808:
they must confirm their registration status within five business days. Registration data includes the offender's sex, height, weight, date of birth, identifying characteristics (if any), statutes violated, fingerprints and a current photograph. An offender's email addresses, chat room IDs and instant-messaging aliases must be surrendered to authorities. In
Colorado, an offender must re-register when moving to a new address, changing their legal name, employment, volunteer activity, identifying information used online or enrollment status at a post-secondary educational institution. A web-based registration list may be found on county websites, which identifies adult convicted sex offenders who are sexually violent predators convicted of felony sexual acts, crimes of violence or failure to register as required. Legally, "any person who is a sexually violent predator and any person who is convicted as an adult...has a duty to register for the remainder of his or her natural life". Exceptions to this include deferred sentencing for the offense or petition of the court for termination of registration.
769:
relative risk of sexual recidivism compared other offenders. This scale is based on demographic and criminal history data, for example, age at release and number of prior sex offenses. Researchers have shown that the Static-99R is valid across a wide range of individuals (in terms of demographics, such as race/ethnicity). However, the Static-99R has only a modest ability to discriminate correctly between sex offenders and non sex offenders. This means that a randomly selected sex offender would be correctly classified as higher risk than a randomly selected non sex offender with "modest" accuracy. In addition, the Static-99R does not account for every factor that makes a sex offender more likely to reoffend. Despite these shortcomings, the Static-99R is arguably the highest quality tool, in terms of methodological rigor, that is widely available to clinicians to assess sex offender risk of recidivism.
2797:
sitting around in my place and picked up a copy of that day's
Buffalo Evening News. It was a picture of Revé, who had just won an art contest. 'Holy Jesus, Mary, and Joseph,' Tom said. 'There is a picture of Revé in the paper, John, and she's 16 years old.' But you know, she had this way about her. She had a certain presence. And after a while I just got over how young she was. She was way more sophisticated than anybody in her high school and she always dated older guys. She had a fake ID. That's how she got into Brunner's. She was bored with high school. She was into art and her horses. And even then, she always seemed very… I don't know, serene. We weren't madly in love with each other. Though we had a good time together, and I relaxed a little after she turned 17."
761:
contain explicit empirical risk factors, defined in advance, that are combined mechanically using explicitly defined guidelines into a score or risk category, and then linked to a recidivism probability estimate. Structured professional judgement (SPJ) tools are among the least methodologically rigorous risk assessment tools, because these tools specify items to be considered, and ultimately the clinician subjectively integrates the factors to reach assessment conclusions like "low," "moderate," or "high" risk. Furthermore, clinicians may also use unstructured sexual recidivism risk assessments, where they do not use any structured guidelines to aid in their risk assessment.
782:
a website or other means. In many jurisdictions, registered sex offenders are subject to additional restrictions (including housing). Those on parole (or probation) may be subject to restrictions not applicable to other parolees or probationers. These include restrictions on being in the presence of minors, living in proximity to a school or daycare center, owning toys (or other items of interest to minors), or receiving a mark on their passport that informs authorities of destination countries for international travel. Israel's sex offender registry is accessible only to security officials, rather than to the general public.
517:
792:, sex offenders must avoid such areas as schools, bus stops, gyms, recreation centers, playgrounds, parks, swimming pools, libraries, nursing homes, and places of worship by 500 to 2,500 feet (150 to 760 m). However, residence stipulations vary from state to state. Some states (such as Arkansas, Illinois, Washington and Idaho) do not require sex offenders to move from their residences if a forbidden facility is built or a law is enacted after the offender takes up residency. Many aspects of the laws are criticised by reformists and civil right groups like
700:, observed recidivism rates of sex offenders are underestimated of actual reoffending. This is due to reasons such as the frequency with which sex crimes are not reported to police, the disparity between the number of sex offenses reported and those solved by arrest, and the disproportionate attrition of certain sex offenses and sex offenders within the criminal justice system. For example, Grotpeter and Elliot (2002) found that only 2.5% of sexual assaults and 10% of serious sexual assaults resulted in an arrest.
728:
for homicide were arrested for a new homicide. Sex offenders were about four times more likely than non-sex offenders to be arrested for another sex crime after their discharge from prison (5.3 percent of sex offenders, versus 1.3 percent of non-sex offenders). In 1991, an estimated 24 percent of those serving time for rape and 19 percent of those serving time for sexual assault had been on probation (or parole) at the time of the offense for which they were in state prison.
529:
669:(AWA) proposed to provide funding to each jurisdiction which would agree to incorporate its Act into their law. In the few jurisdictions accepting the agreement, there are Tier I, Tier II, or Tier III sex offenders. Individuals convicted of petty crimes not covered by the AWA are still liable to abide by the previous regulations denoting them as a sex offender (or habitual sex offender, sexual predator, sexually violent sexual predator, or child-victim offender).
55:
732:
prison for molesting a child 13 years old or younger. The median age of victims of those imprisoned for sexual assault was less than 13 years old; the median age of rape victims was about 22 years. Child molesters were, on average, five years older than violent offenders who committed their crimes against adults. Nearly 25 percent of child molesters were age 40 or older, but about 10 percent of inmates with adult victims were in that age group.
788:, in the U.S., is designed to sanction sex offenders and reduce their recidivism rate. The law is enacted and enforced on a state-by-state basis. Most states also restrict where convicted sex offenders can live after their release, prohibiting residency within a designated distance of schools and daycare centers (usually 1,000–2,000 feet (300–610 m)). Guided by the 2007
1151:: An Austrian man who began sexually abusing his daughter Elisabeth in 1977 and kept her imprisoned in his home from 1984 until 2008. He repeatedly sexually abused and raped Elisabeth, resulting in the births of seven children and one miscarriage. One of the children died in infancy, and three were imprisoned along with Elisabeth until 2008.
