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395:. The area became a national park in 1940. It was granted strict protection in 1948 when the Serengeti National Park Board of Trustees was formed to administer the national park. The government restricted the movements of the resident Maasai people, and the park boundaries were finalized in 1951. In 1959, an area of 8,300 km (3,200 sq mi) was split off in the eastern part of the national park and re-established as
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is extremely varied, ranging from savannah to hilly woodlands to open grasslands. The region's geographic diversity is due to the extreme weather conditions that plague the area, particularly the potent combination of heat and wind. The diverse habitats in the region may have originated from a series
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join the wildebeest. In April and May, the migrating herds pass through the
Western Corridor. To get to the Maasai Mara, the herds have to cross the Grumeti and Mara Rivers, where around 3,000 crocodiles lie in wait. For every wildebeest captured by the crocodiles, 50 drown. When the dry season ends
1039:, and woodlands. The park lies in northwestern Tanzania, bordered to the north by the Kenyan border, where it is continuous with the Maasai Mara National Reserve. To the southeast of the park is the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, to the southwest lies Maswa Game Reserve, to the west are the
1907:
Kindt, R., Lillesø, J.-P. B., van
Breugel, P., Bingham, M., Sebsebe Demissew, Dudley, C., Friis, I., Gachathi, F., Kalema, J., Mbago, F., Minani, V., Moshi, H. N., Mulumba, J., Namaganda, M., Ndangalasi, H.J., Ruffo, C.K., Jamnadass, R. and Graudal, L. 2011.
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and some small mountain ranges. The great migration passes through the corridor from May to July. It stretches to Lake
Victoria. The area is flatter than the northern parts of the park and more densely covered with plants than the southern
1180:. A study in 1996 estimated that the human population of the western side of the park is growing by four percent yearly. Livestock use is also growing which increased the amount of land turned over to farming and ranching. A study by the
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intended to accommodate the traditional land use interests of the Maasai people in a multiple land use area. In 1981, the
Serengeti National Park covered 12,950 km (5,000 sq mi), which was less than half of the
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Serengeti plains: The best-known feature of the
Serengeti is the almost treeless grassland in the south. It has koppies, granite formations that serve as observation posts for predators. The Volcanic Grasslands is an
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Ecozone. The grasslands grow on deposits of volcanic ash from the
Kerimasi Volcano, which erupted 150,000 years ago, and also from the Ol Doinyo Lengai volcanic eruptions, which created layers of
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in late
October, the migrating herds start to head back south. Around 250,000 wildebeests and 30,000 plains zebras die annually from drowning, predation, exhaustion, thirst, or disease.
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The great migration is the world's second longest overland migration. The complete migration route is around 800 km (500 mi). South of this migration route covers the
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population was reduced to about 10 individuals in the 1980s due to poaching, and fewer than 70 individuals survive in the park today. Rhinos mostly browse on grasses, woody
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Mduma, H.; Musyoki, C.; Maliti Kyale, D.; Nindi, S.; Hamza, K.; Ndetei, R.; Machoke, M.; Kimutai, D.; Muteti, D.; Maloba, M.; Bakari, S. & Kohi, E. (2014).
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In 1930, an area of 2,286 km (883 sq mi) was designated as a game reserve in southern and eastern
Serengeti. In the 1930s, the government of
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Geology of
National Parks of Central/ Southern Kenya and Northern Tanzania: Geotourism of the Gregory Rift Valley, Active Volcanism and Regional Plateaus
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Volume 5: Description and tree species composition for other potential natural vegetation types. Forest & Landscape
Working Paper 65-2011
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Mésochina, P.; Mbangwa, O.; Chardonnet, P.; Mosha, R.; Mtui, B.; Drouet, N. & Kissui, B. (2010). Conservation status of the lion (
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of volcanoes, whose activity shaped the basic geographic features of the plain by adding mountains and craters to the landscape.
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are born between January and March. By March, at the beginning of the dry season, roughly 1.5 million wildebeest and 250,000
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Anderson, T.M.; Ngoti, P.M.; Nzunda, M.L.; Griffith, D.M.; Speed, J.D.; Fossøy, F.; Røskaft, E. & Graae, B.J. (2020).
