: 12203: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12172:(871): 669–701. 12163: 12154: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12129: 12123: 12122: 12120: 12118: 12102: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12076: 12070: 12069: 12067: 12065: 12055: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12029: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12003: 11997: 11981: 11975: 11974: 11959: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11933: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11907: 11901: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11881: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11870: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11829: 11823: 11822: 11810: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11784: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11773: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11732: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11706: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11680: 11674: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11654: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11589: 11587: 11572: 11563: 11562: 11552: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11491: 11467: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11450: 11427: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11366: 11360: 11359: 11357: 11355: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11320: 11311: 11305: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11283: 11277: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11218: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11201: 11194: 11186: 11180: 11177: 11171: 11170: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11099: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11073: 11067: 11066: 11060: 11052: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11015: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11004: 10984: 10978: 10976: 10949: 10943: 10940: 10934: 10931: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10901: 10895: 10894: 10892: 10890: 10871: 10865: 10864: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10839: 10824: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10795: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10769: 10763: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10720: 10714: 10713: 10711: 10709: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10642: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10616: 10610: 10601: 10595: 10594: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10550: 10544: 10543: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10507: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10472: 10466: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10422: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10398:on 28 April 2008 10394:. Archived from 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10331: 10325: 10324: 10322: 10320: 10315:on 29 April 2009 10305: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10279: 10273: 10272: 10270: 10268: 10253: 10247: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10215:. Archived from 10204: 10198: 10197: 10195: 10193: 10178: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10101: 10095: 10094: 10092: 10090: 10075: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10064: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10033:. 11 July 2017. 10021: 10015: 10014: 10013:. 20 April 2015. 10003: 9997: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9977: 9971: 9970: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9924: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9863: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9852: 9835: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9824: 9818:Channel NewsAsia 9809: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9780: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9760: 9753: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9727: 9718: 9717: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9639: 9633: 9632: 9630: 9628: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9579: 9573: 9572: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9530: 9519: 9518: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9470: 9461: 9452: 9451: 9449: 9447: 9432: 9426: 9425: 9423: 9421: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9399: 9388: 9382: 9381: 9379: 9377: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9351: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9325: 9310: 9304: 9291: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9265: 9259: 9258: 9256: 9254: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9187: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9141:on 11 March 2014 9131: 9125: 9124: 9121:ایران اینترنشنال 9113: 9107: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9037: 9031: 9028:Associated Press 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8984: 8979:on 29 April 2012 8969: 8960: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8901: 8894: 8886: 8880: 8877: 8871: 8868: 8862: 8859: 8853: 8850: 8844: 8841: 8835: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8817: 8814: 8808: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8790: 8787: 8781: 8778: 8772: 8765: 8759: 8752: 8746: 8743: 8737: 8734: 8728: 8725: 8719: 8716: 8710: 8707: 8701: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8678:. 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Archived from 8060: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8049: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7888:. 2 January 2021 7878: 7872: 7871: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7811: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7800: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7776: 7774: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7713:. Archived from 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7692: 7687:. 9 October 2015 7677: 7671: 7670: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7635: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624: 7609: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7558:on 23 March 2012 7548: 7542: 7541: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7517: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7479:. 24 April 2019. 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7445: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7429:. 5 August 2010. 7426:Associated Press 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7388: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7366: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7346: 7339: 7331: 7325: 7324: 7304: 7298: 7297: 7277: 7271: 7270: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7169: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7127:on 8 August 2010 7123:. Archived from 7116: 7110: 7109: 7107: 7105: 7096:. 5 April 2016. 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7061: 7055: 7044: 7038: 7025: 7019: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6972: 6970: 6964: 6953: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6890: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6876: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6699: 6693: 6690:: A Reassessment 6688:The Great Terror 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6615: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6538: 6532: 6522: 6516: 6515: 6497: 6473: 6467: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6420: 6405: 6404: 6373:Runciman, Steven 6369: 6358: 6357: 6315: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6292: 6291: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6255: 6249: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6212:Brill Publishers 6194:Heinrichs, W. P. 6182: 6176: 6175: 6103: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6069: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6026: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5975: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5937: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5861: 5855: 5854: 5843:. pp. 6–7. 5832: 5826: 5825: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5797:"1700 BC – 1799" 5793: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5773:. Archived from 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5747:. Archived from 5741: 5735: 5734: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5632: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5583: 5577: 5571: 5565: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5528: 5522: 5515: 5509: 5494:Geoffrey Chaucer 5482: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5371: 5360: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5167: 5158: 5157: 5128:(3 April 2018). 