624:
455:
789:
3990:
22:
4364:
814:) about persistent sexual harassment in the British armed forces, a number of anonymised, official surveys have been undertaken. The first, in 2006, found that a male-dominated culture sexualised women and diminished their military competence. Among the comments made to researchers by male personnel about their female counterparts were: "Ok there are a few exceptions but on the whole they shouldn't be here"; "They're all
285:(IPV), a category that includes sexual abuse, was three times more prevalent among partners of military personnel than among partners of civilians. 10% of male and 7% of female personnel told the researchers they had abused their partner in the previous 12 months. The study found that physical and sexual abuse of partners was particularly common where personnel had traumatic experiences of war.
893:
2567:
NBC News later quoted U.S. military officials as saying that the unreleased photographs showed
American soldiers "severely beating an Iraqi prisoner nearly to death, having sex with a female Iraqi prisoner, and 'acting inappropriately with a dead body.' The officials said there also was a videotape,
411:
into inappropriate sexual behaviours in the armed forces reported that several military factors contributed to risk: "tight-knit units that perceive themselves as 'elite'; masculine cultures with low gender diversity; rank gradients; age gradients; weak or absent controls, especially after extensive
189:
Interviewees reported regularly being told of orders to "stop being pussies" and to "leave your purses at home" The use of the word "cunt", for example, is commonplace, and rape jokes are tolerated. A commonly held attitude is that, rather than be a soldier, a sailor or an aviator, a woman will be
57:
Risk factors characteristic of a military setting include the young average age of personnel, isolated workplaces, the minority status of women, hierarchical power relationships, a culture of conformity, the predominance of traditionally masculine values and behaviours, and a heavy drinking culture.
590:
was established in 2012, which investigated widespread allegations of historical abuse in the navy. The
Commission took evidence from 8,000 individuals and reported in 2017 that many recruits of both sexes and from the age of 15 had been repeatedly sexually abused by older recruits between 1967 and
254:
Puopolo says up to 200 disheveled airmen set upon her. She was fondled and passed along from one groping, pinching set of hands to another before being dropped to the ground. At breakfast, Puopolo reported the incident to Snyder, himself a former president of the association. "He said that's what
227:
and the first female pilot to fly combat operations, testified to a Senate meeting that she was raped by a superior officer. McSally explained that she never reported the incident for lack of trust in the military justice system. She added that she blamed herself, and that although she had thought
296:
Cadet forces, common worldwide, are military youth organisations in communities and schools. Some evidence from the UK, where hundreds of complaints of the sexual abuse of cadets have been recorded since 2012, and from Canada, where one in ten complaints of sexual assault in the military are from
739:
A study in 2021 found that 37% of women and 18% of men in a representative sample from the French military had experienced verbal or physical sexual harassment in the previous 12 months, and that 13% of women and 4% of men had been sexually assaulted. The incidence rates of sexual harassment and
349:
While prevalence varies by country, military branch, and other factors, official statistics and peer-reviewed research from Canada, France, the UK, and the US indicate that between a quarter and a third of military women in these countries are sexually harassed at work at least once each year.
681:
Higher rates of harassment have been identified in military training centres. The rate of sexual harassment of women at military colleges in Canada was found in 2019 to be approximately twice (28%) that found in civilian colleges (15%). According to the Arbour Review, training centres are
933:
In the same year, the
Department reported that an active duty military woman who reported sexual harassment to a superior was 16% more likely to be sexually assaulted than one who did not report, while a man who reported increased his chance of sexual assault thereafter by 50%.
2602:
The paper quoted Taguba as saying, "These pictures show torture, abuse, rape and every indecency." The actual quote in the
Telegraph was accurate, Taguba said – but he was referring to the hundreds of images he reviewed as an investigator of the abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in
213:
When a woman in the US army attended a sexual harassment awareness training, the senior officer teaching the class asked participants whether they would hit on "a naked, drunk girl on the bench outside your barracks", adding, "you're not supposed to but I probably would".
539:: "The fear of repercussions is blatant", he said in 2014. In 2015, the Deschamps Review reported that one of the main reasons why personnel do not lodge a complaint is a fear of the consequences for their career and that many complainants had indeed faced reprisals.
272:
Younger women and girls face a greater risk, according to
American, British, Canadian, and French research. For example, girls aged under 18 in the British armed forces were ten times as likely as adult female personnel to be the victim of a sexual offence in 2021.
713:
in
September 2009. Williams was also charged in the death of Corporal Marie-France Comeau, a 37-year-old military traffic technician, who had been found dead at home in late November 2009. He was sentenced in 2010 to two concurrent terms of life imprisonment.
662:
The
Canadian Armed Forces have since conducted major surveys of personnel in 2016 and 2018. In each instance, the following proportions of female personnel reported being personally targeted by sexualised or discriminatory behaviour in the previous 12 months:
382:
A Canadian study has found that key risk factors associated with military settings are the typically young age of personnel, the isolated locations of bases, the minority status of women, and the disproportionate number of men in senior positions.