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1487:"Counting cats for conservation: seasonal estimates of leopard density and drivers of distribution in the Serengeti"
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Western corridor: The main geographic feature is the pair of rivers, Grumeti and Mbalageti. There are big groups of
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from the Kenyan highlands to Lake Victoria, is the only permanently-flowing river in the Serengeti ecosystem.
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population declined between 1976 and 1996 due to poaching, but increased to 28,524 individuals by 2008. The
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was one of the park's first game wardens and is credited with bringing its rampant poaching under control.
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1618:"The burning question: does fire affect habitat selection and forage preference of the black rhinoceros
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1299:"Ways of seeing Africa: colonial recasting of African society and landscape in Serengeti National Park"
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1782:"Eastern Africa: the Greater Serengeti grassland ecosystem in northern Tanzania | Ecoregions | WWF"
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Linnaeus, 1758) in Tanzania (Report). Paris: SCI Foundation, MNRT-WD, TAWISA & IGF Foundation.
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staff, researchers and staff of the various lodges, campsites, and hotels. The main settlement is
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in the south to the Mara River on the Kenyan border. It is remote and relatively inaccessible.
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The administrative body for all parks in Tanzania is the Tanzania National Parks Authority.
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is well known for the largest annual animal migration in the world of over 1.5 million
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1559:"Evaluating the protection of wildlife in parks: the case of African buffalo in Serengeti"
1141:, which means that it should be managed to protect the ecosystem or ecological processes.
8:
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Metzger, K.L.; Sinclair, A.R.E.; Hilborn, R.; Hopcraft, J.G.C. & Mduma, S.A. (2010).
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Wanitzek, U. & Sippel, H. (1998). "Land rights in conservation areas in Tanzania".
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is estimated at 5.41 individuals per 100 km (14.0 per 100 sq miles) in the dry season.
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that stretches over 14,763 km (5,700 sq mi). It is located in eastern
1676:"Why did Serengeti's wild dogs disappear? Study challenges controversial hypothesis"
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plant community that grows on soils derived from volcanic ash from nearby volcanoes.
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Explore Serengeti National Park in the UNESCO collection on Google Arts and Culture
1926:. Protected Planet, United Nations Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre
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was returned to the area in 2012 after disappearing in 1991. Other mammals include
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in 2001 estimated that roughly 200,000 animals are killed by poaching every year.
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Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State
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Northern Serengeti: the landscape is dominated by open woodlands, predominantly
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Serengeti National Park forms a Lion Conservation Unit since 2005 together with
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433:. More than 3,000 lions live in this ecosystem. The population density of the
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Aerial Total Count of Elephants and Buffaloes in the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem
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The park covers 14,750 km (5,700 sq mi) of grassland plains,
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2070:"A New Threat in the Serengeti to the World's Greatest Animal Migration"
1539:(Report). Nairobi, Kenya: WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature. Archived from
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1086:
1003: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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for the area, which means "the place where the land runs on forever".
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1047:, and to the northeast and east lies the Loliondo Game Control Area.
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Allen, M.L.; Wang, S.; Olson, L.O.; Li, Q. & Krofel, M. (2020).
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Serengeti II: Dynamics, Management, and Conservation of an Ecosystem
978:
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that form linear ridges. The southeast portion of the park contains
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1599:"How black rhinos and local communities help each other in Namibia"
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915:. The Grumeti, Mara, Mbalageti, and Orangi rivers flow westward to
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and granite, and the Neoproterozoic Ikorongo Group, consisting of
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1202:"Black rhino dies aged 43 in Tanzania's Serengeti National Park"
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United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
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and contains over 1,500,000 ha (3,700,000 acres) of virgin
1654:"Tanzania: Concern As Serengeti Leopards Resort to Cannibalism"
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region has changed the hydrology of the Mara River. There are
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herds recovered from a population low in the 1980s caused by
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Animals of the Serengeti, and Ngorongoro Conservation Area
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established a system of national parks compliant with the
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Human habitation is forbidden in the park except for the
1969:
1273:"Serengeti National Park travel information - Tanzania"
1335:
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Makacha, S.; Msingwa, M.J. & Frame, G.W. (1982).
