655:
the Polish word "uosiadÄ" (ĂŽsawiedĆș), to return sheep to individual farms. There is also a theory that it comes from the word uozchod (ĂŽzchod), which means the separation of sheep from individual gazdĆwek (farms). In this word, there may have been a complete loss of the pronunciation of ch, which in the
Podhale dialect (Poland) in this type of positions is pronounced as a barely audible h (so-called sonorous h), similarly to the word schowaÄ, which in the highlander language is pronounced as sowa. In the Memoir of the Tatra Society from 1876, the way in which this is done is described: "(...) they herd sheep from the entire village to one agreed place, give them to the shepherds and shepherds one by one, then mix them together and count the number of the whole herd (flock). ) pieces is (what they call "the reading"). The reading is done in such a way that one juhas, holding the chaplet in his hand, puts one bead for each ten sheep counted. The second one takes one sheep from the flock and, as he lets it out of the fenced barracks, counts: one, two, three, etc. up to ten, and after each ten he calls out: "desat"
659:
dictated that from that day on, it was to be kept burning continuously by the main shepherd â the shepherd. Next, the sheep were led around a small chevron or spruce tree stuck in the ground â the so-called mojka (which was supposed to symbolize the health and strength of everyone present in the hall) and they were fumigated with burning herbs and a poĆazzka brought to the saĆasz. This was intended to cleanse them of diseases and prevent misfortune. Then the flock was herded around it three times, which was intended to concentrate the sheep into one group and prevent individual animals from escaping. Baca's task was to pull the sheep behind him, helping himself with salt which he sprinkled on the flock. With the help of dogs and whistles, the Juhasi encouraged the herd and made sure that the sheep followed the shepherd. Sheep that fell outside the circle boded ill. It was believed that the number of sheep that fell outside the circle would die in the coming season.
1681:. Subsequent to the survey a number of flagship initiatives were launched by the Government for their welfare and development especially in sectors like healthcare, veterinary services, education, livelihood and transportation support for migration. Transhumance in Jammu and Kashmir is mostly vertical while some families in the plains of the Jammu, Samba and Kathua districts also practice lateral or horizontal transhumance. More than 85% of the migratory transhumant population moves within the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir while the remaining 15% undertakes inter-state movement to the neighbouring Punjab State and to the Ladakh Union territory. Gujjars â a migratory tribe â also sparsely inhabit several areas in parts of Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The Gujjar-Bakkerwal tribe represents the highest transhumant population in the world and accounts for nearly 98% of the transhumant population in Jammu and Kashmir. The
2257:
2507:
2658:
2845:
251:
1971:
1492:
557:
964:
1078:
565:
2471:
1163:
408:
376:
1653:, the inhabitants live in permanent villages surrounded by arable fields on irrigated terraces. Most of the livestock are goats. They are taken up to a succession of summer pastures each spring by herdsmen while most of the villagers remain behind to irrigate the terraced fields and raise millet, maize, and wheat; work mostly done by the women. In the autumn after the grain and fruit harvest, livestock are brought back to spend the winter stall-fed in stables.
93:
2310:
2145:
1910:
1789:
1017:
903:
496:
136:
2402:
52:
1707:
2628:
total range when all seasons are included. Some farmers who raised sheep recruited Basque shepherds to care for the herds, including managing migration between grazing lands. Workers from Peru, Chile (often Native
Americans), and Mongolia have now taken shepherd roles; the Basque have bought their own ranches or moved to urban jobs. Shepherds take the sheep into the mountains in the summer (documented in the 2009 film
1126:, transhumant herding has been the main, or only, economic activity. Regulated passes and pasturage have been distributed among different valleys and communities according to the seasonal range of use and community jurisdiction. Unique social groups associated with the transhumant lifestyle are sometimes identified as a remnant of an older ethnic culture now surviving in isolated minorities, such as the "
3845:
2617:
989:, up to 100 metres (328 ft) wide and more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) long, permitted the passage and grazing of herds, principally sheep, and attracted regulation by law and the establishment of a mounted police force as far back as the 17th century. The tratturi remain public property and subject to conservation by the law protecting cultural heritage. The
1199:
2442:, so pastoralists would migrate to visit farmlands within the northern Sudan savannah zone, supplying dairy products to the local farming community. Reciprocally, the farming community supplied pastoralists with grain, and after the harvest, cattle were permitted to graze on crop residues in fields leaving behind valuable manure.
3948:
669:
placed them in a basket made of tynin. In the Memoir of the Tatra
Society from 1876, the way in which this is done is described: "(...) they herd sheep from the entire village to one agreed place, give them to the shepherds and shepherds one by one, then mix them together and count the number of the whole herd (flock).
2280:(1,930 metres (6,332 ft)) that holds dense vegetation. The cattle keepers establish enclosures for the cattle and places for them to sleep, often in rock shelters. The cattle stay there until harvesting time, when they are needed for threshing, and when the stubble becomes available for grazing. Many cattle of
2120:
Transhumant grazing is an important aspect of the cultural heritage of the
Australian Alps, an area of which has been included on the Australian National Heritage List. Colonists started using this region for summer grazing in the 1830s, when pasture lower down was poor. The practice continued during
2648:
In
California, the home ranch tends to have more private land, largely because of the legacy of the Spanish land grant system. For this reason, extensive acreages of Mediterranean oak woodlands and grasslands are stewarded by ranches whose economy depends on summer range on government land under the
2612:
In
California and Texas, a greater proportion of the range is held as private land, due to differing historical development of these areas. The general pattern is that in summer, ranch families, hired shepherds, or hired cowboys travel to the mountains and stay in a line camp during the summer. They
2429:
Cattle fulfil multiple roles in agro-pastoralist communities, providing meat, milk and draught power while sales of stock generate income and provide insurance against disasters. They also play a key role in status and prestige and for cementing social relationships such as kinship and marriage. For
1664:
in India has the world's highest transhumant population as per a survey conducted by a team led by Dr Shahid Iqbal
Choudhary, IAS, Secretary to the Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Tribal Affairs Department. The 1st Survey of Transhumance in 2021 captured details of 6,12,000 members of ethnic tribal
732:
after it ceased elsewhere in Wales, and remnants of the practice can still be found in rural farming communities in the region to this day. Both "Hafod" and "Hendref" survive in Wales as place names and house names and in one case as the name of a raw milk cow cheese (Hafod). Today, cattle and sheep
672:
The sheep of all the shepherds were gathered in one place at the foot of the mountains, and then one large herd was driven to the szalas. The entrance to the hala was also particularly emphasized: there was shooting, honking and shouting all the way. This was intended to drive away evil spirits from
654:
In Poland it is called redyk, it is the ceremonial departure of shepherds with their flocks of sheep and shepherd dogs, to graze in the mountain pastures (spring redyk), as well as their return from grazing (autumn redyk). In the local mountain dialect, autumn redyk is called uosod, which comes from
680:
Redyk included many local practices, rituals and celebrations. In modern time it is mainly a part of local traditional entertainment. The modern spring and autumn Redyk (sheep drive) has the character of a folkloric spectacle addressed to locals and tourists, but also to the highlanders themselves,
394:
categorizes nomadic forms of pastoralism into five groups as follows: "pure pastoral nomadism", "semi-nomadic pastoralism", "semi-sedentary pastoralism", "distant-pastures husbandry" and "seasonal transhumance". Eickelman does not make a distinction between transhumant pastoralism and seminomadism,
2627:
Traditionally in the
American West, shepherds spent most of the year with a sheep herd, searching for the best forage in each season. This type of shepherding peaked in the late nineteenth century. Cattle and sheep herds are generally based on private land, although this may be a small part of the
1085:
Transhumance is historically widespread throughout much of Spain, particularly in the regions of
Castile, Leon and Extremadura, where nomadic cattle and sheep herders travel long distances in search of greener pastures in summer and warmer climatic conditions in winter. Spanish transhumance is the
1693:
over the summer. In the summer, they would move up to high-altitude settlements along various river valleys. Some people would remain at these settlements to cultivate farms; some would head to trade marts, crossing high mountain passes into western Tibet, while some others would practice nomadic
1174:
involves relocation of livestock (cows, sheep, horses) to high mountains during the summer months, because farms in the lowland are too small to support a larger herd all year round. The mountain period starts in late May or early June, and ends in early
October. Until the 1970s, transhumance was
811:
in the south-west, through to the north of England. In the Lake District, hill sheep breeds, such as the Herdwick and Swaledale are moved between moor and valley in summer and winter. This led to a trait and system known as "hefting", whereby sheep and flock remain in the farmer's allotted area
668:
In the pastoral culture in Poland, Redyk was perceived as the greatest village festival. Farmers who gave their sheep to a shepherd for the entire season, before grazing in the pastures, listed them (most often by marking them with notches on the shepherd's stick, stick or beam), marked them and
658:
The leading of the sheep was preceded by magical procedures that were supposed to protect them from bad fate and from being enchanted. For this purpose, bonfires were lit and sheep were led through the fire. It began with the resurrection of the "holy fire" in the kolyba (shepherd's hut). Custom
2433:
Pastoralism, as a livelihood, is coming under increased pressure across Africa, due to changing social, economic, political and environmental conditions. Prior to the 1950s, a symbiotic relationship existed between pastoralists, crop farmers and their environment with pastoralists practising
676:
At the end of the ceremony, there was music and dancing together. The musicians played traditional instruments: gajdas and violins. To the accompaniment of music, the SaĆashniks performed the oldest individual dance â the owiedziok, the owczarza, the kolomajka, the swinszczok, the masztoĆka.