853:
In 2021, 37 girls aged under 18 across the
British armed forces (from a total population at the time of 290) were victims of a sexual offence. 22 were new recruits at the training centre for the army's youngest recruits (aged from 16 years), the
500:
Other prevention initiatives, varying by country, include bystander and diversity training, and helplines. Despite these steps, official statistics in Canada, the UK, and the US over the last decade show high and increasing rates of harassment.
49:
is more common in military than civilian life. Military women and men experience unwanted behaviours disproportionately, particularly younger women and girls. Other groups at high risk include partners of personnel, child cadets, and military
873:
documentary found multiple cases of the sexual abuse of cadets from age 11 during the 1980s. It reported that the victims and their parents were discouraged from making a formal complaint or contacting the police. In 2012 and 2013, the
243:
ritual, in which male officers lined the third-floor corridor of the convention hotel to harass and assault women passing through. In 1991, the men sexually assaulted 83 women, including
Puopolo, and seven men. As reported in the
557:, a study in 2016 found that 58% of women who reported sexual misconduct by peers said that they had met with retaliation. The Department of Defense estimated in 2017 that two in three victims of sexual assault do not report it.
740:
sexual assault experienced by women aged under 25 were particularly high, at 41% and 21% respectively. 22% of women of the lowest rank, who are typically those who have recently enlisted, said they had been sexually assaulted.
904:
Since 2014, surveys of US military personnel have found a high prevalence of sexual harassment. The following rates refer to the proportion of women reporting that they had experienced harassment in the previous 12 months.
822:"; and "They are emotionally unstable." The report found that 15% of women had had a 'particularly upsetting' experience of sexual harassment in the previous 12 months; the proportion rose to 20% in the youngest age group.
496:
Since the number of official complaints represents only a fraction of sexual harassment incidence, armed forces committed to reducing prevalence produce periodic estimates of its true extent by means of anonymised surveys.
1479:
973:
779:
In 2021, the Armed Forces
Research Institute found that 46% of all military women, 63% of women under 30, and 73% of new female recruits had experienced sexual harassment at least once in the previous 12 months.
176:
when a group of men ducked her head in a bucket of water and each time she came up for breath she had to repeat "I am useless and I am a female". She told the story and said it was a joke but I could see she was
748:
In 2014, the German armed forces reported that 55% of female and 12% of male personnel had experienced sexual harassment during their career, and that 3% of women said they had been sexually assaulted or raped.
1610:
990:
762:
651:), was published. It found that sexual harassment was commonplace and embedded in military culture, and that pervasive degrading attitudes to women and LGBTQ+ personnel were jeopardising their safety. The
454:
1745:
84:
Despite the development of prevention programmes in recent years, official statistics in Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States report increasing rates of sexual harassment in the military.
546:
in 2015 found that almost half of personnel who had an 'upsetting' experience of sexual harassment did not complain to their chain of command for fear of damaging their career. A major report by the
655:
also criticised the armed forces for a culture of dismissiveness; one male interviewee told the Review, for example: "Girls that come to the Army know what to expect." The Review stated that senior
736:
newspaper, the armed forces had not been required to report incidents or to keep statistics, and an official report acknowledged that awareness of the problem had been institutionally suppressed.
446:
Research in the US has found that personnel affected by sexual harassment are somewhat less likely to develop depression or PTSD if a formal report leads to effective action to address the issue.
206:
It was months before I could pronounce the word "rape"... I blamed myself. I said: "We are trained in hand to hand combat. Why didn't I stop him?" But when that happens you are terrorised.
1777:
371:
settings For example, between 2015 and 2020, girls aged 16 or 17 in the British armed forces were twice as likely as their same-age civilian peers to report rape or other sexual assault.
3553:
2856:
985:
607:
3378:
3528:
2129:
1526:
353:
Military training settings are characterised by a particularly high level of sexual harassment and assault relative to both the civilian population and other military settings.
2682:
978:
758:
3237:
3563:
1204:
2582:"Taguba denies he's seen abuse photos suppressed by Obama: The general told a U.K. paper about images he saw investigating Abu Ghraib – not photos Obama wants kept secret"
997:
878:(MOD) paid £2 million to settle the allegations out of court. Between 2012 and 2017, the MOD recorded a further 363 allegations, of which 282 were referred to the police.
3315:
825:
Since 2009, official surveys asking the same question have found steadily rising rates of women in the army reporting particularly upsetting experiences, as follows:
3571:
2182:
1980:
2020:
1810:
1057:
2885:
142:
Undirected behaviours are those not personally targeted but which affect the working environment, such as sexist and sexual jokes and the prominent display of
2627:
1238:
623:
2452:
2155:
1911:"Intimate partner violence and abuse experience and perpetration in UK military personnel compared to a general population cohort: A cross-sectional study"
1551:
1362:
1136:
3830:
398:, combine to increase the risk, particularly to personnel of low rank, who are less able than others to resist inappropriate expectations made of them.
