Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

1065:, which had added variety to their diet, now became a staple as Shackleton attempted to conserve the remaining packaged rations. In January, all but two teams of the dogs (whose overall numbers had been depleted by mishaps and illness in the preceding months) were shot on Shackleton's orders, because the dogs' requirements for seal meat were excessive. The final two teams were shot on 2 April, by which time their meat was a welcome addition to the rations. Meanwhile, the rate of drift became erratic; after being held at around 67° for several weeks, at the end of January there was a series of rapid north-eastward movements which, by 17 March, brought Patience Camp to the latitude of Paulet Island, but 60 nm (111 km) to its east. "It might have been six hundred for all the chance we had of reaching it across the broken sea-ice", Shackleton recorded. 964: 955:

similar to the sound of "heavy fireworks and the blasting of guns". The supplies and three lifeboats were transferred to the ice, while the crew attempted to shore up the ship's hull and pump out the incoming sea. However, after a few days, on 27 October 1915, and in freezing temperatures below −15 °F (−26 °C), Shackleton gave the order to abandon ship. The position at abandonment was 69° 05′S, 51° 30′W. The wreckage remained afloat, and over the following weeks the crew salvaged further supplies and materials, including Hurley's photographs and cameras that had initially been left behind. From around 550 plates, Hurley chose the best 120, the maximum that could be carried, and smashed the rest.

40: 1029: 1119: 1349: 864: 1447: 557: 192: 757: 775:. Here Shackleton, who had travelled on a faster ship, rejoined the expedition. Hurley also came on board, together with Bakewell and the stowaway, Blackborow, while several others left the ship or were discharged. On 26 October, the ship sailed for the South Atlantic, arriving in South Georgia on 5 November. Shackleton's original intention was that the crossing would take place in the first season, 1914–1915. Although he soon recognised the impracticality of this, he neglected to inform Mackintosh and the Ross Sea party of his change of plan. According to the 907: 1016:. Problems quickly arose as the condition of the sea ice around them worsened. According to Hurley the surface became "a labyrinth of hummocks and ridges" in which barely a square yard was smooth. In three days, the party managed to travel barely two miles (3.2 km), and on 1 November, Shackleton abandoned the march; they would make camp and await the break-up of the ice. They gave the name "Ocean Camp" to the flat and solid-looking floe on which their aborted march had ended, and settled down to wait. Parties continued to revisit the 1240: 1227:

everything in icy water. Soon ice settled thickly on the boat, making her ride sluggishly. On 5 May, a north-westerly gale almost caused the boat's destruction as it faced what Shackleton described as the largest waves he had seen in 26 years at sea. On 8 May, South Georgia was sighted, after a 14-day battle with the elements that had driven the boat party to their physical limits. Two days later, after a prolonged struggle with heavy seas and hurricane-force winds to the south of the island, the party struggled ashore at

421: 879:, still held fast, drifted to her most southerly latitude, 76° 58′S. Thereafter she began moving with the pack in a northerly direction. On 24 February, Shackleton realised that they would be held in the ice throughout the winter and ordered ship's routine abandoned. The dogs were taken off board and housed in ice-kennels or "dogloos", and the ship's interior was converted to suitable winter quarters for the various groups of men—officers, scientists, engineers, and seamen. A 1620: 7254: 1300:, which meant they would need to move eastward to reach Stromness. This meant the first of several backtrackings that would extend the journey and frustrate the men. At the close of that first day, needing to descend to the valley below them before nightfall, they risked everything by sliding down a mountainside on a makeshift rope sledge. They travelled without rest on by moonlight, moving upwards towards a gap in the next mountainous ridge. 890:, which had become icebound in the same vicinity three years earlier. After Filchner's attempts to establish a land base at Vahsel Bay failed, his ship was trapped on 6 March 1912, about 200 miles (320 km) off the coast of Coats Land. Six months later, at latitude 63° 37', the ship broke free, then sailed to South Georgia apparently none the worse for its ordeal. Shackleton thought that a similar experience might allow 1338: 935:. The position was perilous; Shackleton wrote: "The effects of the pressure around us was awe-inspiring. Mighty blocks of ice rose slowly till they jumped like cherry-stones gripped between thumb and finger if the ship was once gripped firmly her fate would be sealed". This danger passed, and the succeeding weeks were quiet. During this relative lull the ship drifted into the area where, in 1823, Captain 1638:

Ice Shelf, since he understood that Shackleton hoped to attempt the crossing during that first season. Neither the men nor the dogs were acclimatised, and the party was, as a whole, very inexperienced in ice conditions. The first journey on the ice resulted in the loss of ten of the party's 18 dogs and a frostbitten and generally demoralised shore party; a single, incomplete depot was their only achievement.

898:

April, Shackleton recorded the nearby pack "piling and rafting against the masses of ice"—if the ship was caught in this disturbance "she would be crushed like an eggshell". In May, as the sun set for the winter months, the ship was at 75° 23′S, 42° 14′W, still drifting northwards. It would be at least four months before spring brought the chance of an opening of the ice, and there was no certainty that

7266: 3537: 1041:

would be difficult to reach Snow Hill Island, although Paulet Island, further north, remained a possibility. Paulet Island was about 250 miles (400 km) away, and Shackleton was anxious to reduce the length of the lifeboat journey that would be necessary to reach it. Therefore, on 21 December he announced a second march, to begin on 23 December.

1165:, at the very tip of Graham Land. However, conditions in the boats, in temperatures sometimes as low as −20 °F (−29 °C), with little food and regular soakings in icy seawater, were wearing the men down, physically and mentally. Shackleton therefore decided that Elephant Island, the nearest of the possible refuges, was now the most practical option. 571:." Searches for the original advertisement have proved unsuccessful, and the story is generally regarded as apocryphal. Shackleton received more than 5,000 applications for places on the expedition, including a letter from "three sporty girls" who suggested that if their feminine garb was inconvenient they would "just love to don masculine attire." 1438:—set out for Elephant Island. This time, as Shackleton recorded, providence favoured them. The seas were open, and the ship was able to approach close to the island in thick fog. At 11:40 a.m. on 30 August, the fog lifted, the camp was spotted and, within an hour, all the Elephant Island party were safely aboard, bound for Punta Arenas. 1684:, whose departure from New Zealand had been delayed by lack of money, arrived to transport them back to civilization. Shackleton accompanied the ship as a supernumerary officer, having been denied command by the governments of New Zealand, Australia and Great Britain, who had jointly organised and financed the Ross Sea party's relief. 826:, the edge of which formed a bay which appeared a good landing place. However, Shackleton considered it too far north of Vahsel Bay for a landing, "except under pressure of necessity"—a decision he would later regret. On 17 January, the ship reached a latitude of 76° 27′S, where land was faintly discernible. Shackleton named it 844:, discovered by Filchner in 1912, at the southern end of which lay their destination, Vahsel Bay. Next day, the ship was forced north-westward for 14 miles (23 km), resuming in a generally southerly direction before being stopped altogether. The position was 76° 34′S, 31° 30′W. After ten days of inactivity, 1219:, improvising tools and materials. Wild was to be left in charge of the Elephant Island party, with instructions to make for Deception Island the following spring should Shackleton not return. Shackleton took supplies for only four weeks, judging that if land had not been reached within that time the boat would be lost. 1600:

By 23 August, it seemed that Wild's no-stockpiling policy had failed. The surrounding sea was dense with pack ice that would halt any rescue ship, food supplies were running out and no penguins were coming ashore. Orde-Lees wrote: "We shall have to eat the one who dies first there's many a true

1588:

As the weeks extended well beyond his initial optimistic forecast, Wild established and maintained routines and activities to relieve the tedium. A permanent lookout was kept for the arrival of the rescue ship, cooking and housekeeping rotas were established, and there were hunting trips for seal and

851:

s fires were banked to save fuel. Strenuous efforts were made to release her; on 14 February, Shackleton ordered men onto the ice with ice-chisels, prickers, saws and picks to try to force a passage, but the labour proved futile. Shackleton did not at this stage abandon all hope of breaking free, but

813:

s progress was frustratingly slow, until, on 22 December, leads opened up and the ship was able to continue steadily southward. This continued for the next two weeks, taking the party deep into the Weddell Sea. Further delays then slowed progress after the turn of the year, before a lengthy run south

364:

of 1902–1904, who had harboured plans for an Antarctic crossing since 1908 but had abandoned the project for lack of funds. Bruce generously allowed Shackleton to adopt his plans, although the eventual scheme announced by Shackleton owed little to Bruce. On 29 December 1913, having acquired his first

1388:

On reaching Port Stanley, Shackleton informed London by cable of his whereabouts and requested that a suitable vessel be sent south for the rescue operation. He was informed by the Admiralty that nothing was available before October, which in his view was too late. Then, with the help of the British

1307:

below them, the party knew that they were on the right path. At seven o'clock in the morning, they heard a steam whistle sound from Stromness, "the first sound created by an outside human agency that had come to our ears since we left Stromness Bay in December 1914". After a difficult descent, which

1172:

rounded the eastern point of the island to reach the northern lee shore, and discovered a narrow shingle beach. Soon afterwards, the three boats, which had been separated during the previous night, were reunited at this landing place. It was apparent from high tide markings that this beach would not

921:

In the dark winter months of May, June and July, Shackleton was concerned with maintaining fitness, training and morale. Although the scope for activity was limited, the dogs were exercised (and on occasion raced competitively), men were encouraged to take moonlight walks, and aboard ship there were

535:

only discovered when he arrived in Australia to take up his duties. Mackintosh was forced to haggle and plead for money and supplies to make his part of the expedition viable. Shackleton had, however, realised the revenue-earning potential of the expedition. He sold the exclusive newspaper rights to

388:

and continue to the Vahsel Bay area, where 14 men would land, of whom six, under Shackleton, would form the transcontinental party. This group, with 69 dogs, two motor sledges, and equipment "embodying everything that the experience of the leader and his expert advisers can suggest", would undertake

1637:

left Hobart on 24 December 1914, having been delayed in Australia by financial and organizational problems. The arrival in McMurdo Sound on 15 January 1915 was later in the season than planned, but the party's commander, Aeneas Mackintosh, made immediate plans for a depot-laying journey on the Ross

1254:

at King Haakon Bay was followed by a period of rest and recuperation, while Shackleton pondered the next move. The populated whaling stations of South Georgia lay on the northern coast. To reach them would mean either another boat journey around the island, or a land crossing through its unexplored

1060:

Supplies were now running low. Hurley and Macklin were sent back to Ocean Camp to recover food that had been left there to lighten the sledging teams’ burden. On 2 February 1916, Shackleton sent a larger party back to recover the third lifeboat. Food shortages became acute as the weeks passed,

1044:

Conditions, however, had not improved since the earlier attempt. Temperatures had risen and it was uncomfortably warm, with men sinking to their knees in soft snow as they struggled to haul the boats through the pressure ridges. On 27 December, McNish rebelled and refused to work, arguing that

1040:

The ice was not drifting fast enough to be noticeable, although by late November the speed was up to seven miles (11 km) a day. By 5 December, they had passed 68°S, but the direction was turning slightly east of north. This was taking the transcontinental party to a position from which it

438:

Shackleton estimated that he would need £50,000 (current value £6,061,000) to carry out the simplest version of his plan. He did not believe in appeals to the public: "(they) cause endless book-keeping worries". His chosen method of fundraising was to solicit contributions from wealthy backers, and

1649:

headquarters, was wrenched from her moorings during a gale and carried with drifting ice far out to sea. Unable to return to McMurdo Sound, she remained captive in the ice for nine months until on 12 February 1916, having travelled a distance of around 1,600 miles (2,600 km), she reached

1293:, just six miles (10 km) north of Peggotty Camp over easier terrain, but as far as the party was aware, this was only inhabited during the summer months. Shackleton and his men did not know that during their two-year absence in Antarctica, the station's owners had begun year-round operations. 1133:

The end of Patience Camp was signalled on the evening of 8 April, when the floe suddenly split. The camp now found itself on a small triangular raft of ice; a break-up of this would mean disaster, so Shackleton readied the lifeboats for the party's enforced departure. He had now decided they would

1796:

was anchored at South Georgia. After his death the original programme, which had included an exploration of Enderby Land, was abandoned. Wild led a brief cruise which brought them into sight of Elephant Island. They anchored off Cape Wild and were able to see the old landmarks, but sea conditions

1714:

where they had again a warm welcome, from there they were repatriated. The expedition returned home in piecemeal fashion, at a critical stage in the war, without the normal honours and civic receptions. When Shackleton himself finally arrived in England on 29 May 1917, after a short American

1195:

Elephant Island was remote, uninhabited, and rarely visited by whalers or any other ships. If the party was to return to civilization it would be necessary to summon help. The only realistic way this could be done was to adapt one of the lifeboats for an 800-mile (1,300 km) voyage across the

1097:

and might contain provisions, whereas Clarence Island and Elephant Island were desolate and unvisited. To reach any of these destinations would require a perilous journey in the lifeboats once the floe upon which they were drifting finally broke up. Earlier, the lifeboats had been named after the

1000:

was abandoned they were 346 miles (557 km) from Paulet Island. Worsley calculated the distance to Snow Hill Island to be 312 miles (500 km), with a further 120 miles (190 km) to Wilhelmina Bay. He believed the march was too risky; they should wait until the ice carried them to open

1160:

The boats were surrounded by ice, dependent upon leads of water opening up, and progress was perilous and erratic. Frequently the boats were tied to floes, or dragged up onto them, while the men camped and waited for conditions to improve. Shackleton was wavering again between several potential

954:

a dozen times". On 24 October, the starboard side was forced against a large floe, increasing the pressure until the hull began to bend and splinter, so that water from below the ice began to pour into the ship. When the timbers broke they made noises which sailors later described as being

897:

In February and March, the rate of drift was very slow. At the end of March, Shackleton calculated that the ship had travelled a mere 95 miles (153 km) since 19 January. However, as winter set in the speed of the drift increased, and the condition of the surrounding ice changed. On 14

803:

as far north as 57° 26′S, forcing the ship to manoeuvre. During the following days there were more tussles with the pack, which, on 14 December, was thick enough to halt the ship for 24 hours. Three days later, the ship was stopped again. Shackleton commented: "I had been prepared for evil

1056:

s sinking and that he was no longer under orders. Shackleton's firm remonstrance finally brought the carpenter to heel, but the incident was never forgotten. Two days later, with only seven and a half miles (12.1 km) progress achieved in seven back-breaking days, Shackleton called a halt,

313:

reached Shackleton on 11 March 1912, to which he responded: "The discovery of the South Pole will not be the end of Antarctic exploration". The next work, he said, would be "a transcontinental journey from sea to sea, crossing the pole". He was aware that others were in the field pursuing this

148:

became beset—trapped in the ice of the Weddell Sea—before it was able to reach Vahsel Bay. It drifted northward, held in the pack ice, throughout the Antarctic winter of 1915. Eventually the ice crushed the ship, and it sank, stranding its complement of 28 men on the ice. After months spent in

1584:

Wild initially estimated that they would have to wait one month for rescue, and refused to allow long-term stockpiling of seal and penguin meat because this, in his view, was defeatist. This policy led to sharp disagreements with Orde-Lees, the storekeeper, who was not a popular man and whose

1226:

was launched on 24 April 1916. The success of the voyage depended on the pin-point accuracy of Worsley's navigation, using observations that would have to be made in the most unfavourable of conditions. The prevailing wind was helpfully north-west, but the heavy sea conditions quickly soaked

1654:

carried with her the greater part of the shore party's fuel, food rations, clothing and equipment, although the sledging rations for the depots had been landed ashore. To continue with its mission the stranded shore party had to re-supply and re-equip itself from the leftovers from earlier

1601:

word said in jest". Wild's thoughts were now seriously turning to the possibility of a boat trip to Deception Island—he planned to set out on 5 October, in the hope of meeting a whaling ship— when, on 30 August 1916, the ordeal ended suddenly with the appearance of Shackleton and

383:

will be willing to assist towards the carrying out of the ... programme of exploration." To arouse the interest of the general public, he issued a detailed programme early in 1914. The expedition was to consist of two parties and two ships. The Weddell Sea party would travel aboard

1381:, which was laid up in Husvik Harbour. Shackleton assembled a volunteer crew, which had it ready to sail by the morning of 22 May. As the vessel approached Elephant Island they saw that an impenetrable barrier of pack ice had formed, some 70 miles (110 km) from their destination. 1312:

guided us ... I know that during that long and racking march of 36 hours over the unnamed mountains and glaciers it seemed to me often that we were four, not three". This image of a fourth traveller was echoed in the accounts of Worsley and Crean and later influenced

443:(RGS), from which he had expected nothing, gave him £1,000—according to Huntford, Shackleton, in a grand gesture, advised them that he would only need to take up half of this sum. Lord Rosebery, who had previously expressed his lack of interest in polar expeditions, gave £50. 340:

News of the deaths of Scott and his companions on their return from the South Pole reached London in February 1913. Against this gloomy background Shackleton initiated preparations for his proposed journey. He solicited financial and practical support from, among others,

902:

would break free in time to attempt a return to the Vahsel Bay area. Shackleton now considered the possibility of finding an alternative landing ground on the western shores of the Weddell Sea, if that coast could be reached. "In the meantime", he wrote, "we must wait".

1581:, a hut—nicknamed the "Snuggery"—was improvised by upturning the two boats and placing them on low stone walls, to provide around five feet (1.5 m) of headroom. By means of canvas and other materials the structure was made into a crude but effective shelter. 1679:

decided to walk across the unstable sea ice to Cape Evans, were caught in a blizzard and were not seen again. The survivors eventually reached Cape Evans, but then had to wait for eight further months. Finally, on 10 January 1917, the repaired and refitted

733:

resigned before it departed for the Ross Sea, and a full complement of crew was in doubt until the last minute. Within the party only Mackintosh and Joyce had any previous Antarctic experience; Mackintosh had lost an eye as the result of an accident during the

1262:

After five days, the party took the boat a short distance eastwards, to the head of a deep bay which would be the starting point for the crossing. Shackleton, Worsley and Crean would undertake the land journey, the others remaining at what they christened

530:

to be around £80,000) is uncertain, since the size of the Stancomb-Wills donation is not known. Money was a constant problem for Shackleton, who as an economy measure halved the funding allocated to the Ross Sea party, a fact which the party's commander

1368:

Shackleton's first task, on arriving at the Stromness station, was to arrange for his three companions at Peggotty Camp to be picked up. A whaler was sent round the coast, with Worsley aboard to show the way, and by the evening of 21 May all six of the

1177:

to explore the coast for a safer site. They returned with news of a long spit of land, seven miles (11 km) to the west. With minimum delay the men returned to the boats and transferred to this new location, which they later christened Cape Wild.

1076:

remained in view as the party drifted slowly by. They were too far north for Snow Hill or Paulet Island to be accessible, and Shackleton's chief hopes were now fixed on two remaining small islands at the northern extremity of Graham Land. These were

926:

were duly celebrated. The first signs of the ice breaking up occurred on 22 July. On 1 August, in a south-westerly gale with heavy snow, the ice floe began to disintegrate all around the ship, the pressure forcing masses of ice beneath the

1738:. Most of the members of the expedition returned to take up immediate active military or naval service. Before the war ended, two—Tim McCarthy of the open boat journey and the veteran Antarctic sailor Alfred Cheetham—had been killed in action, and 439:

he had begun this process early in 1913 with little initial success. The first significant encouragement came in December 1913, when the British government offered him £10,000, provided he could raise an equivalent amount from private sources. The

1746:

while serving in the Mediterranean. Several others were severely wounded, and many received decorations for gallantry. Following a propaganda mission in Buenos Aires, Shackleton was employed during the last weeks of the war on special service in

177:

was blown from her moorings during a gale and was unable to return, leaving the shore party stranded without proper supplies or equipment. Although the depots were still able to be laid, three people died before the party was eventually rescued.

1267:", to be picked up later after help had been obtained from the whaling stations. A storm on 18 May delayed their start, but by two o'clock the following morning the weather was clear and calm, and an hour later the crossing party set out. 1376:

It took four attempts before Shackleton was able to return to Elephant Island to rescue the party stranded there. He first left South Georgia a mere three days after he had arrived in Stromness, after securing the use of a large whaler,

1134:

try, if possible, to reach the distant Deception Island because a small wooden church had been reportedly erected for the benefit of whalers. This could provide a source of timber that might enable them to construct a seaworthy boat.

76:

in 1911, this crossing remained, in Shackleton's words, the "one great main object of Antarctic journeyings". Shackleton's expedition failed to accomplish this objective but became recognized instead as an epic feat of endurance.

456:—a close friend of Scott, who had become Shackleton's rival late in his career—had confidentially donated $ 50,000 (about £10,000). With time running out, contributions were eventually secured during the first half of 1914. 975:

the transcontinental plans were abandoned, and the focus shifted to that of survival. Shackleton's intention now was to march the crew westward, to one or other of several possible destinations. His first thought was for

1020:

wreck, which was still drifting with the ice a short distance from the camp. More of the abandoned supplies were retrieved until, on 21 November, the ship finally slipped beneath the ice. The final resting place of

1361: 582:, who stowed away when his application was turned down; and several last-minute appointments made to the Ross Sea party in Australia. A temporary crewman was Sir Daniel Gooch, grandson of the renowned railway pioneer 1405:. McDonald equipped this vessel for a further rescue attempt, which left on 12 July, but with the same negative result—the pack defeated them yet again. Shackleton later named a glacier after McDonald on the 1057:

observing: "It would take us over three hundred days to reach the land". The crew put up their tents and settled into what Shackleton called "Patience Camp", which would be their home for more than three months.

1662:

In the following months, the required depots were laid, at one-degree intervals across the Ross Ice Shelf to the foot of the Beardmore Glacier. On the return journey from the glacier the party contracted

1589:

penguin. Concerts were held on Saturdays and anniversaries were celebrated, but there were growing feelings of despondency as time passed with no sign of rescue. The toes on Blackborow's left foot became

1196:

Southern Ocean, to South Georgia. Shackleton had abandoned thoughts of taking the party on the less dangerous journey to Deception Island, because of the poor physical condition of many of his party.