704:
offenders were arrested within three years for another sex crime. The same study found that during the same 3 years from release, 68 percent of released non-sex offenders were re-arrested for any crime (and 47.8 percent reconvicted), while 43 percent of the released sex offenders were rearrested for any crime (and 24 percent reconvicted).
894:. People convicted of any sex crime are "transformed into a concept of evil, which is then personified as a group of faceless, terrifying, and predatory devils", who are, contrary to scientific evidence, perceived as a constant threat, habitually waiting for an opportunity to attack. Consequently, sex offenders are brought up by media on
592:. What constitutes a sex crime differs by culture and legal jurisdiction. The majority of convicted sex offenders have convictions for crimes of a sexual nature; however, some sex offenders have simply violated a law contained in a sexual category. Some of the serious crimes which result in a mandatory sex-offender classification are
1731:
741:
developmental indicators, and clinical markers that have been shown to be associated with reoffending. However, the quality of the studies that link various factors to sexual recidivism risk vary widely in terms of methodological rigor. For example, some studies link certain factors to sexual recidivism risk through clinical
857:
is used in some countries and U. S. states to treat male sex offenders. Unlike physical castration, it is reversible by stopping the medication. For male sex offenders with severe or extreme paraphilias, physical castration appears to be effective. It results in a 20-year re-offense rate of less than
807:
Committing to a residence requires a convicted sex offender to be notified of registration regulations by local law enforcement if convicted after
January 1, 2005. The offender must act upon the notification within five business days of receipt. If and when an offender is released from incarceration,
781:
is a system in place in a number of jurisdictions designed to allow authorities to keep track of the residence and activity of sex offenders (including those released from prison). In some jurisdictions (especially in the United States), information in the registry is made available to the public via
703:
A 2002 study by the OJP following 9,691 male sex offenders released from prisons in 15 US states in 1994 indicated that within the first 3 years following their release, rearrest and reconviction rates for new sex offenses were 5.3 and 3.5 percent, respectively; that is, about 1 in 19 of released sex
727:
Of released sex offenders who allegedly committed another sex crime, 40 percent perpetrated the new offense within a year or less from their prison discharge. Within three years of release, 2.5 percent of released rapists were rearrested for another rape, and 1.2 percent of those who had served time
909:
criticize current sex offender laws as based on media-driven moral panic and "public emotion", rather than a real attempt to protect society. This can motivate legislators to pass knee-jerk laws to address public hysteria, echoing a "populist punitiveness" perspective. Many lawmakers feel that they
768:
There is no single assessment tool that clinicians must use for assessing sexual recidivism risk, but there are tools that are widely used, such as the Static-99R. The Static-99R is the most popular actuarial scale in the United States. The Static-99R is a 10-item scale for ranking a sex offender’s
764:
Researchers and practitioners consider some factors as "static", in that they do not change with time, such as number of prior sex offenses, victim gender, and deviant sexual arousal, and some other factors as "dynamic", such as an offender's compliance with supervision and treatment. By examining
731:
Approximately 4,300 child molesters were released from prisons in 15 U.S. states in 1994. An estimated 3.3 percent of these 4,300 were rearrested for another sex crime against a child within 3 years of release from prison. Among child molesters released from prison in 1994, 60 percent had been in
2796:
I never gave much thought to how old Revé was. She was pretty, and she dressed sharp. And there was also that body. We were starting to kind of hang around together. She took me horseback riding, and we went skiing. She was always into her own thing, and I like that. Then one night Tom Roche was
945:
the laws have gone through series of amendments, many named after the victim of a highly publicized predatory offense, expanding the scope of the laws to low-level offenders, and treating them the same as predatory offenders, leading to the disproportionate punishment of being placed on a public
760:
There are at least four classifications of structured sexual recidivism risk assessment tools: empirical actuarial, mechanical, adjusted actuarial, and structured professional judgement. Of these classifications, empirical actuarial tools are the most methodologically rigorous because they
740:
Various methods can be used to assess individual sex offenders' recidivism risk. Some risk assessment tools consider factors that have been empirically linked by research to sexual recidivism risk. These factors include biological and demographic markers, criminogenic correlates, behavioral and
922:, has admitted having a relationship with a 16-year-old girl while being in his early 20s and aware of age of consent being 17 in New York, meaning that, had he been convicted, John Walsh himself could be required to register as a sex offender. Since passage of the
929:
Critics point out that contrary to media depictions, abductions by predatory offenders are very rare and 93% of child sexual abuse is committed by someone the child knows: a family member, a family friend or someone in a position of authority. According to the
1221:: Former New York Assemblyman and New York Parole Board member, sentenced August 9, 2010, to twelve years and six months in prison plus lifetime supervision and a US$ 50,000 fine, after pleading guilty to a federal felony charge of online enticement of minors.
680:. In the U.S., registry databases are often open to the public. Sexual offenders are sometimes classified by level. The highest-level offenders generally must register for their entire lives; low-level offenders may only need to register for a period of time.
711:
in New York State. Another report from the OJP which studied the recidivism of prisoners released in 1994 in 15 states (accounting for two-thirds of all prisoners released in the United States that year) reached the same conclusion. The recidivism rate for
1173:: British criminal with a long record, including convictions for two rapes, who was convicted of the rape and murder of a female Polish student in 2007. After this conviction, he was found guilty of the murders of two teenage girls who disappeared in 1991.
858:
2.3 percent (versus 80 percent in the untreated control group), according to a large 1963 study involving a total of 1036 sex offenders by the German researcher A. Langelüddeke. This was much lower than otherwise expected, compared with overall
1448:
student kidnapped in 2003 and found dead five months later; a registered sex offender was convicted of her murder. Her disappearance and murder garnered great media coverage throughout the United States and prompted the creation of the
1064:
657:
is often used to describe a sex offender or any of the "tier offenders"; however, only the category just below sexually violent sexual predator is reserved for a severe or repeated sex offender: sexual predator.
