1563:, or "Michfest", was a yearly music festival that took place every summer until 2015. Michfest was established in 1976 and was active supporter in the need for women to be separated at times from the "politics, institution, and culture of men. Michfest offered women not only the chance to 'live' feminism, but, as the quotes above testify, also acted as a way of educating women about feminist forms, in ways that can challenge the vilification of 'radical lesbian separatism'."
3740:
1287:(Oikabeth). Radical lesbianism arose in Chile in 1984 in response to national conditions resulting from the dictatorship. Costa Rica developed a radical lesbianism movement in 1986. During the 1980s and 1990s, life for lesbians in Latin America was difficult because of lesbophobic repression across the region. Consequently, the communities in Mexico, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico, Argentina and Brazil began working more closely together on shared goals.
916:
1661:), separatism impedes the building of alliances with men of color". Smith writes that race places lesbians of color in a different relation to men as white lesbians as "white women with class privilege don't share oppression with white men. They're in a critical and antagonistic position whereas Black women and other women of color definitely share oppressed situations with men of their race". Smith makes a distinction between the
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is treated with controversy (or as she suggests, hysteria). Male separatism on the other hand (one might consider gentleman's clubs, labor unions, sports teams, the military, and more arguably decision-making positions in general) is seen as quite a normal, even expedient phenomenon, while it is mostly not practiced self-consciously.
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result of issues arising from broader and nationally specifically cultural narratives around women. Some of them are created independently in response to these needs, while others draw inspiration from radical movements in other countries. This results in no single history of radical lesbianism, but of separate national struggles.
1008:. Echols argues that "...the introduction of (homo)sex troubled many heterosexual feminists who had found in the women's movement a welcome respite from sexuality." Echols considered separatism as a lesbian strategy to untie lesbianism from sex so heterosexual women in the feminist movement felt more comfortable.
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Lesbian and feminist separatism have inspired the creation of art and culture reflective of its visions of female-centered societies. An important and sustaining aspect of lesbian separatism was the building of alternative community through "creating organizations, institutions and social spaces ...
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recommended that lesbian separatists relate "only (with) women who cut their ties to male privilege" and suggest that "as long as women still benefit from heterosexuality, receive its privileges and security, they will at some point have to betray their sisters, especially
Lesbian sisters who do not
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she posits female separatism as a strategy practiced by all women, at some point, and present in many feminist projects (one might cite women's refuges, electoral quotas or Women's
Studies programmes). She argues that it is only when women practice it self-consciously as separation from men, that it
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on these separate plots of land, which is the connection between the oppression of women and the oppression of nature by men. Access to temporary free land was often found through women's music festivals, where lesbians would network and strategized their plans for lesbian land. Lesbian separatism
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describes feminist separatism as "separation of various sorts or modes from men and from institutions, relationships, roles and activities that are male-defined, male-dominated, and operating for the benefit of males and the maintenance of male privilege – this separation being initiated or
1577:, and Helaine Harris and was originally located in Washington, D.C. Olivia Records sold nearly 2 million copies of albums with women performers and artists that were marketed to women. The record company eventually shifted from music to travel, and is now a lesbian travel company called Olivia.
1225:. The Furies consisted of twelve women, aged eighteen to twenty-eight, all feminists, all lesbians, all white, with three children among them. These activities continued into the early part of the decade. Other well known lesbian separatists groups include The Gutter Dykes, The Gorgons, and The
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Radical lesbianism and other similar movements represent a rupture with the broader feminist movements. They offer an attempt by some feminists and lesbians to try to reconcile what they see as inherent conflicts with the stated goals of feminism. Many of these conflicts and ruptures are a
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Organizations about the relevance of the gay rights movement to the women within it. The delegates passed a resolution in favor of women's liberation, but Del Martin felt they had not done enough, and wrote "If That's All There Is", an influential 1970 essay in which she decried gay rights
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periodical, members
Roxanne Dunbar and Lisa Leghorn advised women to "separate from men who are not consciously working for female liberation." Instead, they advised periods of celibacy, rather than lesbian relationships, which they considered to be "nothing more than a personal solution".
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which created culture and cultural artifacts as "giving love between women greater visibility" in broader culture. Faderman also believes that lesbian feminists who acted to create separatist institutions did so to "bring their ideals about integrity, nurturing the needy,
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Proponents of feminist separatism have varied opinions on the meaning of feminist and lesbian separatism; major debates include the degree to which women should separate from men, whether it is a strict ideology or a strategy, and how it works to benefit women.
1150:; membership in the subculture being "defined in negative terms by an external, hostile culture", and membership in the community being based on "the values we believe we can enact here". Bette Tallen believes that lesbian separatism, unlike some other
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of separatism and the practice of separatism, stating that it is the way separatism has been practiced which has led to "an isolated, single-issued understanding and practice of politics, which ignores the range of oppressions that women experience".