2554:
288:
In the US armed forces, estimates of the sexual abuse of military partners indicate a similarly high rate of annual incidence, ranging from 12% to 40%.
2427:
463:
2964:
Rosen, Leora N; et al. (September 2003). "The Effects of Peer Group Climate on Intimate Partner Violence among Married Male U.S. Army Soldiers".
632:, Canada, training centre for recruits from age 16 and characterised by a "hostile environment and mistreatment of many female cadets" (Arbour Review)
2398:
160:
Research in Canada has found that a military culture of undirected sexual harassment increases the risk of directed sexual harassment and assault.
2515:
2103:
190:
labeled an "ice princess", a "bitch", or a "slut". Another saying is that women enter the CAF "to find a man, to leave a man, or to become a man".
3547:
3100:
3048:
Bell, Margret E.; Street, Amy E.; Stafford, Jane (2014). "Victims' psychosocial well-being after reporting sexual harassment in the military".
2713:
Moreau, Caroline; Bedretdinova, Dina; Duron, Sandrine; Bohet, Aline; Panjo, Henri; Bajos, Nathalie; Meynard, Jean Baptiste (17 November 2021).
3189:
1646:
2653:
2056:
1579:
968:
887:
2484:
3701:
1714:
Baugher, Amy R.; Gazmararian, Julie A. (2015). "Masculine gender role stress and violence: A literature review and future directions".
3288:
1909:
MacManus, Deirdre; Short, Roxanna; Lane, Rebecca; Jones, Margaret; Hull, Lisa; Howard, Louise M.; Fear, Nicola T. (1 September 2022).
3969:
3160:
2917:"What accounts for men's hostile attitudes toward women? The influence of hegemonic male role norms and masculine gender role stress"
958:
800:
2078:
579:
to investigate complaints from women between 1991 and 2011. It received 2,439 complaints, of which it deemed 1,751 to be plausible.
488:
The US established the Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office in 2005, which reports annually. In 2019, Secretary of Defense
2589:
235:
scandal exposed multiple acts of sexual violence during the organisation's annual convention of aviators in Las Vegas. Lieutenant
81:(PTSD). Nonetheless, typically most of those targeted choose not to raise a formal complaint, expecting repercussions if they do.
4027:
3613:
3539:
930:
reported that an estimated 14,900 military personnel were sexually assaulted in 2016, of whom 6,172 made an official complaint.
470:
The military leadership in some countries has begun to acknowledge a culture of sexual misconduct among personnel. For example:
3974:
3663:
3326:
2293:
517:
concluded that women affected by harassment were less likely to make a complaint because they do not expect a serious response.
1282:
963:
618:
4337:
3262:
1843:
875:
811:
2266:
3733:
2186:
1987:
927:
524:, has commented that women are systematically discouraged from complaining, and often moved out of their unit if they do.
3535:
2210:"Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetration among military populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2027:
1818:
1326:
659:
are frequently seen as tolerating sexual harassment and discouraging the individuals affected from making a complaint.
550:
in 2021 called on the Ministry of Defence to "remove the chain of command entirely from complaints of a sexual nature".
2893:
4260:
3943:
788:
628:
3407:
1452:"Sexual Assault in the Canadian Armed Forces: Prevalence, Circumstances, Correlates, and Mental Health Associations"
1409:"Protecting those who protect us: Women in the Armed Forces from Recruitment to Civilian Life (the Atherton Review)"
4349:
4332:
3922:
2619:
603:
576:
474:
The British armed forces co-commissioned their first formal study of the problem in 2006. In 2016, the head of the
1451:
919:
In the same years, 5–6% of servicewomen said they had been sexually assaulted in the previous 12 months; rates at
478:
noted that soldier culture remained "overly sexualised" and committed to reducing the extent of sexual misconduct.
2620:"The general's report: how Antonio Taguba, who investigated the Abu Ghraib scandal, became one of its casualties"
795:, Harrogate, site of 22 of 37 recorded sexual offences against girls aged under 18 in the UK armed forces in 2021
338:
3543:
2999:
Kimerling, Rachel; Makin-Byrd, Kerry; Louzon, Samantha; Ignacio, Rosalinda V.; McCarthy, John F. (1 June 2016).
1684:
Parrott, Dominic J.; Zeichner, Amos (2003). "Effects of hypermasculinity oh physical aggression against women".
1058:"Report of case study no. 40: The response of the Australian Defence Force to allegations of child sexual abuse"
443:(PTSD) after deployment on operations increased by a factor of nine, and the odds of suicide more than doubled.
118:: Improper conduct directed at and offensive to others, which the perpetrator ought reasonably know would be so.
3953:
3825:
3433:
1369:
3134:
1408:
678:, concluded that female armed forces personnel were more likely to be attacked by their peers than the enemy.