1275:
currently serving six consecutive terms of 99 years for his involvement in the
Houston Mass Murders, which at the time was characterized as "the deadliest case of serial murders in American history".
3077:
2721:
851:. In 2007, the Texas State Auditor released a report showing that sex offenders who completed the Texas Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP) were 61 percent less likely to commit a new crime.
1918:
651:. In the modern world of technology, many jurisdictions are reforming their laws to prevent the over-prosecution of sex offenders and focusing on crimes involving a victim. The term
2529:
1665:
1141:: Convicted in 1996 of first-degree murder with special circumstances (burglary, robbery, kidnapping, and an attempted lewd act upon a child under the age of 14) of 12-year-old
2832:
2675:
1200:
2859:
843:
and/or odor aversion: both are forms of aversion therapy, which have had ethical challenges. Such programs are effective in lowering recidivism by 15–18 percent. The use of
462:
1485:
from his hometown and murdered on
October 22, 1989, at the age of 11. His body was discovered in 2016 after suspect Danny Heinrich led police to his burial site.
692:
in sexual offenders varies by surveys and by the types of sex offense. Some surveys reported it is lower than is commonly believed. However, according to the
902:
1450:
1042:
1590:
1557:
954:
of sex offenders, this panic is being preserved, leading legislators to make registration mandatory for all sex offences, without the possibility of
2474:
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1424:
home in 1993. Richard Allen Davis, who had a criminal record dating to the late 1960s that included some sex crimes, was convicted of her murder.
801:
2949:
Fox, Kathryn J. (28 February 2012). "Incurable Sex
Offenders, Lousy Judges & The Media: Moral Panic Sustenance in the Age of New Media".
2639:
Fox, Kathryn J. (28 February 2012). "Incurable Sex
Offenders, Lousy Judges & The Media: Moral Panic Sustenance in the Age of New Media".
2184:
1917:
Melton, Gary B.; Petrila, John; Poythress, Norman G.; Slobogin, Christopher; Otto, Randy K.; Mossman, Douglas; Condie, Lois O. (2017-12-04).
1027:
624:
498:
278:
1059:
923:
919:
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789:
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both types of factors, a more complete picture of the offender's risk can emerge, compared with static or dynamic factors used alone.
559:
74:
2115:
2559:
Maguire, Mary; Singer, Jennie
Kaufman (4 December 2010). "A False Sense of Security: Moral Panic Driven Sex Offender Legislation".
221:
3144:
3019:
1467:, on July 27, 1981. His severed head was found two weeks later in a drainage canal alongside Highway 60/Yeehaw Junction in rural
623:— indefinite continuing incarceration, which is supposed to, but does not always, provide meaningful treatment to the offender.
898:, despite the fact that there has never been a recorded case of abduction or abuse by a registered sex offender on Halloween.
1928:
1091:
1812:
2467:
2441:
2244:
1686:
87:
2344:
Maguth Nezu, C., Fiore, A.A. & Nezu, A.M (2006). Problem
Solving Treatment for Intellectually Disabled Sex Offenders.
1856:
3105:
697:
2165:
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1157:: Raped six women as sex slaves and murdered two of them in underground dungeon from 2009 to 2011; was executed in 2014.
2789:
2704:
2495:
2468:"Comments on Proposed Guidelines to Interpret and Implement the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA)"
1530:: Father of Adam Walsh who became an advocate for victims of violent crimes and was the host of the television program
121:
101:
3152:
2810:
2614:
1839:
2933:
2760:
2259:
1414:", which requires law enforcement to compile and make available to the public information on convicted sex offenders.
2594:
Walker, Bela (19 January 2011). "Essay: Deciphering Risk: Sex
Offender Statutes and Moral Panic in a Risk Society".
3161:
2319:
1652:
707:
According to the OJP, the recidivism rate for sex offenders has been shown to be lower than any other crime except
450:
83:
676:, and other countries, a convicted sex offender is often required to register with the respective jurisdiction's
2100:
Phenix, Amy; Fernandez, Yolanda; Harris, Andrew J. R.; Helmus, Maaike; Hanson, R. Karl; Thornton, David (2017).
1920:
Psychological Evaluations for the Courts, Fourth Edition: A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Lawyers
1331:: British socialite who trafficked women and underage girls to be sexually abused by Epstein and his associates.
827:
approaches (which use reward and punishment to train new behavior, such as problem-solving) and the second uses
724:. The survey reported 85.0% of the molesters and 64.9% of the voyeurs had a prior conviction for a sex offense.
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1600:
910:
will attract votes by appearing to be "tough on sex offenders". One discrepancy pointed out by critics is that
746:
97:
2391:"An Audit Report on Selected Rehabilitation Programs at the Department of Criminal Justice (Report No. 07-02)"
1783:
950:, with the consequent restrictions on movement, employment, and housing. As a result of this persistent media
1949:"The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of 118 prediction studies"
1585:
1325:: Financier and serial sexual offender who was accused of sexually abusing numerous women and underage girls.
1017:
720:
is considerably higher than for other sex offenses, according to the Crime White Paper 2015 published by the
552:
300:
217:
17:
1227:: American serial killer who kidnapped, raped, tortured and murdered at least 33 young men and teenage boys.
2993:"Former New York State Parole Board Member and State Assemblyman Sentenced for Online Enticement of Minors"
1527:
1468:
911:
312:
2781:
Tears of rage : from grieving father to crusader for justice: the untold story of the Adam Walsh case
2418:"THE PARAPHILIAS, OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE SPECTRUM DISORDER, AND THE TREATMENT OF SEXUALLY DEVIANT BEHAVIORS"
2376:
Marshall, W.L., Jones, R., Ward, T., Johnston, P. & Bambaree, H.E.(1991). Treatment of sex offenders.
