137:
125:
50:
37:
286:. Indeed, as the Professor Saraiva also explains, in "The Marrano Factory", the Conversos of Goa were able to achieve such quick, and remarkable prominence that the Portuguese King, on the advice of the Christian clergy, enacted a law disallowing New Christians from holding positions of high authority. Had New Christians not been able to achieve prominence, such a law would not have been necessary. The famed
332:. According to the famed Sephardic poet Daniel Levy de Barrios, during his lifetime Madras was one of the six main areas of Sephardic Jewish settlement in the English empire. By the late 18th century, they had mostly shifted their trading companies to London, and the Jewish community in Madras declined.
253:
in
Portugal dedicates a section to the situation of crypto-Jews (New Christians) in Goa. He concludes that once the Portuguese Inquisition began, Goa, along with Italy, the Ottoman Empire, the Netherlands, and North Africa initially received most of the fleeing Jewish population (regardless of
234:, explains that crypto-Jews were especially attracted to India because not only was it a center of trade, but India had established and ancient Jewish settlements along its Western coast. The presence of these communities meant that crypto-Jews, who had been forced to accept
335:
The
Portuguese extended the Inquisition to their Indian possessions in 1560. The presence of crypto-Jews of India, along with their support of the crypto-Muslim arrivals from Iberia alarmed the Portuguese Catholic leadership in India. The Goa Inquisition was instituted by
215:) made sea voyages to settle in India, because it would then be difficult for the Inquisition to investigate and punish them. They spoke the vernacular language of their kingdom (basically Castillian i.e. Spanish-Portuguese or Catalan) and some of them also
344:, who remained in Portuguese territory while being forced to profess Catholicism and practicing Judaism secretly, instead of emigrating to countries where Judaism was accepted (e.g. Ottoman Empire, Poland, etc.). Many Jews from Portuguese Goa fled to
3611:
273:
and enjoyed freedom. When the
Portuguese took control over Goa, crypto-Jews from Portugal flooded in large numbers. The strong presence of crypto-Jews in this region was the primary justification for the Portuguese to institute the
340:. More than 16,000 people were put on trial between 1560-1774. In the first 30 years of the Inquisition 321 people were brought to trial on the charge of crypto-Judaism. The main targets of the Inquisition were
3581:
3292:
3599:
305:, the dialect developed by the Malabar Jews, descendants of immigrants who had been there for more than 1,000 years from Israel and Yemen. The combined groups in Kerala became known as the
3616:
254:
whether they had converted or not), and this situation continued till the middle of the 1500s. Goa was a popular destination till 1560 (when the Goan
Inquisiton was initiated).
3576:
1361:
2792:
3060:
196:
1939:
1594:
1289:
1481:
3515:
2689:
3632:
453:
3644:
1476:
313:(associated with foreigners) or White Jews, given their European ethnicity. The Malabar Jews, having intermarried in south India, had darker skin.
3005:
1724:
180:
3139:
1978:
3604:
3415:
963:
926:
3685:
3475:
3195:
1902:
203:
trading places so that they could continue practicing
Judaism secretly while still remaining within the Portuguese Empire. After the
1925:
3287:
3038:
1275:
3334:
3183:
2682:
1852:
1787:
1669:
3400:
3043:
2830:
973:
231:
1411:
3230:
2998:
2846:
1679:
1496:
1486:
726:
249:
In "The
Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition, and its New Christians 1536-1765" Professor Antonio Saraiva of the
3680:
3550:
3324:
2075:
2025:
1990:
1684:
1549:
1416:
3297:
3171:
2974:
2940:
2888:
2802:
2759:
2675:
1767:
1729:
1704:
1624:
1609:
1456:
1396:
1351:
3307:
3251:
2060:
2042:
1948:
1842:
1694:
1689:
1614:
1579:
1446:
136:
3377:
3329:
3317:
3312:
3188:
3144:
3119:
2578:
2477:
2032:
2015:
1968:
1867:
1777:
1714:
1664:
1644:
1639:
1559:
1533:
1508:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1346:
1341:
3405:
3356:
3273:
3246:
3149:
3134:
2991:
2051:
2037:
2005:
1985:
1953:
1897:
1872:
1847:
1827:
1817:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1772:
1762:
1757:
1734:
1649:
1634:
1554:
1513:
1466:
1461:
1381:
1326:
3675:
3500:
3225:
3220:
3210:
2472:
2010:
1995:
1958:
1920:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1862:
1857:
1837:
1822:
1807:
1782:
1748:
1719:
1619:
1604:
1528:
1518:
1436:
1406:
1331:
1317:
2920:
Christian
Researches in Asia: With Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages.