481:
In 2016, after a major study uncovered widespread sexual harassment and assault in the Canadian armed forces,
404:
values and behaviours that are rewarded and reinforced in military settings are also thought to play a role.
4220:
3897:
2715:"From sexual harassment to sexual assault: Prevalence and correlates of sexual trauma in the French military"
2546:
492:
remarked nonetheless that prevention efforts remained "far short of what is required to make lasting change".
440:
78:
485:, Chief of the Defence Staff, acknowledged: "Harmful sexual behaviour is a real problem in our institution."
1002:
768:
298:
1087:
210:
Many incidents of sexual harassment and assault in the US armed forces have been documented. For example:
4250:
4020:
3696:
690:
643:
In 2015, after widespread allegations of sexual misconduct in the military, a major official report, the
318:
1273:
Anderson, E H; Suris, A (2013). "Military sexual trauma". In Moore, Brett A; Barnett, Jeffrey E (eds.).
4388:
4344:
4126:
3862:
3656:
2778:
2523:
554:
391:
121:
4327:
4317:
4057:
3892:
3635:
3624:
1873:
282:
99:
experienced as threatening or otherwise upsetting. Definitions in use by state armed forces include:
25:
2838:
2640:
Taguba said that he saw "a video of a male American soldier in uniform sodomizing a female detainee"
4367:
3213:
1055:
1019:
710:
698:
656:
572:
547:
514:
103:
51:
43:
experienced as threatening, offensive, or otherwise upsetting, which occurs in a military setting.
2818:"Countering Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment in the U.S. Military: Lessons from RAND Research"
640:
of the Canadian armed forces described sexual harassment in the institution as "'a huge proble"'.
112:: Unwanted sexually based conduct or other conduct affecting the dignity of women and men at work.
4322:
3867:
2156:"Two thirds of women in US military say they have been sexually harassed or assaulted in service"
1009:
948:
855:
792:
322:
246:
224:
3215:
379:
Several reasons for a high prevalence of sexual harassment in the military have been suggested.
309:
Individuals detained by militaries are particularly vulnerable to sexual harassment. During the
4393:
4187:
4136:
4106:
4013:
953:
900:
in 1991, showing an unidentified Navy officer wearing a t-shirt emblazoned "WOMEN ARE PROPERTY"
682:
characterised by a "hostile environment and mistreatment of many female cadets", including the
2492:
4308:
4182:
4177:
4101:
4084:
3748:
3649:
2825:
1014:
532:
182:
115:
96:
40:
2817:
269:
While some male personnel are sexually harassed, women are much more likely to be targeted.
4267:
4052:
3917:
3723:
2208:
Kwan, J.; Sparrow, K.; Facer-Irwin, E.; Thandi, G.; Fear, N. T.; MacManus, D. (July 2020).
1205:"External Review into Sexual Misconduct and Sexual Harassment in the Canadian Armed Forces"
867:
436:
240:
232:
2453:"Documents Show the Canadian Army Cadets Program Is Plagued With Sexual Abuse Allegations"
726:
first came to prominence in 2014 when 35 cases of harassment and assault were detailed in
8:
4282:
4167:
4131:
3948:
3728:
1363:"Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Assault in the Military: Fiscal Year 2016"
723:
645:
External Review into Sexual Misconduct and Sexual Harassment in the Canadian Armed Forces
521:
4255:
4227:
4172:
4111:
3711:
3691:
3504:
3238:"Navy staff tolerated widespread child sexual abuse of recruits, royal commission says"
3081:
2981:
2941:
2916:
2749:
2714:
2581:
2242:
2209:
1958:
1945:
1910:
810:
Following concerns expressed in 2004 by the UK Equal Opportunities Commission (now the
587:
357:
341:
warship at the start of the war were made to strip naked and were sexually humiliated.
314:
3164:
599:
each other. The practice was "tolerated" by senior staff, according to the Commission.
509:
Military personnel are frequently reluctant to report incidents of sexual misconduct:
301:, indicate that these institutions are susceptible to a culture of sexual harassment.
4272:
4232:
4215:
3842:
3820:
3716:
3706:
3508:
3108:
3073:
3065:
3030:
3022:
2985:
2946:
2754:
2736:
2247:
2229:
1962:
1950:
1932:
1656:
1545:
1332:
1322:
1288:
1278:
943:
536:
326:
173:
134:
92:
63:
46:
3101:"Army has 'overly-sexualised' heavy drinking culture, Chief of General Staff admits"
3085:
1978:
1527:"Quantitative & qualitative research into sexual harassment in the armed forces"
535:
confirmed that women fear the consequences if they report a sexual offence to their
4160:
4074:
3686:
3496:
3263:"Women in Canada's military face greater harm from comrades than enemy, says judge"
3214:
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (30 May 2017).