2331:
Marshall, W.L., Jones, R., Ward, T., Johnston, P. & Bambaree, H.E.(1991). Treatment of sex offenders.
977:
721:
347:
2140:
1706:
1538:
1460:
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931:
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programs have been shown to reduce recidivism in sex offenders. Often, such programs use principles of
693:
182:
142:
2234:
Raised on the Registry: The Irreparable Harm of Placing Children on Sex Offender Registries in the US
1628:
1101:
1032:
947:
820:
778:
677:
628:
322:
137:
31:
1315:: Former film producer accused of sexual assault by more than 80 women; the allegations sparked the
926:, Walsh himself has criticized the law, stating "You can't paint sex offenders with a broad brush."
1579:
1532:
545:
369:
354:
1380:
1281:: Former Canadian politician who pleaded guilty to two counts of sexual assault on two young men.
828:
273:
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1287:: Indonesian student who was convicted of 159 sex offences, including 136 rapes of young men in
3206:
2057:
1595:
906:
521:
213:
172:
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in 1994. The murder attracted national attention and subsequently led to the introduction of "
2694:
2285:
1478:
1417:
1193:: American reality television personality convicted of groping two 12-year-old girls in 2007.
1164:
1142:
1107:
816:
713:
636:
493:
117:
69:
3172:
Internet Safety Technical Task Force Report - Enhancing Child Safety and Online Technologies
1456:
1441:
1386:
1184:
915:
840:
824:
619:
Some sex offenders are deemed too dangerous to society to be released and are subjected to
317:
237:
35:
3078:"Virginia Giuffre, outspoken survivor of Jeffery Epstein, moves into beachside Perth home"
1730:
Levenson, Jill S.; Brannon, Yolanda N.; Fortney, Timothy; Baker, Juanita (12 April 2007).
870:
It is argued that in the U.S., sex offenders have been selected as the new realization of
8:
3211:
2233:
2119:
1846:, statistical information from the late 1990s and very early 2000s, retrieved May 4, 2007
1606:
1138:
955:
854:
754:
381:
364:
199:
3166:
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2236:
2213:
2038:
1836:
1492:
1464:
1403:
1268:
1160:
1065:
Jacob Wetterling Crimes Against Children and Sexually Violent Offender Registration Act
972:
797:
750:
742:
605:
423:
337:
307:
204:
194:
2390:
1278:
647:
In looking at various types of offenses, an example of a digital obscenity offense is
2978:
2966:
2929:
2856:
2785:
2745:
2700:
2660:
2580:
2530:"Missouri Sex Offenders: "Women Against Registry" Says Labels Unfairly Destroy Lives"
2240:
2077:
2030:
2022:
1976:
1968:
1948:
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1376:
1337:: American pedophile and sex trafficker known for his alleged ties to serial killers
1334:
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1212:
1204:
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648:
620:
472:
435:
376:
327:
295:
113:
109:
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2042:
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2733:
2648:
2568:
2069:
2012:
1960:
1746:
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1506:
1474:
1435:
1427:
1352:
1312:
1069:
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832:
632:
516:
403:
232:
189:
132:
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home in 2005 and murdered by John Couey, a previously convicted sex offender. The
1379:: An Indonesian activist who was proven to be guilty in doing a sexual assault at
3171:
3156:
2779:
1843:
1690:
1514:
1510:
1342:
1322:
1300:
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1258:
1224:
1190:
1037:
1022:
879:
875:
653:
589:
467:
408:
157:
46:
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2322:, Colorado Division of Criminal Justice, Colorado Sex Offender Management Board.
1863:
1491:: 11-year-old girl abducted from a street while walking to a school bus stop in
941:
Critics say that, while originally aimed at the worst offenders, as a result of
2209:
2073:
1411:
1316:
1309:: School teacher who pleaded guilty to sexual assault on a student teenage boy.
1296:
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1074:
785:
673:
666:
597:
593:
440:
430:
386:
290:
127:
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2652:
2572:
2116:"2017 Identity Protection, & Security Services - Top Ten Reviews - Page 1"
2017:
2000:
1880:
823:. Two such approaches from this line of research have promise. The first uses
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3024:
2970:
2737:
2081:
2026:
1972:
1369:: Australian pedophile accused of sexual assaults against 75 children in the
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1348:
1234:
1218:
1180:
1132:
1128:
1086:
987:
662:
455:
266:
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147:
2926:
How Sex Got Screwed Up: The Ghosts that Haunt Our Sexual Pleasure - Book Two
2503:
3149:
2034:
1980:
1632:
1366:
1306:
1208:
1196:
982:
418:
398:
391:
359:
227:
209:
1732:"Public Perceptions About Sex Offenders and Community Protection Policies"
2722:"Managing risk: From regulation to the reintegration of sexual offenders"
1862:. U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs. Archived from
1818:. U.S. Department of Justice - Office of Justice Programs. Archived from
1500:
1499:. Dugard remained missing for over 18 years until 2009, when a convicted
1399:
1370:
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1170:
1148:
992:
942:
871:
836:
332:
177:
152:
105:
93:
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Human Rights Watch Report - No Easy Answers: Sex Offender Laws in the US
3052:"Reynhard Sinaga: 'Evil sexual predator' jailed for life for 136 rapes"
3051:
2260:"The Registration and Community Notification of Adult Sexual Offenders"
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1407:
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who was convicted of six counts of murder; police attributed the 1981
1964:
1351:: Irish Catholic priest who sexually abused at least 143 children in
1303:. Considered to be the most prolific rapist in British legal history.