1175:
used mainly for dairy cows, and cheese-making was an important activity in the summer months. In some regions, nearly all members of a family decamped to higher mountains with their cows, living in rudimentary stone cabins for the summer grazing season. That system, which evolved during the
1523:
at altitudes up to 3,500 metres (11,483 ft). Traditionally, villages were divided into two, three or even four distinct settlements (one for each season) at different heights of a mountain slope. Much of this rural life came to an end during the first half of the 20th century, as the
2125:
in Australia viable. Transhumant grazing created a distinctive way of life that is an important part of Australia's pioneering history and culture. There are features in the area that are reminders of transhumant grazing, including abandoned stockman's huts, stock yards and stock routes.
882:
period or even earlier. The practice was widespread in the west of Ireland up until the time of the Second World War. Seasonal migration of workers to Scotland and England for the winter months superseded this ancient system, together with more permanent emigration to the United States.
1869:, are used during summer periods from the beginning of June until mid-October. Inhabitants move in October to coastal towns situated at an average of 200 metres (656 ft) above sea level. The transhumance is motivated by agricultural activities (historically by the
2534:
located close to the Atlantic coast in the northwestern area of the country. In this area, people move seasonally (three or four times per annum) with their herds of sheep and goats. Transhumance is based on small family units, which use the same camps each year.
2252:
organise annual transhumance, particularly towards remote and vast grazing grounds, deep in valleys (where the grass grows early due to temperature) or mountain tops. Livestock will stay there overnight (transhumance) with children and a few adults keeping them.
1535:, dramatically reduced the number of people living in transhumance. It is estimated, however, that tens of thousands of rural people still practice these traditions in villages on the northern and southwestern slopes of the Caucasus, in the lesser Caucasus in
2434:
transhumance. During the dry season, pastoralists migrated to the southern parts of the Guinea savannah zone, where there was ample pasture and a lower density of crop farmers. In the wet season, these areas faced high challenge from African
978:
In Southern Italy, the practice of driving herds to hilly pasture in summer was also known in some parts of the regions l and has had a long-documented history until the 1950s and 1960s with the advent of alternative road transport.
1619:), which makes the region ideal for seasonal transhumance. The Afghan Highlands contain about 225,000 km (87,000 sq mi) of summer pasture, which is used by both settled communities and nomadic pastoralists like the
2498:'s arid industrial heartland. Growing pressure on pastures is contributing to degradation of sensitive grasslands and could contribute to sedimentation in man-made lakes. The traditional transhumance pattern has become modified.
2597:, continues to be an important ranching practice in the western United States. In the northern areas, this tradition was based on moving herds to higher ground with the greening of highland pastures in spring and summer. These
3634:
Duncan, A; Rahman, A; Miller, D; Frutos, P; Gordon, I; Rehman, A; Baig, A; Ali, F; Wright, I (November 2006). "Transhumance livestock production in the Northern Areas of Pakistan: Nutritional inputs and productive outputs".
1546:
Some communities continue to play out ancient migration patterns. For example, the Pontic Greeks visit the area and the monastery Sumela in the summer. Turks from cities in Europe have built a summer retreat on the former
1772:. The migration was organised and controlled by the Kashkai Chief. The tribes avoided villages and towns, such as Shiraz and Isfahan, because their large flocks, numbering seven million head, could cause serious damage.
2378:. The community practices nomadic transhumance, with seasonal movement occurring between grasslands of Kenya (North Pokot sub-county) and Uganda (Amudat, Nakapiripirit and Moroto districts) (George Magak Oguna, 2014).
3792:
Ducrotoy, Marie Julie; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Bagulo, Husein; Musa, Usman Baba; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel Madu; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Bryssinckx, Ward; Welburn, Susan C. (1 December 2016).
2854:
Ducrotoy, Marie Julie; Majekodunmi, Ayodele O.; Shaw, Alexandra P. M.; Bagulo, Husein; Musa, Usman Baba; Bertu, Wilson J.; Gusi, Amahyel Madu; Ocholi, Reuben A.; Bryssinckx, Ward; Welburn, Susan C. (December 2016).
445:
around the world suggests that indigenous knowledge regarding transhumance must have developed and survived over generations to allow for the acquisition of sufficient skills to thrive in mountainous regions. Most
646:, new state borders were developed that divided the summer and winter habitats of many of the pastoral groups. These prevented easy movement across borders, particularly at times of war, which have been frequent.
1259:. The same term is used for a related mountain cabin, which was used as a summer residence. In summer (usually late June), livestock is moved to a mountain farm, often quite distant from a home farm, to preserve
1333:
and mountain parishes 800 m above sea-level, fertile soil in the main valley and barren summits in Rondane and Dovrefjell. Forests surround those farms, but higher up, woods give way to a treeless mountain
2590:). In the absence of transhumance, these balds have been becoming covered by forest since the late 20th century. It is unclear whether efforts will be made to preserve these historic managed ecosystems.
3351:
812:(heaf) of the commons, which is still practised. However, in England, it is all taken from the Welsh tradition and was only practised on a very small domestic scale, unlike elsewhere in Europe.
2634:) and out on the desert in the winter, at times using crop stubble and pasture on private land when it is available. There are a number of different forms of transhumance in the United States:
2562:. It consists of a frame traditionally covered with rush mats. In the 21st century, the people sometimes use a variety of manufactured materials. In recognition of its significance, the
438:
There is evidence that transhumance was practised world-wide prior to recorded history: in Europe, isotope studies of livestock bones suggest that certain animals were moved seasonally.
1230:
In Scandinavia, transhumance is practised to a certain extent; however, livestock are transported between pastures by motorised vehicles, changing the character of the movement. The
681:
who to identify with their traditions. Sometimes common redyk was organised also in Czechia, Slovakia and Romania. In Poland, the organisers was the Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.
2494:
mountains of Lesotho). Pressure on pasture land has increased due to increases in population, as well as construction of large storage dams in these mountains to provide water to
324:) may form much of the diet of such populations. In many languages there are words for the higher summer pastures, and frequently these words have been used as place names: e.g.
