39:
31:
170:
186:
and tool post, from which the tool can be positioned to cut a straight, flat surface on the top of the workpiece. The tool-slide permits feeding the tool downwards to deepen a cut. This flexibility, coupled with the use of specialized cutters and toolholders, enables the operator to cut internal and
131:
A single-point cutting tool is rigidly held in the tool holder, which is mounted on the ram. The work piece is rigidly held in a vise or clamped directly on the table. The table may be supported at the outer end. The ram reciprocates and the cutting tool, held in the tool holder, moves forwards and
177:
The workpiece mounts on a rigid, box-shaped table in front of the machine. The height of the table can be adjusted to suit this workpiece, and the table can traverse sideways underneath the reciprocating tool, which is mounted on the ram. Table motion may be controlled manually, but is usually
277:. But the basic function of a shaper is still sound; tooling for them is minimal and very cheap to reproduce; and they are simple and robust in construction, making their repair and upkeep easily achievable. Thus, they are still popular in many machine shops, from
260:
with the invention of the shaper in 1836. Shapers were very common in industrial production from the mid-19th century through the mid-20th. In current industrial practice, shapers have been largely superseded by other machine tools (especially of the
148:
Shapers are mainly classified as standard, draw-cut, horizontal, universal, vertical, geared, crank, hydraulic, contour and traveling head, with a horizontal arrangement most common. Vertical shapers are generally fitted with a
240:
work in some cases. Starting from a drilled or cored hole, a shaper with a boring-bar type tool can cut internal features that do not lend themselves to milling or boring (such as irregularly shaped holes with tight
182:. The ram slides back and forth above the work. At the front end of the ram is a vertical tool slide that may be adjusted to either side of the vertical plane along the stroke axis. This tool-slide holds the
161:(slotting machine), although technically a distinction can be made if one defines a true vertical shaper as a machine whose slide can be moved from the vertical. A slotter is fixed in the vertical plane
190:
The ram is adjustable for stroke and, due to the geometry of the linkage, it moves faster on the return (non-cutting) stroke than on the forward, cutting stroke. This return stroke is governed by a
173:
Shaper linkage. Note that the drive arm revolves through a smaller angle on the return stroke than for the cutting stroke, resulting in a quicker return stroke and more powerful cutting stroke.
132:
backwards over the work piece. In a standard shaper, cutting of material takes place during the forward stroke of the ram and the return stroke remains idle. The return is governed by a
111:, with the cutter riding a ram that moves relative to a stationary workpiece, rather than the workpiece moving beneath the cutter. The ram is typically actuated by a mechanical
202:
The most common use is to machine straight, flat surfaces, but with ingenuity and some accessories a wide range of work can be done. Other examples of its use are:
1082:
504:
289:, where only one or a few pieces are required to be produced, and the alternative methods are cost- or tooling-intensive. They also have considerable
88:
is a functionally different woodworking tool, typically with a powered rotating cutting head and manually fed workpiece, usually known simply as a
466:
1075:
233:
Cam drums with toolpaths of the type that in CNC milling terms would require 4- or 5-axis contouring or turn-mill cylindrical interpolation
293:
appeal to many hobbyist machinists, who are happy to obtain a used shaper or, in some cases, even to build a new one from scratch.