5122: 5116: 5115: 5095: 5079: 5064: 5058: 5051: 5045: 5030: 5024: 5013: 5007: 5002: 4932:Death in custody 4818:its constitution 4769: 4763: 4749: 4679: 4670: 4499:Glossip v. Gross 4442:lethal injection 4357:John Stuart Mill 4349:right to freedom 4029:Drug trafficking 3969:in 1946 and the 3967:Nuremberg Trials 3909:Public execution 3903:Public execution 3740:during the 1918 3622:US Supreme Court 3558:Austrian Silesia 3515:Roper v. Simmons 3492:Colonial America 3484:Guernsey Martyrs 3298: 3296: 3295: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3262: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3242: 3237: 3229: 3227: 3226: 3214: 3206: 3204: 3203: 3194: 3189: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3169: 3164: 3156: 3154: 3153: 3144: 3138: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3118: 3113: 3105: 3103: 3102: 3093: 3088: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3054: 3052: 3051: 3042: 3037: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3017: 3012: 3004: 3002: 3001: 2992: 2986: 2978: 2976: 2975: 2966: 2961: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2941: 2936: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2916: 2910: 2902: 2900: 2899: 2890: 2885: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2865: 2860: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2840: 2834: 2825: 2823: 2822: 2813: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2768: 2767: 2734: 2728: 2707: 2701: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2607: 2596:Contemporary use 2551:Washington, D.C. 2546:Roper v. Simmons 2530:Gregg v. Georgia 2251:Contemporary era 2062:burdens of proof 2057:Moses Maimonides 1914:Buggery Act 1533 1894:death by stoning 1658:in New York City 1530:Jean-Léon Gérôme 1495:financial crimes 1461:crimes, such as 1429:, such as rape, 1312:Auguste Vaillant 1278:in 1948. In the 1139:capital felonies 1135:capital offences 1112:lethal injection 1092: 1084: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1014: 1007: 1000: 976:Suspicious death 788:Assisted suicide 774:Note: Varies by 573:Crime of passion 568:Contract killing 553:Attempted murder 539:Note: Varies by 515: 514: 505: 498: 491: 477: 469: 461: 456: 448: 440: 421: 420: 320:Criminal justice 174:Directed verdict 65: 64: 21: 17937: 17936: 17932: 17931: 17930: 17928: 17927: 17926: 17897: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17889: 17884: 17883: 17864: 17833:Immigration law 17816: 17766: 17759: 17694: 17647: 17596: 17587: 17557: 17541:Intersex rights 17517: 17460:Film censorship 17443:Book censorship 17426: 17376: 17350:Sex trafficking 17290: 17263: 17237: 17204: 17171: 17056:Methamphetamine 16997: 16991: 16892: 16887:law enforcement 16876: 16846: 16841: 16795: 16722: 16579: 16319: 16317: 16310: 16019: 16014: 15984: 15979: 15907: 15901: 15884: 15878: 15859:Solomon Islands 15797: 15794: 15764: 15759: 15753: 15736: 15734: 15724: 15651: 15648: 15618: 15613: 15507: 15505: 15498: 15372: 15369: 15339: 15334: 15333: 15328: 15311: 15298: 15289: 15270: 15268: 15261: 15245: 15243: 15236: 14955: 14950: 14920: 14915: 14815: 14804: 14799: 14769: 14764: 14736: 14704: 14695: 14676:Northern Cyprus 14662: 14655: 14397: 14392: 14362: 14357: 14341: 14299: 14293: 14279:Northern Cyprus 14261: 14255: 14171:North Macedonia 13992: 13987: 13952: 13944: 13939: 13905:List of methods 13890:Final statement 13841: 13662: 13660: 13653: 13593: 13588: 13558: 13478: 13476:Religious views 13473: 13403:Wayback Machine 13322: 13317: 13257:Wayback Machine 13221: 13215:External videos 13210: 13205: 13170:Wayback Machine 13138:article in the 13131:Wayback Machine 13115: 13104: 13098: 13095: 13076: 13067:This section's 13063: 13059: 13052: 13047: 12999: 12975: 12917:Wayback Machine 12898: 12877: 12861:Mandery, Evan J 12853: 12832: 12775: 12738:Wayback Machine 12723: 12677: 12675:Further reading 12643: 12622: 12595: 12590: 12559: 12555: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12527: 12525: 12507: 12503: 12493: 12491: 12481: 12477: 12460: 12456: 12443: 12442: 12438: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12411: 12407: 12406: 12402: 12392: 12390: 12381: 12380: 12376: 12366: 12364: 12356: 12355: 12351: 12338: 12336: 12323: 12322: 12318: 12308: 12306: 12300:"Death Penalty" 12298: 12297: 12293: 12283: 12281: 12268: 12267: 12263: 12253: 12251: 12242: 12241: 12237: 12227: 12225: 12216: 12215: 12211: 12201: 12199: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12161: 12155: 12151: 12141: 12139: 12131: 12130: 12126: 12116: 12114: 12103: 12099: 12089: 12087: 12078: 12077: 12073: 12063: 12061: 12057: 12056: 12052: 12042: 12040: 12031: 12030: 12026: 12016: 12014: 12005: 12004: 12000: 11994:Wayback Machine 11982: 11978: 11961: 11960: 11956: 11946: 11944: 11942:The Independent 11934: 11930: 11920: 11918: 11909: 11908: 11904: 11894: 11892: 11883: 11882: 11878: 11868: 11866: 11857: 11856: 11852: 11842: 11840: 11831: 11830: 11826: 11811: 11807: 11797: 11795: 11786: 11785: 11781: 11771: 11769: 11760: 11759: 11755: 11745: 11743: 11742:. 30 March 2022 11734: 11733: 11729: 11719: 11717: 11716:. 30 March 2022 11708: 11707: 11703: 11693: 11691: 11690:. 30 March 2022 11682: 11681: 11677: 11667: 11665: 11664:. 30 March 2022 11656: 11655: 11651: 11641: 11639: 11638:. 28 March 2022 11630: 11629: 11625: 11615: 11613: 11612:on 29 July 2019 11600: 11599: 11595: 11585: 11583: 11573: 11566: 11529: 11525: 11489:10.1.1.177.3897 11468: 11464: 11454: 11452: 11448: 11436:(4): 996–1012. 11425: 11419: 11415: 11405: 11403: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11379: 11377: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11353: 11351: 11342: 11341: 11337: 11327: 11325: 11318: 11312: 11308: 11298: 11296: 11295:on 5 March 2016 11285: 11284: 11280: 11271: 11267: 11257: 11255: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11231: 11229: 11228:on 18 July 2019 11220: 11219: 11215: 11205: 11203: 11199: 11192: 11188: 11187: 11183: 11178: 11174: 11152: 11148: 11138: 11136: 11127: 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11101: 11100: 11096: 11086: 11084: 11075: 11074: 11070: 11054: 11053: 11043: 11042: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11017: 11016: 11012: 11002: 11000: 10985: 10981: 10973: 10950: 10946: 10941: 10937: 10932: 10928: 10918: 10916: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10888: 10886: 10873: 10872: 10868: 10852: 10851: 10847: 10837: 10835: 10826: 10825: 10818: 10808: 10806: 10797: 10796: 10792: 10782: 10780: 10771: 10770: 10766: 10762:, 1 April 1977. 10757:Wayback Machine 10748:Joel Feinberg: 10747: 10743: 10733: 10731: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10707: 10705: 10696: 10695: 10691: 10681: 10679: 10670: 10669: 10665: 10655: 10653: 10644: 10643: 10639: 10629: 10627: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10602: 10598: 10579: 10578: 10574: 10564: 10562: 10551: 10547: 10528: 10524: 10516: 10505: 10499: 10495: 10485: 10483: 10474: 10473: 10469: 10464:Wayback Machine 10449:Wayback Machine 10439: 10435: 10427: 10420: 10416: 10415: 10411: 10401: 10399: 10386: 10385: 10381: 10371: 10369: 10359: 10355: 10332: 10328: 10318: 10316: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10292: 10290: 10281: 10280: 10276: 10266: 10264: 10255: 10254: 10250: 10240: 10238: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10205: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10165: 10163: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10128: 10127: 10123: 10102: 10098: 10088: 10086: 10077: 10076: 10072: 10062: 10060: 10047: 10046: 10042: 10023: 10022: 10018: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9990: 9988: 9978: 9974: 9967: 9953: 9949: 9939: 9937: 9926: 9925: 9918: 9908: 9906: 9894: 9890: 9880: 9878: 9865: 9864: 9860: 9850: 9848: 9837: 9836: 9832: 9822: 9820: 9810: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9789:Today Singapore 9781: 9774: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9742: 9729: 9728: 9721: 9690:10.2307/3396668 9670: 9666: 9656: 9654: 9649:. 9 July 2012. 9641: 9640: 9636: 9626: 9624: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9596: 9594: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9559: 9558: 9554: 9547: 9531: 9522: 9515: 9495: 9491: 9483: 9468: 9462: 9455: 9445: 9443: 9434: 9433: 9429: 9419: 9417: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9397: 9395: 9390: 9389: 9385: 9375: 9373: 9364: 9363: 9359: 9349: 9347: 9338: 9337: 9333: 9323: 9321: 9312: 9311: 9307: 9301:Wayback Machine 9292: 9288: 9278: 9276: 9267: 9266: 9262: 9252: 9250: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9230: 9228: 9227:. 26 April 2020 9219: 9218: 9214: 9204: 9202: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9174: 9172: 9159: 9158: 9154: 9144: 9142: 9133: 9132: 9128: 9115: 9114: 9110: 9104:Wayback Machine 9095: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9038: 9034: 9022: 9018: 9008: 9006: 8997: 8996: 8992: 8982: 8980: 8971: 8970: 8963: 8957:Wayback Machine 8947: 8943: 8934: 8933: 8929: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8883: 8878: 8874: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8856: 8851: 8847: 8842: 8838: 8833: 8829: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8811: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8788: 8784: 8779: 8775: 8766: 8762: 8753: 8749: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8713: 8708: 8704: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8683: 8682:on 15 June 2006 8674: 8672: 8668: 8658: 8656: 8647: 8646: 8642: 8635: 8609: 8605: 8595: 8593: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8573: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8544:. 27 April 2020 8536: 8535: 8531: 8521: 8519: 8518:on 26 July 2011 8510: 8509: 8505: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8479: 8470: 8469: 8465: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8368: 8366: 8353: 8352: 8348: 8338: 8336: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8308: 8306: 8295: 8288: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8251: 8247: 8237: 8235: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8211:. 