2092:
in western Nepal and Gaddis of Bharmaur region of Himachal Pradesh. In some cases, the distances travelled by the people with their livestock may be great enough to qualify as
1737:(Kashkai) are a Turkic tribe of southern Iran, who in the mid-20th century still practised transhumance. The tribe was said to have settled in ancient times in the province of
874:) in many place names also bears witness to the practice. This transfer alleviated pressure on the growing crops and provided fresh pasture for the livestock. Mentioned in the
3557:"Withering of traditional institutions? An institutional analysis of the decline of migratory pastoralism in the rangelands of the Kailash Sacred Landscape, western Himalayas"
2586:
mountain tops where wild oats predominate. Historians have speculated that these "balds" are remnants of ancient bison grazing lands (which were possibly maintained by early
372:. Although there are substantial cultural and technological variations, the underlying practices for taking advantage of remote seasonal pastures are similar linguistically.
3411:
4148:
1183:, as people left the countryside for jobs in cities. However, the importance of transhumance continues to be recognised through its celebration in popular festivals.
866:
system of agriculture. The livestock, usually cattle, was moved from a permanent lowland village to summer pastures in the mountains. The appearance of "Summerhill" (
642:(western Balkans in modern use), constantly migrating in search of better pastures for their sheep flocks. But as national states appeared in the area of the former
3861:
Eduardo Cruz de Carvalho & Jorge Vieira da Silva, "The Cunene Region: Ecological analysis of an African agropastoralist system", in Franz-Wilhelm Heimer (ed.),
1099:, crosses the whole peninsula, running mostly south-west to north-east. They have been charted since ancient times, and classified according to width; the standard
4134:
4083:
de Abreu, Urbano Gomes Pinto; McManus, Concepta; y Santos, Sandra Aparecida (2010). "Cattle ranching, conservation and transhumance in the Brazilian Pantanal".
1730:, pastoral tribes move back and forth with their herds annually according to the seasons, between their permanent homes in the valley and one in the foothills.
1689:
historically practiced transhumance. They would spend the winter months at low altitude settlements in the Himalayan foothills, gathering resources to trade in
713:), where the livestock would graze. During the late autumn the farm family and workers would drive the flocks down to the valleys and stay at the main house or
1749:
mountains. In their yearly migrations for fresh pastures, the Kashkai drove their livestock from south to north, where they lived in summer quarters, known as
1531:
In the second half of the 20th century, migration for work from the Pontic mountains to cities in Turkey and western Europe, and from the northern Caucasus to
4110:
3355:
3105:
Bothay, a dairy-house, where Highland shepherds, or graziers, live during summer with their herds and flocks, and during that season make butter and cheese.
665:
This method of sheep grazing is a relic of transhumant agriculture, which was once very common in the Carpathians. (Carpathian transhumance agriculture).
4056:
Andaluz Westreicher, Carlos; MĂ©rega, Juan Luis; y Palmili, Gabriel (2007). "The Economics of Pastoralism: Study on Current Practices in South America".
3875:
Quinlan, T.; Morris, C.D. (1994). "Implications of changes to the transhumance system for conservation of the mountain catchments in eastern Lesotho".
2296:. Cattle stay on there on wide rangelands. Some cattle keepers move far down to open woodland and establish their camp in large caves in sandstone.
1762:
In autumn the Kashkai broke camp, leaving the highlands to winter in warmer regions near Firuzabad, Kazerun, JerrĂš, Farashband, on the banks of the
619:, borders between Greece, Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia were relatively unobstructed. In summer, some groups went as far north as the
2074:
were transhumance prior to their arrival to the region. In Mongolia, transhumance is used to avoid livestock losses during harsh winters, known as
2080:. For regions of the Himalaya, transhumance still provides mainstay for several near-subsistence economies – for example, that of
4180:
1086:
origin of numerous related cultures in the Americas such as the cowboys of the United States and the Gauchos of Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil.
2209:
of North Africa were traditionally farmers, living in mountains relatively close to the Mediterranean coast, or oasis dwellers. However, the
3233:
4165:
1775:
In the 1950s, the Kashkai tribes were estimated to number 400,000 people in total. There have been many social changes since that time.
1305:
The practice was common throughout most of Norway, due to its highly mountainous nature and limited areas of lowland for cultivation.
1528:
and later Soviet governments tried to modernise the societies and stress urban development, rather than maintaining rural traditions.
1519:
brings moist air up the steep valleys, which supports fertile grasslands at altitudes up to 2,500 metres (8,202 ft), and a rich
611:
peoples traditionally spent summer months in the mountains and returned to lower plains in the winter. When the area was part of the
2248:. During the cropping season the lands around the villages are not accessible for grazing. For instance, farmers with livestock in
1515:
mountain ranges, various peoples still practice transhumance to varying degrees. During the relatively short summer, wind from the
3206:
3148:
1115:) being 800 metres (2,625 ft) wide at certain points. The land within the droveways is publicly owned and protected by law.
733:
that summer on many hill farms are still transported to lowland winter pastures, but by truck rather than being driven overland.
4143:
3758:
Cattle breeds, milk production, and transhumance in Dogu'a Tembien. In: Geotrekking in Ethiopia's tropical mountains, Chapter 28
3381:
3403:
1613:), watered by many small streams and rivers. There are also pastures available during winter in the neighboring warm lowlands (
3092:
4156:
3016:
2974:
2921:
1674:
4011:
Sulak, A.; Huntsinger, L. (2007). "Public lands grazing in California: untapped conservation potential for private lands?".
1346:
While previously many farms had their own seters, it is more usual for several farmers to share a modernised common seter (
200:
1986:, have undergone a resurgence in the difficult economic times following independence in 1991. Transhumance is integral to
289:
travel, with a certain number of people necessary to tend them, while the main population stays at the base. In contrast,
4185:
3670:
3057:
2426:
rear the majority of Nigeria's cattle, traditionally estimated at 83% pastoral, 17% village cattle and 0.3% peri-urban).
1694:
pastoralism. This historic way of life came to an abrupt halt due to the closure of the Sino-Indian border following the
1661:
172:
3211:
3153:
2769:
2587:
2506:
3305:
2256:
1607:
range, there are very cold winters, and short and cool summers. These highlands have mountain pastures during summer (
3466:
3262:
2990:
2357:
2192:
1957:
1836:
1698:
of 1962. In the decades following this war, transhumance as a way of life rapidly declined among the Bhotiya people.
1064:
950:
543:
237:
219:
79:
2958:
2339:
2174:
1939:
1818:
1046:
932:
525:
179:
2582:
of the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries, settlers often pastured livestock, especially sheep, on
2110:
1271:
usually remain at the home farm. As autumn approaches and grazing is exhausted, livestock is returned to the farm.
662:
The stay in the pasture (hala) begins on St. Wojciech's Day (April 23), and ends on Michaelmas Day (September 29).
3514:
4131:
3149:"Medieval transhumance hut on Draynes Common, 500 metres (1,640 ft) south-west of Westerlake Farm (1007779)"
2642:
3671:"Australian Alps National Parks and Reserves, The Alpine Way, Thredbo Village, NSW, Australia (Place ID 105891)"
2969:
Anatoly M. Khazanov, Nomads and the Outside World (2nd Edition), University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, pp 19-23,
2829:
2930:
2335:
2170:
1935:
1814:
1042:
928:
521:
285:
in summer and lower valleys in winter. Herders have a permanent home, typically in valleys. Generally only the
157:
2985:
Dale F. Eickelman, The Middle East and Central Asia: An Anthropological Approach, Prentice Hall, 2002, p. 11,
2605:. In the winter, herds use lowland steppe or desert, also often government land under the jurisdiction of the
1673:
and Sippis. The survey was carried out for development and welfare planning for these communities notified as
186:
3829:
3326:
2891:
2331:
2166:
1931:
1810:
1267:. Livestock is typically tended during the summer by girls and younger women, who also milk and make cheese.