1286:
1068:
1296:
497:
406:
1261:
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282:
572:
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459:
324:
119:
shapers are increasingly used. Adding axes of motion to a shaper can yield helical tool paths, as also done in
763:
237:
46:
setup to allow cutting of internal features, such as keyways, or even shapes that might otherwise be cut with
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24:
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302:
108:
1311:
1306:
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8:
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891:
818:
670:
136:. The depth of the cut increments by moving the workpiece, and the workpiece is fed by a
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101:
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1327:
1137:
957:
921:
906:
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257:
93:
1232:
1172:
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916:
803:
475:
150:
62:
321:
1217:
1177:
1142:
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886:
813:
705:
615:
85:
38:
20:
30:
1039:
1034:
911:
828:
620:
419:
228:
256:
developed a shaper between 1791 and 1793. However, Roe (1916) credits
1162:
1029:
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987:
808:
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590:
54:
398:
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70:
47:
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389:
73:
to machine a linear toolpath. Its cut is analogous to that of a
896:
843:
547:
444:
207:
1167:
972:
585:
290:
78:
74:
211:
137:
157:). The vertical shaper is essentially the same thing as a
153:
to enable curved surfaces to be machined (same idea as in
435:
YouTube video of a newly built hobbyist shaper in action
401:); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, Illinois (
169:
420:
Lathes.co.uk information archive on hand-powered shapers
16:
Machine tool which linearly cuts or grinds the workpiece
393:. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (
178:
advanced by an automatic feed mechanism acting on the
77:, except that it is (archetypally) linear instead of
1090:
384:, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press,
340:Hackett, Donald F.; Spielman, Patrick E. (1968).
214:can be machined without resorting to a dedicated
107:A metalworking shaper is somewhat analogous to a
1325:
339:
34:Shaper tool slide, clapper box and cutting tool
1076:
498:
460:
69:relative motion between the workpiece and a
512:
430:YouTube video of a vintage shaper in action
1083:
1069:
505:
491:
467:
453:
227:Keyway, spline, and gear tooth cutting in
168:
37:
29:
1326:
1064:
486:
448:
374:
354:
13:
381:English and American Tool Builders
14:
1350:
425:YouTube video of shaper mechanism
413:
474:
224:Internal splines and gear teeth.
368:
236:It is even possible to obviate
764:Electrical discharge machining
553:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
348:
333:
315:
19:For the woodworking tool, see
1:
440:Various Types of Shaper Tools
308:
244:Smoothing of a rough surface
164:
7:
611:List of drill and tap sizes
296:
10:
1355:
927:Magnetic switchable device
248:
138:pawl and ratchet mechanism
126:
115:inside the column, though
18:
1246:
1103:
1005:
950:
877:
769:Electrochemical machining
744:
634:
566:
521:
482:
71:single-point cutting tool
1287:Machine and metalworking
342:"Modern wood technology"
206:Keyways in the hub of a
143:
1297:Measuring and alignment
1208:Rotary transfer machine
849:Rotary transfer machine
834:Photochemical machining
774:Electron-beam machining
736:Tool and cutter grinder
197:
25:Shaper (disambiguation)
1193:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
322:Shaper Mechanism Types
192:quick return mechanism
174:
134:quick return mechanism
117:hydraulically actuated
50:
35:
23:. For other uses, see
1045:Tools and terminology
303:Planer (metalworking)
187:external gear teeth.
172:
41:
33:
1262:Cutting and abrasive
963:Machining vibrations
869:Ultrasonic machining
983:Tool and die making
671:Cylindrical grinder
376:Roe, Joseph Wickham
109:metalworking planer
1339:Metalworking tools
651:Abrasive machining
327:2005-08-31 at the
287:tool and die shops
275:broaching machines
175:
51:
36:
1321:
1320:
1058:
1057:
1001:
1000:
407:978-0-917914-73-7
271:grinding machines
265:type), including
1346:
1148:Grinding machine
1118:Ball-peen hammer
1085:
1078:
1071:
1062:
1061:
968:Speeds and feeds
721:Sharpening stone
696:Grinding machine
691:Grinding dresser
558:Stewart platform
507:
500:
493:
484:
483:
469:
462:
455:
446:
445:
392:
362:
352:
346:
345:
337:
331:
319:
267:milling machines
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1316:
1242:
1223:Thread restorer
1113:Automatic lathe
1099:
1089:
1059:
1054:
997:
946:
873:
740:
731:Surface grinder