21 April 2016 8203: 8202: 8198: 8188: 8186: 8171: 8167: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8077: 8075: 8062: 8061: 8057: 8047: 8045: 8038:"Death Penalty" 8036: 8035: 8031: 8021: 8019: 8010: 8009: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7968: 7967:. 21 April 2021 7959: 7958: 7954: 7944: 7942: 7934: 7933: 7929: 7916: 7914: 7906: 7905: 7901: 7891: 7889: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7862: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7838: 7834: 7824: 7822: 7813: 7812: 7808: 7798: 7796: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7772: 7770: 7761: 7760: 7756: 7746: 7744: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7690: 7688: 7679: 7678: 7674: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7643:www.amnesty.org 7637: 7636: 7632: 7622: 7620: 7611: 7610: 7601: 7591: 7589: 7576: 7575: 7571: 7561: 7559: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7515: 7509: 7505: 7488: 7484: 7469: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7415: 7414: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7375: 7373: 7368: 7367: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7347:on 8 April 2021 7344: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7321: 7305: 7301: 7294: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7251: 7247: 7240: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7147:"Death Penalty" 7145: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7117: 7113: 7103: 7101: 7088: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7063: 7062: 7058: 7046:Roger G. Hood. 7045: 7041: 7036:Wayback Machine 7026: 7022: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6982: 6978: 6968: 6966: 6962: 6954:(in Japanese). 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6930: 6928: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6891: 6884: 6874: 6872: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6832: 6828: 6809: 6805: 6795: 6793: 6784: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6767: 6752: 6748: 6738: 6736: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6659: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6618: 6609: 6605: 6598: 6582: 6578: 6559:10.2307/1143143 6539: 6535: 6523: 6519: 6488:: 56–87–56–87. 6474: 6470: 6461: 6457: 6450: 6421: 6408: 6401: 6370: 6361: 6346: 6316: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6295: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6274: 6266:. p. 109. 6256: 6252: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6206:. Vol. 5. 6186:Bosworth, C. E. 6183: 6179: 6148: 6104: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6037: 6033: 6024: 6022: 6012: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5969: 5954: 5938: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5917:www.mercaba.org 5909: 5905: 5882:10.2307/3306244 5876:(11): 636–653. 5862: 5858: 5851: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5808: 5804: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5769: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5752: 5743: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5662: 5660: 5647: 5646: 5642: 5626: 5625: 5618: 5616: 5609: 5605: 5598: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5525: 5516: 5512: 5483: 5479: 5465: 5463: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5413: 5411: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5319: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5243: 5241: 5230:"Death Penalty" 5228: 5227: 5223: 5212: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5168: 5161: 5146: 5138:. p. 153. 5123: 5119: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5082: 5065: 5061: 5052: 5048: 5031: 5027: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4923: 4907:Catholic Church 4899: 4893: 4891:Religious views 4681: 4677: 4675: 4668: 4658: 4597: 4588: 4582: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4490:ruled in 2008 ( 4430: 4424: 4415:Court of Appeal 4396:at Singapore's 4304: 4241:Execution of a 4235: 4229: 4221:plea bargaining 4205: 4199: 4086: 4076: 4065:Cheong Chun Yin 4037: 4031: 4002:laws since 2013 3991: 3977:(ICTY) and the 3951:Atrocity crimes 3948: 3946:Atrocity crimes 3943: 3936: 3911: 3905: 3719: 3713: 3682:Takayuki Otsuki 3574:Austrian Empire 3498:and (after the 3487:her execution. 3432: 3426: 3402: 3293: 3291: 3272: 3270: 3249: 3247: 3224: 3222: 3201: 3199: 3176: 3174: 3151: 3149: 3125: 3123: 3100: 3098: 3075: 3073: 3049: 3047: 3024: 3022: 2999: 2997: 2973: 2971: 2948: 2946: 2923: 2921: 2897: 2895: 2872: 2870: 2847: 2845: 2820: 2818: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2787: 2782: 2780: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2709: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2608: 2598: 2429:Cesare Beccaria 2392:Poljica Statute 2331: 2325: 2253: 2229:Robert Conquest 2192:insubordination 2164: 2143:Charles Dickens 2131:Cesare Beccaria 2086: 2078:social contract 2070: 2044:and subsequent 1930:Plymouth Colony 1902:Abbasid caliphs 1810: 1770: 1709:voluntary exile 1697: 1654:(1787), in the 1645: 1568:trial by combat 1519: 1517:Ancient history 1507:insubordination 1487:Mofsed-e-filarz 1304: 1214:Judicial murder 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1018: 724:Judicial murder 615:Child sacrifice 610:Human sacrifice 509: 480: 472: 467:Canadian courts 464: 459: 454:Scottish courts 451: 443: 435: 427: 415: 402: 383:Civil procedure 369: 290:Post-sentencing 285: 254: 228: 178: 143: 129:Double jeopardy 61: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 17935: 17925: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17892: 17891: 17886: 17885: 17882: 17881: 17876: 17870: 17869: 17866: 17865: 17863: 17862: 17857: 17856: 17855: 17850: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17824: 17822: 17818: 17817: 17815: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17788: 17787: 17782: 17771: 17769: 17761: 17760: 17758: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17746: 17745: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17724: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17702: 17700: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17692: 17687: 17686: 17685: 17675: 17674: 17673: 17668: 17657: 17655: 17649: 17648: 17646: 17645: 17644: 17643: 17641:Riparian water 17633: 17628: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17602: 17600: 17589: 17588: 17586: 17585: 17580: 17579: 17578: 17567: 17565: 17559: 17558: 17556: 17555: 17554: 17553: 17548: 17538: 17537: 17536: 17525: 17523: 17519: 17518: 17516: 17515: 17514: 17513: 17503: 17502: 17501: 17491: 17486: 17481: 17480: 17479: 17469: 17468: 17467: 17457: 17452: 17451: 17450: 17440: 17434: 17432: 17428: 17427: 17425: 17424: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17408: 17407: 17397: 17396: 17395: 17384: 17382: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17369: 17368: 17367: 17362: 17355:Sexual assault 17352: 17347: 17342: 17341: 17340: 17335: 17334: 17333: 17328: 17313: 17312: 17311: 17300: 17298: 17292: 17291: 17289: 17288: 17283: 17282: 17281: 17279:Prisoner abuse 17273: 17271: 17265: 17264: 17262: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17245: 17243: 17239: 17238: 17236: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17214: 17212: 17206: 17205: 17203: 17202: 17201: 17200: 17190: 17185: 17179: 17177: 17173: 17172: 17170: 17169: 17168: 17167: 17166: 17165: 17155: 17154: 17153: 17143: 17142: 17141: 17131: 17130: 17129: 17119: 17118: 17117: 17112: 17107: 17097: 17096: 17095: 17085: 17084: 17083: 17070: 17065: 17064: 17063: 17053: 17052: 17051: 17041: 17040: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17019: 17018: 17017: 17007: 17001: 16999: 16993: 16992: 16990: 16989: 16984: 16983: 16982: 16980:Youth suffrage 16977: 16967: 16966: 16965: 16958:School-leaving 16955: 16954: 16953: 16943: 16942: 16941: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16906: 16900: 16898: 16894: 16893: 16875: 16874: 16867: 16860: 16852: 16843: 16842: 16840: 16839: 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16809: 16803: 16801: 16797: 16796: 16794: 16793: 16788: 16787: 16786: 16776: 16771: 16766: 16761: 16756: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16730: 16728: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16720: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16655: 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16625: 16620: 16615: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16589: 16587: 16581: 16580: 16578: 16577: 16572: 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16518:South Carolina 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16483:North Carolina 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16340: 16335: 16330: 16324: 16322: 16312: 16311: 16309: 16308: 16303: 16298: 16293: 16291:American Samoa 16288: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16236:South Carolina 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16201:North Carolina 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16033: 16027: 16025: 16021: 16020: 16013: 16012: 16005: 15998: 15990: 15981: 15980: 15978: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15955:Norfolk Island 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15915:American Samoa 15911: 15909: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15899: 15894: 15888: 15886: 15885:of New Zealand 15880: 15879: 