1038:
924:
517:
153:
65:
4024:
3207:"Early medieval transhumance hut 740 metres (2,428 ft) west of Blackcoombe Farm, Linkinhorne (1011899)"
2641:
began practicing transhumance in the 1850s, after they were forced out of their traditional homeland in the
3675:
2613:
may also visit the upland ranch regularly, using trailers to transport horses for use in the high country.
2602:
1755:, in the high mountains from April to October. They traditionally grazed their flocks on the slopes of the
463:
3706:
Nyssen, Jan; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Zenebe, Amanuel; Poesen, Jean; Deckers, Jozef; Haile, Mitiku (2009).
168:
2567:
2486:
is based on rearing cattle. They practise a seasonal migration between valley and high plateaus of the
1187:
2237:
of Northeast Africa also traditionally practise nomadic transhumance. Their pastoralism is centred on
2606:
2036:
area (referred to below as Himalaya); and the cold semi-arid zone north of the Himalaya, through the
1759:, a group of mountains from 12,000 to 15,000 feet (3,700 to 4,600 m), part of the Zagros chain.
698:, farm workers and sometimes the farmer would spend the summer months at a hillside summer house, or
635:
588:
2801:
2320:
2245:
2155:
1920:
1799:
1642:. The Little Pamir pasture, whose elevation is above 4,000 metres (13,000 ft), is used by the
1592:
1027:
913:
728:
This system of transhumance has generally not been practised for almost a century; it continued in
506:
419:
325:
3623:(Reprint ed.). London: Chatto and Windus Ltd.; The Travel Book Club. pp. 53â54, 114â118.
3175:
2657:
1525:
2324:
2159:
1924:
1803:
1031:
917:
510:
451:
255:
146:
2844:
2028:
Transhumance practices are found in temperate areas, above â1,000 metres (3,281 ft) in the
250:
2459:
2435:
1342:, or summer farm region, once of vital importance both as summer pastureland and for haymaking.
1216:
in the mountains, it is used as a dwelling for those who accompany livestock to summer pasture.
807:
Evidence exists of transhumance being practised in England since at least medieval times, from
31:
2370:
The Pokot community are semi-nomadic pastoralists who are predominantly found in northwestern
4200:
4104:
3979:
3680:
3006:
2781:
1678:
741:
In many hilly and mountainous areas of Scotland, agricultural workers spent summer months in
17:
2558:) is a feature of Khoikhoi culture. These dwellings are used in their seasonal camps in the
1643:
296:
Traditional or fixed transhumance has occurred throughout the inhabited world, particularly
3884:
3806:
3644:
3568:
2868:
2114:
1442:(the word is also used for small storage houses and the like; it has evolved in English as
1123:
4175:
2734:. It mainly involves movement of cattle in the Pantanal and in parts of Argentina. In the
2662:
1861:
valley are at an average altitude of 1,400 metres (4,593 ft). Some settlements, like
193:
8:
2751:
2093:
1970:
1639:
1355:
The name for the common mountain pasture in most Scandinavian languages derives from the
1143:
480:
368:"ground". Literally meaning crossing the land. Transhumance developed on every inhabited
103:
3888:
3810:
3648:
3572:
2872:
2747:
1151:
4038:
3984:
3834:
3769:
3739:
3586:
3555:
Pandey, Abhimanyu; Pradhan, Nawraj; Chaudhari, Swapnil; Ghate, Rucha (2 January 2017).
3520:. Lalitpur, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. p. 10
3491:
3278:
2896:
2837:
Men of Influence: Social Control & Dispute Settlement in Waigal Valley, Afghanistan
2462:, have cultures that are entirely organised according to the practice of transhumance.
2001:
1508:
788:
1718:
tribe of Iran still practised this way of life in the mid-20th century. All along the
1558:. The shepherds with their flocks have to cross the 2,826 metres (9,272 ft) high
1352:). Most of the old seters have been left to decay or are used as recreational cabins.
820:
In Ireland, transhumance is known as "booleying". Transhumance pastures were known as
110:
4186:
Interview with Lionel Martorell, one of the last transhumant pastors in Eastern Spain
4042:
3936:
3773:
3590:
3515:"Highland Rangelands of Afghanistan: Significance, Management Issues, and Strategies"
3462:
3377:
3258:
3252:
3012:
2986:
2970:
2630:
2555:
2289:
2265:
1850:
1555:
1491:
1472:
1424:
1180:
600:
71:
3743:
2276:(2,580 metres (8,465 ft)) are brought every rainy season to the gorge of River
1430:
In the heartland of the Swedish transhumance region, the most commonly used term is
4092:
4065:
4028:
4020:
3892:
3838:
3824:
3814:
3761:
3729:
3719:
3652:
3576:
3202:
3144:
3126:
3084:
3033:
2900:
2886:
2876:
2487:
2273:
1719:
1715:
1512:
1447:
1090:
980:
963:
768:
620:
556:
391:
380:
293:
is more susceptible to being disrupted by climatic, economic, or political change.
4153:
3896:
3795:"Fulani cattle productivity and management in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, Nigeria"
3581:
3556:
2934:
2857:"Fulani cattle productivity and management in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, Nigeria"
783:. This practice has largely stopped but was practised within living memory in the
4160:
4138:
3765:
2959:
https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964
2818:
2406:
2041:
2037:
2005:
1695:
1631:
1127:
875:
764:
604:
349:
3480:; prepared by Kjeld-Willy Hansen, John Larsen og Dyre Vaa. Libri Art 1995, s.36.
2217:
of the southern Sahara practice nomadic transhumance. Other groups, such as the
1299:
1241:
The common mountain or forest pasture used for transhumance in summer is called
4096:
3849:
3656:
3309:
3180:
2764:
2598:
1734:
1186:
The Mont Perdu / Monte Perdido region of the Pyrenees has been designated as a
1179:, lasted into the 20th century. It declined and broke down under pressure from
879:
867:
792:
721:
709:
643:
616:
612:
384:
333:
3819:
3794:
3061:
2881:
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1291:
4194:
2455:
2382:
2285:
2249:
2230:
2214:
2210:
2206:
1987:
1738:
1635:
1627:
1077:
780:
776:
38:
4126:
3130:
1283:
4069:
2849:
2669:
South American transhumance partially relies on "cowboy" counterparts, the
2579:
2563:
2559:
2523:
2495:
2439:
2067:
1742:
1623:
1467:
1310:
1209:
772:
639:
564:
395:
but he clearly distinguishes between nomadic pastoralism and seminomadism.
3734:
2470:
1190:
by virtue of its association with the transhumance system of agriculture.
1162:
623:, and they would spend the winter on warmer plains in the vicinity of the
2796:
2594:
2583:
2515:
2418:
2234:
2122:
1756:
1727:
1686:
1634:(whose area is about 600 km at elevation of up to 3,350 m), and the
1596:
1231:
1176:
972:
892:
859:
584:
455:
442:
375:
266:
4033:
3234:"BBC Radio 4 - Radio 4 in Four - Nine things you never knew about sheep"
3117:
McDonnell, John (1988). "The Role of Transhumance in Northern England".
2791:
1287:
1275:
407:
2416:
is the Hausa word for the pastoral peoples of Nigeria belonging to the
2089:
2055:
2051:
2033:
1979:
1763:
1723:
1604:
1600:
1559:
624:
608:
596:
4099:(inactive 12 September 2024). pp. 99â114. (print), 2041-7136 (online).