126:. These depots would be essential for the transcontinental party's survival, as the group would not be able to carry enough provisions for the entire crossing. The expedition required two ships: 163:. From there, Shackleton was eventually able to arrange a rescue of the men who had remained on Elephant Island and to bring them home without loss of life. The remarkably preserved 379:

Shackleton called his new expedition the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, because he felt that "not only the people of these islands, but our kinsmen in all the lands under the

7356: 6084: 950:

On 30 September, the ship sustained what Shackleton described as "the worst squeeze we had experienced". Worsley described the pressure as like being "thrown to and fro like a

6690: 1296:

Without a map, the route the party chose was largely conjectural. By dawn they had ascended to 3,000 feet (910 m) and could see the northern coast. They were above

1168:

On 14 April, the boats lay off the south-east coast of Elephant Island, but could not land as the shore consisted of perpendicular cliffs and glaciers. Next day the

1671:, the expedition's chaplain and photographer, collapsed and died on the ice. The remainder of the party reached the temporary shelter of Hut Point, a relic of the 2121: 1659:

Expedition, which had been based at Cape Evans a few years earlier. They were thus able to begin the second season's depot-laying on schedule, in September 1915.

149:

makeshift camps as the ice continued its northwards drift, the party used lifeboats that had been salvaged from the ship to reach the inhospitable, uninhabited

7269: 6838: 804:

conditions in the Weddell Sea, but had hoped that the pack would be loose. What we were encountering was fairly dense pack of a very obstinate character".

569:

Men wanted for hazardous journey. Low wages, bitter cold, long hours of complete darkness. Safe return doubtful. Honour and recognition in event of success

551: 6683: 1577:

was depressed. The priority for the party was a permanent shelter against the rapidly approaching southern winter. On the suggestion of Marston and

818:. This territory had been discovered and named by William Speirs Bruce in 1904 during the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. On 15 January, 389:

the 1,800-mile (2,900 km) journey to the Ross Sea. The remaining eight shore party members would carry out scientific work, three going to

333:. In late 1912 Filchner returned to South Georgia, having failed to land and set up his base. However, his reports of possible landing sites in 1012:, and a pup which had become a pet of the surgeon Macklin. The company set out on 30 October 1915, with two of the ship's lifeboats carried on 980:, where he knew there was a hut containing a substantial food depot, because he had ordered it 12 years earlier while organising relief for 7351: 7291: 7257: 6676: 1420:

By now it was mid-August, more than three months since Shackleton had left Elephant Island. Shackleton begged the Chilean Navy to lend him

1397:, which started south on 10 June. Again the pack thwarted them. In search of another ship, Shackleton, Worsley and Crean travelled to 322: 160: 992:. Shackleton believed that from one of these islands they would be able to reach and cross Graham Land and get to the whaling outposts in 586:, who stepped in to help Shackleton as a dog handler at the last moment and signed up for an able seaman's pay. Gooch agreed to sail with 5246: 3569: 353:, but received no help from either. Gran was evasive, and Rosebery blunt: "I have never been able to care one farthing about the Poles". 4207: 1593:

from frostbite and, on 15 June, had to be amputated by surgeons Macklin and McIlroy in the candle-lit hut. Using the last of the

408:, on the opposite side of the continent. After landing they would lay depots on the route of the transcontinental party as far as the 7361: 3322: 1308:

involved passage down through a freezing waterfall, they at last reached safety. Shackleton wrote afterwards: "I have no doubt that

6627: 3842: 2511: 1078: 3850: 963: 627:

during the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Davis refused, thinking the enterprise was "foredoomed", so the appointment went to

6202: 5208: 3621: 1801: 31: 814:

during 7–10 January 1915 brought them close to the 100-foot (30 m) ice walls which guarded the Antarctic coastal region of

5799: 5397: 4985: 1585:

presence apparently did little to improve the morale of his companions, unless it was by way of being the butt of their jokes.

1259:, and the physical state of the party, particularly Vincent and McNish, meant that the crossing was the only realistic option. 361: 3069: 1696:. News of Shackleton's safe arrival in the Falklands briefly eclipsed war news in the British newspapers on 2 June 1916. 947:". There was no sign of any such land; Shackleton concluded that Morrell had been deceived by the presence of large icebergs. 6591: 3541: 17: 4537: 1204:

was closer than South Georgia but could not be reached, as this would require sailing against the strong prevailing winds.

346: 5402: 365:

promises of financial backing—a £10,000 grant from the British government—Shackleton made his plans public in a letter to

7306: 6485: 6166: 5878: 5647: 4236: 4185: 302: 73: 61: 5936: 5517: 5456: 640: 3070:"La hazaña del marino chileno que rescató a los náufragos del 'Endurance' en la Antártica en una pequeña nave a vapor" 1093:, but Shackleton thought it might be attainable by island-hopping. Its advantage was that it was sometimes visited by 5959: 3480: 3457: 3436: 3406: 3373: 3347: 3288: 3265: 3246: 3186: 612: 503:, reflecting his family motto, "By endurance we conquer". For a further £3,200 (current value £388,000), he acquired 988:, which had been Nordenskjöld's winter quarters and which was believed to contain a stock of emergency supplies, or 412:, hopefully meeting that party there and assisting it home. They would also make geological and other observations. 39: 6037: 1880: 1756: 6268: 6254: 6228: 6065: 4036: 3562: 1675:

Expedition at the southern end of McMurdo Sound, where they slowly recovered. On 8 May 1916, Mackintosh and

4959: 1722:

voyage, his prior insubordination meant that, on Shackleton's recommendation, he was one of four men denied the

153:. Shackleton and five other members of the group then made an 800-mile (1,300 km) open-boat journey in the 7341: 6091: 6061: 4404: 4394: 3978: 3680: 5702: 678:

for officers and men, but was turned down. After pressing his case, Shackleton was given one officer from the

5864: 5374: 4507: 461: 1561:, Wild took command of the Elephant Island party, some of whom were in a low state, physically or mentally: 5773: 5659: 5502: 4548: 4009: 3777: 3280: 1692:

The rescued party, having had its last contact with civilization in 1914, was unaware of the course of the

337:, at around 78° latitude, were noted by Shackleton, and incorporated into his developing expedition plans. 1364:) after Shackleton's report from the Falkland Islands some 12 days after he had reached Stromness station. 852:

was now contemplating the "possibility of having to spend a winter in the inhospitable arms of the pack".

7331: 7321: 7311: 7296: 7205: 6221: 5843: 5677: 5618: 5572: 3801: 3690: 1731: 1498: 1004:

Before the march could begin, Shackleton ordered the weakest animals to be shot, including the carpenter

636: 1118: 481:

Shackleton now had the money to proceed. He acquired, for £14,000 (current value £1,700,000), a 300-ton

173:

On the other side of the continent, the Ross Sea party overcame great hardships to fulfill its mission.

7346: 6581: 5306: 5280: 5273: 4724: 4625: 4617: 4600: 4218: 3764: 3616: 3555: 3398: 1348: 729:. The final composition of the Ross Sea party was hurried. Some who left Britain for Australia to join 440: 5013: 7147: 6724: 6404: 6014: 5710: 5509: 5294: 5176: 4979: 4861: 4712: 4561: 4499: 4486: 4359: 4085: 3737: 1212: 1190: 154: 7336: 7326: 7316: 7301: 7035: 6820: 6554: 6145: 6139: 6057: 5931: 5716: 5442: 5318: 5168: 5056: 4840: 3428: 1548: 1506: 1271: 1085:, around 100 nautical miles (185 km) due north of their position on 25 March. He then decided 799:

departed for the Antarctic on 5 December. Two days later, Shackleton was disconcerted to encounter

706: 575: 524:

How much money Shackleton raised to meet the total costs of the expedition (later estimated by the

164: 3856: 1755:. This occupied him until March 1919. He thereafter organised one final Antarctic expedition, the 574:

Eventually the crews for the two arms of the expedition were trimmed down to 28 apiece, including

68:, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing of the Antarctic continent. After 7154: 7140: 6621: 6284: 5437: 5311: 5231: 4740: 4567: 3769: 1816:

altogether, and bypassed much of the Ross Ice Shelf, reaching McMurdo Sound via a descent of the

1478: 1474: 726: 698: 1597:

in their medical supplies, the whole procedure took 55 minutes and was a complete success.

1025:

would remain a mystery for nearly 107 years, until the wreckage was discovered on 5 March 2022.

7161: 6559: 6125: 4057: 2512:"Video: HMS Endurance, Ernest Shackleton's ship found in Antarctic after 107 years - CNN Video" 1823:

For Chile, the rescue marked the beginning of the country's official operations in Antarctica.

1800:

It would be more than forty years before the first crossing of Antarctica was achieved, by the

1774: 1752: 1502: 1285:

on their outbound journey. This was roughly 26 miles (40 km) away, across the edge of the

1090: 542:, and formed the Imperial Trans Antarctic Film Syndicate to take advantage of the film rights. 5392: 830:, after his principal backer. Bad weather forced the ship to shelter in the lee of a stranded 468:

gave a "generous" sum (the amount was not revealed), and, in June, Scottish industrialist Sir

282:

in 1907–1909, the explorer was unsettled, becoming—in the words of British skiing pioneer Sir

7212: 7024: 6564: 6533: 6338: 6291: 6190: 5994: 5913: 5856: 5605: 5599: 5449: 5407: 5369: 5349: 4944: 4719: 4555: 4465: 4447: 4364: 4335: 4325: 4213: 4150: 3924: 3339: 1727: 1208: 498: 291: 200: 127: 43: 4605: 1141:

was launched, and an hour later all three boats were away. Shackleton himself commanded the

286:—"a bit of a floating gent". By 1912, his future Antarctic plans depended on the results of 7070: 7063: 7001: 6918: 6799: 6714: 6418: 6410: 6353: 5941: 5805: 5731: 5723: 5523: 5463: 5422: 5035: 5026: 4897: 4892: 4796: 4660: 4417: 4379: 3986: 3756: 3724: 3668: 3648: 1778: 1668: 1524: 1414: 632: 598: 465: 357: 81: 5786: 4191: 4174: 981: 497:. This scheme had collapsed and the ship became available. Shackleton changed her name to 8: 7056: 6994: 6539: 6461: 5926: 5849: 5765: 5546: 5538: 5487: 5127: 5085: 4580: 4543: 4432: 4196: 4066: 3869: 3674: 3472: 1290: 944: 287: 4179: 883:

apparatus was rigged, but their location was too remote to receive or transmit signals.

7077: 6260: 6152: 6133: 5697: 5672: 5214: 5108: 5072: 5048: 4939: 4786: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4653: 4631: 4610: 4491: 4481: 4228: 4116: 4044: 3717: 3708: 3700: 3611: 3591: 3494: 1578: 1470: 1385:

was not built for ice breaking, and retreated to Port Stanley in the Falkland Islands.