371:
The name "Serengeti" is an approximation of the word
2162:
447:, and numbered over 5,000 individuals by 2014. The
2026:International Union for the Conservation of Nature
1863:Smithsonian Institution | Global Volcanism Program
1703:
16:National park in Mara and Simiyu Regions, Tanzania
2959:Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
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355:. The national park is also home to the largest
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1946:"Geology of Serengeti National Park - Tanzania"
1910:Potential natural vegetation of eastern Africa.
645:More than 500 bird species can be seen such as
140:
115:
1139:International Union for Conservation of Nature
359:population in Africa. It is under threat from
347:and 250,000 zebra along with smaller herds of
2878:Tanzania Wildlife Management Authority (TAWA)
2264:
2148:
1859:"Global Volcanism Program | Ol Doinyo Lengai"
1296:
1752:"Bird Checklist for Serengeti National Park"
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595:are also seen in the gallery forests of the
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922:In the eastern portion of the park lie the
2870:Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA)
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2257:
2155:
2141:
1922:World Database on Protected Areas (2021).
1805:
1799:
1736:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1230:. University of Chicago Press. p. 15.
1226:Sinclair, Anthony Ronald Entrican (1995).
2865:Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism
1812:. WhoHQ. New York: Penguin Random House.
1646:
1637:
1582:
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1243:"Heartbreak on the Serengeti (continued)"
1121:Siam weed, an introduced invasive species
1019:Learn how and when to remove this message
1403:
1116:
1065:The park is divided into three regions:
964:
956:
821:
1408:and the cultural heritage of mankind".
415:produced a book and documentary titled
2964:Tourist attractions in the Mara Region
2906:
1997:"Seronera Airport (SEU) @ OurAirports"
208:14,763 km (5,700 sq mi)
2883:Marine Parks and Reserves Unit (MPRU)
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1832:
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1404:Boes, T. (2013). "Political animals:
2874:Tanzania Forest Service Agency (TFS)
2720:Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park
1915:
1704:Kennedy, A. S.; Kennedy, V. (2014).
1182:World Conservation Monitoring Centre
1058:The Mara River, which flows through
1001:adding citations to reliable sources
972:
479:Other mammal carnivores include the
336:. The park was established in 1940.
96:Landscape in Serengeti National Park
18:
2944:Protected areas established in 1951
1453:Conservation Strategy for the Lion
13:
2061:
1769:
1694:
1451:IUCN Cat Specialist Group (2006).
1234:
1137:under the system developed by the
969:Wildebeest in the Western Corridor
861:(2.72–2.56 Ga in age), which were
780:
363:, population growth and ranching.
14:
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2919:1951 establishments in Tanganyika
2891:Ngorongoro Conservation Authority
2121:
1099:Tanzania National Parks Authority
233:Tanzania National Parks Authority
2969:World Heritage Sites in Tanzania
2934:Important Bird Areas of Tanzania
2236:
2176:
1373:"Threats to the Serengeti herds"
977:
777:, and many species of vultures.
407:The Serengeti gained fame after
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23:
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2014:
1989:
1963:
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1459:. Pretoria, South Africa: IUCN.
988:needs additional citations for
938:) from rapid weathering of the
797:start to migrate north towards
2924:Biosphere reserves of Tanzania
1970:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
1884:"Hawaiian Volcano Observatory"
1457:in Eastern and Southern Africa
1444:
1397:
1364:
1329:
1290:
1265:
1219:
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1:
2949:Serengeti volcanic grasslands
2818:Mafia Islands Marine Reserve
1563:Biodiversity and Conservation
1491:Biodiversity and Conservation
1187:
1113:Administration and protection
924:Serengeti volcanic grasslands
755:tanzanian red-billed hornbill
2725:Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve
2710:Tanga Coelacanth Marine Park
2198:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
2022:"Category II: National Park"
1976:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1837:. Springer. pp. 69–79.
1247:National Geographic Magazine
1060:Maasai Mara National Reserve
952:
934:and calcitic hard-pan soil (
789:where around half a million
787:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
431:Maasai Mara National Reserve
397:Ngorongoro Conservation Area
366:
7:
2847:Menai Bay Conservation Area
1680:Mongabay Environmental News
1622:in East African savannahs?"