15877: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15805: 15803: 15799: 15798: 15793: 15792: 15785: 15778: 15770: 15761: 15760: 15758: 15757: 15750: 15745: 15739: 15737: 15729: 15726: 15725: 15723: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15697: 15692: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15667: 15661: 15659: 15653: 15652: 15647: 15646: 15639: 15632: 15624: 15615: 15614: 15612: 15611: 15606: 15601: 15596: 15594:Sint Eustatius 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15539:Cayman Islands 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15510: 15508: 15503: 15500: 15499: 15497: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15461: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15380: 15378: 15374: 15373: 15368: 15367: 15360: 15353: 15345: 15336: 15335: 15332: 15331: 15314: 15301: 15292: 15278:Canary Islands 15274: 15273: 15271: 15266: 15263: 15262: 15260: 15259: 15254: 15248: 15246: 15241: 15238: 15237: 15235: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14963: 14961: 14957: 14956: 14949: 14948: 14941: 14934: 14926: 14917: 14916: 14914: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14818: 14816: 14809: 14806: 14805: 14798: 14797: 14790: 14783: 14775: 14766: 14765: 14763: 14762: 14752: 14741: 14738: 14737: 14735: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14708: 14706: 14697: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14667: 14665: 14657: 14656: 14654: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14407: 14405: 14399: 14398: 14391: 14390: 14383: 14376: 14368: 14359: 14358: 14356: 14355: 14353:European Union 14349: 14347: 14346:Other entities 14343: 14342: 14340: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14303: 14301: 14300:other entities 14295: 14294: 14292: 14291: 14286: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14265: 14263: 14257: 14256: 14254: 14253: 14248: 14246:United Kingdom 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14059:Czech Republic 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14000: 13998: 13994: 13993: 13986: 13985: 13978: 13971: 13963: 13957: 13954: 13953: 13941: 13940: 13938: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13886: 13885: 13880: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13855: 13849: 13847: 13846:Related topics 13843: 13842: 13840: 13839: 13834: 13832:Upright jerker 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13767: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13746: 13745: 13735: 13730: 13728:Disembowelment 13725: 13720: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13698:Breaking wheel 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13667: 13665: 13661:post-classical 13655: 13654: 13652: 13651: 13646: 13641: 13636: 13631: 13626: 13621: 13620: 13619: 13609: 13603: 13601: 13595: 13594: 13587: 13586: 13579: 13572: 13564: 13557: 13556: 13550: 13544: 13527: 13517: 13508: 13500: 13495: 13489: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13471: 13431:James Haughton 13427: 13421: 13411: 13406: 13393: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13364: 13361:European Union 13358: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13335: 13329: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13315: 13310: 13304: 13299: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13247: 13242: 13236: 13233: 13232: 13217: 13216: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13203: 13194: 13188: 13178: 13173: 13160: 13155: 13150: 13145: 13133: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13071:external links 13066: 13064: 13057: 13051: 13050:External links 13048: 13046: 13045: 13028: 13018: 13003: 12997: 12980: 12973: 12958: 12951: 12922:Rakoff, Jed S. 12919: 12902: 12896: 12881: 12875: 12857: 12851: 12836: 12830: 12815: 12797:(3): 331–354. 12786: 12779: 12773: 12758: 12748: 12727: 12721: 12697: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12659: 12647: 12641: 12626: 12620: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12588: 12569:(2): 295–343. 12553: 12535: 12501: 12475: 12454: 12436: 12400: 12374: 12349: 12316: 12291: 12261: 12235: 12209: 12183: 12149: 12124: 12097: 12071: 12050: 12024: 11998: 11976: 11954: 11928: 11902: 11876: 11850: 11824: 11805: 11794:. 3 March 2022 11779: 11768:. 6 April 2022 11753: 11740:European Union 11727: 11701: 11675: 11649: 11623: 11606:Daily Sun Post 11593: 11564: 11523: 11482:(5): 383–386. 11462: 11413: 11387: 11361: 11335: 11306: 11278: 11276:(January 2004) 11265: 11239: 11213: 11181: 11172: 11146: 11135:on 2 July 2010 11120: 11109:on 22 May 2009 11094: 11068: 11036: 11010: 10979: 10971: 10944: 10935: 10926: 10896: 10866: 10845: 10834:. 3 April 2022 10816: 10790: 10764: 10741: 10715: 10689: 10663: 10637: 10611: 10596: 10572: 10553:James Pitkin. 10545: 10522: 10493: 10467: 10433: 10409: 10379: 10353: 10342:(2): 683–687. 10326: 10300: 10274: 10248: 10222: 10199: 10173: 10143: 10121: 10096: 10070: 10040: 10016: 9998: 9972: 9965: 9947: 9936:. 3 April 2023 9916: 9888: 9858: 9830: 9801: 9772: 9740: 9719: 9684:(4): 747–777. 9664: 9634: 9604: 9587:The Algemeiner 9574: 9552: 9545: 9520: 9513: 9489: 9453: 9427: 9405: 9383: 9357: 9331: 9305: 9286: 9260: 9238: 9225:news.yahoo.com 9212: 9182: 9152: 9126: 9108: 9089: 9063: 9032: 9016: 8990: 8961: 8941: 8927: 8913: 8881: 8872: 8863: 8854: 8845: 8836: 8827: 8818: 8809: 8800: 8791: 8782: 8773: 8760: 8747: 8738: 8729: 8720: 8711: 8702: 8693: 8673:Rob Gallagher, 8666: 8655:on 13 May 2008 8640: 8633: 8603: 8581: 8555: 8529: 8503: 8489: 8478:. 7 April 2021 8463: 8438: 8412: 8394: 8376: 8346: 8316: 8286: 8268: 8245: 8222: 8205:"八成八民眾不贊成廢除死刑" 8196: 8181:(in Italian). 8165: 8147: 8133: 8107: 8085: 8055: 8029: 8003: 7978: 7952: 7940:Anadolu Agency 7927: 7899: 7873: 7855: 7832: 7821:on 5 June 2011 7806: 7780: 7754: 7728: 7698: 7672: 7652: 7630: 7599: 7569: 7543: 7527: 7503: 7497:Foreign Policy 7482: 7462: 7432: 7408: 7383: 7358: 7326: 7319: 7299: 7292: 7272: 7265: 7245: 7238: 7218: 7211: 7191: 7184: 7164: 7138: 7111: 7081: 7056: 7039: 7020: 7003: 6996: 6990:. Penguin UK. 6976: 6938: 6912: 6905: 6882: 6852: 6826: 6803: 6777: 6746: 6720: 6707:The New Yorker 6694: 6678: 6667:. 15 June 1992 6652: 6645: 6625: 6623:Durant, p. 72, 6616: 6603: 6596: 6576: 6553:(3): 1033–65. 6533: 6517: 6468: 6455: 6448: 6406: 6399: 6359: 6344: 6307: 6293: 6279: 6273:978-1846450020 6272: 6250: 6235: 6228: 6177: 6146: 6093: 6031: 6010: 5988: 5976: 5967: 5952: 5929: 5903: 5856: 5849: 5827: 5820: 5802: 5788: 5777:on 9 July 2023 5762: 5736: 5729: 5709: 5702: 5682: 5670: 5653:Britannica.com 5640: 5603: 5596: 5578: 5566: 5549: 5538:on 3 July 2006 5523: 5510: 5477: 5447: 5421: 5395: 5383: 5363:European Union 5347: 5333: 5310: 5277: 5251: 5221: 5210: 5190: 5178: 5159: 5144: 5117: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5059: 5046: 5025: 5008: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4950: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4922: 4919: 4895:Main article: 4892: 4889: 4880:European Union 4676: 4667: 4657: 4654: 4626:was hanged at 4596: 4593: 4584:Main article: 4581: 4578: 4524:Main article: 4521: 4518: 4423: 4420: 4386:European Union 4382:United Nations 4303: 4300: 4279:Robert Blecker 4255:torture murder 4228: 4225: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4179: 4176: 4175:(Saudi Arabia) 4166: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4075: 4074:Other offences 4072: 4033:Main article: 4030: 4027: 3990: 3987: 3947: 3944: 3940:Capital Crimes 3935: 3932: 3907:Main article: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3876: 3835:(until 2011), 3823:Shooting (the 3821: 3715:Main article: 3712: 3709: 3668:Norio Nagayama 3607:Hassan Rouhani 3585:canton of Bern 3490:Since 1642 in 3425: 3422: 3401: 3398: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3288: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3258: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3210: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3171: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3134: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3109: 3095: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3070: 3069: 3063: 3058: 3044: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3008: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2982: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2957: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2918: 2917: 2911: 2906: 2892: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2815: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2791: 2790: 2784: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2731: 2725: 2704: 2698: 2684:Islamic states 2648:Main article: 2645: 2642: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2574:France in 1981 2570:Canada in 1976 2495:Roman Republic 2440:social welfare 2385:post-classical 2324: 2321: 2298:Afghan Taliban 2252: 2249: 2163: 2160: 2139:Jeremy Bentham 2085: 2082: 2069: 2066: 1908:(most notably 1818:breaking wheel 1809: 1806: 1769: 1766: 1740:Roman citizens 1696: 1693: 1644: 1643:Ancient Greece 1641: 1610:Ancient Greece 1537:Circus Maximus 1518: 1515: 1499:courts-martial 1467:state religion 1412:tribal warfare 1336:breaking wheel 1303: 1300: 1280:European Union 1276:United Nations 1239:. As of 2021, 1131:capital crimes 1041:death sentence 1020: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1009: 1002: 994: 991: 990: 989: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 952: 951: 946: 936: 931: 926: 921: 