1157:, though because of his precarious mental state the effective commander was Tom Crean. 932: 490: 448: 6668: 1161:

destinations, and on 12 April rejected the various island options and decided on

863: 7198: 7133: 7119: 6987: 6973: 6632: 6438: 6432: 6388: 6373: 6302: 6274: 6182: 6119: 6029: 6001: 5981: 5919: 5827: 5791: 5665: 5632: 5625: 5578: 5560: 5477: 5226: 5095: 5043: 4949: 4902: 4830: 4819: 4531: 4521: 4513: 4409: 4399: 4310: 4305: 4288: 4254: 4121: 4108: 3929: 3835: 3793: 3788: 3578: 3517: 3500: 3476: 3453: 3447: 3432: 3421: 3402: 3369: 3357: 3343: 3309: 3284: 3261: 3242: 3225: 3205: 3182: 1813: 1623: 1518: 1486: 1309: 1073: 710: 694: 675: 567:

According to legend, Shackleton posted an advertisement in a London paper, stating: "

560: 532: 431: 409: 276: 272: 139: 123: 88: 65: 1726:; the others whose contributions fell short of Shackleton's expected standards were 7184: 7042: 6930: 6649: 6381: 6073: 5953: 5779: 5752: 5692: 5567: 5497: 5482: 5221: 5150: 5145: 5119: 5114: 4996: 4919: 4872: 4639: 4459: 4424: 4320: 4315: 4249: 4163: 3945: 3937: 3823: 3743: 3695: 3685: 3658: 3222: 1566: 1510: 1462: 1325: 1201: 1086: 1069: 989: 985: 936: 923: 683: 579: 318: 191: 1446: 7191: 7049: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6639: 6586: 6571: 6477: 6472: 6396: 6361: 6297: 6196: 6111: 6078: 5810: 5593: 5585: 5554: 5470: 5430: 5184: 5140: 5080: 5004: 4974: 4969: 4929: 4907: 4855: 4791: 4781: 4732: 4454: 4439: 4292: 4261: 4223: 3973: 3901: 3895: 3818: 3783: 3643: 3390: 1817: 1562: 1544: 1536: 1454: 1406: 1393:, Shackleton obtained from the Uruguayan government the loan of a tough trawler, 1286: 1228: 1207:

Shackleton selected the boat party: himself, Worsley, Crean, McNish, and sailors

1082: 777: 721:. The visual record of the expedition was the responsibility of its photographer 659: 631:, who claimed to have applied to the expedition after learning of it in a dream. 620: 538: 469: 150: 5162: 894:

to make a second attempt to reach Vahsel Bay in the following Antarctic spring.

767:, without Shackleton (who was detained in England by expedition business), left 666:

veterans were assigned to the Ross Sea party: Mackintosh, who commanded it, and

556: 7126: 7112: 7084: 6966: 6813: 6613: 6596: 6549: 6508: 6498: 6467: 6326: 6316: 6208: 6158: 6023: 5973: 5946: 5891: 5687: 5682: 5531: 5384: 5238: 5200: 5157: 5090: 5064: 5018: 4991: 4964: 4934: 4877: 4835: 4825: 4705: 4698: 4595: 4575: 4387: 4347: 4278: 4074: 4049: 4004: 3968: 3962: 3954: 3914: 3909: 3883: 3863: 3631: 3416: 1770: 1735: 1676: 1627: 1614: 1540: 1514: 1490: 1409:

in the Weddell Sea. After problems arose in identifying this glacier, a nearby

1319: 1304: 1297: 993: 784:

s correspondent Ernest Perris, a cable intended for Mackintosh was never sent.

714: 608: 504: 401: 306: 283: 119: 111: 69: 1323:. This phenomenon has been reported by other adventurers and is known as the 914:

in the final stages of its drift, shortly before it sank to the bottom of the

686:, who was superintendent of physical training at the marines' training depot. 7285: 7233: 7098: 6827: 6806: 6734: 6576: 6518: 6513: 6503: 6453: 6448: 6424: 6368: 6245: 6239: 6234: 5833: 5744: 5737: 5492: 5287: 5266: 5134: 4912: 4882: 4850: 4845: 4682: 4588: 4471: 4266: 4079: 4029: 4022: 4014: 3919: 3828: 3663: 3521: 3504: 3490: 3365: 3313: 3229: 3209: 1854: 1711: 1698: 1574: 1494: 1421: 1264: 1215:. On instructions from Shackleton, McNish immediately set about adapting the 1150: 1046: 977: 841: 792: 679: 628: 457: 420: 405: 350: 115: 49: 2122:

Shackleton Probably Never Took Out an Ad Seeking Men for a Hazardous Journey

1707: 756: 717:, a meteorologist who would eventually edit Shackleton's expedition account 7226: 7168: 7105: 6980: 6607: 6601: 6213: 6177: 6043: 5870: 5820: 5759: 5613: 5301: 5252: 5102: 4924: 4887: 4867: 4808: 4342: 4330: 4273: 4201: 4102: 3999: 3993: 3890: 3878: 3751: 3729: 3653: 3606: 3305: 3299: 3201: 1789: 1760: 1703: 1619: 1482: 1458: 1398: 1244: 1197: 1089:

might be a better target destination. This lay far to the west, toward the

1005: 772: 722: 702: 667: 583: 474: 453: 394: 342: 1706:

after its successful mission. The rescuees were then moved to the port of

1173:

serve as a long-term camp, so the next day Wild and a crew set off in the

906: 7013: 6764: 6644: 6544: 6492: 6310: 6097: 5885: 5260: 5192: 4954: 4813: 4776: 4676: 4668: 4476: 3812: 3074: 1739: 1723: 1693: 1314: 1239: 1028: 951: 915: 827: 494: 482: 390: 326: 95: 1742:, Frank's younger brother and member of the Ross Sea party, had died of 1282: 7219: 7175: 7091: 6744: 6443: 6346: 6330: 6172: 6105: 6006: 5415: 5364: 5324: 4646: 4372: 4300: 4242: 3635: 3603: 1805: 1646: 1594: 1532: 1528: 1435: 1390: 1068:

The party now had land more or less continuously in sight. The peak of

1009: 868: 815: 648: 594: 526: 380: 334: 329:

and establishing a base from which he would cross the continent to the

310: 103: 99: 6847: 6771: 5965: 4802: 4354: 4137: 1881:"At the Bottom of an Icy Sea, One of History's Great Wrecks Is Found" 1570: 1062: 788: 508: 425: 367: 246: 133: 3547: 1401:, where they met Allan MacDonald, the British owner of the schooner 472:

donated £24,000 (current value £2,910,000). Shackleton informed the

5897: 1748: 1590: 1410: 1162: 1013: 880: 800: 768: 518: 330: 107: 60:

of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the

6524: 5904: 4169: 4145: 4133: 1743: 1337: 1094: 831: 823: 298: 4691: 1001:

water, and then escape in the boats. Shackleton over-ruled him.

4770: 4095: 3536: 3362:

The Lost Men: The harrowing saga of Shackleton's Ross Sea party

1812:

became trapped in ice. They followed a route which avoided the

1664: 886:

Shackleton was aware of the recent example of Filchner's ship,

514: 94:

of 1907–1909. In this new venture, he proposed to sail to the

4156: 3178: 1430:

during the previous attempt. They agreed; on 25 August,

928: 3175:

The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition

1718:

Despite McNish's efforts in preparing and sailing on the

984:'s stranded Swedish expedition. Other possibilities were 478:

that "this magnificent gift relieves me of all anxiety".

1765:, which left London on 17 September 1921. From the 1687: 1352:

Shackleton's safe return was reported on 2 June 1916 in

118:

and from there lay a series of supply depots across the

7357:

History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

6698: 5361: 3469:

South with Endurance: Shackleton's Antarctic Expedition

27:

1914–17 British Expedition led by Sir Ernest Shackleton

2051: 2049: 1113: 658:

s second officer; another experienced Antarctic hand,

102:, in preparation for a transcontinental march via the 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 943:

reported seeing a coastline which he identified as "

674:

would be staffed by a naval crew, and had asked the

611:

party in 1909. Wild had just returned from Mawson's

552:

Personnel of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

2046: 1808:, the same bay Shackleton was in sight of when the 1270:The party's destination was the whaling station at 563:, leader of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 3420: 760:Crew members working to free the ship from the ice 578:, who joined the ship in Buenos Aires; his friend 1991: 922:attempted theatricals. Special occasions such as 521:. This would act as the Ross Sea party's vessel. 7283: 2649: 2647: 2610: 2608: 2589: 2587: 2577: 2575: 489:, which had been built for the Belgian explorer 132:under Shackleton for the Weddell Sea party, and 2442: 2440: 2403: 2401: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2323: 2321: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2177: 2175: 1769:crew, Wild, Worsley, Macklin, McIlroy, Hussey, 317:On 11 December 1911, a German expedition under 2556: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2470: 2468: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2243: 2241: 2072: 2070: 2039: 2037: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1243:The interior of South Georgia photographed by 80:Shackleton had served in the Antarctic on the 6684: 3563: 3063: 3061: 2644: 2626: 2605: 2584: 2572: 1715:lecture tour, his return was barely noticed. 1289:. Another whaling station was known to be at 1098:expedition's three chief financial sponsors: 1036:drift and the escape route to Elephant Island 3216: 3195: 3166: 3037:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 222–227, 234–243. 2790: 2788: 2706: 2704: 2437: 2398: 2339: 2318: 2295: 2172: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 1181: 271:Despite the public acclaim that had greeted 3356: 2551: 2539: 2465: 2449: 2238: 2067: 2034: 1950: 593:As his second-in-command, Shackleton chose 6691: 6677: 3570: 3556: 3320: 3297: 3058: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1909: 1804:, 1955–1958. This expedition set out from 424:Corporate sponsorship for the expedition; 3423:Endurance: Shackleton's Incredible Voyage 3172: 2785: 2701: 2009: 1900: 1234: 871:among the pressure ridges in the pack ice 751: 689:The scientific staff of six accompanying 309:. The news of Amundsen's conquest of the 6628:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 3445: 3236: 1878: 1618: 1445: 1347: 1336: 1238: 1117: 1027: 962: 905: 862: 755: 555: 419: 190: 38: 6203:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 3511: 3489: 3415: 3389: 3067: 1918: 1802:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1565:had suffered a suspected heart attack; 325:, intending to penetrate deep into the 32:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 14: 7284: 3466: 3323:"The Story of Shackleton's Expedition" 3274: 3160:Fuchs & Hillary 1958, p. 293. 1650:open water and limped to New Zealand. 1434:—captained by captain of Chilean Navy 1426:, a small steam tug that had assisted 464:gave £10,000, wealthy tobacco heiress 362:Scottish National Antarctic Expedition 356:Shackleton got support, however, from 345:of Scott's expedition, and the former 6672: 5347: 3589: 3577: 3551: 3496:Endurance: An Epic of Polar Adventure 3333: 3277:German Exploration of the Polar World 3255: 1852: 1797:made it impossible for them to land. 1688:Return to civilization, and aftermath 1441: 958: 855: 48:under sail, Antarctic Ocean, c. 1915 7265: 771:on 8 August 1914, heading first for 746: 738:expedition and had gone home early. 597:, who had been with him on both the 430:is loaded with paraffin provided by 374: 301:in July 1910, and on the concurrent 114:, would meanwhile establish camp in 7352:Expeditions from the United Kingdom 7292:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 6700:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 5989:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4186:Norse colonization of North America 3336:Shackleton: By Endurance We Conquer 3028:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 195–197. 3019:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 176–192. 3010:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 145–175. 3001:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 128–144. 2256:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 214–215. 1820:. The entire journey took 98 days. 1303:Early next morning, 20 May, seeing 1114:Lifeboat journey to Elephant Island 239: Planned trans-Antarctic route 170:was found on the seafloor in 2022. 62:Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration 58:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 24: 5518:United States Exploring Expedition 3383: 3321:Shackleton, Ernest (2 June 1916). 3241:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 3106:Shackleton 1919, pp. 339–341. 2992:Shackleton 1919, pp. 307–333. 2983:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 69–105. 2884:Shackleton 1919, pp. 218–219. 2875:Shackleton 1919, pp. 214–218. 2866:Shackleton 1919, pp. 210–213. 2773:Shackleton 1919, pp. 175–180. 2728:Shackleton 1919, pp. 158–159. 2719:Shackleton 1919, pp. 156–157. 2689:Shackleton 1919, pp. 142–150. 2593:Shackleton 1919, pp. 107–109. 639:for saving the life of Lieutenant 30:For the 1955–1958 expedition, see 25: 7373: 6592:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 5960:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 3529: 2857:Shackleton 1919, p. 208–209. 2746:Alexander 1998, pp. 136–137. 2737:Alexander 1998, pp. 134–135. 2235:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 48–53. 2181:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 21–22. 2151:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 50–53. 2094:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 41–48. 2085:Tyler-Lewis 2006, pp. 34–35. 2006:Shackleton 1919, pp. xii–xv. 1608: 613:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 7362:United Kingdom and the Antarctic 7264: 7253: 7252: 6486:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 5879:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 3535: 3154: 3145: 3136: 3127: 3118: 3109: 3100: 3091: 3082: 3055:Huntford 1975, pp. 605–606. 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2950: 2941: 2938:Huntford 1975, pp. 532–533. 2932: 2923: 2914: 2905: 2896: 2887: 2878: 2869: 2848:Huntford 1975, pp. 696–697. 2680:Huntford 1975, pp. 509–513. 2671:Huntford 1975, pp. 508–512. 2560:Huntford 1975, pp. 473–476. 2548:Huntford 1975, pp. 468–469. 2483:Shackleton 1919, pp. 81–82. 2462:Huntford 1975, pp. 456–457. 2425:Shackleton 1919, pp. 74–77. 2416:Shackleton 1919, pp. 72–73. 2407:Shackleton 1919, pp. 65–66. 2395:Shackleton 1919, pp. 60–61. 2377:Shackleton 1919, pp. 50–53. 2350:Shackleton 1919, pp. 43–47. 2327:Shackleton 1919, pp. 34–40. 2306:Shackleton 1919, pp. 26–28. 2292:Shackleton 1919, pp. 23–24. 2283:Shackleton 1919, pp. 12–16. 2208:Huntford 1975, pp. 370–371. 2190:Huntford 1975, pp. 364–365. 2142:Huntford 1975, pp. 383–384. 2043:Huntford 1975, pp. 375–377. 1979:Huntford 1975, pp. 362–363. 1961:Huntford 1975, pp. 355–358. 1879:Fountain, Henry (9 March 2022). 996:. He calculated that on the day 647:Expedition, took leave from the 607:expeditions, and was one of the 397:and two remaining at base camp. 3217:Fuchs, V.; Hillary, H. (1958). 3196:Fisher, M.; Fisher, J. (1957). 2860: 2851: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2797: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2635: 2617: 2596: 2563: 2530: 2504: 2495: 2486: 2477: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2368:Alexander 1998, pp. 52–54. 2362: 2353: 2330: 2309: 2286: 2277: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2163: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2079: 2058: 2025: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1557:After Shackleton left with the 1255:interior. The condition of the 1153:was nominally in charge of the 1137:At 1 p.m. on 9 April, the 787:After a month-long halt in the 181: 98:and to land a shore party near 3046:Tyler-Lewis 2006, p. 231. 2974:Fisher 1957, pp. 397–400. 2764:Fisher 1957, pp. 378–382. 2226:Fisher 1957, pp. 311–314. 2022:Fisher 1957, pp. 306–307. 1941: 1932: 1891: 1872: 1846: 1837: 220: Sea ice drift after the 13: 1: 5865:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 5800:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 5348: 3516:. London: P. Allan & Co. 3499:. London: P. Allan & Co. 3151:Mills 1999, pp. 304–305. 3133:Smith 2015, pp. 410–411. 3124:Smith 2015, pp. 402–407. 2929:Mills 1999, pp. 250–252. 2920:Mills 1999, pp. 242–250. 2902:Mills 1999, pp. 239–240. 2839:Shackleton 1919, p. 209. 2782:Shackleton 1919, p. 185. 2698:Smith 2015, pp. 328–329. 2653:Shackleton 1919, p. 121. 2632:Shackleton 1919, p. 119. 2614:Shackleton 1919, p. 116. 2602:Shackleton 1919, p. 112. 2581:Shackleton 1919, p. 106. 1826: 1702:had a "triumphal" welcome in 1655:expeditions, notably Scott's 741: 462:Birmingham Small Arms Company 87:of 1901–1904 and had led the 6222:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 6038:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 5844:French Antarctic Expeditions 5774:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 5660:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 3778:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 3281:University of Nebraska Press 3068:Ramírez, N. (9 March 2022). 2956:Alexander 1998, p. 182. 2536:Shackleton 1919, p. 94. 2501:Shackleton 1919, p. 98. 2446:Shackleton 1919, p. 75. 2386:Shackleton 1919, p. 58. 2315:Shackleton 1919, p. 31. 2274:Shackleton 1919, p. 11. 2064:Shackleton 1919, p. xv. 1843:Shackleton 1919, p. xi. 1831: 1757:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 931:and causing a heavy list to 693:comprised the two surgeons, 670:. Shackleton had hoped that 662:, became third officer. Two 545: 7: 5307:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 4986:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 3851:Andrée's balloon expedition 3097:Huntford 1975, p. 656. 3088:Huntford 1975, p. 647. 2947:Huntford 1975, p. 541. 2893:Huntford 1975, p. 533. 2755:Huntford 1975, p. 563. 2641:Huntford 1975, p. 469. 2492:Alexander 1998, p. 98. 2474:Alexander 1998, p. 95. 2434:Huntford 1975, p. 461. 2359:Huntford 1975, p. 421. 2336:Huntford 1975, p. 418. 2265:Shackleton 1919, p. 5. 2217:Huntford 1975, p. 372. 2103:Alexander 1998, p. 10. 2076:Huntford 1975, p. 370. 2031:Huntford 1975, p. 369. 1970:Huntford 1975, p. 367. 1938:Shackleton 1919, p. 2. 1915:Huntford 1975, p. 350. 1897:Huntford 1975, p. 348. 1569:was unable to walk, due to 1317:in the writing of his poem 1222:The 22.5-foot (6.9 m) 1129:s beset to the final rescue 635:, who had been awarded the 415: 10: 7378: 7307:1914 in the United Kingdom 4508:Franklin's lost expedition 4208:Christian IV's expeditions 3590: 3219:The Crossing of Antarctica 2662:Huntford 1975, p. 506 1906:Huntford 1975, p. 50. 1645:, anchored at the party's 1612: 1188: 549: 441:Royal Geographical Society 275:'s achievements after the 142:, for the Ross Sea party. 110:. A supporting group, the 29: 7247: 7023: 6846: 6837: 6756: 6706: 6325: 6056: 5643: 5383: 5360: 5356: 5343: 4862:Great Northern Expedition 4756: 4538:Rae–Richardson expedition 4287: 4132: 3738:British Arctic Expedition 3630: 3602: 3598: 3585: 3514:Shackleton's Boat Journey 3452:. New York: Knopf Books. 3429:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 3237:Huntford, Roland (1985). 3167:General and cited sources 3115:Fisher 1957, p. 432. 2830:Fisher 1957, p. 386. 2821:Fisher 1957, p. 385. 2812:Fisher 1957, p. 384. 2803:Worsley 1933, p. 112 2794:Fisher 1957, p. 383. 2710:Fisher 1957, p. 371. 2623:Fisher 1957, p. 366. 2247:Alexander 1998 pp. 15–18. 2199:Fisher 1957, p. 310. 2169:Fisher 1957, p. 315. 2133:Fisher 1957, p. 308. 2055:Fisher 1957, p. 306. 1988:Fisher 1957, p. 298. 1792:on 5 January 1922, while 1332: 1191:Voyage of the James Caird 1149:, and navigating officer 590:as far as South Georgia. 