1603:Mongabay Environmental News
636:black-necked spitting cobra
424:
10:
2985:
2939:National parks of Tanzania
2887:Tanzania Wildlife Division
2048:"Serengeti – Myles Turner"
1511:10.1007/s10531-020-02039-w
1315:10.1177/147447409500200203
1151:
1135:Category II protected area
1125:The park is listed by the
817:
382:
245:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2857:
2700:
2542:
2416:
2290:
2233:
2188:Kilimanjaro National Park
2183:
2174:
1972:"Serengeti National Park"
1924:"Serengeti National Park"
1708:. Princeton, New Jersey.
1639:10.1017/S0030605318000388
1584:10.1007/s10531-010-9904-z
1390:10.1017/S0030605300018111
873:and elongated hills, the
675:red-billed buffalo weaver
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32:This article needs to be
2929:Geography of Mara Region
2838:Zanzibar Marine Reserve
2715:Mafia Island Marine Park
1422:10.1353/gsr.2013.a501305
1133:. It is designated as a
1089:and hills, ranging from
679:southern ground hornbill
612:serrated hinged terrapin
453:Eastern black rhinoceros
2222:Serengeti National Park
1809:Where Is the Serengeti?
1406:Serengeti Shall Not Die
1350:10.1023/A:1006953325298
418:Serengeti Shall Not Die
314:Serengeti National Park
60:Serengeti National Park
2545:nature forest reserves
2227:Stone Town of Zanzibar
1297:Neumann, R.P. (1995).
1122:
970:
962:
831:
663:grey-breasted spurfowl
557:African striped weasel
69:
2193:Kondoa Rock-Art Sites
1756:www.exoticbirding.com
1410:German Studies Review
1241:Poole, R. M. (2012).
1156:Deforestation in the
1120:
1050:The landscape of the
1045:Grumeti Game Reserves
968:
960:
825:
671:African collared dove
515:, and two species of
441:African bush elephant
2777:Tanga Marine Reserve
2164:World Heritage Sites
2068:Conniff, R. (2015).
1546:on 9 September 2016.
997:improve this article
826:Carbonatite lava at
751:pink-backed pelicans
703:saddle-billed storks
659:helmeted guineafowls
123:Show map of Tanzania
70:Hifadhi ya Serengeti
2543:Forest reserves and
2217:Selous Game Reserve
1806:Medina, N. (2019).
1786:World Wildlife Fund
1575:2010BiCon..19.3431M
1503:2020BiCon..29.3591A
1131:World Heritage Site
747:african fish eagles
723:spotted thick-knees
719:yellow-billed stork
624:Jackson's chameleon
579:. Primates such as
571:, three species of
493:African golden wolf
489:black-backed jackal
229:Governing body
185: /
2842:Chumbe Marine Park
2388:Udzungwa Mountains
2080:on 27 January 2021
1888:volcanoes.usgs.gov
1833:Scoon, R. (2018).
1164:of plants such as
1123:
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963:
928:Tropical Grassland
850:in age), Archaean
832:
667:blacksmith lapwing
283:Reference no.
148:Show map of Africa
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2662:Uluguru Mountains
2408:Rumanyika-Karagwe
2313:Jozani Chwaka Bay
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2210:
2204:
1715:978-1-4008-5138-6
1569:(12): 3431–3444.
1497:(13): 3591–3608.
1178:Mexican sunflower
1107:Seronera airstrip
1105:with its primary
1029:
1028:
1021:
811:Thomson's gazelle
771:spur-winged geese
699:knob-billed ducks
602:Reptiles include
569:crested porcupine
349:Thomson's gazelle
328:and northeastern
310:
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53:
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2914:IUCN Category II
2602:West Kilimanjaro
2484:Mpanga-Kipengere
2454:Lukwika-Lumesule
2338:Mahale Mountains
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1249:. Archived from
1238:
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1214:
1212:
1198:
1162:invasive species
1024:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1004:
981:
973:
961:Serengeti Plains
945:produced by the
940:natrocarbonatite
842:Nyanzian System
836:basement complex
828:Ol Doinyo Lengai
608:leopard tortoise
521:African wild dog
409:Bernhard Grzimek
272:
224:350,000 per year
200:
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189:2.333°S 34.567°E
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1253:on 29 June 2012
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1079:riverine forest
1052:Serengeti Plain
1037:riverine forest
1025:
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1008:
1005:
994:
982:
955:
932:calcareous tuff
906:Oldoinyo Lengai
878:Mozambique Belt
820:
783:
781:Great migration
727:lesser flamingo
593:mantled guereza
565:ground pangolin
541:African wildcat
513:banded mongoose
449:African buffalo
435:African leopard
427:
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369:
345:blue wildebeest
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2667:Udzungwa Scarp
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2373:Saanane Island
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2363:Rubondo Island
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2206:Kilwa Kisiwani
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2122:External links
2120:
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2100:"Conservation"
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2013:
1988:
1962:
1937:
1914:
1900:
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1632:(2): 234–243.