3566:
3302:
3256:
3166:
3048:
2080:
2000:
1963:
1887:
1832:
1699:
1674:
1599:
1574:
1564:
1503:
1426:
1421:
1401:
1391:
1371:
1356:
1249:
953:
717:
712:
192:
3281:
2070:
2065:
2020:
1973:
1659:
1629:
1589:
1584:
1441:
747:
164:
3571:
3532:
2544:
2389:
2097:
1491:
687:
677:
413:
3670:
3510:
3205:
3178:
2658:
2351:
2202:
2143:
1034:
124:
2361:
2341:
1451:
931:
472:
352:. The start of Dutch rule in 1663 eased the pressure on the Jewish community in the Malabar region.
3351:
3665:
3540:
3240:
2863:
Mordecai Arbell, "The
Portuguese Jewish Community of Madras, India, in the Seventeenth Century",
2502:
2492:
2457:
2336:
2326:
2109:
1280:
1222:
1056:
735:
692:
407:
129:
337:
3443:
2621:
2356:
2270:
1336:
888:
507:
477:
279:
243:
204:
188:
3433:
3410:
3366:
2512:
2507:
2452:
2240:
1155:
883:
870:
765:
482:
2823:
Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of
Advance. Book 2, South Asia, Volume 3
2583:
2535:
2275:
2133:
946:
811:
800:
758:
250:
8:
3154:
2636:
2331:
1009:
876:
779:
772:
702:
590:
465:
227:
223:
2773:
2765:
2487:
2437:
2384:
2379:
2293:
2163:
1431:
1260:
1019:
939:
793:
359:
325:
3266:
3637:
3522:
3448:
3128:
2970:
2936:
2884:
2826:
2798:
2777:
2755:
2631:
2573:
2553:
2370:
1930:
1569:
1029:
900:
830:
707:
620:
487:
239:
2850:
207:
was established, an additional number of falsely-converted
Sephardic Jews (known as
3425:
2747:
2601:
2482:
2442:
2406:
2104:
1654:
1165:
921:
825:
740:
630:
422:
258:
246:
while collaborating with existing Jewish communities to hide their true beliefs.
200:
145:
92:
80:
3505:
3438:
3159:
3053:
2878:
2563:
2522:
2517:
2497:
2419:
2413:
2346:
2298:
2138:
2119:
1270:
999:
911:
894:
438:
329:
302:
275:
235:
216:
175:(now Chennai) and, primarily and for the longest period, on the Malabar coast in
128:
Plan of Fort St George and the city of Madras in 1726,Shows b.Jews Burying Place
76:
72:
2744:
The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and its New Christians 1536-1765
3492:
3463:
3453:
3372:
3023:
3014:
2818:
2663:
2462:
2317:
2197:
2176:
2153:
2148:
2126:
2114:
1709:
1190:
1124:
1089:
1067:
1004:
842:
820:
682:
661:
637:
403:
385:
291:
208:
168:
112:
68:
2717:
3659:
3344:
3261:
3108:
3101:
2611:
2606:
1812:
1739:
1265:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1072:
1024:
786:
625:
530:
492:
443:
310:
238:
but did not want to emigrate to tolerant countries, could operate within the
149:
116:
3470:
2641:
2467:
2308:
2303:
2261:
2214:
1308:
1175:
1160:
1119:
1084:
697:
539:
349:
321:
104:
3215:
2983:
2794:
Contra Iudaeos: Ancient and Medieval Polemics Between Christians and Jews
2626:
2568:
2233:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1099:
341:
306:
269:
community who had arrived in India centuries earlier. They had their own
266:
108:
3080:
2769:
3480:
3200:
3094:
2965:
Menachery G (ed); (1998) "The Indian Church History Classics", Vol. I,
2284:
1298:
1227:
1185:
1014:
994:
553:
460:
380:
3073:
2751:
2447:
2432:
1522:
1470:
1232:
1180:
1170:
851:
847:
837:
752:
512:
287:
270:
212:
1200:
3066:
3032:
2616:
2226:
2158:
989:
497:
448:
283:
184:
3458:
3087:
2817:
2592:
2558:
2427:
2221:
1210:
1205:
1077:
968:
863:
859:
855:
604:
599:
576:
558:
433:
428:
418:
396:
371:
3612:
Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
2252:
2247:
2207:
2192:
1303:
1195:
615:
581:
567:
502:
345:
317:
298:
176:
172:
153:
55:
3382:
2954:
The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, B.N.K. Press,
2908:. the University of Michigan: Sagar Publications. p. 67.