3057:
3012:
2973:
2936:
2928:
2744:
2726:
2270:
2237:
2221:
1940:
1922:
1723:
1693:
1319:
La guerre invisible: révélations sur les violences sexuelles dans l'armée française
920:
897:
583:
421:
70:
59:
356:
Research further shows an increase in perpetration during and after deployment on
4289:
4202:
4121:
4044:
3857:
3847:
3815:
3810:
3800:
3582:
3557:
3061:
3017:
3000:
2731:
2130:"Senator McSally, an Air Force veteran, says she was raped by a superior officer"
1927:
847:
732:
425:
181:
The Deschamps Review of 2015 found pervasive demeaning attitudes to women in the
74:
4304:
4294:
4210:
3927:
3852:
3805:
3778:
3738:
702:
596:
482:
420:
Women affected by sexual harassment are more likely than other women to suffer
220:
154:
3603:
2225:
1872:
Fasting, Kari; Køber, Petter Kristian; Strand, Kari Røren (15 February 2021).
1727:
32:, site of widespread sexual abuse of child navy recruits between 1967 and 1971
4382:
4096:
4069:
4036:
3783:
3773:
3500:
3112:
3069:
3026:
2977:
2932:
2740:
2615:
2233:
1936:
1697:
1660:
1480:"Cessation of Military Recruiting in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools"
1336:
1292:
892:
706:
236:
1056:
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse (2017).
4242:
4192:
4155:
3912:
3795:
3763:
3672:
3077:
3034:
2950:
2758:
2568:
apparently shot by U.S. personnel, showing Iraqi guards raping young boys."
2251:
1954:
1024:
543:
489:
475:
432:
363:
Studies of sexual harassment have found that it is markedly more common in
217:
109:
58:
Harassment is particularly common in certain settings, notably centres for
3190:"Sexual assault reports in U.S. military reach record high, Pentagon says"
2654:"High Court finds MoD breached the Geneva Conventions during the Iraq War"
1611:"British army: Welfare concerns at the Army Foundation College, Harrogate"
337:, and other forms of sexual abuse. Similarly, two Iraqi men detained on a
255:
you get when you go down a hallway full of drunken aviators," she recalls.
139:
Sexual harassment in the military includes a broad spectrum of behaviour.
4116:
3768:
2369:
401:
195:
143:
2399:"Ministry of Defence pays out £2m to settle cadets' sexual abuse claims"
4091:
3994:
3887:
3636:'Teenage girls serving in British army report record levels of assault'
3351:
1450:
Watkins, Kimberley; Bennett, Rachel; Richer, Isabelle; Zamorski, Mark.
843:
387:
106:: Unwanted sexual advances or sexual requests towards to another person
2428:"MoD admits over 350 sexual abuse complaints have been made by cadets"
2318:
561:
520:
Leila Minano, the co-author of a book documenting sexual abuse in the
4143:
3758:
3753:
3487:
Crowley, Kacy; Sandhoff, Michelle (2017). "Just a Girl in the Army".
1651:
637:
592:
528:
459:
395:
29:
3989:
3458:
2779:"Sexual misconduct in the Canadian Armed Forces Regular Force, 2018"
69:
Experience of harassment can be traumatic. It increases the risk of
4148:
4064:
3907:
3902:
3592:
Department of Defense Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office
2816:
Acosta, Joie D.; Chinman, Matthew; Shearer, Amy L. (19 July 2021).
608:
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse
368:
364:
310:
21:
1477:
1406:
281:
In 2022, research in the UK armed forces found that experience of
124:: Unwanted sexual advances and other behaviour of a sexual nature.
3135:"960 soldiers reported being sexually assaulted in the past year"
2079:"The Army's New Sexual Harassment Training Truly Looks Promising"
815:
694:
4005:
3625:'Tenfold rise in rapes and sexual assaults on girls in military'
2998:
2018:
1647:"Tenfold rise in rapes and sexual assaults on girls in military"
1085:
4079:
3790:
3641:
2340:
1028:
334:
150:
1525:
Rutherford, Sarah; Schneider, Robin; Walmsley, Alexis (2006).
3549:
The First Ambush? Effects of military training and employment
3352:"同意なき性行為、高裁が「880万円」の賠償を命じるまで 自衛隊セクハラ事件、弁護士の闘い - 弁護士ドットコムニュース"
1979:
Department of Defense Task Force on Sexual Violence. (2004).
858:; three of the accused in these cases were members of staff.
730:, a book by Leila Minano and Julia Pascual. According to the
3408:"Royal Navy and Royal Marines sexual harassment survey 2021"
2712:
2207:
149:
Directed behaviours target one or more individuals, such as
4277:
3743:
3235:
1524:
819:
330:
199:
3614:"I was sexually assaulted in uniform. I can't get over it"
767:
There have been several reports of sexual assaults in the
3158:
2104:"1st Air Force female pilot in combat reflects on career"
2054:
1360:
1449:
896:
Evidence photo from the official investigation into the
2915:
Gallagher, Kathryn E.; Parrott, Dominic J. (May 2011).
2777:
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (22 May 2019).
1981:"Sexual Harassment Survey of Reserve Component Members"
1908:
1478:
American Public Health Association (30 October 2013).