913: 912: 908: 907: 906: 905: 900: 899: 898: 893: 883: 882: 881: 876: 866: 865: 864: 859: 854: 846: 841: 836: 831: 823: 822: 818: 817: 816: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 769: 768: 764: 763: 762: 761: 756: 751: 746: 744:In English law 738: 737: 731: 730: 729: 728: 727: 726: 716: 711: 709:Torture murder 706: 704:Thrill killing 701: 696: 695: 694: 692:Angel of mercy 684: 682:Pseudocommando 679: 674: 669: 667:Murder–suicide 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 618: 617: 607: 606: 605: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 534: 533: 527: 526: 520: 519: 511: 510: 508: 507: 500: 493: 485: 482: 481: 479: 478: 470: 462: 457: 449: 441: 432: 429: 428: 426: 425: 423:Law portal 412: 409: 408: 404: 403: 401: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 376: 375: 371: 370: 368: 367: 362: 357: 352: 350:Rehabilitation 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 306: 301: 295: 292: 291: 287: 286: 284: 283: 278: 273: 268: 262: 261: 260: 253: 252: 247: 241: 240: 239: 234: 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 190: 187: 186: 180: 179: 177: 176: 171: 166: 161: 155: 152: 151: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 85: 82: 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17934: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17917:Social policy 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17904: 17902: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17871: 17867: 17861: 17858: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17845: 17844: 17843:Religious law 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17828:Animal rights 17826: 17825: 17823: 17819: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17780:Admiralty law 17778: 17777: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17770: 17768: 17765:International 17762: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17744: 17741: 17740: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17708: 17707: 17704: 17703: 17701: 17697: 17691: 17688: 17684: 17681: 17680: 17679: 17676: 17672: 17669: 17667: 17664: 17663: 17662: 17659: 17658: 17656: 17654: 17650: 17642: 17639: 17638: 17637: 17634: 17632: 17629: 17627: 17624: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17603: 17601: 17599: 17594: 17590: 17584: 17581: 17577: 17574: 17573: 17572: 17569: 17568: 17566: 17564: 17560: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17543: 17542: 17539: 17535: 17532: 17531: 17530: 17527: 17526: 17524: 17520: 17512: 17509: 17508: 17507: 17504: 17500: 17497: 17496: 17495: 17492: 17490: 17487: 17485: 17482: 17478: 17475: 17474: 17473: 17470: 17466: 17463: 17462: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17449: 17446: 17445: 17444: 17441: 17439: 17436: 17435: 17433: 17429: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17417:Sterilization 17415: 17413: 17412:Human cloning 17410: 17406: 17403: 17402: 17401: 17398: 17394: 17391: 17390: 17389: 17386: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17373: 17370: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17357: 17356: 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17339: 17336: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17323: 17322: 17319: 17318: 17317: 17314: 17310: 17307: 17306: 17305: 17302: 17301: 17299: 17297: 17293: 17287: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17276: 17275: 17274: 17272: 17270: 17266: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17254:Incarceration 17252: 17250: 17249:Death penalty 17247: 17246: 17244: 17240: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17215: 17213: 17211: 17207: 17199: 17196: 17195: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17180: 17178: 17174: 17164: 17161: 17160: 17159: 17156: 17152: 17149: 17148: 17147: 17144: 17140: 17137: 17136: 17135: 17132: 17128: 17125: 17124: 17123: 17120: 17116: 17113: 17111: 17108: 17106: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17098: 17094: 17091: 17090: 17089: 17086: 17082: 17079: 17078: 17077: 17074: 17073: 17072:Psychedelics 17071: 17069: 17066: 17062: 17059: 17058: 17057: 17054: 17050: 17047: 17046: 17045: 17042: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17024: 17023: 17020: 17016: 17013: 17012: 17011: 17008: 17006: 17003: 17002: 17000: 16994: 16988: 16985: 16981: 16978: 16976: 16973: 16972: 16971: 16968: 16964: 16961: 16960: 16959: 16956: 16952: 16949: 16948: 16947: 16944: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16935: 16932: 16930: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16920: 16917: 16915: 16912: 16910: 16907: 16905: 16902: 16901: 16899: 16895: 16891: 16888: 16884: 16880: 16873: 16868: 16866: 16861: 16859: 16854: 16853: 16850: 16838: 16835: 16833: 16830: 16828: 16825: 16823: 16820: 16818: 16815: 16813: 16810: 16808: 16805: 16804: 16802: 16798: 16792: 16789: 16785: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16777: 16775: 16772: 16770: 16767: 16765: 16762: 16760: 16757: 16755: 16752: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16725: 16719: 16716: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16654: 16651: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16639: 16636: 16634: 16631: 16629: 16626: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16590: 16588: 16586: 16582: 16576: 16573: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16565:West Virginia 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16539: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16463:New Hampshire 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16428:Massachusetts 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16378: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16344: 16341: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16325: 16323: 16321: 16313: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16292: 16289: 16287: 16284: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16276:West Virginia 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16181:New Hampshire 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16141:Massachusetts 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16037: 16034: 16032: 16029: 16028: 16026: 16024:Jurisdictions 16022: 16018: 16011: 16006: 16004: 15999: 15997: 15992: 15991: 15988: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15950:New Caledonia 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15930:Easter Island 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15912: 15910: 15904: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15889: 15887: 15881: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15806: 15804: 15800: 15791: 15786: 15784: 15779: 15777: 15772: 15771: 15768: 15756: 15751: 15749: 15748:French Guiana 15746: 15744: 15741: 15740: 15738: 15732: 15727: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15688: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15662: 15660: 15658: 15654: 15645: 15640: 15638: 15633: 15631: 15626: 15625: 15622: 15610: 15607: 15605: 15602: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15501: 15495: 15494:United States 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15381: 15379: 15375: 15366: 15361: 15359: 15354: 15352: 15347: 15346: 15343: 15326: 15322: 15318: 15315: 15309: 15305: 15302: 15296: 15293: 15287: 15283: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15272: 15264: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15249: 15247: 15239: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15082:Guinea-Bissau 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14964: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14947: 14942: 14940: 14935: 14933: 14928: 14927: 14924: 14912: 14909: 14907: 14904: 14902: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14884: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14819: 14813: 14807: 14803: 14796: 14791: 14789: 14784: 14782: 14777: 14776: 14773: 14761: 14757: 14753: 14751: 14743: 14742: 14739: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14702: 14698: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14686:South Ossetia 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14668: 14666: 14664: 14658: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14408: 14406: 14404: 14400: 14396: 14389: 14384: 14382: 14377: 14375: 14370: 14369: 14366: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14344: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14312:Faroe Islands 14310: 14308: 14305: 14304: 14302: 14296: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14284:South Ossetia 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14258: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14131:Liechtenstein 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14005: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13995: 13991: 13984: 13979: 13977: 13972: 13970: 13965: 13964: 13961: 13955: 13948: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13884: 13883:Scharfrichter 13881: 13879: 13876: 13875: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13850: 13848: 13844: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13802: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13744: 13741: 13740: 13739: 13736: 13734: 13733:Dismemberment 13731: 13729: 13726: 13724: 13721: 13719: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13673: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13664: 13656: 13650: 13647: 13645: 13642: 13640: 13637: 13635: 13634:Electrocution 