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880:consisting of
875:Neoproterozoic
819:
816:
782:
779:
763:egyptian geese
759:martial eagles
715:marabou storks
711:goliath herons
683:crowned cranes
628:African python
604:Nile crocodile
529:common warthog
483:, about 3,500
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2017:
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1950:serengeti.com
1947:
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1277:serengeti.com
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986:This section
984:
980:
975:
974:
967:
959:
950:
948:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
918:
917:Lake Victoria
914:
910:
907:
903:
902:volcanic rock
899:
895:
891:
887:
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879:
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868:
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764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
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740:
736:
735:abdim's stork
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:cattle egrets
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:kori bustards
652:
651:secretarybird
648:
647:Masai ostrich
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:rainbow agama
613:
609:
605:
600:
598:
597:Grumeti River
594:
590:
589:vervet monkey
586:
585:olive baboons
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:bat-eared fox
558:
554:
550:
546:
545:African civet
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:striped hyena
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:spotted hyena
482:
477:
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472:
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466:
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459:
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438:
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432:
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420:
419:
414:
410:
405:
403:
398:
394:
390:
380:
378:
377:Maasai people
374:
364:
362:
361:deforestation
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
330:Simiyu Region
327:
323:
319:
318:national park
315:
305:
301:
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295:
291:
288:
285:
281:
276:
270:
266:
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250:
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198:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
135:
110:
100:
93:
88:
83:
82:national park
79:
78:IUCN category
74:
71:
67:
63:
58:
55:
47:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2812:Tanga Island
2745:Fungu Yasini
2703:and reserves
2701:Marine parks
2682:Mount Rungwe
2647:Mount Hanang
2622:West Chenene
2403:Burigi-Chato
2393:Ugalla River
2377:
2333:Lake Manyara
2303:Gombe Stream
2221:
2107:. Retrieved
2104:Grumeti Fund
2103:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:the original
2073:
2063:
2051:. Retrieved
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1975:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1917:
1909:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1887:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:
1853:
1834:
1828:
1808:
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1785:
1759:. Retrieved
1755:
1746:
1705:
1684:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1648:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1611:
1602:
1593:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1541:the original
1527:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1472:Panthera leo
1471:
1465:
1456:
1455:Panthera leo
1452:
1446:
1416:(1): 41–59.
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1267:
1257:26 September
1255:. Retrieved
1251:the original
1246:
1236:
1227:
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1205:
1196:
1170:Prickly pear
1155:
1146:Myles Turner
1143:
1124:
1096:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1030:
1015:
1006:
995:Please help
990:verification
987:
926:which are a
921:
913:volcanic ash
838:consists of
833:
807:plains zebra
803:Common eland
784:
695:black herons
644:
620:Nile monitor
601:
549:common genet
525:hippopotamus
497:honey badger
478:
476:and shrubs.
468:
462:
456:
439:
428:
416:
411:and his son
406:
386:
375:used by the
372:
370:
338:
320:in northern
313:
311:
54:
41:
33:
2822:Shungumbili
2577:Kazimzumbwi
2562:Lake Duluti
2524:Swaga Swaga
2323:Kilimanjaro
2212:Songo Mnara
1656:. allafrica
1206:Xinhua News
846:(2.81–2.63
844:greenstones
799:Maasai Mara
743:hadada ibis
707:white stork
687:sacred ibis
632:black mamba
326:Mara Region
316:is a large
213:Established
192: /
168:Coordinates
44:August 2021
2908:Categories
2632:Essimingor
2627:ChemiChemi
2572:Pugu Hills
2567:Biharamulo
2494:Ngorongoro
2469:Mkungunero
2053:22 October
2006:21 October
1981:21 October
1338:GeoJournal
1188:References
1158:Mau Forest
1087:Commiphora
1009:April 2022
869:, forming
801:in Kenya.