1047:
951:
895:
891:
717:
627:
may also classify less serious offenses as sexual offenses requiring
477:
342:
285:
54:
2001:"Sex Offender Risk Assessment: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?"
1253:
a minimum of 28 teenage boys and young men between 1970 and 1973 in
528:
2346:
International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy, 2(2),
1553:
883:
261:
2898:
Langan, Patrick; Schmitt, Erica; Durose, Matthew (November 2003).
2872:
Langan, Patrick; Schmitt, Erica; Durose, Matthew (November 2003).
2185:"Restricted Group Speaks Up, Saying Sex Crime Measures Go Too Far"
1509:: American-Australian campaigner who offers support to victims of
1389:: Canadian man convicted of sexually assaulting a kidnapped child.
901:
Academics, treatment professionals, and law reform groups such as
1431:
1356:
1292:
1254:
1246:
772:
413:
2310:
Committee of Legal Services, State of Colorado General Assembly.
1560:. Her advocacy particularly focuses on protecting children from
2141:"What Are Sex Offenders Not Allowed To Do? [Explained]"
1250:
1002:
708:
609:
1916:
1299:. Sinaga raped or sexually assaulted at least 206 men, mainly
847:
remains controversial, and is an ethical issue related to the
3093:
Virginia Roberts Giuffre, an outspoken Australian survivor...
1565:
1549:
1262:
1203:; pled guilty to 937 criminal counts of rape, kidnapping and
3162:
Ten Things You Should Know About Sex Offenders and Treatment
2699:(Second ed.). Springer Publishing Company. p. 64.
2365:
2349:
1707:"Sex Offender Management Assessment and Planning Initiative"
30:
This article is about the criminal term. For the novel, see
3187:
Recidivism: How often do Child Molesters go on to Reoffend?
2099:
1781:
1729:
1666:"Court keeps man on sex offender list but says 'troubling'"
1242:
938:
is 5.3%, the lowest for any type of crime except homicide.
793:
613:
3191:
2874:"Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994"
1813:"Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994"
1513:. She is an alleged victim of the sex trafficking ring of
3181:
1438:
passed in many American states were inspired by her case.
3145:
Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994
3150:
CSOM Publications - Myths and Facts About Sex Offenders
2761:"ON POLITICS; Stoking 'Moral Panic' Over Sex Offenders"
1653:
Sex offender ordinance catches family in legal Trouble
1503:, Phillip Garrido, was found to have held her captive.
2058:"What do we know about sex offender risk assessment?"
903:
National Association for Rational Sexual Offense Laws
2442:"Fear the Bogeyman: Sex Offender Panic on Halloween"
1946:
1629:"Couple found guilty of having sex on Florida beach"
1548:: Mother of Jacob Wetterling who was an advocate of
1043:
United States National Sex Offenders Public Registry
3134:
2897:
2871:
2615:"Nebraska Sex Offender Registry Study Final Report"
625:
Sex offender registration laws in the United States
2862:(reference updated), retrieved September 10, 2015.
2696:Sex offender laws: failed policies, new directions
1947:Hanson, R. Karl; Morton-Bourgon, Kelly E. (2009).
1771:. Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada.
1591:National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
1558:National Center for Missing and Exploited Children
1163:: A registered sex offender who lured 7-year-old
3198:
3020:"The Houston Mass Murders: What Really Happened"
1451:Dru Sjodin National Sex Offender Public Registry
1080:
3135:Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
2475:Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
2290:Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
2264:Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers
1201:Michelle Knight, Amanda Berry, and Gina DeJesus
2857:U.S. Department of Justice, "Common Questions"
2210:"No Easy Answers: Sex Offender Laws in the US"
773:Post-incarceration registries and restrictions
2811:"Sex-offender residency laws get second look"
2558:
2415:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1187:to Toole on the basis of recanted statements.
1167:to his house and then raped and murdered her.
553:
2833:"Panic Leads to Bad Policy on Sex Offenders"
2676:"Panic Leads to Bad Policy on Sex Offenders"
2620:. University of Nebraska - Omaha. p. 51
1763:
1028:Sex offender registries in the United States
639:of a minor also constitute sexual offenses.
499:Sex offender registries in the United States
2606:
1739:Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy
3098:
2900:"Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994"
2826:
2824:
2777:
1857:"Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994"
1800:
1764:Harris, Andrew J. R; Hanson, Karl (2004).
1701:
1699:
1572:
1463:department store at the Hollywood Mall in
1060:Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act
849:professional practice of behavior analysis
811:
790:Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act
560:
546:
3106:"Americas Most Wanted – About John Walsh"
2830:
2758:
2752:
2719:
2673:
2667:
2459:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2016:
1837:Criminal Offenders Statistics: Recidivism
1459:: American child who was abducted from a
745:, which are sometimes criticized as less
2286:"Sexual Offender Residence Restrictions"
2254:
2252:
3075:
2923:
2821:
1696:
14:
3199:
3108:. Americas Most Wanted. Archived from
3076:McNeill, Heather (December 15, 2020).
2692:
2596:The University of Baltimore Law Review
2593:
2523:
2521:
2465:
2439:
2428:
2360:Rea, J. (2003). Covert Sensitization.
2182:
2102:Static-99R Coding Rules Revised – 2016
2055:
1998:
1782:Grotpeter, J.K.; Elliot, D.S. (2002).
1402:: Raped and murdered by her neighbor,
1135:seventeen males between 1978 and 1991.
34:. For the Polkadot Cadaver album, see
3017:
2831:Lancaster, Roger (20 February 2013).
2784:. New York: Pocket Books. p. 9.
2674:Lancaster, Roger (20 February 2013).