13632: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13618: 13615: 13614: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13604: 13602: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13585: 13580: 13578: 13573: 13571: 13566: 13565: 13562: 13554: 13551: 13548: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13534: 13528: 13525: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13484: 13481: 13480: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13436: 13432: 13428: 13425: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13404: 13400: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13386: 13383: 13380: 13377: 13374: 13371: 13368: 13365: 13362: 13359: 13356: 13353: 13350: 13347: 13344: 13341: 13339: 13336: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13314: 13311: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13297: 13292: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13254: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13237: 13231: 13227: 13218: 13213: 13202: 13199: 13195: 13192: 13189: 13186: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13171: 13167: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13128: 13125: 13122: 13121: 13113: 13110: 13102: 13092: 13088: 13087:inappropriate 13084: 13080: 13074: 13072: 13065: 13056: 13055: 13042: 13041: 13035: 13029: 13027: 13023: 13019: 13015: 13010: 13004: 13000: 12994: 12989: 12988: 12981: 12976: 12970: 12966: 12965: 12959: 12956: 12952: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12932: 12927: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12911: 12908:(2018): 98+. 12907: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12889: 12888: 12882: 12878: 12872: 12868: 12867: 12862: 12858: 12854: 12848: 12844: 12843: 12837: 12833: 12827: 12823: 12822: 12816: 12812: 12808: 12804: 12800: 12796: 12792: 12787: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12770: 12766: 12765: 12759: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12746: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12732: 12729:Curry, Tim. " 12728: 12724: 12722:9781315673998 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12703: 12698: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12680: 12679: 12669: 12665: 12660: 12657: 12653: 12648: 12644: 12638: 12634: 12633: 12627: 12623: 12621:2-13-051660-2 12617: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12601: 12597: 12596: 12584: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12564: 12557: 12549: 12545: 12539: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12512: 12505: 12490: 12486: 12479: 12471: 12466: 12458: 12450: 12446: 12440: 12421: 12417: 12410: 12404: 12388: 12384: 12378: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12346: 12334: 12330: 12326: 12320: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12279: 12275: 12274:Sudan Tribune 12271: 12265: 12249: 12245: 12239: 12223: 12219: 12213: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12160: 12153: 12138: 12134: 12128: 12112: 12108: 12101: 12085: 12081: 12075: 12060: 12054: 12038: 12034: 12028: 12012: 12008: 12002: 11995: 11991: 11987: 11980: 11972: 11968: 11964: 11958: 11943: 11939: 11932: 11916: 11912: 11906: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11864: 11860: 11854: 11838: 11834: 11828: 11820: 11816: 11809: 11793: 11789: 11783: 11767: 11763: 11757: 11741: 11737: 11731: 11715: 11711: 11705: 11689: 11685: 11679: 11663: 11659: 11653: 11637: 11633: 11627: 11611: 11607: 11603: 11597: 11582: 11578: 11571: 11569: 11560: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11527: 11519: 11515: 11511: 11507: 11503: 11499: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11466: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11424: 11417: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11375: 11371: 11365: 11349: 11345: 11339: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11269: 11253: 11249: 11243: 11227: 11223: 11217: 11198: 11191: 11185: 11176: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11150: 11134: 11130: 11124: 11108: 11104: 11098: 11082: 11078: 11072: 11064: 11058: 11050: 11046: 11040: 11024: 11020: 11014: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10974: 10972:9780195395082 10968: 10964: 10960: 10956: 10948: 10939: 10930: 10914: 10910: 10906: 10900: 10884: 10880: 10876: 10870: 10863: 10859: 10855: 10849: 10833: 10829: 10823: 10821: 10804: 10800: 10794: 10779:on 8 May 2013 10778: 10774: 10768: 10761: 10758: 10754: 10751: 10745: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10703: 10699: 10693: 10677: 10673: 10667: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10625: 10621: 10615: 10608: 10607: 10600: 10592: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10576: 10560: 10556: 10549: 10541: 10537: 10533: 10526: 10515: 10511: 10504: 10497: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10443: 10440:Brian Evans, 10437: 10426: 10419: 10413: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10383: 10368: 10364: 10357: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10336:Social Forces 10330: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10288: 10284: 10278: 10262: 10258: 10252: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10203: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10100: 10084: 10080: 10074: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10044: 10036: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10020: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9987: 9983: 9976: 9968: 9962: 9958: 9951: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9923: 9921: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9892: 9876: 9872: 9868: 9862: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9834: 9819: 9815: 9808: 9806: 9790: 9786: 9779: 9777: 9757: 9750: 9744: 9736: 9732: 9726: 9724: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9668: 9652: 9648: 9644: 9638: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9556: 9548: 9546:9781452266435 9542: 9538: 9537: 9529: 9527: 9525: 9516: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9493: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9460: 9458: 9441: 9437: 9431: 9415: 9409: 9393: 9387: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9302: 9298: 9295: 9290: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9248: 9242: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9156: 9140: 9136: 9130: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9105: 9101: 9098: 9093: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9025: 9020: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8978: 8974: 8968: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8945: 8937: 8931: 8923: 8917: 8898: 8891: 8885: 8876: 8867: 8858: 8849: 8840: 8831: 8822: 8813: 8804: 8795: 8786: 8777: 8770: 8764: 8757: 8751: 8742: 8733: 8724: 8715: 8706: 8697: 8681: 8677: 8670: 8654: 8650: 8644: 8636: 8634:9789004364950 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8591: 8585: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8543: 8539: 8533: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8499: 8493: 8477: 8473: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8442: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8391:. 9 May 2015. 8390: 8386: 8380: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8334: 8330: 8329:The Economist 8326: 8320: 8304: 8301:. Slate.com. 8300: 8293: 8291: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8256: 8249: 8233: 8226: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8151: 8143: 8137: 8121: 8117: 8111: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8089: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8059: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8017: 8013: 8007: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7941: 7937: 7931: 7924: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7843: 7836: 7820: 7816: 7810: 7794: 7790: 7784: 7768: 7764: 7758: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7702: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7656: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7606: 7604: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7557: 7553: 7547: 7539: 7538: 7531: 7523: 7522: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7498: 7493: 7486: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7466: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7442: 7436: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7412: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7343: 7336: 7330: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7311: 7303: 7295: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7276: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7249: 7241: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7222: 7214: 7208: 7204: 7203: 7195: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7168: 7152: 7148: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7085: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7030: 7024: 7017: 7016:9782955686010 7013: 7007: 6999: 6993: 6989: 6988: 6980: 6961: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6908: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6889: 6887: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6841: 6837: 6830: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6791: 6787: 6781: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6735: 6731: 6724: 6708: 6704: 6698: 6691: 6689: 6682: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6648: 