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Some shell middens are directly associated with villages, as a designated village dump site. In other middens, the material is directly associated with a house in the village. Each household would dump its garbage directly outside the house. In all cases, shell middens are extremely complex and very
122:
remains in deposits as the debris of daily life are tossed on the pile. Each individual toss will contribute a different mix of materials depending upon the activity associated with that particular toss. During the course of deposition sedimentary material is deposited as well. Different mechanisms,
1115:
Thanks to a grant from
Farming Connect Cumbria the Booths were able to roof the slurry midden, probably trebling its capacity by excluding the rainwater, as well as making necessary repairs to the midden itself to prevent possible run-off to a nearby beck. The midden can now provide up to 10 weeks'
179:
to describe shell heaps and continues to be used by some researchers. A midden, by definition, contains the debris of human activity, and should not be confused with wind- or tide-created beach mounds. Some shell middens are processing remains: areas where aquatic resources were processed directly
366:
in far north
Queensland that are mostly less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high (although ranging up to 10 metres (33 ft) high) and a few tens of metres long are claimed to be middens, but are in fact shell cheniers (beach ridges) re-worked by nest mound-building birds. Some shell middens are
279:
shells, they are interpreted as being the waste products of meals eaten by nomadic groups or hunting parties. Some are small examples relating to meals had by a handful of individuals, others are many metres in length and width and represent centuries of shell deposition. In
357:
today. Middens provide evidence of prior occupation and are generally protected from mining and other developments. One must exercise caution in deciding whether one is examining a midden or a beach mound. There are good examples on the
567:
middens are piles of debris that the octopus piles up to conceal the entrance of its den. Octopus middens are commonly made of rocks, shells, and the bones of prey, although they may contain anything the octopus finds that it can move.
1083:
Investment under this storage and handling Option may include: action to minimise the volume of clean water getting into manure or slurry stores, including the installation of covers for slurry storage facilities and
203:. This slows the normal rate of decay caused by soil acidity, leaving a relatively high proportion of organic material (food remnants, organic tools, clothing, human remains) available for archaeologists to find.
123:
from wind and water to animal digs, create a matrix which can also be analysed to provide seasonal and climatic information. In some middens individual dumps of material can be discerned and analysed.
2786:
362:
in
Tasmania where wave action currently is combining charcoal from forest fire debris with a mix of shells into masses that storms deposit above high-water mark. Shell mounds near
2487:
1070:
518:
in
Britain to describe the place where farm yard manure from cows or other animals is collected. Grants are sometimes available to protect these from rain to
229:(kitchen mound) is now used internationally. The English word "midden" (waste mound) derives from the same Old Norse word that produced the modern Danish one.
1710:
1096:
474:, are circular or open arcs with a clear central area. Many are known from Japan and the southeastern United States, and at least one from South America.
3196:
3112:
2990:
307:
cultures), containing the remains of the earliest
Neolithisation process (pottery, cereals and domestic animals). Younger shell middens are found in
342:'s west coast, there are shell middens that run for more than 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) along the coast and are several meters deep. The midden in
978:
Pluckhahn, Thomas J.; Thompson, Victor D.; Cherkinsky, Alexander (2015). "The temporality of shell-bearing landscapes at
Crystal River, Florida".
934:
184:
difficult to excavate fully and exactly. The fact that they contain a detailed record of what food was eaten or processed and many fragments of
3339:
3201:
2514:
2462:
3206:
1267:
3749:
3729:
549:) usually has one large active midden in each territory with perhaps an inactive or auxiliary midden. A midden may be a regularly used
421:
418:
Located between
Oakland and Berkeley, this mound was estimated to be 60 feet high and 350 feet in diameter. It was demolished in 1924.
225:
when this style of pottery was produced. Shell middens were studied in
Denmark in the latter half of the 19th century. The Danish word
1665:
407:
The mounds were constructed over thousands of years. They were often discovered by accident during construction, mining, or farming.
3817:
2862:
635:
426:
Located in
Berkeley, this mound was 20 feet high and was the site of the first human settlement on the shores of San Francisco Bay.
2995:
849:
Bailey, Geoff; Chappell, John; Cribb, Roger (1994). "The Origin of 'Anadara' Shell Mounds at Weipa, North
Queensland, Australia".
3405:
2899:
584:
464:
732:
3739:
806:
30:
This article is about archaeological remains, known in Spanish as "conchales". For the municipality in São Paulo, Brazil, see
3266:
2985:
833:
764:
460:
There are instances in which shell middens may have doubled as areas of ceremonial construction or ritual significance. The
3687:
1006:
3734:
3638:
2877:
1231:
1133:
1007:"Late Archaic-Early Woodland Period Shell Rings of the Southeastern United States Coast: A Bibliographic Introduction"
3744:
3134:
519:
288:, having been created over a long period between the 6th millennium BCE and the beginning of European colonisation.
3769:
3676:
2636:
781:
3496:
2847:
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1614:
1260:
1535:
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17:
3807:
3184:
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1158:(2009). "A record of rapid Holocene climate change preserved in hyrax middens from southwestern Africa".
1227:
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1289:
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442:
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3256:
3189:
2415:
2358:
1193:
Ambrose, Richard F. (1983). "Midden formation by octopuses: The role of biotic and abiotic factors".
1028:
335:). All these are examples where communities practised a mixed farming and hunting/gathering economy.
217:
in 1877, which led to the discovery of a style of pottery described as "cord-marked", translated as "
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peoples built over 425 shell mounds in the San Francisco Bay Area. These mounds were used as:
350:
343:
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Shell middens are found in coastal or lakeshore zones all over the world. Consisting mostly of
206:
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2010:
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These mounds measured almost 200 meters in diameter and rose 9 meters above the shoreline.