1200:
Internationally, radical lesbians often took advantage of convergent international spaces to create their own events to increase the visibility of lesbianism. Examples of this include the 1994 lesbian march in New York on the 25th anniversary of
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wrote: "Separatism may be absurd as a social program and riddled with inconsistencies. But semi-isolation makes it easier to indoctrinate neophytes and shut out adverse evidence and argument, an insight radical feminists share with
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alludes to lesbian separatism's potential to encourage lesbians to develop healthy community ethics based on shared values. Hoagland articulates a distinction (originally noted by lesbian separatist author and anthologist,
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provided opportunities to "live their lives apart from ...mainstream society", and in the 1970s, "significant numbers of lesbian feminists moved to rural communities." One of these lesbians, Joyce Cheney, interviewed
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Latin
American radical lesbianism developed during the 1970s, and like other parts of the movement, resulted from specific national conditions. Radical lesbianism began to develop in Mexico in 1977, led by the group
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differentiated between separatism as an "ideological position" and as a "tactical position". In the same document, they further distinguished between separatism as "personal practice" and as "political position".
1308:, women created a network of publications, presses, magazines, and periodicals, known as the women in print movement. Some designated their periodicals and books "for women only", or "for lesbians only".
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credits Cell 16's work for "helping establishing the theoretical foundation for lesbian separatism." Echols cites Cell 16 as an example of heterosexual feminist separatism, as the group never advocated
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movements, is "not about the establishment of an independent state, it is about the development of an autonomous self-identity and the creation of a strong solid lesbian community". Lesbian historian
1275:, arguing that those in power construct sex difference and race difference for the purpose of masking conflicts of interest and maintaining domination. She and her allies saw
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Some feminist separatists believe that men cannot make positive contributions to the feminist movement and that even well-intentioned men replicate the dynamics of
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has been used in
America to describe communities of lesbian separatists, normally living on a separate plot of land. Some lesbian lands have practiced the idea of
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1115:(1976), that "in a male-supremacist society, heterosexuality is a political institution," and the practice of separatism is a way to escape its domination.
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1625:(1976). Cheney describes the reason for many of these separatists' move to lesbian land as a "spatial strategy of distancing ... from mainstream society".
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Enszer, Julie R. (2016-02-25). ""How to stop choking to death": Rethinking lesbian separatism as a vibrant political theory and feminist practice".
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was an
American newspaper by The Furies Collective which intended to give a voice to lesbian separatism, and ran from January 1972 until mid-1973.
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1099:, viewed separatism as a strategy, a "first step" period, or temporary withdrawal from mainstream activism to accomplish specific goals or enhance
1205:. Another example was at the 1995 Beijing hosted World Women's Conference. A third example took place during the 1997 Amsterdam hosted Gay Games.
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and explains that "to break away from those who've been part of our survival is a leap that many women of color could never make".
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In a United States context, the practice of lesbian separatism sometimes incorporates concepts related to queer nationalism and
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1371:(University of Minnesota Press, 2018) documents author Dianna Hunter's experiences in a lesbian separatist collective.
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women's bookstores, restaurants, publishing collectives, and softball leagues fostered a flourishing lesbian culture."
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Davis, Flora. Moving the
Mountain: The Women's Movement in America since 1960, University of Illinois Press, 1999,
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Smith, Barbara and
Beverly Smith. 1983. "Across the Kitchen Table: A Sister-to- Sister Dialogue", anthologized in
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that produced women's music and concerts. Olivia
Records was founded in 1973 by Jennifer Woodhul, Lee Schwing,
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Hoagland, Sarah Lucia. Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, Institute for
Lesbian Studies, Palo Alto, Ca.
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1653:, expresses concerns that "to the extent that lesbians of color must struggle simultaneously against the
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Ellis, Sonja J.; Peel, Elizabeth (May 2011). "Lesbian feminisms: Historical and present possibilities".
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points out that feminist separatism risks defining itself by what it separates itself from, i.e. men.
1193:. Many lesbian separatists bought land so they could live separately from men and heterosexual women.
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Separatism has been considered by lesbians as both a temporary strategy and as a lifelong practice.
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In the United States, the movement started in 1970, when seven women (including lesbian activist
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1236:. Some individuals who identify as lesbian separatists are also associated with the practice of
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formed a commune in 1971 open to lesbians only, where they put out a monthly newspaper called
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In addition to advocating withdrawal from working, personal or casual relationships with men,
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Becoming Visible: An Illustrated History of Lesbian and Gay Life in Twentieth-Century America
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Becoming Visible: An Illustrated History of Lesbian and Gay Life in Twentieth-Century America
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Becoming Visible: An Illustrated History of Lesbian and Gay Life in Twentieth-Century America
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and equality of labor and rewards into all aspects of institution-building and economics".
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Anahita, Sine (2009). "Nestled into Niches: Prefigurative Communities on Lesbian Land".
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Browne, Kath (2011). "Lesbian separatist feminism at Michigan Womyn's music festival".
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Travis, Trysh (2008-09-12). "The Women in Print Movement: History and Implications".
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refers to her intertwined history with black men and heterosexual women in her essay
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receive those benefits." This was part of a larger idea that Bunch articulated in
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as well as heterosexuality as aspects of hetero-power, strongly to be resisted.
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Schotten, C. Heike (2022). "TERFism, Zionism, and Right-Wing Annihilationism".