2612:
2527:
2249:
2166:"Child Abusers Find Refuge in Israel"
2163:
2095:
2093:
2091:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1942:
1940:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1092:Circles of Support and Accountability
859:
2999:. US Federal Bureau of Investigation
2951:American Journal of Criminal Justice
2808:
2720:Mcalinden, Anne-Marie (1 May 2006).
2641:American Journal of Criminal Justice
2488:
2227:
2202:
1626:
27:Person who has committed a sex crime
3069:
2948:
2942:
2638:
2632:
2518:
698:United States Department of Justice
24:
2778:Walsh, John; Walsh, Susan (2008).
2440:Extein, Andrew (25 October 2013).
2362:The Behavior Analyst Today, 4 (2),
2172:– via www.thedailybeast.com.
2088:
2062:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law
1987:
1937:
1897:
735:
588:) is a person who has committed a
25:
3223:
3128:
800:, and treatment professionals as
2809:Koch, Wendy (26 February 2007).
2759:Mansnerus, Laura (29 May 2005).
2726:Criminology and Criminal Justice
2320:Colorado Bureau of Investigation
1751:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2007.00119.x
527:
515:
53:
3177:FBI - Registries for each state
3044:
3011:
2985:
2917:
2891:
2865:
2850:
2802:
2771:
2713:
2686:
2587:
2552:
2528:Levin, Sam (5 September 2013).
2466:Rogers, Laura (July 30, 2007).
2409:
2383:
2370:
2354:
2338:
2325:
2313:
2304:
2278:
2183:Lovett, Ian (October 1, 2013).
2176:
2157:
2133:
2108:
2049:
1873:
1849:
1829:
1672:. 28 March 2015. Archived from
1420:: Kidnapped at age 12 from her
3192:Reform Sex Offender Laws, Inc.
3182:National Sex Offender Registry
2500:Reform Sex Offender Laws, Inc.
2333:Clinical Psychology Review, 11
1886:(in Japanese). 法務省. p. 39
1775:
1757:
1723:
1680:
1658:
1646:
1620:
1601:Reform Sex Offender Laws, Inc.
1430:: Kidnapped at age 9 from her
958:for less dangerous offenders.
865:
13:
1:
3018:Kurth, Austin (August 2011).
2928:. Vernon Press. p. 799.
2164:Rubin, Shira (8 April 2016).
1687:US Office of Justice Programs
1613:
1586:Megan Nicole Kanka Foundation
1081:Monitoring, assessment, other
1018:Prevention Project Dunkelfeld
860:sex offender recidivism rates
749:than other studies have used
683:
3140:Bureau of Justice Statistics
2905:. U.S. Department of Justice
2879:. U.S. Department of Justice
2613:Spohn, Ryan (31 July 2013).
1521:
1469:Indian River County, Florida
1118:
722:Ministry of Justice of Japan
635:, having sex on a beach, or
313:Criminal transmission of HIV
7:
2693:Wright, Richard G. (2014).
2378:Clinical Psychology Review,
1835:U.S. Department of Justice
978:Day care sex abuse hysteria
966:
961:
642:
10:
3228:
2074:10.1037/1076-8971.4.1-2.50
2005:Current Psychiatry Reports
1999:Helmus, L. Maaike (2018).
1784:"Violent Sexual Offending"
1711:Office of Justice Programs
1539:In Pursuit with John Walsh
1446:University of North Dakota
1393:
932:U.S. Department of Justice
694:Office of Justice Programs
672:In the United States, the
522:Human sexuality portal
143:Deviant sexual intercourse
29:
2963:10.1007/s12103-012-9154-6
2653:10.1007/s12103-012-9154-6
2573:10.1007/s10612-010-9127-3
2018:10.1007/s11920-018-0909-8
1923:. Guilford Publications.
1766:"Sex Offender Recidivism"
1627:Irby, Kate (4 May 2015).
1102:Global Positioning System
1033:Sex offender registration
821:applied behavior analysis
747:methodologically rigorous
629:sex offender registration
486:Sex offender registration
323:Female genital mutilation
32:The Sex Offender: A Novel
2738:10.1177/1748895806062981
2056:Hanson, R. Karl (1998).
1953:Psychological Assessment
1789:. University of Colorado
2104:. Public Safety Canada.
1573:Shows and organizations
1381:University of Indonesia
1053:
829:respondent conditioning
812:Therapies and treatment
1596:Polly Klaas Foundation
1211:. He was sentenced to
907:Women Against Registry
753:approaches, including
251:varies by jurisdiction
2924:Knowles, Jon (2019).
1580:America's Most Wanted
1533:America's Most Wanted
1479:St. Joseph, Minnesota
1108:Penile plethysmograph
948:sex offender registry
918:and supporter of the
817:Behavior modification
779:sex offender registry
678:sex offender registry
637:unlawful imprisonment
494:Sex offender registry
3112:on December 16, 2008
3032:on February 14, 2012
2997:FBI Official Website
2561:Critical Criminology
2484:on October 12, 2011.
2422:www.brainphysics.com
1477:: American boy from
1185:murder of Adam Walsh
841:covert sensitization
831:procedures, such as
825:operant conditioning
755:experimental methods
463:UK Section 63 (2008)
318:Cybersex trafficking
36:Sex Offender (album)
2540:on 29 November 2014
2506:on 28 November 2014
2416:J. M. W. Bradford.
2395:Texas State Auditor
2216:. 11 September 2007
1607:To Catch a Predator
1139:Richard Allen Davis
956:judicial discretion
855:Chemical castration
200:Reproductive rights
75:Reproductive rights
3155:2015-04-01 at the
2837:The New York Times
2765:The New York Times
2680:The New York Times
2237:Human Rights Watch
2214:Human Rights Watch
2189:The New York Times
1869:on 11 August 2015.
1842:2008-07-16 at the
1825:on 26 August 2015.