6646:9780837706535 6642: 6638: 6637: 6629: 6620: 6613: 6607: 6599: 6593: 6589: 6588: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6482:Locke Studies 6479: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6451: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6402: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6312: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6283: 6275: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6196:; Lewis, B.; 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6147:9780814774687 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5983: 5981: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5953:0-19-517665-0 5949: 5945: 5944: 5936: 5934: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5850:9781134823949 5846: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5792: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5750: 5746: 5740: 5732: 5730:9789068317688 5726: 5722: 5721: 5713: 5705: 5703:9789068317688 5699: 5695: 5694: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5636: 5630: 5614: 5607: 5599: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5520: 5514: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5496:(1340–1400), 5495: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5387: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5351: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5325: 5317: 5315: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5290:The Economist 5287: 5281: 5266:. 24 May 2022 5265: 5261: 5255: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5194: 5188:, p. 202 5187: 5182: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5136:Vintage Books 5133: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5056: 5055:United States 5050: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4961:Shame culture 4959: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4792: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4773: 4768: 4764:, and Russia 4762: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4674: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4632:Changi Prison 4629: 4625: 4622: 4617: 4614: 4609: 4606: 4605:Domineque Ray 4601: 4592: 4587: 4577: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4555: 4547: 4546:John Christie 4543: 4542:Timothy Evans 4538: 4533: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4398:Changi Prison 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4308:right to life 4299: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4284: 4283:Immanuel Kant 4280: 4277:'s Professor 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4210: 4209:brutalization 4204: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4096:of Singapore) 4095: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4061:Yong Vui Kong 4058: 4053: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3994: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3941: 3934:Capital crime 3931: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3738:North Savonia 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3662: 3661:Rizana Nafeek 3657: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539:German Empire 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3485: 3476: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 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Sir 2393: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346:Emperor Shōmu 2339: 2338:Emperor Shōmu 2335: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2281: 2279: 2278:hotly debated 2275: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2168: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:nation states 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1999:proselytising 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:early caliphs 1871: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1819: 1814: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 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687:Serial killer 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 653: 652:Mass stabbing 650: 648: 647:Mass shooting 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 616: 613: 612: 611: 608: 604: 601: 600: 599: 596: 594: 593:Honor killing 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 548:Assassination 546: 545: 544: 543: 542: 536: 535: 532: 529: 528: 525: 522: 521: 517: 516: 506: 501: 499: 494: 492: 487: 486: 484: 483: 476: 471: 468: 463: 458: 455: 450: 447: 444: Not in 442: 439: 434: 433: 431: 430: 424: 419: 414: 413: 411: 410: 406: 405: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 378: 377: 373: 372: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 296: 294: 293: 289: 288: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 259: 256: 255: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 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13418:Jared Carter 13379:Reprieve.org 13294: 13291:Charles Lane 13139: 13105: 13096: 13081:by removing 13068: 13038: 13021: 13013: 12986: 12963: 12954: 12929: 12925: 12905: 12886: 12865: 12841: 12820: 12794: 12790: 12782: 12763: 12751: 12705: 12701: 12692: 12631: 12603: 12593:Bibliography 12566: 12562: 12556: 12547: 12538: 12526:. 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Retrieved 5224: 5215: 5200: 5193: 5181: 5129: 5126:Grann, David 5120: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5068:South Africa 5066:For example 5062: 5049: 5028: 5011: 5000: 4952: 4900: 4869: 4858: 4850: 4832: 4805: 4795: 4788: 4776: 4752: 4740: 4724: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4659: 4618: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4589: 4566: 4561:DNA evidence 4558: 4551: 4513: 4510:Neil Gorsuch 4503: 4497: 4493:Baze v. Rees 4491: 4477: 4470: 4446: 4436:A gurney at 4374:Jolovan Wham 4367: 4362: 4330: 4325: 4319: 4316:Albert Camus 4305: 4302:Human rights 4288: 4263:mass killing 4251:child murder 4248: 4243:war criminal 4218: 4206: 4087: 4069: 4054: 4050: 4043:Sign at the 3995: 3992: 3971:Tokyo Trials 3949: 3926:-controlled 3920: 3916: 3912: 3857:Saudi Arabia 3747: 3690: 3676: 3672:spree killer 3665: 3658: 3642: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3578: 3555: 3551:East Germany 3547:West Germany 3543:Nazi Germany 3541:in 1872. In 3520: 3513: 3507: 3489: 3481: 3461:Saudi Arabia 3435: 3433: 3418: 3414: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3386: 3379: 3371: 3355: 3332: 3312: 2854:Saudi Arabia 2739: 2715:World War II 2712: 2653: 2590: 2585: 2567: 2555: 2544: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2520: 2516:World War II 2513: 2492: 2489: 2482: 2480:completely. 2463:celebrating 2455: 2431: 2426: 2399: 2378: 2350:Emperor Saga 2343: 2313: 2302: 2282: 2270: 2254: 2222: 2212:Standgericht 2210: 2180:Nazi Germany 2177: 2172:firing squad 2162:20th century 2152: 2134: 2125:approach to 2108: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2071: 2054: 2018: 2012: 2006: 1968: 1938: 1869: 1863: 1830: 1823: 1802: 1798: 1794:slow slicing 1790: 1786: 1774:Tang dynasty 1771: 1744: 1724:Roman consul 1716:Roman Senate 1713: 1698: 1695:Ancient Rome 1689: 1682: 1671: 1661: 1612:, where the 1607: 1591: 1561: 1549:substitution 1548: 1542: 1525: 1424: 1416: 1400: 1364:slow slicing 1317: 1264: 1244: 1237:Saudi Arabia 1226: 1218:Soviet Union 1155:child murder 1138: 1134: 1130: 1128: 1102:, including 1100:many methods 1087: 1079: 1056: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1023: 792: 776:jurisdiction 773: 772: 735:Manslaughter 699:Spree killer 677:Proxy murder 558:Child murder 541:jurisdiction 538: 537: 393:Criminal law 315:Life licence 266:Imprisonment 244: 99:Speedy trial 62: 17743:Alcohol law 17728:LGBT rights 17661:Competition 17598:environment 17316:Pornography 17044:Cocaine use 16438:Mississippi 16363:Connecticut 16301:Puerto Rico 16156:Mississippi 16071:Connecticut 15839:New Zealand 15569:Puerto Rico 15479:Saint Lucia 15429:El Salvador 15244:recognition 15197:South Sudan 15087:Ivory Coast 14760:Asia portal 14661:States with 14581:Philippines 14521:South Korea 14516:North Korea 14411:Afghanistan 14327:Isle of Man 14262:recognition 14231:Switzerland 14166:Netherlands 13873:Executioner 13713:Crucifixion 13688:Brazen bull 13678:Blood eagle 13659:Ancient and 13639:Gas chamber 13185:BBC Horizon 13099:August 2022 12948:gun control 12781:Hammel, A. 12367:1 September 12339:1 September 12309:1 September 12284:11 February 12254:11 February 12228:11 February 12202:11 February 12117:11 February 12090:11 February 12043:11 February 11921:12 December 11895:12 December 11869:12 February 11843:12 December 11586:11 February 11380:11 February 11354:11 February 11222:"Innocence" 11206:23 December 10919:23 February 10682:11 February 9765:12 November 9536:Corrections 9446:23 February 9420:23 February 9398:23 February 9376:23 February 9350:23 February 9273:Japan Today 9205:11 February 9175:11 February 9145:11 February 9082:12 December 9056:12 December 9009:12 December 8619:: 131–152. 8596:12 February 8574:12 December 8189:16 November 7848:6 September 7799:12 December 7773:11 February 7747:11 February 7685:Equal Times 7623:11 February 7054:, 2002. p10 7029:pp. 420–422 6931:5 September 6770:17 December 6665:www.loc.gov 6198:Pellat, Ch. 6156:j.ctt9qfmm4 5663:12 December 5574:Genesis 9:6 5021:New Zealand 4942:Executioner 4853:South Sudan 4652:Singapore. 4636:diamorphine 4378:Kirsten Han 4341:due process 4257:, multiple 4227:Retribution 3859:, Bahrain, 3845:North Korea 3808:, Myanmar, 3770:South Korea 3754:Afghanistan 3568:within the 3392:shooting". 