3937:"Transhumance and pastoralist resilience in the western United States"
3910:
3724:
3707:
1496:
1420:
1225:
3433:
2759:
2735:
2704:
2678:
2545:
2293:
2281:
1866:
1570:. Up until the dissolution of Soviet Union they intensively used the
1540:
1516:
1356:
1330:
1326:
1213:
1131:
851:
850:. These names survive in many place names such as Buaile h'Anraoi in
796:
729:
592:
580:
369:
270:
4181:
The transhumance from Schnals Valley (Italy) to Ătz Valley (Austria)
2601:
are part of large public lands, often under the jurisdiction of the
2309:
2144:
1909:
1788:
1419:. Those names appear extensively across Sweden with a centre in the
1016:
902:
495:
135:
2731:
2686:
2519:
2390:
2047:
2029:
2000:, while living on these summer pastures. It is symbolised on their
1873:
1870:
1650:
1620:
1575:
1295:
1235:
1221:
1171:
1147:
1119:
808:
784:
747:
459:
329:
4055:
2722:
Transhumance is currently practised at least in Argentina, Chile,
2401:
1105:
is between 37.5 to 75 metres (123 to 246 ft) wide, with some
3404:"Transhumances dans les Hautes-Pyrénées: un peu de civisme, SVP!"
2727:
2698:
2682:
2621:
2527:
2483:
2479:
2393:
who have transhumance cultures that revolve around their cattle.
2277:
2218:
2081:
2071:
2017:
1858:
1854:
1706:
1682:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1536:
1500:
1476:
1335:
1322:
1314:
1279:
1139:
968:
863:
631:
576:
447:
282:
274:
1990:
national culture. The people use a wool felt tent, known as the
638:
shepherds ("ancestors" of the Istro-Romanians) who lived in the
336:
in Germany, Austria and German-speaking regions of Switzerland.
3705:
3621:
Lords of the Mountains: Southern Persia & the Kashkai Tribe
3352:"Transhumance in the Midi-Pyrenees region of south west France"
2806:
2786:
2739:
2672:
2638:
2531:
2491:
2451:
2375:
2085:
2059:
1885:
1746:
1670:
1666:
1532:
1520:
1318:
1268:
1260:
994:
990:
321:
317:
313:
297:
109:
Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and
1888:. For the mountain towns, the crops are summer fruits, mainly
3848:
Text was copied from this source, which is available under a
3844:
3791:
2923:'You can't go home again' â Pastoralism in the new millennium
2853:
2772:
peoples use transhumant practices in areas of South America.
2755:
2716:
2710:
2386:
2371:
2238:
2063:
2011:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1862:
1690:
1480:
1135:
1006:
855:
742:
695:
569:
353:
305:
1554:
Transhumance related to sheep farming is still practised in
862:, where the landscape still clearly shows the layout of the
3554:
3254:
Transhumance and the Making of Ireland's Uplands, 1550-1900
2743:
2723:
2117:
provide the labour to move the herds to seasonal pastures.
2066:
and Pakistan all have vestigial transhumance cultures. The
1991:
1983:
1893:
1238:
by a different system than is described immediately below.
309:
301:
286:
3903:
2616:
2430:
pastoralists, cattle represent the major household asset.
4170:
2076:
1264:
1166:
Herd of horses on summer mountain pasture in the Pyrenees
304:. It is often important to pastoralist societies, as the
3633:
2852:
work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Text taken from
1982:, transhumance practices, which never ceased during the
1495:
The summer settlement of the village of ÄorÄoras in the
1198:
791:. Today much transhumance is carried out by truck, with
4082:
4025:
10.2111/1551-501X(2007)29[9:PLGICU]2.0.CO;2
1383:. The place name appears in Sweden in several forms as
3850:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
3008:
Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe
2830:
Historical Archaeologies Of Transhumance Across Europe
2244:
The classic, "fixed" transhumance is practiced in the
3934:
3346:
3344:
2738:, communities of indigenous people depend on raising
758:
752:
2016:. A tool used in its production is the namesake for
1614:
1608:
1427:. The surname "Satter" is derived from these words.
673:
their animals and to keep the entire herd together.
4144:
Transhumance and 'The Waiting Zone' in North Africa
4132:
U.S. Department of Agriculture Discussion on Africa
3868:
3201:
3143:
2510:
Haru Oms at Glybank near Kuboes in the Richtersveld
2241:husbandry, with additional sheep and goat herding.
1896:. Other examples of transhumance exist in Lebanon.
1329:. This area comprises lowland parishes 200 m above
160:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3618:
3608:. New Jersey: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 85.
3341:
2514:In South Africa the transhumance lifestyle of the
1876:culture). The main crops in the coastal towns are
1767:
1750:
4127:U.S. Department of Agriculture Discussion on Asia
4109:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3830:20.500.11820/207dc3db-5f84-4b1d-b340-2dcf239f45ea
3708:"Transhumance in the Tigray highlands (Ethiopia)"
3378:"The traditional transhumance of pyrenean horses"
2892:20.500.11820/207dc3db-5f84-4b1d-b340-2dcf239f45ea
1486:
1274:In Sweden, this system was predominantly used in
4192:
3370:
3004:
1849:Examples of fixed transhumance are found in the
4171:Swiss land registry of alpine pastures (German)
4010:
3911:"Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape"
3606:The Northern Tier: Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey
2539:
1745:, and by the mid-20th century lived beyond the
1460:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1347:
1242:
1203:
4166:Short mention of transhumance in North America
3935:Huntsinger, L.; Forero, L.; Sulak, A. (2010).
3865:(1973). MĂŒnchen: Weltforum Verlag. pp. 145â191
2823:Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute
2593:Transhumance, in most cases relying on use of
2549:
4149:Limited traditional transhumance in Australia
3930:
3928:
3877:African Journal of Range & Forage Science
3874:
2839:. Seminar Press, London & New York, 1974.
2828:Costello, Eugene & Svensson, Eva (eds.).
2708:
2696:
2690:
2670:
2385:are semi-nomadic people located primarily in
2292:are brought to the foot of the escarpment at
2088:and Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir in India,
1451:
1437:
1431:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1254:
1248:
1106:
1100:
1094:
984:
845:
839:
833:
827:
273:between fixed summer and winter pastures. In
3321:
3319:
2848: This article incorporates text from a
2009:
1995:
771:in the eastern part of Scotland include the
30:"Seter" redirects here. For other uses, see
2338:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2173:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1938:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1817:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1626:. Major pastures in the region include the
1045:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
931:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
821:
714:
699:
524:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
363:
357:
339:
308:products of transhumance flocks and herds (
80:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4072:. pp. 87â105. (Print), 1752â2366 (Online).
3941:Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice
3925:
3000:
2998:
2268:, a preferred destination for transhumance
2121:the 19th and 20th centuries, helping make
560:Romanian and Vlach transhumance in Balkans
4032:
3828:
3818:
3733:
3723:
3637:Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment
3619:Ullens de Schooten, Marie-TÚrése (1956).
3580:
3316:
3116:
2890:
2880:
2649:jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service.
2358:Learn how and when to remove this message
2193:Learn how and when to remove this message
1958:Learn how and when to remove this message
1837:Learn how and when to remove this message
1193:
1065:Learn how and when to remove this message
951:Learn how and when to remove this message
544:Learn how and when to remove this message
238:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
3701:
3699:
3697:
3603:
3512:
3306:"The lost art of 'booleying' in Ireland"
3303:
3250:
3005:Costello, Eugene; Svensson, Eva (2018).
2656:
2615:
2505:
2469:
2400:
2255:
1969:
1705:
1490:
1197:
1161:
1076:
962:
563:
555:
374:
249:
3489:
2995:
14:
4193:
3545:. Seminar Press, London & New York
3506:
2919:
2023:
1766:. Their winter quarters were known as
1313:area includes lateral valleys such as
993:region candidates the tratturi to the
799:to lower-lying pasture during winter.
281:), it implies movement between higher
3787:
3785:
3783:
3694:
3669:
3060:. Hafodelwyhall.co.uk. Archived from
2746:are managed by transhumance in North
720:
708:
3750:
3478:Snorre Sturluson: Norges kongesagaer
3384:from the original on 7 February 2016
3091:. Dictionary of the Scots Language.