1215:
644:
548:
517:
262:
242:
with the full freedom of Catholic subjects but away from the
141:
42:
3545:
367:
348:, and Portuguese Cochin in Kerala where they joined the
197:
Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal
2719:
Jews & New Christians in Portuguese Asia 1500-1700
2825:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 847.
2231:
2212:
635:
132:, Four Brothers Garden and Bartolomeo Rodrigues Tomb
2943:, Lib. Cong. Cat. Card. No. 73-905568; B.N.K. Press
2715:
309:. The European Jews were also referred to as the
3657:
2877:Wojciehowski, Hannah Chapelle (22 August 2011).
257:A notable Jewish population once existed in the
45:: Chennai, and the Eastern, South-Eastern Coast
2933:The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India,
2791:Limor, Ora; Stroumsa, Guy G. (1 January 1996).
167:who settled in many coastal towns of India, in
181:Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India
2999:
2867:, No. 41, December 2000, accessed 12 May 2013
2790:
2683:
3416:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
2935:Ed. George Menachery, B.N.K. Press, vol. 2,
2876:
2883:. Cambridge University Press. p. 216.
927:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
3013:
3006:
2992:
2690:
2676:
2903:
135:
123:
2880:Group Identity in the Renaissance World
2741:
3658:
278:in 1560 – this was 24 years after the
148:and his wife Rebecca Cohen, among the
3401:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
2987:
2716:LibraryOfCongress (6 December 2013),
232:University of California, Los Angeles
2737:
2735:
27:Regions with significant populations
3600:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
2746:. Boston: Brill. pp. 347–348.
13:
3551:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
2922:2nd ed. Boston: Armstron, Cornhill
2811:
14:
3697:
2732:
718:Historical population comparisons
3686:Sephardi Jewish culture in India
1362:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1276:Historical population by country
48:
35:
3617:Institute for Sephardic Studies
2959:
2946:
324:, they worked with the English
140:Rabbi Salomon Halevi, the last
3406:Antisemitism in the Arab world
2925:
2912:
2897:
2870:
2839:
2784:
2709:
294:belonged to this community.
230:, Chair in Social Sciences at
1:
2702:
933:Christianity and Judaism
316:In addition, some settled in
3567:American Sephardi Federation
3560:Major communal organizations
2821:, Edwin J. Van Kley (1993).
191:which had culminated in the
7:
3282:Western Europe and overseas
2232:
2213:
1940:Latin America and Caribbean
636:
10:
3702:
3572:Sephardi Community Council
2918:Claudius Buchanan (1811).
2545:Jewish political movements
2242:Conversion to Judaism
193:Edict of Expulsion in 1492
3681:Jewish Portuguese history
3625:
3592:
3577:World Sephardi Federation
3559:
3531:
3491:
3424:
3393:
3118:
3022:
2742:Saraiva, Antonio (2001).
948:Hinduism and Judaism
265:. These Jews were of the
183:in the 1498, a number of
103:
98:
91:
86:
66:
61:
31:
26:
2952:Menachery G (ed) (1982)
2904:Parasuram, T.V. (1982).