2819:"Olivia Lesbian Travel: Lesbian Cruises, Lesbian Resorts and Lesbian Vacations"
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a magazine by the "Flippies" (Feminist Lesbian Intergalactic Party), based in
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The Question of Equality:Lesbian and Gay Politics in America Since Stonewall
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Before Stonewall: activists for gay and lesbian rights in historical context
1361:(Persephone Press, 1978), is a separatist utopian novel written from author
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movement is used instead of lesbian separatism. It is roughly analogous to
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describes the emergence of a lesbian separatist movement as a response to
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Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
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Contested Countryside Cultures: Otherness, Marginalisation, and Rurality
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3571:
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3071:
2636:"S.E to SQU – Serials List – Lesbian & Gay Archives of New Zealand"
2611:"CAP to CUT – Serials List – Lesbian & Gay Archives of New Zealand"
2577:"GEI to HUZ – Serials List – Lesbian & Gay Archives of New Zealand"
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We are everywhere: a historical sourcebook in gay and lesbian politics
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Rape on the Public Agenda: Feminism and the Politics of Sexual Assault
1878:, Diana Tietjens Meyers (ed.) (1997) New York: Routledge, pp. 406–414.
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Out for Good: The Struggle to Build a Gay Rights Movement in America
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Lesbian Ethics: Towards a New Value, Institute for Lesbian Studies,
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Separatist lesbianism is a type of feminist separatism specific to
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468:
1536:, a genre mostly originated and supported by lesbian separatists.
1379:(Simon & Schuster, 1973) is a collection of essays written by
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3648:
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Bunch, Charlotte/The Furies Collective, "Lesbians in Revolt", in
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1365:'s personal experience in rural lesbian-separatist collectives.
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This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color
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Goddesses and Witches: Liberation and Countercultural Feminism
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Feminist Theories and Social Work: Approaches and Applications
1874:
Marilyn Frye, "Some Reflections on Separatism and Power". In
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2938:
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Lesbian Separatism: A Historical and Comparative Perspective
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lesbian separatism. Inspired by the writings of philosopher
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2818:
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2128:
2126:
2547:"Jill Johnston, Avant-Garde Cultural Critic, Dies at 81"
1944:
1889:
Daring to be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–1975
1004:
sentiments expressed by feminist organizations like the
2016:
Socialist Feminism: A Strategy for the Women's Movement
1965:
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While advocating a broadly separatist policy, feminist
1607:
feminist separatists and lesbian separatists living in
2978:
Notes from Magazine: What does Separatism Mean?" from
2123:
1973:
Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967–75
1952:
Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-75
602:
The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution
3141:
Hoagland, Sarah Lucia; Penelope, Julia, eds. (1988).
2061:
2059:
2007:
2005:
1408:, is a collection of writings on lesbian separatism.
1285:
Mujeres guerreras que abren caminos y esparcen flores
783:
Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation
3142:
2994:
2056:
2002:
1887:Echols, Alice. "The Eruption of Difference", from
1485:, a lesbian only journal collectively produced in
1426:Notable US lesbian separatist periodicals include
2670:"Special Identity Women's Periodicals: 1963–1983"
3787:
3140:
2363:
2361:
1422:List of lesbian periodicals in the United States
1259:in the early 1980s, spreading soon after to the
1060:published in 1972, the Hyde Park Chapter of the
3064:"No Man's Land: How to Build a Feminist Utopia"
2251:Lesbian histories and cultures: an encyclopedia
3081:"Rebel Girls: On Building a Better Separatism"
1126:has chosen separatism as a lifelong practice.
1051:
3232:
2358:
1991:
1989:
972:from men. Much of the theorizing is based in
938:
3846:Sexuality and gender identity-based cultures
3584:Residential segregation in the United States
2976:Smith, Barbara. Response to Adrienne Rich's
1556:were two early examples of this phenomenon.
1477:Gossip: A Journal of Lesbian Feminist Ethics
1369:Wild Mares: My Lesbian Back-to-the-Land Life
2423:] (in Spanish). Mexico. pp. 32–33.
1995:Dunbar, Leghorn. "The Man's Problem", from
3239:
3225:
2946:ed.: Paul J. Cloke, Jo Little, Routledge,
2466:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2433:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2224:
2222:
2154:
2152:
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1986:
1465:Azalea: A Magazine by Third World Lesbians
945:
931:
3145:For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology
3093:
2992:
2106:For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology
1814:. University of Nebraska Press. pp.
1499:Amazones d'Hier, Lesbiennes d'Aujourd'hui
1398:For Lesbians Only: A Separatist Anthology
1171:Lesbian separatism and radical lesbianism
3187:
2450:Breve reseña de ALGUNAS TEORÍAS LÉSBICAS
2417:Breve reseña de ALGUNAS TEORÍAS LÉSBICAS
1803:
1801:
1532:The early 1970s was an active period in
1290:
3171:Morris, Bonnie J. (December 22, 2016).
2841:
2456:] (in Spanish). Mexico. p. 39.
2447:
2414:
2219:
2173:from the original on December 26, 2015.
2158:
2147:
1975:, University of Minnesota Press, 1990,
1954:, University of Minnesota Press, 1990,
1891:, 1989, University of Minnesota Press,
1633:In a 1982 published conversation about
14:
3788:
3170:
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2997:The Abolition of Work and Other Essays
2766:
2731:
2544:
2501:
2371:, Monique Wittig, Beacon Press, 1992,
1832:
1807:
1042:
713:Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
372:Coalition Against Trafficking in Women
27:Support of women's separation from men
3220:
3173:"Dyke Culture and the Disappearing L"
2545:Grimes, William (21 September 2010).