452:reported that playwright 404:would set up its base in 186: 159:, and were able to reach 6146:British Antarctic Survey 6140:Captain Arturo Prat Base 5385:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 3467:Tamiko, R., ed. (2001). 3142:Mills 1999, p. 289. 2965:Mills 1999, p. 261. 2911:Mills 1999, p. 241. 2569:White, pp. 305–306. 2160:Smith 2015, p. 266. 2112:Smith 2015, p. 256. 1947:Smith 2015, p. 252. 1751:, with the army rank of 1395:Instituto de Pesca No. 1 822:came abreast of a great 266: Supply depot route 6622:Pole of inaccessibility 6285:Antarctic Treaty System 4626:2nd Grinnell expedition 3512:Worsley, F. A. (1933). 3395:Shackleton: A Biography 3327:The Manchester Guardian 3298:Shackleton, E. (1919). 1358:The Manchester Guardian 50:Paget colour photograph 3173:Alexander, C. (1998). 2124:(Smithsonian Magazine) 1853:Alexw (9 March 2022). 1631: 1554: 1365: 1345: 1247: 1235:South Georgia crossing 1130: 1091:South Shetland Islands 1037: 968: 918: 872: 761: 752:Voyage through the ice 619:Shackleton had wanted 564: 435: 268: 53: 7342:Antarctic expeditions 6292:Transglobe Expedition 6191:Operation Deep Freeze 5600:Challenger expedition 4466:Coppermine expedition 3987:Drifting ice stations 3449:Shackleton's Stowaway 3446:McKernan, V. (2006). 3340:Oneworld Publications 1788:Shackleton died of a 1622: 1449: 1351: 1341:The departure of the 1340: 1242: 1121: 1031: 967:Hurley and Shackleton 966: 909: 875:On 22 February 1915, 866: 759: 559: 550:Further information: 513:, which was lying in 493:for an expedition to 423: 257: Retreat of the 194: 74:South Pole expedition 66:Sir Ernest Shackleton 42: 18:Shackleton expedition 6800:McDonald Ice Rumples 3544:at Wikimedia Commons 3542:Endurance Expedition 3473:Simon & Schuster 1855:"Endurance is Found" 1669:Arnold Spencer-Smith 1415:McDonald Ice Rumples 623:, who had commanded 466:Janet Stancomb-Wills 358:William Speirs Bruce 303:Norwegian expedition 245: Voyage of the 230: Voyage of the 199: Voyage of the 6462:South magnetic pole 5128:Brusilov expedition 4237:Danish colonization 3675:North magnetic pole 3275:Murphy, D. (2002). 3260:. Whitby: Caedmon. 1291:Prince Olav Harbour 1250:The arrival of the 945:New South Greenland 791:whaling station on 507:'s expedition ship 288:Robert Falcon Scott 210: Drift of the 122:to the foot of the 7332:1917 in Antarctica 7322:1916 in Antarctica 7312:1915 in Antarctica 7297:1914 in Antarctica 6153:Operation Windmill 6134:Operation Highjump 5109:Rusanov expedition 5014:A. E. Nordenskiöld 4758:North East Passage 4562:McClure expedition 3334:Smith, M. (2015). 3256:Mills, L. (1999). 1929:Murphy pp. 87–102. 1885:The New York Times 1732:William Stephenson 1632: 1579:Lionel Greenstreet 1555: 1442:On Elephant Island 1366: 1346: 1248: 1131: 1038: 969: 959:Camping on the ice 919: 873: 762: 565: 491:Adrien de Gerlache 449:The New York Times 446:In February 1914, 436: 269: 54: 7347:Ernest Shackleton 7279: 7278: 7243: 7242: 6666: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6120:Operation Tabarin 5982:Far Eastern Party 5828:Nimrod Expedition 5339: 5338: 5335: 5334: 4898:M. Pronchishcheva 4820:Siberian Cossacks 4289:Northwest Passage 3622:Research stations 3579:Polar exploration 3540:Media related to 3223:Cassell & Co. 1814:Beardmore Glacier 1624:Aeneas Mackintosh 1373:party were safe. 1356:(shown here) and 1274:, which had been 1122:Paths taken from 1074:James Ross Island 1049:had lapsed since 982:Otto Nordenskjöld 971:With the loss of 840:was now close to 747:Weddell Sea party 711:Reginald W. James 695:Alexander Macklin 561:Ernest Shackleton 533:Aeneas Mackintosh 410:Beardmore Glacier 375:Shackleton's plan 297:, which had left 273:Ernest Shackleton 140:Aeneas Mackintosh 124:Beardmore Glacier 16:(Redirected from 7369: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7178: 7171: 7164: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7136: 7129: 7122: 7115: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7045: 7038: 7016: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6962: 6957: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6926: 6921: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6844: 6843: 6830: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6788: 6781: 6774: 6767: 6747: 6740: 6730: 6720: 6693: 6686: 6679: 6670: 6669: 6167:Ronne Expedition 5652: 5646: 5510:Dumont d'Urville 5358: 5357: 5345: 5344: 4893:V. Pronchishchev 3600: 3599: 3587: 3586: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3549: 3548: 3539: 3525: 3508: 3486: 3463: 3442: 3426: 3412: 3391:Fiennes, Ranulph 3379: 3353: 3330: 3317: 3294: 3271: 3252: 3233: 3213: 3192: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3134: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3116: 3113: 3107: 3104: 3098: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3065: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2876: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2711: 2708: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2603: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2582: 2579: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2549: 2546: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2463: 2460: 2447: 2444: 2435: 2432: 2426: 2423: 2417: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2316: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2293: 2290: 2284: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2170: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2053: 2044: 2041: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2020: 2007: 2004: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1888: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1781:all sailed with 1567:Perce Blackborow 1457:party. Photo by 1413:was renamed the 1383:The Southern Sky 1379:The Southern Sky 1326:third man factor 1280: 1213:Timothy McCarthy 1202:Falkland Islands 1128: 1087:Deception Island 1070:Mount Haddington 1055: 990:Robertson Island 986:Snow Hill Island 937:Benjamin Morrell 850: 812: 783: 684:Thomas Orde-Lees 657: 580:Perce Blackborow 576:William Bakewell 360:, leader of the 321:had sailed from 319:Wilhelm Filchner 265: 256: 244: 238: 229: 219: 209: 198: 21: 7377: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7337:1917 in science 7327:1916 in science 7317:1915 in science 7302:1914 in science 7282: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7263: 7251: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7183: 7174: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7069: 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7019: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6960: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6833: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6793:King Haakon Bay 6791: 6786:Fortuna Glacier 6784: 6779:Elephant Island 6777: 6770: 6763: 6752: 6743: 6733: 6723: 6713: 6702: 6697: 6667: 6654: 6329: 6321: 6197:McMurdo Station 6066:Modern research 6064: 6052: 5787:O. Nordenskjöld 5650: 5644: 5639: 5555:Ross expedition 5379: 5352: 5331: 4760: 4752: 4293:Northern Canada 4291: 4283: 4136: 4128: 3634: 3626: 3594: 3581: 3576: 3532: 3483: 3460: 3439: 3409: 3386: 3384:Further reading 3376: 3358:Tyler-Lewis, K. 3350: 3291: 3268: 3249: 3189: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3066: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2461: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2239: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2010: 2005: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1818:Skelton Glacier 1690: 1617: 1611: 1563:Lewis Rickinson 1553: 1466: 1455:Elephant Island 1444: 1407:Brunt Ice Shelf 1335: 1287:Allardyce Range 1278: 1237: 1229:King Haakon Bay 1193: 1187: 1126: 1116: 1083:Elephant Island 1079:Clarence Island 1053: 961: 867:Shackleton and 861: 848: 810: 781: 778:Daily Chronicle 754: 749: 744: 725:and its artist 709:; a physicist, 705:; a biologist, 701:; a geologist, 660:Alfred Cheetham 655: 621:John King Davis 554: 548: 539:Daily Chronicle 470:James Key Caird 418: 377: 267: 263: 261: 254: 252: 242: 240: 236: 234: 227: 225: 217: 215: 207: 205: 196: 189: 184: 151:Elephant Island 64:. Conceived by 52:by Frank Hurley 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7375: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7261: 7248: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7230: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7165: 7158: 7151: 7144: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7081: 7074: 7067: 7060: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7029: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7017: 7010: 7005: 6998: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6927: 6922: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6854: 6852: 6841: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6814:Peggotty Bluff 6810: 6803: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6775: 6768: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6753: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6735:Rescue by the 6731: 6725:Voyage of the 6721: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6696: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6673: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6614:Vostok Station 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6565:Cherry-Garrard 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6415: 6414: 6413: 6405:Southern Cross 6401: 6400: 6399: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6371: 6366: 6365: 6364: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6335: 6333: 6327:Farthest South 6323: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6288: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6218: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6199: 6194: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6149: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6088: 6081: 6076: 6070: 6068: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6024:Ross Sea party 6020: 6011: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5985: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5956: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5824: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5808: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5728: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5718:Southern Cross 5711:Southern Cross 5707: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5655: 5653: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5596: 5591: 5590: 5589: 5576: 5570: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5514: 5513: 5512: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5461: 5460: 5459: 5457:Bellingshausen 5447: 5440: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5354: 5353: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5316: 5304: 5299: 5292: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5053: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4994: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4766: 4764: 4762:Russian Arctic 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4744: 4743: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4708: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4673: 4672: 4671: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4622: 4621: 4620: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4578: 4573: 4558: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4519: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4422: 4421: 4420: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4270: 4269: 4264: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4204: 4199: 4197:Snæbjörn galti 4194: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4099: 4092: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4064: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4047: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3990: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3943: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3866: 3861: 3860: 3859: 3847: 3846: 3845: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3754: 3749: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3705: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3640: 3638: 3632:Farthest North 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3596: 3595: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3531: 3530:External links 3528: 3527: 3526: 3509: 3491:Worsley, F. A. 3487: 3481: 3464: 3458: 3443: 3437: 3413: 3407: 3399:Michael Joseph 3385: 3382: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3354: 3348: 3331: 3318: 3295: 3289: 3272: 3266: 3253: 3247: 3234: 3214: 3193: 3187: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3108: 3099: 3090: 3081: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2985: 2976: 2967: 2958: 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2904: 2895: 2886: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2712: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2643: 2634: 2625: 2616: 2604: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2529: 2518:. 