2538:
1277:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–269.
1236:
168:
A woman in the British army told researchers in 2006:
2815:
2776:
2264:
2057:"DoD Releases Latest Military Sexual Assault Report"
3591:
3405:
3323:
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
2883:
1808:
1407:House of Commons Defence Committee (12 July 2021).
562:
Sexual harassment in the military: country examples
464:
Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Prevention
3289:"The secret life of Col. Russell Williams exposed"
3047:
1871:
1713:
1086:Australia, Department of Defence (15 March 2013).
3597:
2482:
2148:
842:In 2021, the same question asked of women in the
4380:
2914:
2483:Mercier, Noémi; Castonguay, Alec (16 May 2014).
2367:
2316:
2021:"Defence Abuse Response Taskforce: Final report"
1550:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3486:
3434:"2021 RAF sexual harassment survey full report"
3431:
2368:Razzall, Katie; MacSorley, Jane (4 July 2017).
1844:"Air Force relieves commander over sex scandal"
1683:
1532:. Archived from the original on 18 October 2012
974:Sexual assault in the Japan Self-Defense Forces
923:centres were found to be substantially higher.
861:
571:Widespread reports of sexual harassment in the
542:An official report on sexual harassment in the
3236:Australian Associated Press (22 August 2017).
3001:"Military Sexual Trauma and Suicide Mortality"
1874:"Mobbing og seksuell trakassering i Forsvaret"
4021:
3657:
1580:"France battles sexual abuse in the military"
1272:
3376:
2680:
2573:
1316:
1134:
969:Sexual assault in the United States military
888:Sexual assault in the United States military
595:, and in some cases young recruits had been
2291:
1974:
1972:
689:A notable case of a perpetrator is that of
4363:
4028:
4014:
3664:
3650:
3313:
850:found rates of 43% and 35%, respectively.
449:
3970:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
3016:
2940:
2886:"Armed Forces: Offences against Children"
2748:
2730:
2651:
2608:
2425:
2241:
2183:"From Navy Whistleblower to Warrior Pose"
2019:Defence Abuse Response Taskforce (2016).
1944:
1926:
1811:"Armed Forces: Offences against Children"
1577:
1202:
1088:"Unacceptable Behaviour in the Workplace"
959:Sexual misconduct in the British military
801:Sexual misconduct in the British military
386:An emphasis in military organisations on
2579:
2055:US, Department of Defence (1 May 2017).
1969:
891:
787:
686:which trains new recruits from age 16.
622:
453:
20:
3314:Krennerich, Michael (30 October 2020).
3005:American Journal of Preventive Medicine
2854:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2630:from the original on September 12, 2007
2370:"Sex abuse against cadets 'covered up'"
2338:
2180:
2076:
1775:
1743:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
722:The extent of sexual harassment in the
4381:
3975:False allegation of child sexual abuse
3132:
3098:
2879:
2877:
2850:
2848:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2708:
2706:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2421:
2419:
2392:
2390:
2363:
2361:
2050:
2048:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1867:
1865:
1838:
1836:
1771:
1769:
1739:
1737:
1709:
1707:
1679:
1677:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1520:
1473:
1471:
1317:Leila, Miñano; Pascual, Julia (2014).
1275:Military psychologists' desk reference
1239:"Sexual Assault vs. Sexual Harassment"
504:
239:(then Coughlin) blew the whistle on a
4009:
3645:
3406:Ministry of Defence (31 March 2022).
3184:
3182:
3133:Harris, Kathleen (28 November 2016).
2963:
2614:
2544:
2513:
2396:
2265:Government of Canada (18 July 2013).
2127:
1809:Ministry of Defence (14 April 2022).
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1130:
1128:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
964:Sexual assault in the Canadian forces
684:Collège militaire royal de Saint-Jean
674:In 2022, a further major report, the
619:Sexual assault in the Canadian Forces
16:Sexual misconduct in the armed forces
3604:Rachel Thompson (British army), 2017
3050:Journal of Trauma & Dissociation
2667:
2557:from the original on January 1, 2012
2077:Schulte, Brigid (10 December 2018).
1746:"Report on inappropriate behaviours"
1631:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1081:
1079:
1077:
812:Equality and Human Rights Commission
705:of two women in connection with two
276:
259:
228:herself strong, she felt powerless.
3734:Genital modification and mutilation
3316:"Shadow Report Child Soldiers 2020"
3207:
2884:Ministry of Defence (16 May 2022).
2874:
2845:
2796:
2765:
2703:
2471:
2416:
2387:
2358:
2045:
2005:
1915:The Lancet Regional Health – Europe
1895:
1862:
1833:
1766:
1734:
1704:
1686:Psychology of Men & Masculinity
1674:
1597:
1558:
1468:
431:Research in the US found that when
412:operational periods; and alcohol."
264:
13:
3534:; Army sexual harassment reports:
3480:
3179:
3159:US, Department of Defense (2018).