774:Temple in Jerusalem
467:Bar and bat mitzvah
3061:Expulsion from Portugal
2906:India's Jewish heritage
736:Twelve Tribes of Israel
161:Sephardic Jews in India
130:Jewish Cemetery Chennai
22:Sephardic Jews in India
280:Portuguese Inquisition
222:In his lecture at the
205:Portuguese Inquisition
189:Antisemitism in Iberia
157:
133:
3411:Antisemitism in Islam
3129:Eastern Mediterranean
1482:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1477:Republic of the Congo
871:Second Temple Judaism
742:Kingdom of Judah
713:Modern historiography
139:
127:
99:Related ethnic groups
3676:Jewish ethnic groups
3516:Sephardi chief rabbi
3493:Religion and culture
3049:Expulsion from Spain
2584:World Agudath Israel
1725:United Arab Emirates
812:Second Temple period
802:Babylonian captivity
338:John III of Portugal
251:University of Lisbon
2931:Menachery G (1973)
2847:"Los Muestros n°41"
877:Hellenistic Judaism
455:Land of Israel
414:Principles of faith
228:Sanjay Subrahmanyam
224:Library of Congress
23:
2438:Jewish Koine Greek
1980:Dominican Republic
1261:Judaism by country
940:Jews and Christmas
795:Assyrian captivity
326:East India Company
282:was instituted in
199:. They settled in
158:
134:
21:
3653:
3652:
3449:Judaeo-Portuguese
2832:978-0-226-46754-2
2700:
2699:
2649:
2648:
2397:
2396:
2144:Reconstructionist
2088:
2087:
1240:
1239:
1047:
1046:
884:Jewish–Roman wars
832:Hasmonean dynasty
748:Kingdom of Israel
652:
651:
240:Portuguese Empire
201:Portuguese Indian
122:
121:
3693:
3671:South Asian Jews
3641:
3608:
3585:
3511:Rite and customs
3484:
3367:Crypto-Sephardim
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2849:. Archived from
2843:
2837:
2836:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2797:. Mohr Siebeck.
2788:
2782:
2781:
2752:10.2307/20061561
2739:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2541:
2540:
2422:
2243:
2237:
2218:
2182:
2181:
2129:
2076:New Zealand
2028:
1991:El Salvador
1981:
1913:Northern America
1905:
1499:
1255:
1254:
1166:Crimean Karaites
1062:
1061:
1040:
1038:
959:
957:
949:
943:
934:
922:Rabbinic Judaism
903:
897:
891:
879:
867:
833:
826:Maccabean Revolt
803:
796:
790:
782:
775:
769:
761:
743:
667:
666:
641:
536:
535:
468:
456:
355:
354:
259:Portuguese India
146:Madras Synagogue
93:Orthodox Judaism
54:
52:
51:
41:
39:
38:
24:
20:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3635:
3633:Philosephardism
3621:
3602:
3588:
3579:
3555:
3527:
3487:
3478:
3439:Sephardi Hebrew
3420:
3389:
3114:
3054:Alhambra Decree
3018:
3015:Sephardi Jewish
3012:
2982:
2981:
2964:
2960:
2951:
2947:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2913:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2875:
2871:
2856:
2854:
2853:on 27 June 2013
2845:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2816:
2812:
2805:
2789:
2785:
2762:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2651:
2650:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2518:Judeo-Malayalam
2498:Judaeo-Georgian
2418:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2299:Yiddish theatre
2241:
2179:
2169:
2168:
2127:
2100:
2090:
2089:
2026:
1979:
1903:
1497:
1281:Genetic studies
1252:
1242:
1241:
1059:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1035:
955:
954:
947:
937:
932:
914:and Middle Ages
912:Rabbinic period
899:
893:
886:
874:
845:
831:
801:
794:
785:
777:
773:
764:
759:in Judaism
756:
741:
664:
654:
653:
533:
523:
522:
466:
454:
399:
350:Malabar Yehudan
330:Fort St. George
320:, now known as
303:Judeo-Malayalam
276:Goa Inquisition
152:who settled in
115:
111:
107:
73:Judeo-Malayalam
49:
47:
36:
34:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3666:Kerala society
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3645:Sephardization
3642:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3541:Black Panthers
3537:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3464:Tetuani Ladino
3461:
3454:Judaeo-Spanish
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3394:Modern history
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3295:
3290:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3124:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2988:
2980:
2979:
2967:The Nazranies,
2958:
2945:
2924:
2911:
2896:
2889:
2869:
2838:
2831:
2819:Donald F. Lach
2810:
2803:
2783:
2760:
2731:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2579:Territorialism
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2463:Judaeo-Spanish
2460:
2458:Judaeo-Iranian
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2238:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:United Kingdom
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1337:Bilad-el-Sudan
1334:
1329:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1290:Land of Israel
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1148:Related groups
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1075:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1005:Jewish atheism
1002:
997:
992:
984:
983:
979:
978:
977:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:Islamic–Jewish
951:
944:
929:
924:
916:
915:
908:
907:
906:
905:
881:
868:
840:
835:
828:
823:
821:Yehud Medinata
815:
814:
808:
807:
806:
805:
798:
791:
783:
770:
762:
750:
745:
738:
730:
729:
727:Ancient Israel
723:
722:
721:
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
683:Land of Israel
680:
672:
671:
665:
660:
659:
656:
655:
650:
649:
648:
647:
642:
638:Shulchan Aruch
633:
628:
623:
618:
610:
609:
608:
607:
602:
594:
593:
587:
586:
585:
584:
579:
571:
570:
564:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
543:
542:
534:
529:
528:
525:
524:
521:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
463:
458:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
416:
411:
404:God in Judaism
400:
395:
394:
391:
390:
389:
388:
383:
375:
374:
364:
363:
292:Garcia de Orta
209:New Christians
185:Sephardic Jews
169:Goa and Damaon
120:
119:
113:Sephardic Jews
101:
100:
96:
95:
89:
88:
84:
83:
64:
63:
59:
58:
29:
28:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3698:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3583:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Belmonte Jews
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3345:Paradesi Jews
3343:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:New Amsterdam
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3109:New Christian
3106:
3104:
3103:
3102:Maghrebi Jews
3099:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3009:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2976:
2975:81-87133-05-8
2972:
2969:Ollur, 1998.
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2942:
2941:81-87132-06-X
2938:
2934:
2928:
2921:
2915:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2890:9781107003606
2886:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2866:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2806:
2804:9783161464829
2800:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2761:90-04-12080-7
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Judeo-Aramaic
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Judeo-Italian
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:Denominations
2094:
2093:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:United States
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Guinea-Bissau
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:Lists of Jews
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1041:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1025:The Holocaust
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
986:
985:
981:
980:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
952:
950:
945:
941:
935:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
918:
917:
913:
910:
909:
902:
896:
890:
885:
882:
878:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
817:
816:
813:
810:
809:
804:
799:
797:
792:
788:
784:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
760:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
731:
728:
725:
724:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
669:
668:
663:
658:
657:
646:
643:
640:
639:
634:
632:
629:
627:
626:Mishneh Torah
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
606:
603:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
592:
589:
588:
583:
580:
578:
575:
574:
573:
572:
569:
566:
565:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
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398:
393:
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387:
386:Who is a Jew?
384:
382:
379:
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377:
376:
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369:
366:
365:
361:
357:
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353:
351:
347:
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333:
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319:
314:
312:
311:Paradesi Jews
308:
304:
301:they learned
300:
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150:Paradesi Jews
147:
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117:Paradesi Jews
114:
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78:
75:, now mostly
74:
70:
65:
60:
57:
46:
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30:
25:
16:
3471:Judeo-Gascon
3444:Judeo-Arabic
3434:Judeo-Berber
3365:
3339:
3280:
3252:Gibraltarian
3241:North Africa
3239:
3231:Thessalonian
3127:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3039:Roman Empire
3031:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2948:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2899:
2879:
2872:
2865:Los Muestros
2864:
2855:. Retrieved
2851:the original
2841:
2822:
2813:
2793:
2786:
2743:
2723:, retrieved
2718:
2711:
2642:Post-Zionism
2513:Judeo-Berber
2508:Judeo-Arabic
2468:Judeo-Gascon
2215:Pidyon haben
2134:Conservative
1680:Saudi Arabia
1498:South Africa
1487:Sierra Leone
1309:Israeli Jews
1223:Mosaic Arabs
1176:Kaifeng Jews
1037:Arab–Israeli
1010:Emancipation
889:Great Revolt
698:Anti-Judaism
693:Antisemitism
688:Name "Judea"
483:Baal teshuva
334:
322:Chennai Jews
315:
296:
256:
248:
226:, Professor
221:
179:. After the
165:Iberian Jews
160:
159:
105:Chennai Jews
33:
18:Ethnic group
15:
3636: [
3603: [
3580: [
3479: [
3201:Palestinian
2725:22 February
2637:Revisionist
2627:Neo-Zionism
2234:Zeved habat
2027:Puerto Rico
1853:Netherlands
1685:South Korea
1670:Philippines
1550:Afghanistan
1417:Ivory Coast
1191:Crypto-Jews
1156:Bnei Anusim
1135:Bene Israel
1100:Beta Israel
1057:Communities
964:Middle Ages
703:Persecution
478:Bereavement
342:Crypto-Jews
307:Cochin Jews
267:Bene Israel
244:Inquisition
236:Catholicism
109:Cochin Jews
3660:Categories
3184:Macedonian
3172:Alexandria
3120:Dispersion
3095:Megorashim
3074:Degredados
3044:Golden Age
2703:References
2622:Maximalism
2574:Secularism
2554:Autonomism
2371:Literature
2164:Humanistic
1768:Azerbaijan
1730:Uzbekistan
1705:Tajikistan
1625:Kyrgyzstan
1610:Kazakhstan
1457:Mozambique
1432:Madagascar
1352:Cape Verde
1304:New Yishuv
1299:Old Yishuv
1250:Population
1228:Subbotniks
1186:Samaritans
1125:Romanyotim
1068:Ashkenazim
1015:Old Yishuv
995:Sabbateans
982:Modern era
974:Golden Age
901:Bar Kokhba
621:Beit Yosef
488:Philosophy
290:physician
271:synagogues
261:colony of
67:Initially
3426:Languages
3373:Amazonian
3357:Livornese
3335:Hamburger
3179:Hungarian
3145:Bulgarian
3067:Conversos
2778:160138275
2632:Religious
2488:Zarphatic
2478:Bukharian
2448:Judeo-Tat
2433:Yeshivish
2407:Languages
2362:Sephardic
2352:Israelite
2342:Ethiopian
2332:Ashkenazi
2271:Religious
2061:Australia
2043:Venezuela
1949:Argentina
1931:Greenland
1843:Lithuania
1695:Sri Lanka
1690:Singapore
1615:Kurdistan
1580:Indonesia
1570:Hong Kong
1523:Abayudaya
1447:Mauritius
1181:Igbo Jews
1171:Krymchaks
1090:Sephardim
958:relations
852:Sadducees
848:Pharisees
838:Sanhedrin
753:Jerusalem
513:Synagogue
381:Etymology
288:Sephardic
213:Conversos
62:Languages
3533:Politics
3313:Suriname
3288:American
3274:Tunisian
3262:Moroccan
3247:Algerian
3206:Romanian
3189:Monastir
3167:Egyptian
3160:Splicani
3150:Croatian
3135:Albanian
3088:Marranos
3081:Lançados
3033:Sepharad
2770:20061561
2659:Category
2617:Kahanism
2564:Feminism
2536:Politics