1465:Hollywood, Florida
1404:Jesse Timmendequas
1269:Elmer Wayne Henley
1161:Jesse Timmendequas
973:Child sexual abuse
798:Human Rights Watch
743:anecdotal evidence
606:child sexual abuse
308:Child prostitution
274:Anti-miscegenation
205:Right to sexuality
195:Red-light district
138:Pedophile advocacy
98:Conversion therapy
88:Capital punishment
1930:978-1-4625-3553-8
1489:Jaycee Lee Dugard
1377:Melki Sedek Huang
1335:John David Norman
1329:Ghislaine Maxwell
1213:life imprisonment
1205:aggravated murder
1097:Civil confinement
649:child pornography
631:. In some states
621:civil confinement
570:
569:
436:Sexual harassment
328:Forcible touching
296:Child pornography
246:Specific offences
218:Decriminalization
110:Same-sex marriage
102:Decriminalization
16:(Redirected from
3219:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3028:. Archived from
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2895:
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2711:
2710:
2690:
2684:
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2671:
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2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2536:. Archived from
2534:Riverfront Times
2525:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2477:. Archived from
2472:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2437:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2387:
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2368:
2358:
2352:
2342:
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2329:
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2317:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2256:
2247:
2245:978-1-62313-0084
2231:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2118:. Archived from
2112:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2086:
2085:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2020:
1996:
1985:
1984:
1965:10.1037/a0014421
1944:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1877:
1871:
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1861:
1853:
1847:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
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1809:
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1795:
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1773:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1703:
1694:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1676:on 2 April 2015.
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1546:Patty Wetterling
1507:Virginia Giuffre
1475:Jacob Wetterling
1428:Jessica Lunsford
1353:Northern Ireland
1313:Harvey Weinstein
1271:: Accomplice of
845:aversion therapy
833:aversion therapy
633:public urination
562:
555:
548:
532:
531:
520:
519:
377:Public indecency
254:
233:Bodily integrity
190:Prostitution law
133:Marriageable age
57:
43:
42:
21:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3197:
3196:
3157:Wayback Machine
3131:
3126:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3086:
3084:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3050:
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3033:
3016:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2947:
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2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
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2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2876:
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2855:
2851:
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2822:
2807:
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2792:
2776:
2772:
2757:
2753:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2691:
2687:
2672:
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2637:
2633:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2607:
2592:
2588:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2526:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2446:Huffington Post
2438:
2429:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2371:
2359:
2355:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2292:. April 5, 2010
2284:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2267:
2266:. April 5, 2010
2258:
2257:
2250:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2217:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2181:
2177:
2170:The Daily Beast
2162:
2158:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2098:
2089:
2054:
2050:
1997:
1988:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1915:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1844:Wayback Machine
1834:
1830:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1734:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1670:Toledo News Now
1664:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1575:
1524:
1515:Jeffrey Epstein
1511:sex trafficking
1396:
1343:John Wayne Gacy
1323:Jeffrey Epstein
1285:Reynhard Sinaga
1279:André Boisclair
1225:John Wayne Gacy
1131:who killed and
1121:
1083:
1056:
1038:Sexual predator
1023:Sex and the law
969:
964:
934:, sex offender
882:, and national
880:stranger danger
868:
814:
775:
738:
736:Risk assessment
686:
654:sexual predator
645:
578:sexual offender
566:
526:
514:
409:Sex trafficking
248:
247:
214:Workers' rights
173:Objectification
158:Public morality
84:Criminalization
47:Sex and the law
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3225:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3195:
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3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3130:
3129:External links
3127:
3124:
3123:
3097:
3068:
3043:
3010:
2984:
2957:(1): 160–181.
2941:
2934:
2916:
2890:
2864:
2849:
2820:
2801:
2791:978-1439136348
2790:
2770:
2751:
2712:
2706:978-0826196712
2705:
2685:
2666:
2647:(1): 160–181.
2631:
2605:
2586:
2567:(4): 301–312.
2551:
2517:
2502:Archived from
2487:
2458:
2427:
2408:
2382:
2369:
2353:
2337:
2324:
2312:
2303:
2277:
2248:
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2201:
2175:
2156:
2132:
2107:
2087:
2068:(1–2): 50–72.
2048:
1986:
1936:
1929:
1896:
1881:"性犯罪者の実態と再犯防止"
1872:
1848:
1828:
1799:
1774:
1756:
1722:
1695:
1689:Archived from
1679:
1657:
1645:
1618:
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1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
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1569:
1552:'s safety and
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1436:Jessica's Laws
1425:
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1395:
1392:
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1390:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1346:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1317:MeToo movement
1310:
1304:
1297:United Kingdom
1282:
1276:
1266:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1194:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1136:
1125:Jeffrey Dahmer
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1094:
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1079:
1078:
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1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
968:
965:
963:
960:
924:Adam Walsh Act
920:Adam Walsh Act
867:
864:
835:. Many of the
813:
810:
774:
771:
737:
734:
685:
682:
674:United Kingdom
667:Adam Walsh Act
644:
641:
598:statutory rape
594:sexual assault
568:
567:
565:
564:
557:
550:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
534:Law portal
524:
509:
508:
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488:
487:
483:
482:
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475:
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443:
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431:Sexual assault
428:
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305:
304:
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293:
291:Child grooming
288:
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271:
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145:
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130:
128:Age of consent
125:
91:
77:
72:
64:
63:
59:
58:
50:
49:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3224:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Sex offenders
3205:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
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3141:
3138:
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3111:
3107:
3101:
3094:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3025:Texas Monthly
3021:
3014:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2937:
2935:9781622736928
2931:
2927:
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2901:
2894:
2875:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2838:
2834:
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1235:serial killer
1232:
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1219:Chris Ortloff
1217:
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1207:as part of a
1206:
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62:Social issues
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18:Sex offenders
3116:December 17,
3114:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3100:
3092:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:
3071:
3060:. Retrieved
3058:. 2020-01-06
3055:
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3036:February 18,
3034:. Retrieved
3030:the original
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2461:
2449:. Retrieved
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2399:. Retrieved
2397:. March 2007
2394:
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2120:the original
2110:
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1888:. Retrieved
1875:
1864:the original
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1820:the original
1791:. Retrieved
1777:
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1714:. Retrieved
1710:
1691:the original
1682:
1674:the original
1669:
1660:
1648:
1638:10 September
1636:. Retrieved
1633:Miami Herald
1622:
1605:
1578:
1537:
1536:and, later,
1531:
1501:sex offender
1387:John MacKean
1367:Peter Scully
1307:Debra Lafave
1209:plea bargain
1197:Ariel Castro
1149:Josef Fritzl
983:Ephebophilia
940:
928:
914:, father of
900:
872:moral panics
869:
853:
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574:sex offender
573:
571:
419:Sexual abuse
399:Revenge porn
360:Prostitution
250:
238:Circumcision
228:Survival sex
210:Sex industry
40:
2909:26 November
2883:26 November
2842:26 November
2624:21 November
2544:26 November
2510:25 November
2451:26 November
2401:October 20,
2380:11, 465-485
2296:14 November
2270:14 November
2194:14 November
1959:(1): 1–21.