2855:Defence, National (10 June 2022).
2545:Hersh, Seymour M. (May 17, 2004).
1795:
1776:Defence, National (10 June 2022).
1618:Child Rights International Network
1497:
1426:
1387:
1361:US, Department of Defense (2017).
1343:
1259:
1042:
805:
548:House of Commons Defence Committee
14:
4405:
4035:
3944:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
3831:in education in the United States
3516:
3432:Royal Air Force (December 2021).
2592:from the original on 11 June 2009
1644:
1578:Lichfield, John (20 April 2014).
1299:
1225:
1157:
1105:
1074:
986:2022 JSDF sexual assault incident
783:
629:Royal Military College Saint-Jean
435:of female military personnel was
37:Sexual harassment in the military
4362:
3988:
3923:Sociobiological theories of rape
3671:
2426:Rawlinson, Kevin (4 July 2017).
2181:Knowles, David (30 April 2009).
1321:(in French). Paris: Les Arènes.
881:
604:Defence Abuse Response Taskforce
577:Defence Abuse Response Taskforce
575:led to the establishment of the
313:, for example, personnel of the
163:
153:, unwanted sexual advances, and
3451:
3425:
3399:
3379:"Sexual harassment report 2018"
3370:
3344:
3307:
3281:
3255:
3229:
3152:
3126:
3092:
3041:
2992:
2957:
2908:
2683:"Sexual harassment 2021 report"
2645:
2507:
2445:
2397:Quinn, Ben (28 December 2014).
2332:
2310:
2285:
2258:
2214:Aggression and Violent Behavior
2201:
2174:
2121:
2096:
2070:
1716:Aggression and Violent Behavior
1609:Cooper, Charlotte (July 2022).
1137:"Sexual harassment report 2015"
1031:ritual in the Russian military)
374:
291:
3954:Sexually violent predator laws
3598:Testimony and recent reportage
2652:Leigh Day (14 December 2017).
2580:Benjamin, Mark (30 May 2008).
441:post-traumatic stress disorder
87:
79:post-traumatic stress disorder
1:
3898:Effects and aftermath of rape
2294:"Child Recruitment in Israel"
1035:
439:, the odds of suffering from
344:
3325:. p. 24. Archived from
3099:Farmer, Ben (14 June 2016).
3062:10.1080/15299732.2014.867563
3018:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.019
2857:"Part I – Sexual Misconduct"
2732:10.1371/journal.pone.0259182
2267:"Royal Canadian Army Cadets"
2128:Beech, Eric (6 March 2019).
1928:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100448
862:Military youth organisations
769:Japanese Self-Defense Forces
566:
396:hierarchical power relations
304:
128:
7:
4251:Child-on-child sexual abuse
3521:
2516:"Other government agencies"
1237:US, Department of Defense.
937:
701:, who was charged with the
319:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
4410:
3489:Armed Forces & Society
1883:(in Norwegian and English)
998:Misconduct in the military
885:
798:
756:
743:
616:
601:
513:An official report of the
415:
202:by her commanding officer:
132:
122:United States Armed Forces
4358:
4303:
4241:
4201:
4043:
3983:
3962:
3936:
3893:Causes of sexual violence
3878:
3679:
2485:"Our military's disgrace"
2317:Army Cadet Force (2018).
2226:10.1016/j.avb.2020.101419
1728:10.1016/j.avb.2015.04.002
1203:Deschamps, Marie (2015).
774:
717:
612:
437:psychiatrically traumatic
321:(CIA) committed multiple
283:intimate partner violence
104:Australian Defence Forces
60:initial military training
3501:10.1177/0095327X16682045
2978:10.1177/1077801203255504
2933:10.1177/1077801211407296
1698:10.1037/1524-9220.4.1.70
1020:Children in the military
752:
699:Royal Canadian Air Force
591:1971, including by anal
515:Australian Defence Force
3562:Canadian armed forces:
3161:"Mission & History"
1010:Suicide in the military
949:Wartime sexual violence
856:Army Foundation College
793:Army Foundation College
573:Australian armed forces
450:Institutional responses
402:Traditionally masculine
323:human rights violations
299:the cadet organisations
172:A friend was out on an
3527:British armed forces:
2966:Violence Against Women
2921:Violence Against Women
2833:Cite journal requires
2319:"Join The Army Cadets"
1778:"Part II – Leadership"
954:Military sexual trauma
901:
796:
633:
483:General Jonathan Vance
467:
458:Poster created by the
257:
208:
192:
179:
33:
4183:Sex-positive movement
4178:Sex-positive feminism
4102:Obesity and sexuality
3581:French armed forces:
3377:British army (2018).
2681:British army (2021).
1135:British army (2015).