2454:Brief review of some lesbian theories
2421:Brief review of some lesbian theories
1999:, Nov 1969, quoted in Echols, p. 165.
1798:
1580:
1376:Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution
1212:) confronted the North Conference of
1158:describes the separatist impulses of
1087:
753:Toward a Feminist Theory of the State
673:Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape
3768:
3061:
3023:Wildfire: Igniting the She/Volution.
2557:from the original on 2 February 2018
2294:
2288:
2067:The Furies: Lesbian/Feminist Monthly
489:Feminist views on transgender topics
3589:Segregation academy (United States)
3504:Sex segregation in public restrooms
2695:"CLGA: Lesbian and Gay Periodicals"
2159:Kershaw, Sarah (January 30, 2009).
1651:Combahee River Collective Statement
1400:(Onlywomen Press, 1988), edited by
1267:. Wittig, referencing the ideas of
1243:In Francophone countries, the term
24:
3190:TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly
3055:
2369:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
1844:Feminism and the Schooling Scandal
1383:, that were originally printed in
763:The Straight Mind and Other Essays
25:
3867:
3796:Feminist movements and ideologies
2295:Levy, Ariel (February 22, 2009).
2228:Dudley Clendinen, Adam Nagourney
1876:Feminist Social Thought: A Reader
683:Pornography: Men Possessing Women
3767:
3739:
3738:
3062:Bess, Gabby (October 13, 2015).
2277:, Temple University Press, 1995
2080:Learning from Lesbian Separatism
2033:Lesbian Ethics: toward new value
2012:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
1811:Separatism and Women's Community
1502:, produced for lesbians only in
1131:Lesbian Ethics: Toward New Value
1113:Learning from Lesbian Separatism
1062:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
968:can be achieved through women's
914:
848:She's Beautiful When She's Angry
367:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
49:
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2642:from the original on 2010-06-02
2628:
2617:from the original on 2010-06-02
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2583:from the original on 2010-06-02
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2198:
2177:
2094:
2085:
2072:
2039:
2021:
1561:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
1014:, which was founded in 1968 by
1006:National Organization for Women
437:Women's Liberation Front (WoLF)
387:Michigan Womyn's Music Festival
382:Lesbian Organization of Toronto
2069:, vol. 1, January 1972, pp.8–9
1923:
1902:
1881:
1868:
1411:
1392:
1330:Contemporary examples include
633:The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm
13:
1:
3079:Carmen (September 30, 2015).
2781:10.1080/10894160.2015.1083815
2638:. Laganz.org.nz. 1988-01-09.
2367:Turcotte, Louise. (foreword)
2324:Empowering the Goddess Within
2232:, Simon & Schuster, 2001
2136:, Columbia University Press,
2134:Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers
1846:, Taylor & Francis, 2009
1792:
1569:was a separatist business in
1311:
1255:, the movement originated in
1074:Notes on Separatism and Power
991:
565:Social construction of gender
519:Feminist views on pornography
1628:
1444:(California, 1976–present),
7:
3446:Brown v. Board of Education
2183:Mark Blasius, Shane Phelan
1706:
1657:of white women (as against
1619:. The result was her book,
1462:(New York, 1976–1990), and
1418:List of lesbian periodicals
1052:General feminist separatism
392:Mountain Moving Coffeehouse
59:Women's liberation movement
10:
3872:
3355:Czechoslovakia and Hungary
2930:, Word Weavers Press, 1976
2769:Journal of Lesbian Studies
2672:. Wifp.org. Archived from
2329:February 12, 2012, at the
1584:
1525:
1438:(Michigan, 1974–present),
1429:Common Lives/Lesbian Lives
1415:
1318:Charlotte Perkins Gilman's
1316:One historical example is
1299:
1217:organizations as sexist.
1174:
397:New York Radical Feminists
3856:Gender-related prejudices
3728:
3602:
3517:
3469:
3400:Apartheid in South Africa
3320:
3252:
3097:Feminism & Psychology
2905:McGarry & Wasserman,
2884:McGarry & Wasserman,
2856:10.1080/00918360903054186
2734:Feminism & Psychology
2715:, South End Press, 1992,
2480:McGarry & Wasserman,
2082:, Ms. Magazine, Nov. 1976
1641:activism with her sister
1553:Lavender Jane Loves Women
1495:Sage: The Separatist Age,
1450:(California, 1971–1980),
1271:, challenges concepts of
1027:as a political strategy.
432:Women Against Pornography
3202:10.1215/23289252-9836022
3110:10.1177/0959353510370178
3001:. Loompanics Unlimited.
2844:Journal of Homosexuality
2746:10.1177/0959353510370185
2600:Covina 1975, pp 244–245.
1808:Shugar, Dana R. (1995).
1521:
3624:Anti-miscegenation laws
3459:Anti-miscegenation laws
3021:Johnson, Sonia (1989).
2448:Falquet, Jules (2004).
2415:Falquet, Jules (2004).
2388:Hoagland, Sarah Lucia.
1908:Saulnier, Christine F.
1685:, and other cultists".