9 March 2022 2503: 2494: 2485: 2476: 2464: 2448: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2409: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2370: 2361: 2352: 2338: 2329: 2317: 2308: 2294: 2285: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2249: 2237: 2228: 2219: 2210: 2201: 2192: 2183: 2171: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2126: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2066: 2057: 2045: 2033: 2024: 2008: 1990: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1871: 1845: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1771:Alexander Kerr 1736:Ernest Holness 1689: 1686: 1677:Victor Hayward 1628:Ross Sea party 1615:Ross Sea party 1613:Main article: 1610: 1609:Ross Sea Party 1607: 1552: 1551: 1521: 1467: 1450: 1443: 1440: 1334: 1331: 1320:The Waste Land 1305:Husvik Harbour 1298:Possession Bay 1236: 1233: 1189:Main article: 1186: 1182:Voyage of the 1180: 1175:Stancomb Wills 1155:Stancomb Wills 1145:, Worsley the 1115: 1112: 1108:Stancomb Wills 994:Wilhelmina Bay 960: 957: 939:of the sealer 910:Dogs watching 860: 854: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 727:George Marston 715:Leonard Hussey 651:to sign on as 609:Farthest South 547: 544: 505:Douglas Mawson 417: 414: 402:Ross Sea party 376: 373: 347:prime minister 307:Roald Amundsen 284:Harry Brittain 262: 253: 241: 235: 226: 216: 206: 195: 188: 185: 183: 180: 120:Ross Ice Shelf 112:Ross Sea party 70:Roald Amundsen 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7374: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7271: 7262: 7259: 7250: 7249: 7246: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7186: 7182: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7159: 7156: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7138: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7124: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7003: 7002:Spencer-Smith 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6971: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6851: 6850: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6828:Stromness Bay 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6807:Mount Worsley 6804: 6801: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6776: 6773: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6755: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6715:Drift of the 6712: 6711: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6687: 6682: 6680: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6395: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6282: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5745:Discovery Hut 5743: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5346: 5342: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5275:A. Sibiryakov 5272: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5247:Glavsevmorput 5244: 5240: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5039: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4549:J. Richardson 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4311:M. Corte-Real 4309: 4307: 4306:G. Corte-Real 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4229:C. Richardson 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4038:Georgiy Sedov 4034: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3925:Riiser-Larsen 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3561: 3559: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3482:9780743222921 3478: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3459:9780375826917 3455: 3451: 3450: 3444: 3440: 3438:9780786706211 3434: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3408:9780241356715 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3377: 3375:9780143038511 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3349:9781780747071 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3290:9780803232051 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3267:9780905355481 3263: 3259: 3254: 3250: 3248:9780786705443 3244: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3188:9780375404030 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3157: 3148: 3139: 3130: 3121: 3112: 3103: 3094: 3085: 3078:(in Spanish). 3077: 3076: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2980: 2971: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2881: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2800: 2791: 2789: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2734: 2725: 2716: 2707: 2705: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2609: 2599: 2590: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2533: 2517: 2513: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2333: 2324: 2322: 2312: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2289: 2280: 2271: 2262: 2253: 2244: 2242: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2176: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2091: 2082: 2073: 2071: 2061: 2052: 2050: 2040: 2038: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1985: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1840: 1836: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1779:Charles Green 1776: 1775:Thomas McLeod 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1712:Central Chile 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1685: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1636: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1575:Hubert Hudson 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1461:. Not shown: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1374: 1372: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1344: 1339: 1330: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1265:Peggotty Camp 1260: 1258: 1253: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1179: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1151:Hubert Hudson 1148: 1147:Dudley Docker 1144: 1140: 1139:Dudley Docker 1135: 1125: 1120: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:Dudley Docker 1101: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1048: 1047:Admiralty law 1042: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 978:Paulet Island 974: 965: 956: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 925: 917: 913: 908: 904: 901: 895: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 870: 865: 859: 853: 847: 843: 842:Luitpold Land 839: 835: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 809: 805: 802: 798: 794: 793:South Georgia 790: 785: 780: 779: 774: 770: 766: 758: 739: 737: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 699:James McIlroy 696: 692: 687: 685: 681: 680:Royal Marines 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629:Frank Worsley 626: 622: 618: 615:. To captain 614: 610: 606: 602: 601: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 572: 570: 562: 558: 553: 543: 541: 540: 534: 529: 528: 522: 520: 516: 512: 511: 506: 502: 501: 496: 492: 488: 484: 479: 477: 476: 471: 467: 463: 459: 458:Dudley Docker 455: 451: 450: 444: 442: 433: 429: 428: 422: 413: 411: 407: 406:McMurdo Sound 403: 398: 396: 392: 387: 382: 372: 370: 369: 363: 359: 354: 352: 351:Lord Rosebery 348: 344: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 323:South Georgia 320: 315: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 294: 289: 285: 281: 279: 274: 260: 251:to Antarctica 250: 249: 233: 223: 213: 204: 203: 193: 179: 176: 171: 169: 168: 162: 161:South Georgia 158: 157: 152: 147: 143: 141: 137: 136: 131: 130: 125: 121: 117: 116:McMurdo Sound 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 91: 86: 84: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 51: 47: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 7025: 6954:Shore party: 6953: 6848: 6736: 6726: 6716: 6699: 6620: 6608:Pole of Cold 6606: 6532: 6523: 6491: 6484: 6460: 6431: 6417: 6411:Borchgrevink 6403: 6390: 6375: 6355: 6340: 6309: 6290: 6283: 6267: 6253: 6244: 6227: 6220: 6201: 6189: 6165: 6151: 6144: 6132: 6118: 6104: 6090: 6083: 6044: 6036: 6022: 6015: 6013: 5995: 5988: 5987: 5980: 5967: 5958: 5920: 5912: 5903: 5896: 5884: 5877: 5863: 5851:Pourquoi-Pas 5850: 5842: 5834: 5826: 5821:Orcadas Base 5819: 5811: 5798: 5792:C. A. Larsen 5780: 5772: 5758: 5751: 5738: 5730: 5724:Borchgrevink 5717: 5709: 5666: 5658: 5633:C. A. Larsen 5626: 5607: 5598: 5580: 5562: 5553: 5540: 5525: 5516: 5503: 5464: 5450: 5443: 5424: 5409: 5319: 5312: 5295: 5288: 5274: 5259: 5245: 5232: 5207: 5193: 5191: 5177: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5133: 5126: 5107: 5073: 5071: 5057: 5055: 5037: 5027: 5025: 5005: 5003: 4984: 4860: 4818: 4801: 4769: 4733: 4731: 4711: 4710: 4690: 4689: 4675: 4662: 4647: 4633: 4624: 4611: 4582: 4570:Investigator 4569: 4560: 4536: 4523: 4515: 4506: 4493: 4464: 4441: 4426: 4411: 4381: 4366: 4336: 4255: 4235: 4206: 4202:Erik the Red 4184: 4162: 4155: 4112:submersibles 4109: 4103:Arktika 2007 4101: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4068: 4059: 4056: 4037: 4035: 4028: 4021: 3992: 3985: 3961: 3947: 3946: 3938: 3936: 3902: 3900: 3871: 3868: 3857:S. A. Andrée 3849: 3836: 3811: 3803: 3800: 3776: 3758: 3745: 3736: 3718: 3709: 3707: 3673: 3513: 3495: 3471:. New York: 3468: 3448: 3422: 3394: 3364:. New York: 3361: 3335: 3329:. p. 5. 