3367:Philippines 3279:North Korea 3256:Afghanistan 3056:South Sudan 2781:Punishments 2743:North Korea 2682:, and most 2411:Leopold I, 2396:Thomas More 2374:Kievan Rus' 2309:Philippines 2237:Great Purge 2235:during the 2156:Bloody Code 2127:criminology 2123:utilitarian 2105:), 1766 ed. 1910:al-Mu'tadid 1844:Christendom 1808:Middle Ages 1746:Crucifixion 1554:blood money 1431:fornication 1404:blood money 1396:brazen bull 1392:blood eagle 1356:crucifixion 1340:keelhauling 1220:during the 1151:mass murder 1070:of the head 981:Tyrannicide 919:Crucifixion 862:Neonaticide 857:Infanticide 642:Mass murder 632:Lust murder 325:Exoneration 17901:Categories 17576:In the air 17571:By country 17511:by country 17499:by country 17477:by country 17465:by country 17448:by country 17431:Censorship 17372:Sodomy law 17242:Punishment 17223:Households 17110:Annual use 17068:Opiate use 17022:Bath salts 16996:Drugs and 16946:Retirement 16560:Washington 16473:New Mexico 16468:New Jersey 16353:California 16271:Washington 16191:New Mexico 16186:New Jersey 16061:California 15564:Montserrat 15559:Martinique 15554:Guadeloupe 15409:Costa Rica 15299:(Portugal) 15257:Somaliland 15177:Seychelles 15142:Mozambique 15127:Mauritania 15112:Madagascar 15067:The Gambia 15002:Cape Verde 14876:Gaza Strip 14641:Uzbekistan 14616:Tajikistan 14531:Kyrgyzstan 14511:Kazakhstan 14431:Bangladesh 14421:Azerbaijan 14201:San Marino 14161:Montenegro 14141:Luxembourg 14121:Kazakhstan 14024:Azerbaijan 13837:Waist chop 13801:Mazzatello 13795:Ishikozume 13790:Impalement 13785:Immurement 13775:Guillotine 13723:Decimation 13487:Dalai Lama 13441:. Dublin: 13208:Supporting 12429:22 January 12393:25 January 12017:8 December 11947:30 January 11662:Yahoo News 10241:25 January 10156:Justia.com 10053:Justia.com 9909:11 October 9881:11 October 9851:11 October 8686:5 February 8431:10 January 8068:Gallup.com 7886:Al Jazeera 7868:Kyodo News 7844:. BBC News 7476:Al Jazeera 7351:3 December 7069:Britannica 6948:死刑制度に関する資料 6845:10 October 6739:19 January 6734:Al Jazeera 6354:2017956010 5781:27 October 5755:26 October 5217:execution. 5112:HeinOnline 5086:References 5078:retain it. 5015:including 4744:abolished 4731:moratorium 4580:Volunteers 4530:See also: 4479:The Lancet 4449:guillotine 4411:High Court 4337:Blackstone 4231:See also: 4201:See also: 4186:brigandage 4169:Witchcraft 4141:Religious 4130:Separatism 4078:See also: 4018:moratorium 4016:imposed a 4010:Kho Jabing 3955:war crimes 3630:jus cogens 3445:Bangladesh 3428:See also: 3382:Kazakhstan 3363:moratorium 3082:Bangladesh 2747:Al Jazeera 2644:By country 2503:San Marino 2460:penal code 2327:See also: 2241:Mao Zedong 2196:decimation 2084:Modern era 1979:Samaritans 1736:foreigners 1663:Protagoras 1447:bestiality 1419:blood feud 1376:mazzatello 1372:impalement 1332:pre-modern 1328:deterrence 1320:dissidents 1310:Anarchist 1210:kidnapping 1206:recidivism 1174:war crimes 1159:aggravated 939:Gendercide 879:Sororicide 874:Fratricide 848:Prolicide 839:Mariticide 834:Familicide 798:Euthanasia 345:Recidivism 219:Guidelines 184:Sentencing 169:Not proven 159:Conviction 104:Jury trial 89:Fair trial 17767:ownership 17716:At school 17678:Corporate 17422:Surrogacy 17296:Obscenity 17233:Ownership 17088:Ayahuasca 16963:in the US 16939:in the US 16769:Last meal 16764:Juveniles 16528:Tennessee 16418:Louisiana 16281:Wisconsin 16246:Tennessee 16151:Minnesota 16126:Louisiana 15809:Australia 15720:Venezuela 15665:Argentina 15549:Greenland 15464:Nicaragua 15439:Guatemala 15132:Mauritius 14880:West Bank 14872:Palestine 14727:Hong Kong 14681:Palestine 14606:Sri Lanka 14601:Singapore 14481:Indonesia 14317:Gibraltar 14136:Lithuania 13895:Last meal 13868:Death row 13770:Gibbeting 13644:Beheading 13467:Q28925851 13459:0081-4776 13451:2262/7759 13433:(1850). " 13083:excessive 12811:143875533 12583:142990687 12523:0362-4331 11559:2053-1680 11484:CiteSeerX 11139:23 August 11113:23 August 11087:23 August 11029:23 August 10708:23 August 10565:23 August 9714:145298403 9698:0002-9300 9324:23 August 8906:23 August 8659:23 August 8522:23 August 8179:La Stampa 7991:USA Today 7917:2 January 7892:2 January 7825:23 August 7157:23 August 7104:10 August 6512:250934172 6504:2561-925X 6387:Cambridge 6375:(1987) . 6172:141668547 6130:NYU Press 6076:2330-4804 5962:845680499 5890:1558-3562 5841:Routledge 5619:23 August 5521:, p. 147. 5440:27 August 5414:23 August 5376:23 August 5298:0013-0613 5244:23 August 5154:993996600 5042:Guatemala 5017:Australia 4966:Last meal 4867:in 2002. 4628:Singapore 4484:hypnotics 4394:death row 4267:terrorism 4161:Drinking 4156:Moharebeh 4105:Espionage 4099:Terrorism 3880:Guatemala 3849:Indonesia 3814:Sri Lanka 3810:Singapore 3752:Hanging ( 3726:Red Guard 3553:in 1952. 3359:Sri Lanka 3335:overthrow 3320:Caribbean 3031:Palestine 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16929:Majority 16919:Drinking 16890:rankings 16555:Virginia 16498:Oklahoma 16478:New York 16453:Nebraska 16443:Missouri 16433:Michigan 16423:Maryland 16413:Kentucky 16393:Illinois 16377:pre-1972 16368:Delaware 16358:Colorado 16348:Arkansas 16333:Military 16320:executed 16316:Lists of 16266:Virginia 16216:Oklahoma 16196:New York 16171:Nebraska 16161:Missouri 16146:Michigan 16136:Maryland 16121:Kentucky 16101:Illinois 16076:Delaware 16066:Colorado 16056:Arkansas 16036:Military 15824:Kiribati 15710:Suriname 15700:Paraguay 15685:Colombia 15514:Anguilla 15449:Honduras 15419:Dominica 15394:Barbados 15323: / 15319: / 15312:(France) 15306: / 15284: / 15280: / 15232:Zimbabwe 15207:Tanzania 15057:Ethiopia 15052:Eswatini 15032:Djibouti 14997:Cameroon 14982:Botswana 14750:Category 14671:Abkhazia 14621:Thailand 14576:Pakistan 14556:Mongolia 14551:Maldives 14546:Malaysia 14446:Cambodia 14337:Svalbard 14322:Guernsey 14269:Abkhazia 14216:Slovenia 14211:Slovakia 14186:Portugal 14044:Bulgaria 13900:Penology 13812:Scaphism 13750:Elephant 13738:Drowning 13718:Crushing 13612:Shooting 13463:Wikidata 13399:Archived 13320:Opposing 13253:Archived 13166:Archived 13127:Archived 12913:Archived 12863:(2005). 12734:Archived 12685:(1902). 12602:(2002). 12528:24 April 12494:24 April 12420:Archived 12333:Archived 12278:Archived 12248:Archived 12222:Archived 12196:Archived 12142:22 April 12111:Archived 11990:Archived 11971:Archived 11889:Archived 11863:Archived 11819:Archived 11798:16 April 11772:16 April 11746:16 April 11720:16 April 11694:16 April 11668:16 April 11642:31 March 11518:Archived 11514:15737940 11506:16683924 11446:Archived 11400:Archived 11348:Archived 11258:30 April 11252:Archived 11197:Archived 11164:Archived 11081:Archived 11057:cite web 11023:Archived 10997:Archived 10913:Archived 10889:27 April 10883:Archived 10838:16 April 10809:16 April 10753:Archived 10734:14 April 10728:Archived 10702:Archived 10676:Archived 10630:14 April 10624:Archived 10591:Archived 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7098:Archived 7032:Archived 7018:), p. 40 6925:Archived 6821:Archived 6790:Archived 6764:Archived 6571:Archived 6426:(1998). 6164:35526232 6122:New York 6086:13 April 6080:Archived 6054:New York 6020:27559562 5657:Archived 5629:cite web 5611:Robert. 5556:Lindow, 5460:Archived 5434:Archived 5408:Archived 5367:Archived 5238:Archived 5072:Botswana 4921:See also 4806:de facto 4767:de facto 4347:and the 4271:massacre 4265:such as 4259:homicide 4147:apostasy 4023:whipping 3998:Malaysia 3963:genocide 3953:such as 3884:Thailand 3869:Oklahoma 3786:Pakistan 3774:Malaysia 3618:ratified 3589:Fribourg 3518:(2005). 3457:Pakistan 3451:, Iran, 3307:Unknown 3286:Unknown 3265:Unknown 3217:Unknown 2765:region. 2508:Pedro II 2456:de facto 2307:and the 2286:Pakistan 2274:Michigan 2074:Lumières 1987:Mandeans 1983:Gnostics 1888:, while 1878:Abu Bakr 1826:medieval 1762:traitors 1720:Catiline 1621:oral law 1614:Athenian 1559:Norsemen 1532:(1883). 1463:apostasy 1435:adultery 1408:shunning 1388:scaphism 1198:sedition 1182:genocide 1108:shooting 1037:sentence 966:Regicide 961:Omnicide 956:Genocide 944:Femicide 929:Democide 903:Senicide 852:Filicide 637:Lynching 524:Homicide 398:Evidence 232:Totality 209:Periodic 17755:Slavery 17738:Smoking 17711:At home 17010:Alcohol 16998:alcohol 16987:Working 16924:Driving 16909:Consent 16585:By year 16570:Wyoming 16550:Vermont 16448:Montana 16398:Indiana 16383:Georgia 16373:Florida 16343:Arizona 16338:Alabama 16286:Wyoming 16261:Vermont 16166:Montana 16106:Indiana 16086:Georgia 16081:Florida 16051:Arizona 16041:Alabama 15970:Tokelau 15874:Vanuatu 15715:Uruguay 15690:Ecuador 15670:Bolivia 15544:Curaçao 15529:Bonaire 15524:Bermuda 15454:Jamaica 15434:Grenada 15389:Bahamas 15308:Réunion 15304:Mayotte 15295:Madeira 15290:(Spain) 15286:Melilla 15217:Tunisia 15187:Somalia 15172:Senegal 15157:Nigeria 15147:Namibia 15137:Morocco 15102:Liberia 15097:Lesotho 15047:Eritrea 15017:Comoros 14992:Burundi 14967:Algeria 14862:Lebanon 14822:Bahrain 14646:Vietnam 14561:Myanmar 14541:Lebanon 14471:Georgia 14426:Bahrain 14416:Armenia 14241:Ukraine 14191:Romania 14151:Moldova 14109:Ireland 14104:Iceland 14099:Hungary 14089:Germany 14084:Georgia 14074:Finland 14069:Estonia 14064:Denmark 14049:Croatia 14034:Belgium 14029:Belarus 14019:Austria 14014:Armenia 14009:Andorra 14004:Albania 13822:Stoning 13765:Garrote 13760:Flaying 13755:Falling 13708:Burning 13693:Boiling 13663:methods 13649:Stoning 13607:Hanging 13193:Megalaw 13077:Please 13069:use of 12785:(2014). 12109:. 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