1482:Lesbian Feminist Circle
1471:Other examples are the
1468:(New York, 1971–1980).
1306:second-wave of feminism
3806:Independence movements
3715:White Australia policy
3634:Corporative federalism
3037:, in David Deitcher's
2275:Feminism and community
1273:biological determinism
1133:, lesbian philosopher
623:Sisterhood Is Powerful
570:Violence against women
402:New York Radical Women
240:Catharine A. MacKinnon
3684:Religious intolerance
2355:, by Rosemary Ruether
2014:, Hyde Park Chapter.
1997:No More Fun and Games
1609:intentional community
1363:Sally Miller Gearhart
1291:Culture and community
1097:The Furies Collective
1095:, an early member of
1034:, the organization's
1032:No More Fun and Games
984:maintained, at will,
878:Consciousness raising
803:The Industrial Vagina
793:Sisterhood Is Forever
703:Against Sadomasochism
422:The Furies Collective
377:Deep Green Resistance
3851:Single-gender worlds
3816:Political lesbianism
3694:Second-class citizen
3689:Reservation in India
3415:United Arab Emirates
3345:Bulgaria and Romania
2161:"My Sister's Keeper"
1746:Political lesbianism
1456:(Oregon, 1974–1984)
1406:Sarah Lucia Hoagland
1234:political lesbianism
1135:Sarah Lucia Hoagland
1068:In lesbian feminist
888:Miss America protest
723:Sisterhood Is Global
509:Political lesbianism
320:Marilyn Salzman Webb
3831:Separatist feminism
3562:Exclusionary zoning
3509:Separatist feminism
3287:Partition of Bengal
2659:Warner 2002, p 179.
2273:, Marilyn Friedman
2253:Garland Pub., 2000
2132:Faderman, Lillian.
1838:Christine Skelton,
1771:Single-gender world
1649:, co-author of the
1591:Feminist bookstores
1489:, New Zealand, the
1432:(Iowa, 1980–1996),
1043:Meaning and purpose
960:is the theory that
958:Feminist separatism
921:Feminism portal
743:Feminism Unmodified
558:Internalized sexism
543:Reproductive rights
485:Feminist separatism
464:False consciousness
230:Holly Lawford-Smith
170:Shulamith Firestone
18:Separatist feminism
3821:Political theories
3452:Massive resistance
3440:School segregation
3435:Separate but equal
3360:Dominican Republic
3262:Partition of India
3041:, Scribner, 1995,
2993:Bob Black (1986).
2711:Garofalo, Reebee.
2551:The New York Times
2403:Feminism in France
2350:2014-10-26 at the
2334:, by Jessica Alton
2208:, Routledge, 2002
2187:, Routledge, 1997
2166:The New York Times
2078:Bunch, Charlotte.
2036:, p. 60, 154, 294.
1781:Who Needs Feminism
1581:Community projects
1506:, Quebec, and the
1435:Lesbian Connection
1269:Simone de Beauvoir
1185:Radical lesbianism
1165:self-determination
1144:lesbian subculture
1129:In her 1988 book,
1088:Lesbian separatism
1058:socialist feminism
896:Radical lesbianism
459:Child sexual abuse
295:Alix Kates Shulman
3841:LGBTQ and society
3783:
3782:
3659:Majority minority
3540:Ethnic federalism
3322:Ethnic and racial
3282:Greece and Turkey
3160:978-0-906500-28-6
2942:Valentine, Gill.
2613:. Laganz.org.nz.
2579:. Laganz.org.nz.
2516:10.1353/bh.0.0001
2249:Bonnie Zimmerman
2204:Vern L. Bullough
2100:Tallen, Bette S.
2018:, 1972 (booklet).
1860:978-0-415-45510-7
1825:978-0-8032-4244-9
1734:Internet Activism
1475:lesbian magazine
1386:The Village Voice
1261:Canadian province
1177:Queer nationalism
1148:lesbian community
955:
954:
861:
860:
643:The Female Eunuch
412:Stop Porn Culture
140:Kimberlé Crenshaw
120:Susan Brownmiller
95:Rosalyn Baxandall
85:Ti-Grace Atkinson
16:(Redirected from
3863:
3826:Radical feminism
3771:
3770:
3742:
3741:
3710:Social apartheid
3594:Social exclusion
3567:Forced migration
3535:Ethnic cleansing
3525:Auto-segregation
3267:Northern Ireland
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3184:
3167:
3148:
3137:
3090:
3075:
3050:
3033:Gomez, Jewelle.
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3000:
2990:
2984:
2982:, Issue 20, 1982
2974:
2968:
2961:
2955:
2940:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2903:
2897:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2729:
2723:
2713:Rockin' the Boat
2709:
2703:
2702:
2697:. Archived from
2691:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2499:
2493:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2380:
2365:
2356:
2341:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2297:"Lesbian Nation"
2292:
2286:
2268:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2226:
2217:
2202:
2196:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2156:
2145:
2130:
2121:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2070:
2063:
2054:
2043:
2037:
2025:
2019:
2009:
2000:
1993:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1929:Bevacqua, Maria
1927:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1885:
1879:
1872:
1866:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1805:
1756:Radical feminism
1249:English-language
1181:Lesbian feminism
1160:lesbian feminism
1156:Lillian Faderman
1072:'s (1978) essay
1036:radical feminist
996:Cultural critic
974:lesbian feminism
947:
940:
933:
919:
918:
917:
892:
853:
843:
833:
808:
798:
788:
778:
768:
758:
748:
738:
728:
718:
708:
698:
693:Ain't I a Woman?