666:Coated abrasive
637:
630:
601:Drill bit sizes
596:Drill bit shank
571:
562:
524:
517:
511:
478:
473:
416:
371:
366:
365:
353:
349:
338:
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329:Wayback Machine
320:
316:
311:
299:
251:
221:Dovetail slides
200:
167:
155:helical planing
146:
129:
121:helical planing
98:spindle moulder
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1252:Types of tools
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1183:Milling cutter
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824:Milling cutter
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701:Grinding wheel
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523:Computer-aided
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414:External links
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254:Samuel Bentham
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1334:Machine tools
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1203:Plasma cutter
1201:
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1138:English wheel
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958:Cutting fluid
956:
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949:
943:
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935:
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930:
928:
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923:
922:Machine taper
920:
918:
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913:
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907:Indexing head
905:
903:
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898:
895:
893:
890:
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879:Machine tools
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726:Spark testing
724:
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702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Flick grinder
679:
677:
676:Diamond plate
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:Bench grinder
659:
657:
656:Angle grinder
654:
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647:
644:
643:
641:
639:
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541:
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516:and computing
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294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:jobbing shops
276:
272:
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264:
259:
258:James Nasmyth
255:
243:
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99:
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94:North America
91:
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
61:is a type of
60:
56:
49:
45:
40:
32:
26:
22:
1233:Turret lathe
1212:
1173:Machine tool
1096:metalworking
937:Rotary table
917:Lathe center
853:
804:Machine tool
636:Grinding and
476:Metalworking
380:
369:Bibliography
350:
335:
317:
283:repair shops
252:
201:
189:
184:clapper box
183:
176:
158:
151:rotary table
147:
130:
106:
97:
89:
83:
63:machine tool
58:
52:
42:Shaper with
1312:Woodworking
1218:Tap and die
1178:Metal lathe
1143:Gear shaper
1128:Drill press
1108:Arbor press
1015:Fabrication
951:Terminology
887:Angle plate
814:Metal lathe
706:Jig grinder
616:Tap and die
525:engineering
229:blind holes
86:wood shaper
21:Wood shaper
1328:Categories
1035:Metallurgy
829:Pantograph
621:Tap wrench
309:References
65:that uses
44:boring bar
1163:Jig borer
1030:Machining
1025:Jewellery
993:Workpiece
988:Tramp oil
978:Tolerance
809:Machining
799:Jig borer
784:Engraving
759:Broaching
746:Machining
626:Threading
591:Drill bit
573:threading
514:Machining
241:corners).
216:broaching
180:feedscrew
165:Operation
55:machining
1267:Forestry
1257:Cleaning
1228:Tool bit
1133:End mill
1040:Smithing
779:End mill
686:Grinding
646:Abrasive
606:Drilling
581:Die head
568:Drilling
399:27-24075
390:16011753
378:(1916),
355:Roe 1916
325:Archived
297:See also
238:wire EDM
48:wire EDM
1292:Masonry
1282:Kitchen
1153:Hacksaw
1092:Machine
1050:Welding
1020:Forming
1010:Casting
942:Wiggler
932:Mandrel
902:Fixture
864:Turning
859:Skiving
819:Milling
794:Hobbing
716:Sanding
711:Lapping
638:lapping
249:History
159:slotter
127:Process
100:in the
79:helical
1302:Mining
1272:Garden
1238:Welder
1213:Shaper
1198:Planer
1123:Broach
897:Collet
854:Shaper
844:Reamer
839:Planer
789:Facing
754:Boring
548:G-code
405:
397:
388:
273:, and
218:setup.
208:pulley
90:shaper
67:linear
59:shaper
1307:Power
1168:Lathe
1098:tools
973:Swarf
892:Chuck
586:Drill
359:p. 92
291:retro
144:Types
113:crank
75:lathe
1277:Hand
1188:Mill
1094:and
533:2.5D
403:ISBN
395:LCCN
386:LCCN
212:gear
198:Uses
96:and
57:, a
1158:Hob
912:Jig
570:and
543:CAM
538:CAD
285:to
281:or
263:CNC
210:or
92:in
53:In
1330::
409:).
357:,
269:,
194:.
140:.
123:.
104:.
102:UK
84:A
81:.
1084:e
1077:t
1070:v
506:e
499:t
492:v
468:e
461:t
454:v
361:.
344:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