1015:Women in the military
928:Department of Defense
895:
791:
763:ja:2022年に発覚した自衛隊での性被害
626:
602:Further information:
533:Canadian armed forces
457:
325:against detainees in
252:
204:
187:
183:Canadian armed forces
170:
144:pornographic material
116:Canadian Armed Forces
24:
4268:Cybersex trafficking
4053:Adolescent sexuality
3918:Rape trauma syndrome
3724:Cybersex trafficking
3556:12 July 2019 at the
2783:www150.statcan.gc.ca
2616:Hersh, Seymour Myron
2526:on February 12, 2008
2292:New Profile (2004).
407:In the UK, the 2019
233:Tailhook Association
4188:Sex workers' rights
4168:Reproductive rights
3949:Laws regarding rape
3729:Forced prostitution
3584:La Guerre Invisible
2345:www.usarmyjrotc.com
1753:Ministry of Defence
1744:Wigston, M (2019).
876:Ministry of Defence
728:La Guerre Invisible
724:French armed forces
586:into institutional
522:French armed forces
505:Barriers to redress
358:military operations
247:Wall Street Journal
4256:Child sexual abuse
4228:Child prostitution
4173:Right to sexuality
3712:Child prostitution
3702:Child exploitation
3216:"Private sessions"
3167:on 2 February 2019
2547:"Chain of Command"
2514:Greenwald, Glenn.
2459:. 26 November 2014
2189:on 25 October 2014
1092:www.defence.gov.au
902:
797:
634:
588:child sexual abuse
468:
223:, formerly of the
34:
4389:Sexual harassment
4376:
4375:
4233:Child sex tourism
4216:Child pornography
4003:
4002:
3843:Sexual misconduct
3821:Sexual harassment
3717:Child sex tourism
3707:Child pornography
3590:US armed forces:
3530:Rutherford Report
3332:on 31 August 2022
3295:. 18 October 2010
2896:on 16 August 2022
2618:(June 25, 2007).
2341:"U.S. Army JROTC"
2273:on 7 January 2019
1993:on 22 August 2022
1848:The Seattle Times
1821:on 16 August 2022
1284:978-0-19-992826-2
944:Sexual harassment
327:Abu Ghraib prison
277:Intimate partners
260:Principal targets
135:Sexual harassment
93:Sexual harassment
47:Sexual harassment
4401:
4366:
4365:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4007:
4006:
3993:
3992:
3687:Bride kidnapping
3666:
3659:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3512:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3320:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3163:. Archived from
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3020:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2972:(9): 1045–1071.
2961:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2892:. Archived from
2881:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2763:
2762:
2752:
2734:
2725:(11): e0259182.
2710:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2522:. Archived from
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2491:. Archived from
2480:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2339:US Army (2018).
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2269:. Archived from
2262:
2256:
2255:
2245:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2185:. Archived from
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2162:. 3 January 2019
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2033:on 13 March 2018
2032:
2026:. Archived from
2025:
2016:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1986:. Archived from
1985:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1948:
1930:
1906:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1850:. 10 August 2012
1840:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1817:. Archived from
1806:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1681:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1575:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1447:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1404:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1368:. Archived from
1367:
1358:
1341:
1340:
1314:
1297:
1296:
1270:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1083:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1053:
1006:
994:
982:
921:initial training
898:Tailhook scandal
691:Russell Williams
653:Deschamps Review
649:Deschamps Review
584:Royal Commission
537:chain of command
265:Female personnel
241:run-the-gauntlet
97:sexual behaviour
41:sexual behaviour
26:Leeuwin Barracks
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4368:Topical outline
4354:
4299:
4290:Sex trafficking
4237:
4203:Child sexuality
4197:
4107:Objectification
4045:Human sexuality
4039:
4034:
4004:
3999:
3987:
3979:
3958:
3932:
3880:
3874:
3858:Sexual violence
3848:Sexual predator
3836:in the military
3816:Sexual grooming
3811:Sexual bullying
3801:Sex trafficking
3675:
3670:
3632:Vice World News
3630:Lara Whyte for
3619:Lara Whyte for
3608:Lara Whyte for
3600:
3565:Dechamps Review
3558:Wayback Machine
3524:
3519:
3483:
3481:Further reading
3478:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3318:
3312:
3308:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3208:
3198:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3097:
3093:
3046:
3042:
2997:
2993:
2962:
2958:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2882:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2853:
2846:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2814:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2775:
2766:
2711:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2646:
2633:
2631:
2613:
2609:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2574:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2512:
2508:
2498:
2496:
2481:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2434:
2424:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2395:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2311:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2263:
2259:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2160:The Independent
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2126:
2122:
2112:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1907:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1824:
1822:
1807:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1774:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1712:
1705:
1682:
1675:
1665:
1663:
1643:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1576:
1559:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1476:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1427:
1417:
1415:
1405:
1388:
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4243:Sexual abuse
4193:Survival sex
4156:Prostitution
3913:Rape culture
3879:Sociological
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3796:Revenge porn
3673:Sexual abuse
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3389:. Retrieved
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3362:30 September
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3355:
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3327:the original
3322:
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3267:the Guardian
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