688:
678:
668:
658:
648:
638:
628:
618:
608:
588:
587:
330:Harriet Wistrich
310:John Stoltenberg
290:Kathie Sarachild
150:Christine Delphy
53:
43:Radical feminism
30:
29:
21:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3836:Sex segregation
3801:Feminist theory
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3724:
3699:Separate school
3604:
3598:
3513:
3465:
3316:
3248:
3245:
3161:
3151:Onlywomen Press
3058:
3056:Further reading
3053:
3035:Out of the Past
3032:
3028:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2991:
2987:
2980:Sinister Wisdom
2975:
2971:
2962:
2958:
2941:
2934:
2926:Cheney, Joyce.
2925:
2921:
2904:
2900:
2883:
2879:
2840:
2836:
2827:
2825:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2765:
2761:
2730:
2726:
2710:
2706:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2586:
2584:
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2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2539:
2500:
2496:
2479:
2475:
2459:
2458:
2446:
2442:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2409:
2401:Claire Duchen,
2400:
2396:
2387:
2383:
2366:
2359:
2352:Wayback Machine
2342:
2338:
2331:Wayback Machine
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2293:
2289:
2269:
2265:
2248:
2244:
2227:
2220:
2203:
2199:
2182:
2178:
2157:
2148:
2131:
2124:
2110:Onlywomen Press
2099:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2064:
2057:
2044:
2040:
2026:
2022:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1987:
1971:Echols, Alice.
1970:
1966:
1950:Echols, Alice.
1949:
1945:
1928:
1924:
1907:
1903:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1837:
1833:
1826:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1729:Lesbian erasure
1709:
1701:Out of the Past
1631:
1593:
1583:
1530:
1524:
1441:Sinister Wisdom
1424:
1416:Main articles:
1414:
1395:
1342:Nicola Griffith
1320:feminist novel
1314:
1302:
1293:
1277:heterosociality
1245:radical lesbian
1238:Dianic paganism
1187:
1173:
1124:Elana Dykewomon
1122:winning author
1101:personal growth
1093:Charlotte Bunch
1090:
1054:
1045:
994:
951:
915:
913:
908:
907:
906:
905:
890:
871:
863:
862:
857:
856:
851:
841:
831:
812:
811:
806:
796:
786:
776:
766:
756:
746:
736:
726:
716:
706:
696:
686:
676:
666:
656:
646:
636:
626:
616:
613:Sexual Politics
606:
585:
577:
576:
575:
574:
452:
444:
443:
442:
441:
355:
347:
346:
345:
344:
315:Michele Wallace
300:Valerie Solanas
245:Sheila Michaels
225:Marjorie Kramer
205:Sheila Jeffreys
125:Phyllis Chesler
80:Chude Pam Allen
68:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3869:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3669:Nuremberg Laws
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3644:Ghetto benches
3641:
3639:Discrimination
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3552:Ethnopluralism
3549:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3437:
3432:
3422:
3420:United Kingdom
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3196:(3): 334–364.
3185:
3168:
3159:
3138:
3104:(2): 198–204.
3091:
3076:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3026:
3014:
3008:978-0915179411
3007:
2985:
2969:
2956:
2932:
2919:
2898:
2877:
2850:(6): 719–737.
2834:
2823:www.olivia.com
2810:
2775:(2): 180–196.
2759:
2740:(2): 248–256.
2724:
2704:
2701:on 2005-12-03.
2686:
2661:
2652:
2627:
2602:
2593:
2568:
2537:
2510:(1): 275–300.
2494:
2473:
2440:
2407:
2405:(1986) p. 23-4
2394:
2392:Palo Alto, Ca.