3326: 3306:W. Heinemann 3300: 3276: 3257: 3238: 3218: 3202:J. M. Barrie 3197: 3177:. New York: 3174: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3102: 3093: 3084: 3073: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2853: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2778: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2658: 2637: 2628: 2619: 2598: 2565: 2532: 2520:. Retrieved 2515: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2391: 2382: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2332: 2311: 2288: 2279: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2204: 2195: 2186: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2060: 2027: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1943: 1934: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1874: 1862:. Retrieved 1858: 1848: 1839: 1822: 1809: 1799: 1793: 1790:heart attack 1787: 1782: 1766: 1761: 1728:John Vincent 1719: 1717: 1704:Punta Arenas 1697: 1691: 1681: 1672: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1642: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1602: 1599: 1587: 1583: 1558: 1556: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1419: 1402: 1399:Punta Arenas 1394: 1389:Minister in 1387: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1362:full article 1357: 1353: 1342: 1324: 1318: 1302: 1295: 1283:port of call 1275: 1269: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1249: 1245:Frank Hurley 1223: 1221: 1216: 1209:John Vincent 1206: 1198:Port Stanley 1194: 1183: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1159: 1154: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1123: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1067: 1059: 1050: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1022: 1017: 1006:Harry McNish 1003: 997: 972: 970: 949: 940: 920: 911: 899: 896: 891: 887: 885: 876: 874: 857: 845: 837: 836: 819: 807: 806: 796: 786: 776: 773:Buenos Aires 764: 763: 735: 730: 723:Frank Hurley 718: 707:Robert Clark 703:James Wordie 690: 688: 671: 668:Ernest Joyce 663: 652: 644: 641:Edward Evans 637:Albert Medal 624: 616: 604: 599: 592: 587: 584:Daniel Gooch 573: 568: 566: 537: 525: 523: 509: 499: 486: 480: 475:Morning Post 473: 454:J. M. Barrie 447: 445: 437: 426: 399: 395:Enderby Land 385: 378: 366: 355: 343:Tryggve Gran 339: 316: 292: 277: 270: 258: 247: 231: 221: 211: 201: 182:Preparations 174: 172: 166: 155: 145: 144: 134: 128: 89: 82: 79: 57: 55: 44: 36: 7078:Greenstreet 6765:Caird Coast 6727:James Caird 6311:Lake Vostok 6261:Tryoshnikov 6183:Schlossbach 6074:Christensen 6016:James Caird 5937:E. R. Evans 5703:Dobrowolski 5673:de Gerlache 5375:Expeditions 5261:Aviaarktika 5215:Samoylovich 5086:Kolomeitsev 4980:Middendorff 4940:Gedenshtrom 4360:I. Fyodorov 4122:Chilingarov 4010:E. Fyodorov 3617:Expeditions 3417:Lansing, A. 3279:. Lincoln: 1859:Endurance22 1740:Ernest Wild 1724:Polar Medal 1720:James Caird 1571:frostbitten 1559:James Caird 1523:Front row: 1471:Greenstreet 1371:James Caird 1343:James Caird 1315:T. S. Eliot 1257:James Caird 1252:James Caird 1224:James Caird 1217:James Caird 1184:James Caird 1170:James Caird 1143:James Caird 1100:James Caird 1034:Endurance's 952:shuttlecock 916:Weddell Sea 888:Deutschland 828:Caird Coast 495:Spitsbergen 483:barquentine 393:, three to 391:Graham Land 327:Weddell Sea 314:objective. 232:James Caird 214:in pack ice 156:James Caird 96:Weddell Sea 7286:Categories 7206:Stephenson 7199:Shackleton 7176:Mrs Chippy 7043:Blackborow 6988:Mackintosh 6745:Luis Pardo 6534:Terra Nova 6439:Shackleton 6382:J. C. Ross 6341:Resolution 6331:South Pole 6106:New Swabia 6030:Mackintosh 6002:Shackleton 5921:Terra Nova 5914:Terra Nova 5648:Heroic Age 5608:Challenger 5568:J. C. Ross 5478:Bransfield 5410:Resolution 5325:icebreaker 5289:Chelyuskin 5030:expedition 5008:Expedition 4950:Matyushkin 4908:Kh. Laptev 4903:Chelyuskin 4797:Heemskerck 4787:Chancellor 4782:Willoughby 4777:Koch boats 4720:Stefansson 4654:McClintock 4618:Inglefield 4460:J. C. Ross 4367:Resolution 4219:Cunningham 4117:Sagalevich 3806:expedition 3765:Stephenson 3725:C. F. Hall 3712:expedition 3686:J. C. Ross 3649:Heemskerck 3636:North Pole 3427:. London: 3397:. London: 3338:. London: 3304:. London: 3258:Frank Wild 3239:Shackleton 3221:. London: 3200:. London: 3198:Shackleton 1827:References 1806:Vahsel Bay 1708:Valparaíso 1657:Terra Nova 1647:Cape Evans 1641:On 7 May, 1595:chloroform 1591:gangrenous 1499:Stephenson 1469:Back row: 1463:Blackborow 1436:Luis Pardo 1391:Montevideo 1310:Providence 1010:Mrs Chippy 998:Endurance 924:Empire Day 816:Coats Land 742:Expedition 682:, Captain 649:Royal Navy 645:Terra Nova 595:Frank Wild 527:Daily Mail 381:Union Jack 335:Vahsel Bay 311:South Pole 295:Expedition 293:Terra Nova 280:Expedition 104:South Pole 100:Vahsel Bay 92:expedition 85:expedition 7192:Rickinson 7185:Orde-Lees 7026:Endurance 6931:Stenhouse 6863:d'Anglade 6839:Personnel 6821:Stromness 6772:Cave Cove 6757:Locations 6633:Tolstikov 6419:Discovery 6389:HMS 6374:HMS 6356:Adventure 6354:HMS 6339:HMS 6275:Tolstikov 5996:Endurance 5781:Antarctic 5766:Drygalski 5739:Discovery 5732:Discovery 5693:Arctowski 5606:HMS 5579:HMS 5573:Abernethy 5561:HMS 5539:USS 5526:Vincennes 5524:USS 5504:Astrolabe 5444:San Telmo 5425:Adventure 5423:HMS 5408:HMS 5403:Kerguelen 5365:Continent 5350:Antarctic 5227:Urvantsev 5185:Vilkitsky 5038:Jeannette 5036:USS 5028:Jeannette 4992:Weyprecht 4970:Pakhtusov 4920:Chichagov 4913:D. Laptev 4856:Permyakov 4831:Stadukhin 4826:Perfilyev 4803:Mangazeya 4741:H. Larsen 4706:Rasmussen 4661:HMS 4632:USS 4581:HMS 4568:HMS 4532:Collinson 4522:HMS 4514:HMS 4492:HMS 4440:HMS 4425:HMS 4410:HMS 4395:Mackenzie 4382:Discovery 4380:HMS 4365:HMS 4337:Discovery 4316:Frobisher 4279:Rasmussen 4192:Gunnbjörn 4138:Greenland 4067:USS 4058:USS 3930:Ellsworth 3872:Roosevelt 3802:Nansen's 3759:Discovery 3757:HMS 3744:HMS 3691:Abernethy 3659:Marmaduke 3522:771921764 3505:503849175 3314:715091038 3230:901555407 3210:696046516 1832:Citations 1810:Endurance 1777:and cook 1767:Endurance 1694:Great War 1673:Discovery 1630:commander 1545:Rickinson 1511:Orde-Lees 1354:The Times 1276:Endurance 1272:Stromness 1124:Endurance 1063:seal meat 1051:Endurance 1023:Endurance 1018:Endurance 973:Endurance 912:Endurance 900:Endurance 892:Endurance 877:Endurance 858:Endurance 856:Drift of 846:Endurance 838:Endurance 820:Endurance 808:Endurance 797:Endurance 789:Grytviken 765:Endurance 691:Endurance 676:Admiralty 653:Endurance 633:Tom Crean 617:Endurance 600:Discovery 588:Endurance 546:Personnel 500:Endurance 386:Endurance 368:The Times 222:Endurance 212:Endurance 202:Endurance 167:Endurance 165:wreck of 146:Endurance 129:Endurance 83:Discovery 45:Endurance 7258:Category 7148:McCarthy 7050:Cheetham 7036:Bakewell 6995:Richards 6937:Thompson 6908:Mugridge 6893:Kavanagh 6868:Donnelly 6645:A. Fuchs 6602:V. Fuchs 6582:McKinley 6545:E. Evans 6504:Bjaaland 6499:Amundsen 6449:Marshall 6362:Furneaux 6214:V. Fuchs 6178:E. Ronne 6173:F. Ronne 6112:Ritscher 5966:SY 5954:Filchner 5898:Framheim 5892:Amundsen 5698:Racoviță 5683:Amundsen 5678:Lecointe 5547:Ringgold 5541:Porpoise 5431:Furneaux 5267:Shevelev 5222:Begichev 5201:Amundsen 5163:Nagórski 5141:Brusilov 5135:Sv. Anna 5049:Melville 5019:Palander 4975:Tsivolko 4935:Sannikov 4930:Billings 4873:Chirikov 4792:Barentsz 4734:St. Roch 4725:Bartlett 4699:Amundsen 4683:Sverdrup 4583:Resolute 4472:Franklin 4400:Kotzebue 4267:Sverdrup 4250:Scoresby 4224:Lindenov 4075:Plaisted 4060:Nautilus 4005:Shirshov 3979:Belyakov 3974:Baydukov 3948:Nautilus 3910:Amundsen 3870:SS 3829:Sverdrup 3824:Johansen 3794:Brainard 3789:Lockwood 3644:Barentsz 3493:(1931). 3419:(2001). 3393:(2021). 3360:(2006). 1749:Murmansk 1549:Bakewell 1537:Cheetham 1411:ice rise 1163:Hope Bay 1032:Path of 1008:'s cat, 881:wireless 801:pack ice 769:Plymouth 519:Tasmania 416:Finances 331:Ross Sea 138:, under 108:Ross Sea 7270:Commons 7234:Worsley 7213:Vincent 7155:McIlroy 7141:Marston 7134:Macklin 7085:Holness 7008:Stevens 6967:Hayward 6903:Maugher 6898:Larkman 6878:Glidden 6873:Downing 6650:Messner 6597:Hillary 6577:Balchen 6525:Polheim 6519:Wisting 6397:Crozier 6369:Weddell 6347:J. Cook 6317:Kapitsa 6298:Fiennes 6240:Klenova 6209:Hillary 6159:Ketchum 6085:BANZARE 6060:· 5905:Polheim 5871:Shirase 5857:Charcot 5667:Belgica 5586:Crozier 5498:Morrell 5493:Weddell 5471:Lazarev 5416:J. Cook 5370:History 5320:Arktika 5296:Krassin 5281:Voronin 5253:Schmidt 5239:Ushakov 5178:Vaygach 5146:Albanov 5115:Rusanov 5096:Kolchak 5091:Matisen 5065:Makarov 5044:De Long 4945:Wrangel 4925:Lyakhov 4878:Malygin 4836:Dezhnev 4663:Pandora 4634:Advance 4601:Kennedy 4596:Belcher 4589:Kellett 4576:McClure 4500:Beechey 4494:Blossom 4487:Simpson 4455:Crozier 4448:Hoppner 4405:J. Ross 4373:J. Cook 4321:Gilbert 4214:J. Hall 4180:Ingólfr 4170:Naddodd 4164:Vikings 4151:Brendan 4146:Pytheas 4134:Iceland 4088:Arktika 4080:Herbert 4045:Badygin 4015:Krenkel 4000:Papanin 3969:Chkalov 3955:Wilkins 3920:Wisting 3864:F. Cook 3770:Markham 3730:Bessels 3719:Polaris 3710:Polaris 3681:J. Ross 3664:Carolus 3612:History 3366:Penguin 2522:9 March 1864:9 March 1744:typhoid 1519:Macklin 1491:Holness 1479:Marston 1475:McIlroy 1281:s last 1200:in the 1095:whalers 1014:sledges 832:iceberg 824:glacier 643:on the 487:Polaris 485:called 460:of the 305:led by 299:Cardiff 106:to the 7227:Wordie 7169:McNish 7162:McLeod 7113:Hussey 7106:Hurley 7099:Hudson 6942:Warren 6913:Ninnis 6849:Aurora 6737:Yelcho 6717:Aurora 6707:Events 6560:Bowers 6555:Wilson 6514:Hassel 6509:Helmer 6478:Mackay 6468:Mawson 6433:Nimrod 6391:Terror 6376:Erebus 6303:Burton 6098:Rymill 5974:Mawson 5968:Aurora 5947:Lashly 5932:Wilson 5835:Nimrod 5812:Scotia 5619:Murray 5594:Cooper 5581:Terror 5563:Erebus 5532:Wilkes 5483:Palmer 5451:Vostok 5398:Bouvet 5322:-class 5302:Gakkel 5170:Taymyr 5151:Konrad 5120:Kuchin 5058:Yermak 4965:Lavrov 4883:Ovtsyn 4868:Bering 4846:Ivanov 4809:Hudson 4771:Pomors 4748:Cowper 4713:Karluk 4612:Isabel 4606:Bellot 4556:Austin 4524:Terror 4516:Erebus 4412:Griper 4388:Clerke 4348:Baffin 4331:Hudson 4262:Nansen 4175:Garðar 4096:Barneo 3963:ANT-25 3939:Italia 3915:Nobile 3884:Henson 3843:Amedeo 3819:Nansen 3784:Greely 3654:Hudson 3592:Arctic 3520: 3503: 3479: 3456: 3435: 3405: 3372: 3346: 3312: 3287: 3264: 3245: 3228: 3208: 3185: 1699:Yelcho 1682:Aurora 1665:scurvy 1652:Aurora 1643:Aurora 1635:Aurora 1603:Yelcho 1573:feet; 1541:Hussey 1503:McLeod 1495:Hudson 1483:Wordie 1459:Hurley 1432:Yelcho 1423:Yelcho 1333:Rescue 736:Nimrod 731:Aurora 713:; and 672:Aurora 664:Nimrod 625:Aurora 605:Nimrod 515:Hobart 510:Aurora 427:Aurora 278:Nimrod 264: 259:Aurora 255: 248:Aurora 243: 237: 228: 218: 208: 197: 187:Origin 175:Aurora 135:Aurora 90:Nimrod 7120:James 7071:Green 7064:Crean 7057:Clark 6981:Joyce 6919:Paton 6888:Hooke 6883:Grady 6858:Atkin 6640:Crary 6587:Dufek 6550:Oates 6540:Scott 6473:David 6454:Adams 6425:Barne 6246:Mirny 6235:Somov 6045:Quest 5942:Crean 5927:Scott 5806:Bruce 5760:Gauss 5753:Gauss 5627:Jason 5614:Nares 5488:Davis 5465:Mirny 5438:Smith 5393:Roché 5313:Lenin 5233:Sadko 5158:Wiese 5103:Sedov 5074:Zarya 4997:Payer 4960:Litke 4955:Anjou 4888:Minin 4851:Vagin 4841:Popov 4814:Poole 4669:Young 4482:Dease 4427:Hecla 4418:Parry 4343:Bylot 4326:Davis 4301:Cabot 4274:Peary 4256:Jason 4243:Egede 4157:Papar 4069:Skate 4050:Wiese 4030:NP-37 4023:NP-36 3903:Norge 3891:Sedov 3879:Peary 3837:Jason 3752:Nares 3746:Alert 3701:Hayes 3669:Parry 3607:Ocean 3301:South 3179:Knopf 1794:Quest 1783:Quest 1762:Quest 1753:major 1525:Green 1507:Clark 1487:James 1279:' 1127:' 1054:' 849:' 811:' 782:' 719:South 656:' 432:Shell 224:sinks 7220:Wild 7127:Kerr 7014:Wild 6974:Jack 6961:Gaze 6956:Cope 6947:Wise 6925:Shaw 6572:Byrd 6493:Fram 6444:Wild 6126:Marr 6092:BGLE 6079:Byrd 6007:Wild 5886:Fram 5688:Cook 5209:AARI 5194:Maud 5081:Toll 5006:Vega 4692:Gjøa 4677:Fram 4640:Kane 4477:Back 4442:Fury 4433:Lyon 4355:Munk 3994:NP-1 3896:Byrd 3813:Fram 3804:Fram 3696:Kane 3518:OCLC 3501:OCLC 3477:ISBN 3454:ISBN 3433:ISBN 3403:ISBN 3370:ISBN 3344:ISBN 3310:OCLC 3285:ISBN 3262:ISBN 3243:ISBN 3226:OCLC 3206:OCLC 3183:ISBN 3075:Emol 2524:2022 1866:2022 1734:and 1529:Wild 1515:Kerr 1453:The 1428:Emma 1403:Emma 1211:and 1106:and 1081:and 1061:and 941:Wasp 933:port 929:keel 869:Wild 697:and 603:and 536:the 400:The 56:The 7092:How 6269:3rd 6255:2nd 6229:1st 6062:IGY 6058:IPY 4648:Fox 4544:Rae 4110:Mir 4086:NS 2516:CNN 1759:on 1710:in 1533:How 1072:on 290:'s 72:'s 7288:: 5174:/ 3475:. 3431:. 3401:. 3368:. 3342:. 3325:. 3308:. 3283:. 3204:. 3181:. 3072:. 3060:^ 2787:^ 2703:^ 2646:^ 2607:^ 2586:^ 2574:^ 2553:^ 2541:^ 2514:. 2467:^ 2451:^ 2439:^ 2400:^ 2341:^ 2320:^ 2297:^ 2240:^ 2174:^ 2069:^ 2048:^ 2036:^ 2011:^ 1993:^ 1952:^ 1920:^ 1883:. 1857:. 1785:. 1773:, 1730:, 1667:; 1626:, 1605:. 1547:, 1543:, 1539:, 1535:, 1531:, 1527:, 1517:, 1513:, 1509:, 1505:, 1501:, 1497:, 1493:, 1489:, 1485:, 1481:, 1477:, 1473:, 1417:. 1329:. 1231:. 1110:. 1102:, 834:. 795:, 517:, 371:. 349:, 6692:e 6685:t 6678:v 5651:" 5645:" 5588:) 5584:( 5575:) 5566:( 3571:e 3564:t 3557:v 3524:. 3507:. 3485:. 3462:. 3441:. 3411:. 3378:. 3352:. 3316:. 3293:. 3270:. 3251:. 3232:. 3212:. 3191:. 2526:. 1887:. 1868:. 1465:. 1360:( 1263:" 434:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition

Index