2420:Biblical
2390:American
2337:Bukharan
2327:American
2227:Shidduch
2203:Clothing
2159:Haymanot
2105:Orthodox
2033:Suriname
2016:Paraguay
1969:Colombia
1868:Portugal
1778:Bulgaria
1715:Thailand
1665:Pakistan
1645:Mongolia
1640:Malaysia
1560:Cambodia
1534:Zimbabwe
1509:Tanzania
1387:Eswatini
1377:Ethiopia
1367:Djibouti
1347:Cameroon
1342:Botswana
1271:Diaspora
1233:Noahides
1206:Marranos
1130:Cochinim
1115:Bukharim
1105:Gruzinim
1095:Teimanim
1085:Mizrahim
1073:Galician
1039:conflict
1000:Hasidism
990:Haskalah
895:Diaspora
766:timeline
678:Timeline
591:Rabbinic
498:Kabbalah
473:Marriage
449:Tzedakah
439:Holidays
397:Religion
360:a series
358:Part of
284:Portugal
87:Religion
71:, later
3593:Studies
3523:Haredim
3501:Cuisine
3476:Bagitto
3459:Haketia
3352:Italian
3325:English
3308:Curaçao
3293:Antwerp
3267:Tetuani
3226:Rhodian
3211:Serbian
3196:Ottoman
3155:Ragusan
3140:Bosnian
3024:Origins
2956:vol. 1;
2602:General
2593:Zionism
2569:Leftism
2559:Bundism
2483:Knaanic
2443:Yevanic
2428:Yiddish
2385:Yiddish
2380:Israeli
2357:Mizrahi
2347:Israeli
2318:Cuisine
2294:Ancient
2276:Secular
2222:Kashrut
2198:Wedding
2185:Customs
2177:Culture
2154:Science
2149:Renewal
2139:Karaite
2120:Hasidic
2052:Oceania
2038:Uruguay
2006:Jamaica
1986:Ecuador
1954:Bolivia
1898:Ukraine
1873:Romania
1848:Moldova
1828:Hungary
1818:Germany
1813:Georgia
1803:Finland
1798:Estonia
1793:Denmark
1788:Czechia
1773:Belarus
1763:Austria
1758:Armenia
1735:Vietnam
1650:Myanmar
1635:Lebanon
1555:Bahrain
1514:Tunisia
1492:Somalia
1467:Nigeria
1462:Namibia
1452:Morocco
1382:Eritrea
1327:Algeria
1211:Neofiti
1120:Italkim
1110:Juhurim
1020:Zionism
969:Khazars
864:Sicarii
860:Zealots
856:Essenes
843:Schisms
708:Leaders
670:General
662:History
605:Tosefta
600:Midrash
577:Mishnah
559:Ketuvim
554:Nevi'im
503:Customs
434:Shabbat
429:Halakha
421: (
419:Mitzvot
406: (
372:Judaism
263:Bassein
81:English
3383:Xuetas
3340:Indian
3330:French
3257:Libyan
3216:Syrian
3017:topics
2973:
2939:
2887:
2857:13 May
2829:
2801:
2776:
2768:
2758:
2664:Portal
2523:Domari
2453:Shassi
2414:Hebrew
2309:Humour
2253:Hiloni
2248:Aliyah
2208:Niddah
2193:Minyan
2128:Reform
2115:Haredi
2110:Modern
2011:Mexico
1996:Guyana
1959:Brazil
1921:Canada
1893:Sweden
1883:Serbia
1878:Russia
1863:Poland
1858:Norway
1838:Latvia
1823:Greece
1808:France
1783:Cyprus
1749:Europe
1720:Turkey
1710:Taiwan
1620:Kuwait
1605:Jordan
1595:Israel
1529:Zambia
1519:Uganda
1437:Malawi
1407:Guinea
1397:Gambia
1332:Angola
1318:Africa
1201:Dönmeh
1196:Anusim
1140:Berber
1078:Litvak
1030:Israel
936:
873:
787:Second
755:
616:Targum
582:Gemara
568:Talmud
540:Tanakh
493:Ethics
444:Prayer
346:Bombay
318:Madras
299:Kerala
217:Arabic
177:Cochin
173:Madras
154:Madras
79:&
77:Hebrew
69:Ladino
56:Israel
53:
40:
32:India
3640:]
3626:Other
3607:]
3584:]
3506:Music
3483:]
3303:Aruba
3298:Dutch
3221:Greek
2774:S2CID
2766:JSTOR
2612:Labor
2607:Green
2304:Dance
2262:Music
2081:Palau
2001:Haiti
1964:Chile
1888:Spain
1833:Italy
1740:Yemen
1700:Syria
1675:Qatar
1655:Nepal
1600:Japan
1575:India
1565:China
1504:Sudan
1427:Libya
1422:Kenya
1402:Ghana
1392:Gabon
1372:Egypt
1357:Benin
1216:Xueta
1161:Lemba
780:First
645:Zohar
549:Torah
531:Texts
518:Rabbi
508:Rites
408:names
187:fled
142:Rabbi
43:India
3546:Shas
2971:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2885:ISBN
2859:2013
2827:ISBN
2799:ISBN
2756:ISBN
2727:2016
2071:Guam
2066:Fiji
2021:Peru
1974:Cuba
1660:Oman
1630:Laos
1590:Iraq
1585:Iran
1542:Asia
1471:Igbo
1442:Mali
461:Brit
370:and
368:Jews
211:and
195:and
163:are
2748:doi
2285:Art
631:Tur
423:613
328:in
297:In
144:of
3662::
3638:es
3605:es
3582:he
3481:it
2772:.
2764:.
2754:.
2734:^
898:,
892:,
862:,
858:,
854:,
850:,
362:on
219:.
171:,
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3000:t
2993:v
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2893:.
2861:.
2835:.
2807:.
2780:.
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1521:(
1473:)
1469:(
942:)
938:(
904:)
887:(
880:)
875:(
866:)
846:(
789:)
778:(
768:)
757:(
425:)
410:)
156:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