2381:
2357:
2336:
2315:
2302:The New Yorker
2287:
2271:Penny A. Weiss
2263:
2242:
2218:
2197:
2176:
2146:
2122:
2093:
2084:
2071:
2055:
2038:
2028:Sarah Hoagland
2020:
2001:
1985:
1964:
1943:
1922:
1901:
1880:
1867:
1831:
1824:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1776:Straw feminism
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1751:Radicalization
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1719:Herd Mentality
1716:
1714:Flanderization
1710:
1708:
1705:
1635:black feminism
1630:
1627:
1582:
1579:
1567:Olivia Records
1538:Maxine Feldman
1526:Main article:
1523:
1520:
1413:
1410:
1402:Julia Penelope
1394:
1391:
1337:The Female Man
1313:
1310:
1301:
1298:
1292:
1289:
1253:Monique Wittig
1227:Radicalesbians
1172:
1169:
1140:Julia Penelope
1089:
1086:
1056:In a tract on
1053:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1016:Roxanne Dunbar
993:
990:
964:opposition to
953:
952:
950:
949:
942:
935:
927:
924:
923:
910:
909:
904:
903:
898:
893:
885:
880:
874:
873:
872:
869:
868:
865:
864:
859:
858:
855:
854:
844:
838:SCUM Manifesto
834:
823:
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:
810:
809:
799:
789:
779:
769:
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
709:
699:
689:
679:
669:
659:
653:Lesbian Nation
649:
639:
629:
619:
609:
597:
596:
593:
592:
586:
583:
582:
579:
578:
573:
572:
567:
562:
561:
560:
555:
545:
540:
539:
538:
536:Feminist views
528:
523:
522:
521:
511:
506:
501:
499:Male privilege
496:
491:
486:
483:
482:
481:
476:
466:
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455:
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446:
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409:
404:
399:
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389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
357:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
343:
342:
337:
335:Monique Wittig
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
305:Gloria Steinem
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
270:Janice Raymond
267:
265:Irene Peslikis
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
185:Germaine Greer
182:
177:
175:Marilyn French
172:
167:
165:Melissa Farley
162:
160:Andrea Dworkin
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
90:Kathleen Barry
87:
82:
77:
75:Wim Hora Adema
71:
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65:
62:
61:
55:
54:
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39:
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26:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3776:
3775:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3737:
3735:
3734:Pillarisation
3731:
3730:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
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3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Jim Crow laws
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
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3607:
3601:
3595:
3592:
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3568:
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2721:0-89608-427-2
2718:
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2708:
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2696:
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2676:on 2010-12-05
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2259:0-8153-1920-7
2256:
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2214:1-56023-193-9
2211:
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2193:0-415-90859-0
2190:
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2172:
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2153:
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2143:
2142:0-231-07488-3
2139:
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2129:
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2119:
2118:0-906500-28-1
2115:
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2097:
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2075:
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2062:
2060:
2052:
2051:0-252-06782-7
2048:
2042:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2006:
1998:
1992:
1990:
1982:
1981:0-8166-1787-2
1978:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1960:0-8166-1787-2
1957:
1953:
1947:
1940:
1939:1-55553-446-5
1936:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1918:1-56024-945-5
1915:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1897:0-8166-1787-2
1894:
1890:
1884:
1877:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1852:0-415-45510-3
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:Becky Francis
1835:
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1715:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:Jewelle Gomez
1695:Lesbian poet
1693:
1691:
1690:Sonia Johnson
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1672:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
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1647:Barbara Smith
1644:
1643:Beverly Smith
1640:
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1539:
1535:
1534:womyn's music
1529:
1528:Women's music
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1381:Jill Johnston
1378:
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829:
828:Off Our Backs
825:
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532:
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527:
526:Postgenderism
524:
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417:The Feminists
415:
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296:
293:
291:
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286:
285:Florence Rush
283:
281:
280:Adrienne Rich
278:
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275:Rosetta Reitz
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:Meghan Murphy
258:
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210:Robert Jensen
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195:Merle Hoffman
193:
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190:Carol Hanisch
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40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3772:
3743:
3508:
3494:Saudi Arabia
3444:
3410:Saudi Arabia
3297:Saudi Arabia
3193:
3189:
3176:
3164:
3144:
3101:
3095:
3086:Autostraddle
3084:
3067:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
2996:
2988:
2977:
2972:
2964:
2959:
2954:, pp109–110.
2943:
2928:Lesbian Land
2927:
2922:
2906:
2901:
2885:
2880:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2826:. Retrieved
2822:
2813:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2712:
2707:
2699:the original
2689:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:the original
2664:
2655:
2644:. Retrieved
2630:
2619:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2585:. Retrieved
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2550:
2540:
2507:
2504:Book History
2503:
2497:
2492:, pp.187–188
2481:
2476:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2402:
2397:
2389:
2384:
2368:
2343:
2339:
2322:
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2300:
2290:
2266:
2245:
2200:
2179:
2164:
2133:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2087:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2015:
1996:
1972:
1967:
1951:
1946:
1930:
1925:
1909:
1904:
1888:
1883:
1875:
1870:
1843:
1834:
1810:
1738:
1700:
1694:
1687:
1683:Hare Krishna
1668:
1632:
1622:Lesbian Land
1620:
1596:Womyn's land
1594:
1587:Womyn's land
1575:Ginny Berson
1565:
1558:
1551:
1543:Angry Atthis
1541:
1531:
1515:
1507:
1497:
1494:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1447:Lesbian Tide
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1358:Wanderground
1357:
1354:
1352:
1345:
1335:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1303:
1294:
1281:
1242:
1231:
1222:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1147:
1143:
1142:) between a
1130:
1128:
1120:Lambda Award
1117:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1091:
1079:
1073:
1070:Marilyn Frye
1067:
1055:
1046:
1031:
1029:
1020:Alice Echols
1010:
998:Alice Echols
995:
985:
981:Marilyn Frye
978:
957:
956:
901:Womyn's land
846:
836:
826:
801:
791:
781:
771:
761:
751:
741:
731:
721:
711:
701:
691:
681:
671:
663:Woman Hating
661:
651:
641:
621:
611:
600:
531:Prostitution
407:Redstockings
325:Ellen Willis
255:Robin Morgan
250:Kate Millett
215:Lierre Keith
180:Marilyn Frye
130:D. A. Clarke
115:Judith Brown
105:Julie Bindel
100:Linda Bellos
3629:Black Codes
3577:labor camps
3484:Afghanistan
1786:YesAllWomen
1724:Gatekeeping
1613:land trusts
1600:ecofeminism
1571:Los Angeles
1548:Alix Dobkin
1508:Killer Dyke
1493:periodical
1453:WomanSpirit
1412:Periodicals
1393:Non-fiction
1340:(1975) and
1332:Joanna Russ
1304:During the
832:(1970–2008)
733:Intercourse
514:Pornography
494:Gender role
479:Second wave
235:Audre Lorde
135:Nikki Craft
110:Jenny Brown
3811:Lesbianism
3790:Categories
3732:See also:
3720:Xenophobia
3572:Internment
3557:Ethnocracy
3072:Vice Media
3049:, pp44–45.