2336:adding citations to reliable sources
2303:
2171:adding citations to reliable sources
2138:
1936:adding citations to reliable sources
1903:
1857:. Towns and villages located in the
1815:adding citations to reliable sources
1782:
1710:Iranian shepherds moving their sheep
1043:adding citations to reliable sources
1010:
929:adding citations to reliable sources
896:
522:adding citations to reliable sources
489:
441:The prevalence of various groups of
402:
269:or nomadism, a seasonal movement of
158:adding citations to reliable sources
129:
86:
45:
3414:from the original on 7 October 2015
3304:Costello, Eugene (31 August 2021).
3082:
3034:"On the land â yesterday and today"
634:or Karavlachs were a population of
24:
3977:
3954:from the original on 15 July 2021.
3780:
3212:National Heritage List for England
3154:National Heritage List for England
2645:valley. They maintain many sheep.
2474:High-mountain shepherds in Lesotho
25:
4212:
4120:
3968:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
3712:Mountain Research and Development
3494:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3031:
2224:
1081:Main transhumance routes in Spain
462:and frozen water and fast stream
61:This article has multiple issues.
4176:La transhumancia in Madrid Spain
3843:
3095:from the original on 23 May 2013
2843:
2652:
2573:
2538:A portable, dome tent, called a
2308:
2221:, practised fixed transhumance.
2143:
2109:In Australia, which has a large
2008:made from mare's milk, known as
1908:
1787:
1638:and the Little Pamir in eastern
1015:
901:
494:
406:
398:
134:
91:
50:
4076:
4049:
4004:
3971:
3958:
3855:
3663:
3627:
3612:
3597:
3548:
3535:
3483:
3471:
3451:
3426:
3396:
3297:
3271:
3244:
3226:
3195:
3168:
3137:
2821:. "Transhumance Reconsidered".
2588:native peoples of North America
2501:
2478:The traditional economy of the
2454:, several peoples, chiefly the
2134:
1603:and continue eastward into the
1157:
795:flocks being transported under
145:needs additional citations for
69:or discuss these issues on the
3760:. Cham: SpringerNature. 2019.
3490:Chapple, Amos (October 2017).
3110:
3076:
3050:
3025:
2979:
2963:
2952:
2931:Overseas Development Institute
2913:
2742:, especially llamas. Herds of
2730:, as well as in the Brazilian
2299:
2020:, the country's capital city.
1586:
1487:Caucasus and northern Anatolia
878:, booleying dates back to the
13:
1:
3897:10.1080/10220119.1994.9647851
3582:10.1080/23251042.2016.1272179
2920:Blench, Roger (17 May 2001).
2907:
1899:
113:related to non-recent events.
104:slanted towards recent events
3766:10.1007/978-3-030-04955-3_28
3676:Australian Heritage Database
3604:Ramazani, Rouhollah (1966).
3543:Men of Influence in Nuristan
3058:"History of Hafod Elwy Hall"
2933:. p. 12. Archived from
2603:United States Forest Service
2422:migratory ethnic group. The
2272:For instance, the cattle of
2104:
1365:. In Norwegian, the term is
1118:In some high valleys of the
7:
2775:
1615:
1609:
1234:practice transhumance with
736:
10:
4217:
4097:10.3362/2041-7136.2010.007
3657:10.1016/j.agee.2006.04.003
3513:Ali, Aziz; Shaoliang, Yi.
3438:UNESCO World Heritage List
2812:
2568:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2465:
2396:
2099:
2040:and northern China to the
2004:. Those shepherds prize a
1778:
1219:
1188:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1004:
890:
826:, variously anglicised as
815:
802:
684:
485:
478:
36:
29:
3820:10.1186/s13570-016-0072-y
3459:Adventure Roads in Norway
3251:Costello, Eugene (2020).
2882:10.1186/s13570-016-0072-y
2620:Cowboy herding cattle in
2607:Bureau of Land Management
2566:has been designated as a
2554:(meaning "rush house" in
2445:
2129:
1263:in valleys for producing
846:
840:
834:
828:
649:
469:
3492:"The Mountain Shepherds"
3176:"What are sunken lanes?"
3011:. Taylor & Francis.
2832:Routledge, London, 2018.
2802:Seasonal human migration
2695:") southern Brazil, the
2689:and (with the spelling "
1656:
1593:central Afghan highlands
1507:In the heavily forested
1000:
886:
689:
379:Moving sheep up along a
340:Etymology and definition
37:Not to be confused with
4159:3 February 2016 at the
3863:Social Change in Angola
3561:Environmental Sociology
3434:"Pyrénées - Mont Perdu"
3257:. Woodbridge: Boydell.
3131:10.1179/nhi.1988.24.1.1
3085:"Tour in Scotland 1769"
2550:
2374:and Amudat district of
2113:(i.e., ranch) culture,
1769:Kishlak/Qishlaq/Gishlak
1768:
1751:
1701:
1581:
1361:
474:
452:subsistence agriculture
291:horizontal transhumance
256:Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
4070:10.3167/np.2007.110205
3964:Starrs, P. F. (1998).
2709:
2697:
2691:
2671:
2666:
2624:
2540:
2511:
2475:
2436:animal trypanosomiasis
2410:
2269:
2010:
1996:
1975:
1711:
1578:for the same purpose.
1562:from the mountains of
1504:
1461:
1459:The oldest mention of
1452:
1446:); in modern Standard
1438:
1432:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1348:
1344:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1217:
1204:
1194:Scandinavian Peninsula
1167:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1082:
985:
975:
871:
822:
759:
753:
715:
700:
572:
561:
388:
364:
358:
259:
32:Seter (disambiguation)
4137:31 March 2006 at the
3681:Australian Government
3461:, Nortrabooks, 1996.
3457:Erling Welle-Strand,
2782:Altitudinal migration
2758:are more used in the
2660:
2619:
2509:
2473:
2404:
2259:
1973:
1709:
1679:Constitution of India
1599:, which surround the
1539:, and in the Turkish
1494:
1307:
1201:
1165:
1080:
997:as a world heritage.
966:
567:
559:
378:
352:and derives from the
279:vertical transhumance
253:
2548:for "mat house") or
2332:improve this section
2229:In rural areas, the
2167:improve this section
2084:in northwest India,
1932:improve this section
1811:improve this section
1646:to raise livestock.
1395:, and as a suffix: -
1212:, Norway. Above the
1170:Transhumance in the
1124:Cantabrian Mountains
1039:improve this section
925:improve this section
518:improve this section
450:are conversant with
154:improve this article
3966:Let the Cowboy Ride
3889:1994AJRFS..11...76Q
3811:2016Pasto...6...25D
3649:2006AgEE..117..195D
3573:2017EnvSo...3...87P
2873:2016Pasto...6...25D
2260:The "red caves" or
2246:Ethiopian Highlands
2094:nomadic pastoralism
2024:South and East Asia
1640:Badakhshan Province
1574:plains of Northern
1144:Vaqueiros de alzada
481:Alpine transhumance
27:Type of pastoralism
3985:American Scientist
3980:"Erosion of Trust"
3327:"The Transhumance"
2940:on 1 February 2012
2667:
2625:
2512:
2476:
2411:
2409:drives his cattle.
2270:
1976:
1974:Yurt in Kyrgyzstan
1712:
1505:
1475:'s travel through
1218:
1168:
1083:
976:
872:Cnoc an tSamhraidh
789:Scottish Highlands
722:[ËhÉndrÉv]
573:
568:Vlach shepherd in
562:
418:. You can help by
389:
260:
3725:10.1659/mrd.00033
3358:on 8 October 2016
3018:978-1-351-21337-0
2975:978-0-299-14284-1
2835:Jones, Schuyler.