791:wildebeest
640:puff adder
470:Crotalaria
458:Indigofera
389:Tanganyika
268:Designated
2760:Makatumbi
2740:Pangavini
2637:Kilombero
2617:Kilombero
2607:Kilombero
2587:Kilombero
2444:Liparamba
2434:Kijereshi
2383:Tarangire
2378:Serengeti
2074:Take Part
1732:cite book
1724:873760148
1519:221167378
1438:142103854
1358:150734077
1323:145421779
1166:Siam weed
953:Geography
947:volcanoes
936:vertisols
894:siltstone
886:sandstone
882:quartzite
775:oxpeckers
767:lovebirds
739:hamerkops
731:shoebills
577:Cape hare
421:in 1959.
402:Serengeti
367:Etymology
341:Serengeti
2832:Barakuni
2692:Meru-Usa
2597:Mwambesi
2479:Moyowosi
2474:Msanjesi
2429:Ikorongo
2284:Tanzania
2203:Ruins of
2168:Tanzania
1430:43555291
1282:3 August
1211:17 April
1174:Feverfew
1103:Seronera
1091:Seronera
1041:Ikorongo
909:Holocene
863:uplifted
537:aardwolf
533:aardvark
445:poaching
425:Wildlife
373:siringet
322:Tanzania
260:Criteria
221:Visitors
162:Tanzania
158:Location
2827:Nyororo
2765:Kimbubu
2730:Bongoyo
2687:Magamba
2642:Minziro
2612:Pindiro
2582:Vikindu
2449:Lukwati
2424:Grumeti
2368:Saadani
2353:Nyerere
2348:Mkomazi
2032:18 June
1955:14 July
1893:25 June
1660:23 July
1605:. 2015.
1571:Bibcode
1499:Bibcode
1303:Ecumene
1152:Threats
1082:plains.
1072:edaphic
1033:savanna
898:Neogene
871:koppies
859:plutons
852:granite
840:Archaen
830:volcano
818:Geology
573:hyraxes
553:zorilla
505:caracal
481:cheetah
413:Michael
383:History
334:savanna
275:session
255:Natural
180:34°34′E
66:Swahili
34:updated
2807:Maziwi
2797:Ulenge
2770:Latham
2755:Kendwa
2735:Mbudya
2657:Mkingu
2529:Uwanda
2519:Selous
2514:Rungwa
2489:Muhesi
2439:Kizigo
2398:Kigosi
2343:Mikumi
2328:Kitulo
2318:Katavi
2298:Arusha
2109:26 May
2084:23 May
2028:. 2016
1930:24 May
1868:25 May
1841:
1816:
1791:7 June
1761:28 May
1722:
1712:
1686:28 May
1682:. 2019
1517:
1436:
1428:
1356:
1321:
911:-aged
900:-aged
867:Ma ago
856:gneiss
809:, and
795:zebras
638:, and
591:, and
581:yellow
519:. The
517:otters
509:serval
464:Acacia
297:Africa
293:Region
263:vii, x
177:2°20′S
2802:Yambe
2792:Kwale
2787:Mwewe
2782:Kirui
2750:Sinda
2677:Chome
2652:Rondo
2552:Amani
2534:Pande
2509:Rukwa
2499:Pande
2464:Maswa
2459:Lwafi
2358:Ruaha
1544:(PDF)
1537:(PDF)
1515:S2CID
1434:S2CID
1426:JSTOR
1354:S2CID
1319:S2CID
1129:as a
890:shale
474:forbs
353:eland
273:(5th
271:1981
2672:Nilo
2504:Piti
2111:2021
2086:2021
2055:2016
2034:2020
2008:2023
1983:2023
1957:2021
1932:2021
1895:2021
1870:2021
1839:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1793:2021
1763:2021
1738:link
1720:OCLC
1710:ISBN
1688:2021
1662:2019
1626:Oryx
1377:Oryx
1284:2021
1259:2019
1213:2022
1176:and
1043:and
943:lava
904:and
892:and
865:180
834:The
583:and
575:and
467:and
357:lion
351:and
339:The
312:The
252:Type
216:1951
205:Area
80:II (
2592:Rau
2282:of
2209:and
2166:in
1634:doi
1579:doi
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999:by
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