2909:, Studio,
2888:, Studio,
2828:2018-10-07
2680:2010-08-16
2646:2010-08-16
2621:2010-08-16
2587:2010-08-16
2484:, Studio,
2283:1566392772
2238:0684867435
1793:References
1766:Safe space
1761:Riot grrrl
1740:Lysistrata
1585:See also:
1516:The Furies
1491:Australian
1487:Wellington
1459:Conditions
1312:Literature
1223:The Furies
1219:The Furies
1210:Del Martin
1175:See also:
1152:separatist
1108:The Furies
1082:patriarchy
1025:lesbianism
1002:homophobic
992:Background
970:separation
966:patriarchy
773:Only Words
504:Patriarchy
220:Anne Koedt
200:bell hooks
155:Gail Dines
3612:Apartheid
3545:Bantustan
3430:Civil War
3254:Religious
3210:253054403
3165:hoagland.
3134:144634947
3126:969561039
3118:0959-3535
2789:1089-4160
2754:145055941
2532:161531900
2524:1529-1499
2462:cite book
2429:cite book
1983:, p. 164.
1962:, p. 164.
1899:, p. 218.
1674:Bob Black
1671:anarchist
1669:In 1983,
1629:Reception
1615:and land
1214:Homophile
1203:Stonewall
145:Mary Daly
3745:Category
3705:Shunning
3701:(Canada)
3664:Nativism
3518:Dynamics
3395:Rhodesia
3390:Portugal
3385:Malaysia
3350:Bulgaria
3292:Portugal
2872:28508292
2864:19657932
2797:26914821
2640:Archived
2615:Archived
2581:Archived
2555:Archived
2348:Archived
2327:Archived
2261:, p. 322
2240:, p. 104
2171:Archived
2112:, 1988,
1933:, 2000,
1912:, 1996,
1707:See also
1504:Montreal
1350:(1993).
1347:Ammonite
1191:lesbians
986:by women
962:feminist
883:Herstory
553:Misogyny
469:Feminism
35:a series
33:Part of
3774:Commons
3679:Rankism
3649:Hafrada
3603:Related
3499:Judaism
3375:Germany
3335:Bahrain
3312:Myanmar
3307:Bahrain
3177:Outward
3068:Broadly
2896:, p190.
2805:7984028
2308:May 10,
1816:xi–xvii
1679:Moonies
1639:lesbian
1512:Chicago
1323:Herland
1300:Writing
1012:Cell 16
979:Author
474:Lesbian
362:Cell 16
340:Laura X
3761:racial
3756:gender
3674:Racism
3605:topics
3471:Gender
3380:Israel
3370:France
3340:Brazil
3330:Canada
3277:Serbia
3272:Israel
3208:
3157:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3045:
3005:
2967:, p121
2950:
2917:, p187
2913:
2892:
2870:
2862:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2752:
2719:
2530:
2522:
2488:
2379:, p ix
2375:
2285:p. 131
2281:
2257:
2236:
2216:p. 160
2212:
2195:p. 352
2191:
2144:, p220
2140:
2120:, p141
2116:
2053:, p271
2049:
1979:
1958:
1937:
1916:
1895:
1863:p. 104
1858:
1850:
1822:
1663:theory
1659:sexism
1655:racism
1617:co-ops
1473:London
1326:(1915)
1265:Quebec
1257:France
1183:, and
1146:and a
891:(1968)
852:(2014)
842:(1967)
807:(2008)
797:(2003)
787:(2000)
777:(1993)
767:(1992)
757:(1989)
747:(1987)
737:(1987)
727:(1984)
717:(1984)
707:(1982)
697:(1981)
687:(1981)
677:(1974)
667:(1974)
657:(1973)
647:(1970)
637:(1970)
627:(1970)
617:(1970)
548:Sexism
451:Issues
354:Groups
67:People
3751:caste
3479:Islam
3405:Spain
3302:Spain
3206:S2CID
3181:Slate
3130:S2CID
2868:S2CID
2801:S2CID
2750:S2CID
2561:4 May
2528:S2CID
2452:[
2419:[
2104:, in
1605:rural
1522:Music
870:Other
817:Other
607:1970)
591:Books
584:Media
427:WOMAD
3617:laws
3489:Iran
3365:Fiji
3155:ISBN
3122:OCLC
3114:ISSN
3043:ISBN
3003:ISBN
2948:ISBN
2911:ISBN
2890:ISBN
2860:PMID
2793:PMID
2785:ISSN
2717:ISBN
2563:2018
2520:ISSN
2486:ISBN
2468:link
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