2663:CalchaquĂ Valleys
2522:continues in the
2368:
2367:
2360:
2266:Adigrat Sandstone
2203:
2202:
2195:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1851:North Governorate
1847:
1846:
1839:
1662:Jammu and Kashmir
1566:to the plains of
1473:Olaf II of Norway
1181:industrialisation
1075:
1074:
1067:
961:
960:
953:
694:In most parts of
601:Megleno-Romanians
554:
553:
546:
436:
435:
248:
247:
240:
230:
229:
222:
204:
128:
127:
84:
16:(Redirected from
4208:
4115:
4114:
4108:
4100:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4036:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3932:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3872:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3847:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3789:
3778:
3777:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3727:
3703:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3643:(2â3): 195â204.
3631:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3584:
3552:
3546:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3354:. Archived from
3348:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3323:
3314:
3313:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3203:Historic England
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3145:Historic England
3141:
3135:
3134:
3119:Northern History
3114:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3064:on 24 March 2008
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3002:
2993:
2983:
2977:
2967:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2928:
2917:
2904:
2894:
2884:
2847:
2714:
2702:
2694:
2676:
2578:In the southern
2553:
2543:
2458:and part of the
2363:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2343:
2312:
2304:
2198:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2147:
2139:
2015:
1999:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1912:
1904:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1791:
1783:
1771:
1754:
1720:Zagros Mountains
1675:Scheduled tribes
1665:communities viz
1618:
1612:
1503:province, Turkey
1497:Ăaykara district
1465:in Norway is in
1464:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1351:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1207:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1070:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1019:
1011:
988:
967:Transhumance in
956:
949:
945:
942:
936:
905:
897:
849:
848:
843:
842:
837:
836:
831:
830:
825:
762:
756:
724:
718:
712:
710:[ËhavÉd]
707:
703:
621:Balkan Mountains
549:
542:
538:
535:
529:
498:
490:
431:
428:
410:
403:
367:
361:
332:in Scotland, or
254:Transhumance in
243:
236:
225:
218:
214:
211:
205:
203:
162:
138:
130:
123:
120:
114:
111:add more content
95:
94:
87:
76:
54:
53:
46:
21:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4191:
4190:
4161:Wayback Machine
4139:Wayback Machine
4123:
4118:
4102:
4101:
4081:
4077:
4058:Nomadic Peoples
4054:
4050:
4009:
4005:
3995:
3993:
3976:
3972:
3963:
3959:
3951:
3933:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3873:
3869:
3860:
3856:
3790:
3781:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3704:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3664:
3632:
3628:
3617:
3613:
3602:
3598:
3553:
3549:
3540:
3536:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3472:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3285:. 13 April 2016
3277:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3249:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3138:
3115:
3111:
3098:
3096:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:Gwynn, Eirwen.
3030:
3026:
3019:
3003:
2996:
2984:
2980:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2825:, London, 2005.
2819:Jones, Schuyler
2815:
2778:
2655:
2576:
2504:
2468:
2448:
2438:transmitted by
2399:
2364:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2329:
2313:
2302:
2227:
2199:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2164:
2148:
2137:
2132:
2107:
2102:
2042:Eurasian Steppe
2038:Tibetan Plateau
2026:
2006:fermented drink
1964:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1929:
1913:
1902:
1843:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1808:
1792:
1781:
1704:
1696:Sino-Indian War
1685:communities of
1659:
1632:Ghazni Province
1589:
1584:
1489:
1228:
1220:Main articles:
1196:
1160:
1113:royal droveways
1071:
1060:
1054:
1051:
1036:
1020:
1009:
1003:
957:
946:
940:
937:
922:
906:
895:
889:
818:
805:
765:Scottish Gaelic
739:
705:
692:
687:
652:
636:Eastern Romance
617:Ottoman Empires
605:Istro-Romanians
589:Eastern Romance
550:
539:
533:
530:
515:
499:
488:
483:
477:
472:
432:
426:
423:
416:needs expansion
401:
342:
244:
233:
232:
231:
226:
215:
209:
206:
163:
161:
151:
139:
124:
118:
115:
108:
96:
92:
55:
51:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4214:
4204:
4203:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4129:
4122:
4121:External links
4119:
4117:
4116:
4075:
4048:
4003:
3970:
3957:
3924:
3902:
3867:
3854:
3779:
3749:
3735:1854/LU-854326
3718:(3): 255â264.
3693:
3662:
3626:
3611:
3596:
3547:
3541:Jones (1974).
3534:
3505:
3482:
3470:
3450:
3425:
3395:
3369:
3340:
3315:
3310:RTE Television
3296:
3270:
3263:
3243:
3225:
3194:
3181:National Trust
3167:
3136:
3109:
3075:
3049:
3024:
3017:
2994:
2978:
2962:
2951:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2826:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2654:
2651:
2643:San Juan River
2575:
2572:
2503:
2500:
2467:
2464:
2460:Nyaneka-Khumbi
2447:
2444:
2398:
2395:
2366:
2365:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2290:Dogu'a Tembien
2250:Dogu'a Tembien
2226:
2225:Horn of Africa
2223:
2201:
2200:
2151:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2025:
2022:
1966:
1965:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1845:
1844:
1795:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1703:
1700:
1669:, Bakkerwals,
1658:
1655:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1551:grazing land.
1488:
1485:
1471:, the saga of
1377:; in Swedish,
1338:. This is the
1195:
1192:
1159:
1156:
1108:cañadas reales
1073:
1072:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
981:Drovers' roads
959:
958:
909:
907:
900:
891:Main article:
888:
885:
880:Early Medieval
817:
814:
804:
801:
769:drovers' roads
738:
735:
691:
688:
686:
683:
651:
648:
644:Ottoman Empire
613:Austro-Hungary
607:) and Turkish
552:
551:
502:
500:
493:
487:
484:
479:Main article:
476:
473:
471:
468:
434:
433:
413:
411:
400:
397:
385:Massif Central
341:
338:
246:
245:
228:
227:
169:"Transhumance"
142:
140:
133:
126:
125:
102:appears to be
99:
97:
90:
85:
59:
58:
56:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4213:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4112:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4079:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3991:
3987:
3986:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3961:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3929:
3912:
3906:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3858:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3682:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3567:(1): 87â100.
3566:
3562:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3538:
3531:
3516:
3509:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3467:82-90103-71-9
3464:
3460:
3454:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3413:
3410:(in French).
3409:
3405:
3399:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3345:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3266:
3264:9781783275311
3260:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2991:9780130336781
2988:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2846:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2659:
2653:South America
2650:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:North America
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2408:
2407:Fulani herder
2403:
2394:
2392:
2389:and northern
2388:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2362:
2359:
2351:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2317:This section
2315:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:Ayninbirkekin
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:Addi Geza'iti
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:Berber people
2197:
2194:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2152:This section
2150:
2146:
2141:
2140:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2007:
2003:
2002:national flag
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:Soviet period
1981:
1972:
1962:
1959:
1951:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1917:This section
1915:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1841:
1838:
1830:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1796:This section
1794:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1644:Afghan Kyrgyz
1641:
1637:
1636:Shewa pasture
1633:
1629:
1628:Nawur pasture
1625:
1622:
1617:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1423:basin and in
1422:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1089:A network of
1087:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1024:This section
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1008:
998:
996:
992:
987:
982:
974:
970:
965:
955:
952:
944:
934:
930:
926:
920:
919:
915:
910:This section
908:
904:
899:
898:
894:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
824:
813:
810:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:Causey Mounth
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501:
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444:
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430:
421:
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414:This section
412:
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396:
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386:
382:
381:drovers' road
377:
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360:
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328:in Wales and
327:
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292:
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265:is a type of
264:
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192:
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181:
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174:
171: â
170:
166:
165:Find sources:
159:
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149:
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143:This article
141:
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100:This article
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44:
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39:Transhumanism
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4201:Transhumance
4105:cite journal
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3989:
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3356:the original
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3329:. Ariege.com
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3282:
3279:"Summerhill"
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3088:
3083:Pennant, T.