1693:2012-05-05.
1655:, MSNBC.com
1418:Polly Klaas
1412:Megan's Law
1400:Megan Kanka
1371:Philippines
1233:: American
1199:: Abducted
1179:: American
1177:Ottis Toole
1171:Peter Tobin
1165:Megan Kanka
1143:Polly Klaas
1133:dismembered
1127:: American
1075:Megan's Law
993:Frotteurism
943:moral panic
888:folk devils
866:Controversy
837:behaviorism
786:Megan's Law
473:Trafficking
333:Fornication
178:Pornography
122:Transgender
106:Civil union
94:LGBT rights
3212:Sex crimes
3201:Categories
3062:2022-12-30
2732:(2): 201.
2220:2011-02-21
2150:2023-09-10
2126:2007-09-12
1890:2022-08-02
1793:2022-08-02
1716:2022-08-02
1614:References
1528:John Walsh
1497:California
1481:, who was
1457:Adam Walsh
1442:Dru Sjodin
1422:California
1408:New Jersey
1339:Dean Corll
1289:Manchester
1273:Dean Corll
1231:Dean Corll
1113:Recidivism
1013:Pedophilia
1008:Paraphilia
998:Hebephilia
936:recidivism
916:Adam Walsh
912:John Walsh
886:, the new
690:recidivism
684:Recidivism
602:bestiality
582:sex abuser
286:Bestiality
80:Homophobia
3087:March 26,
3003:31 August
2979:143562435
2971:1936-1351
2815:USA Today
2746:145256781
2661:143562435
2581:144431817
2335:, 465-485
2082:1939-1528
2027:1535-1645
2011:(6): 46.
1973:1939-134X
1562:abduction
1522:Activists
1483:kidnapped
1119:Offenders
1048:Voyeurism
952:narrative
896:Halloween
892:boogeymen
751:empirical
590:sex crime
478:Voyeurism
451:U.S. laws
404:Seduction
387:statutory
370:procuring
343:Obscenity
279:U.S. laws
3153:Archived
3056:BBC News
2364:192-201
2348:266-275
2145:DoNotPay
2043:29165424
2035:29779064
1981:19290762
1840:Archived
1745:(1): 6.
1550:children
1359:and the
1259:Pasadena
1251:murdered
1247:tortured
1239:abducted
1191:Don Vito
967:Articles
962:See also
884:paranoia
643:Overview
468:Violence
348:U.S. law
262:Adultery
118:Intersex
114:Adoption
3082:WAtoday
1556:of the
1432:Florida
1394:Victims
1357:Ireland
1293:England
1255:Houston
718:voyeurs
714:chikans
661:In the
507:Portals
441:Slavery
414:Sexting
392:marital
355:Pimping
70:Consent
2977:
2969:
2932:
2860:citing
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2041:
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1979:
1971:
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1493:Meyers
1249:, and
1155:Li Hao
1003:Incest
874:about
709:murder
665:, the
612:, and
610:incest
446:Sodomy
365:forced
338:Incest
168:Ethics
2975:S2CID
2903:(PDF)
2877:(PDF)
2742:S2CID
2657:S2CID
2618:(PDF)
2577:S2CID
2482:(PDF)
2471:(PDF)
2239:2013
2039:S2CID
1884:(PDF)
1867:(PDF)
1860:(PDF)
1823:(PDF)
1816:(PDF)
1787:(PDF)
1769:(PDF)
1735:(PDF)
1566:abuse
1554:chair
1461:Sears
1406:, in
1263:Texas
1243:raped
1104:(GPS)
584:, or
424:child
153:Norms
3118:2008
3089:2021
3038:2012
3005:2015
2967:ISSN
2930:ISBN
2911:2014
2885:2014
2844:2014
2786:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2626:2014
2602:(2).
2546:2014
2512:2014
2453:2014
2403:2009
2298:2014
2272:2014
2241:ISBN
2196:2014
2078:ISSN
2031:PMID
2023:ISSN
1977:PMID
1969:ISSN
1925:ISBN
1640:2015
1564:and
1341:and
1257:and
1237:who
1054:Laws
905:and
802:Atsa
796:and
716:and
614:rape
382:Rape
301:Laws
267:Laws
183:Laws
2959:doi
2734:doi
2649:doi
2569:doi
2366:BAO
2350:BAO
2070:doi
2013:doi
1961:doi
1747:doi
890:or
876:sex
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