3078:
3068:12 September
3066:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3052:
3042:12 September
3040:. Retrieved
3027:
3007:
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2935:the original
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2850:free content
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2836:
2822:
2763:
2721:
2668:
2647:
2636:
2629:
2626:
2611:
2592:
2580:Appalachians
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2564:Richtersveld
2560:Richtersveld
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2524:Richtersveld
2518:clan of the
2513:
2502:South Africa
2496:South Africa
2477:
2450:In Southern
2449:
2440:tsetse flies
2432:
2428:
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2153:
2135:North Africa
2119:
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2075:
2068:Bamar people
2046:
2027:
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1945:
1930:Please help
1918:
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1824:
1809:Please help
1797:
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1743:Persian Gulf
1732:
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1630:in northern
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420:adding to it
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295:
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152:Please help
147:verification
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60:
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4154:Pastoralism
4085:Pastoralism
4019:(3): 9â13.
3978:Farmer, J.
3917:27 December
3799:Pastoralism
2861:Pastoralism
2797:Sarakatsani
2665:, Argentina
2661:Gauchos in
2595:public land
2584:grassy bald
2300:East Africa
2123:pastoralism
2086:Van Gujjars
1757:Kuh-e-Dinar
1741:, near the
1728:Arabian Sea
1687:Uttarakhand
1597:Afghanistan
1587:Afghanistan
1349:fellesseter
1292:HĂ€lsingland
1232:Sami people
1177:Middle Ages
973:South Tyrol
893:Transumanza
876:Brehon Laws
787:and in the
585:Sarakatsani
458:as well as
456:pastoralism
443:Hill people
348:comes from
267:pastoralism
4013:Rangelands
3524:19 October
3498:29 October
3418:1 February
3388:1 February
3362:1 February
3333:1 February
3283:Logainm.ie
3218:11 January
3187:11 January
3160:11 January
2929:. London:
2908:References
2770:indigenous
2760:Patagonian
2750:and South
2707:, and the
2631:Sweetgrass
2541:Matjieshut
2090:Kham Magar
2056:Kyrgyzstan
2052:Kazakhstan
2034:Hindu Kush
1980:Kyrgyzstan
1900:Kyrgyzstan
1764:Mond River
1724:Azerbaijan
1677:under the
1605:Hindu Kush
1601:Koh-i-Baba
1560:Abano Pass
1340:seterfjell
1284:HĂ€rjedalen
860:North Mayo
706:pronounced
625:Aegean Sea
597:Aromanians
464:management
180:newspapers
66:improve it
4064:(2): 87.
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3805:(1): 25.
3774:199323600
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3289:20 August
3089:dsl.ac.uk
2944:23 August
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2705:Venezuela
2679:Argentina
2546:Afrikaans
2348:July 2022
2319:does not
2284:and also
2282:Haddinnet
2183:July 2022
2154:does not
2105:Australia
2062:, India,
2050:, China,
1948:July 2022
1919:does not
1867:Kfarsghab
1827:July 2022
1798:does not
1716:Bakhtiari
1541:Black Sea
1517:Black Sea
1357:Old Norse
1331:sea-level
1327:Ottadalen
1214:tree line
1132:Cantabria
1111:(meaning
1091:droveways
1055:July 2021
1026:does not
941:July 2022
912:does not
852:Kilcommon
797:agistment
767:). Major
748:shielings
730:Snowdonia
593:Romanians
581:Albanians
534:July 2022
505:does not
427:July 2018
370:continent
344:The word
277:regions (
271:livestock
210:July 2022
119:June 2018
72:talk page
4195:Category
4157:Archived
4135:Archived
3992:(4): 348
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3443:26 April
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3125:: 1â17.
3093:Archived
2792:RarĂĄmuri
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2765:Criollos
2762:plains.
2754:, while
2740:camelids
2732:Pantanal
2687:Paraguay
2551:Haru Oms
2520:Khoikhoi
2391:Tanzania
2115:stockmen
2048:Mongolia
2030:Himalaya
1874:silkworm
1871:mulberry
1651:Nuristan
1576:Dagestan
1543:region.
1526:Kemalist
1509:Caucasus
1296:Medelpad
1288:JĂ€mtland
1276:VĂ€rmland
1236:reindeer
1222:no:Seter
1172:Pyrenees
1148:Asturias
1128:Pasiegos
1122:and the
1120:Pyrenees
986:tratturi
854:parish,
809:Cornwall
785:Hebrides
737:Scotland
583:, Greek
460:forestry
392:Khazanov
387:, France
330:shieling
283:pastures
258:, France
3885:Bibcode
3839:9938353
3807:Bibcode
3645:Bibcode
3569:Bibcode
3099:19 July
2901:9938353
2869:Bibcode
2813:Sources
2752:Mendoza
2748:Neuquén
2728:Bolivia
2699:llanero
2683:Uruguay
2622:Montana
2599:uplands
2528:montane
2484:Lesotho
2480:Basotho
2466:Lesotho
2397:Nigeria
2340:removed
2325:sources
2278:Tsaliet
2219:Chaouis
2175:removed
2160:sources
2111:station
2100:Oceania
2082:Zanskar
2072:Myanmar
2018:Bishkek
1940:removed
1925:sources
1859:Qadisha
1855:Lebanon
1819:removed
1804:sources
1779:Lebanon
1735:Qashqai
1726:to the
1683:Bhotiya
1667:Gujjars
1621:Pashtun
1616:garmsīr
1610:sardsīr
1572:Kizlyar
1568:Kakheti
1564:Tusheti
1556:Georgia
1537:Armenia
1501:Trabzon
1477:Valldal
1448:Swedish
1421:MĂ€laren
1336:plateau
1323:Vinstra
1315:Gausdal
1280:Dalarna
1261:meadows
1226:no:StĂžl
1142:, and "
1140:Navarre
1096:cañadas
1047:removed
1032:sources
969:Toblach
933:removed
918:sources
864:rundale
816:Ireland
803:England
743:bothies
716:hendref
685:Britain
632:Morlach
577:Balkans
575:In the
526:removed
511:sources
486:Balkans
448:drovers
383:in the
275:montane
194:scholar
4041:
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2807:Yaylak
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2692:gaĂșcho
2673:gaucho
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2532:desert
2492:basalt
2488:Maloti
2456:Ovambo
2452:Angola
2446:Angola
2424:Fulani
2414:Fulani
2383:Maasai
2376:Uganda
2294:Ab'aro
2231:Somali
2215:Zenaga
2211:Tuareg
2130:Africa
2060:Bhutan
1997:jailoo
1988:Kyrgyz
1890:apples
1886:citrus
1752:Yaylak
1747:Makran
1671:Gaddis
1624:Kuchis
1533:Moscow
1521:tundra
1513:Pontic
1416:sÀttra
1325:, and
1319:Heidal
1136:Agotes
1102:cañada
995:UNESCO
991:Molise
841:bouley
829:booley
823:buaile
793:upland
760:ruighe
754:Ă irigh
650:Poland
470:Europe
356:words
350:French
322:cheese
318:yogurt
314:butter
298:Europe
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1138:" in
1130:" in
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701:hafod
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690:Wales
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359:trans
354:Latin
326:hafod
306:dairy
287:herds
201:JSTOR
187:books
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4111:link
3998:2010
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3688:2010
3526:2021
3500:2017
3463:ISBN
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3390:2016
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3335:2016
3291:2016
3259:ISBN
3220:2019
3189:2019
3162:2019
3101:2021
3070:2010
3044:2010
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2987:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2946:2011
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2637:The
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2526:, a
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1992:yurt
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