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is over 9 metres (30 ft) deep and spans over 10,000 years of continuous occupation.
222:
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3307:
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866:
620:
541:, also known as middens, that are used mostly for food storage. For example, the North
324:
258:
210:
176:
1045:
884:
Stone, Tim (31 December 1995). "Shell mound formation in coastal northern Australia".
4009:
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and has come by extension to refer to anything that is a mess, a muddle, or chaos.
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1969:
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1381:
935:"There Were Once More Than 425 Shellmounds in the Bay Area. Where Did They Go?"
610:
493:
372:
328:
292:
253:
189:
164:
1206:
1154:
Chase, B.M.; Meadows, M.E.; Scott, L.; Thomas, D.S.G.; Marais, E.; Sealy, J.;
991:
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natives provided flood free high areas in otherwise large watered areas.
387:
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1974:
1949:
1928:
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1732:
1705:
1421:
1301:
471:
1179:
698:
Brinton, DG (1866). "Artificial Shell-deposits of the United States".
525:
3476:
3389:
2405:
2363:
2336:
2146:
2091:
2075:
1933:
1773:
1727:
1652:
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1448:
1391:
1366:
719:
Exploring Coast Salish Prehistory: The Archaeology of San Juan Island
368:
354:
72:
1245:
1073:. Scottish Government. Archived from the original on 24 January 2012
3624:
2126:
2121:
1989:
1944:
1865:
1753:
1748:
1717:
1474:
1431:
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1130:"Alaska Department of Fish & Game: North American Red Squirrel"
599:
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332:
200:
88:
80:
60:
2071:
3909:
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after harvest and prior to use or storage in a distant location.
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1505:
1406:
1339:
538:
454:
383:
339:
312:
308:
281:
1228:"The excavations of Lal-lo shell middens (in the Philippines)"
2321:
2311:
2156:
2136:
2081:
2041:
2015:
1959:
1458:
558:
269:
209:
conducted one of the first archaeological excavations of the
140:
68:
1918:
1577:
1562:
1542:
1443:
1324:
977:
64:
1552:
349:
Shell middens created in coastal regions of Australia by
221:", which came to be used to refer to the early period of
1153:
1809:
782:"Collections of Morse from The Shell Mounds of Omori"
636:
Waste management in Australia#Pre-European settlement
537:
In the animal kingdom, some species establish ground
410:
Some of the largest mounds in the Bay Area include:
291:
European shell middens are primarily found along the
188:
and household goods makes them invaluable objects of
1127:
441:
Shell mounds are also credited with the creation of
848:
1225:
752:
114:and habits of past societies. Middens with damp,
3996:
1095:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
921:Deep Time Dreaming: Uncovering Ancient Australia
607:, a megamidden in the South African West Coast
507:The word "midden" is still in everyday use in
299:and primarily date to the 5th millennium BCE (
143:resulted from oyster harvesting from 200
1261:
496:derivation (from early Scandinavian; Danish:
561:, and also serving as a territorial marker.
371:, such as those of the Anbarra group of the
1111:"Roofed Midden benefits Lake District Farm"
1005:Lawrence, David R. and Hilda L. Wrightson.
3803:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
3750:International Congress of Maritime Museums
3730:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
3022:
1268:
1254:
759:. Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
3863:
3818:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
918:
779:
199:content, which tends to make the middens
144:
1046:"Annaker's midden n. a mess, a shambles"
524:
467:provides an example of this phenomenon.
367:regarded as sacred sites, linked to the
315:(associated with Pitted Ware ceramics),
252:
236:
130:
42:
3788:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
1192:
980:Journal of Anthropological Anthropology
746:
697:
585:Crystal River Archaeological State Park
557:, created by many mammals, such as the
99:associated with past human occupation.
14:
3997:
3740:European Association of Archaeologists
477:
311:(associated with Comb Ware ceramics),
249:, is the largest on the US East Coast.
3862:
3021:
2996:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
2954:
2824:
2823:
2206:
1808:
1287:
1275:
1249:
883:
823:
716:
1004:
3735:Archaeological Institute of America
1232:Tokyo University of Foreign Studies
786:Digital Museum, University of Tokyo
24:
1134:Alaska Department of Fish and Game
148:
25:
4026:
3745:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
3135:Coastal defence and fortification
2510:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
1810:Navigation, and ports and harbors
1219:
3979:
3845:
3770:Society for American Archaeology
3004:
2937:
2806:
2189:
1791:
581:, characterized by shell-middens
3202:Phoenician discovery of America
1195:Marine Behaviour and Physiology
1186:
1147:
1121:
1103:
1063:
1038:
1021:
998:
971:
949:
927:
912:
877:
47:A closeup of a shell midden in
2894:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1009:. University of South Carolina
842:
817:
799:
773:
756:The Cambridge History of Japan
725:
710:
691:
664:
531:Kenai National Wildlife Refuge
106:provide a useful resource for
49:Santa Cruz Province, Argentina
13:
1:
3813:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
2488:Phoenician maritime expansion
1211:Published online: 22 Jan 2009
807:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
685:
167:feature consisting mainly of
118:conditions can even preserve
3755:Nautical Archaeology Society
906:10.1016/0025-3227(95)00101-8
470:Some shell mounds, known as
453:, where shell deposits from
7:
3808:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
3221:
3185:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
2991:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
2848:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
2207:
1288:
571:
232:
175:(plural) was first used by
63:. It may consist of animal
27:Old dump for domestic waste
10:
4031:
3664:Phoenician Ship Expedition
2955:
2505:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
2498:Circumnavigation of Africa
1128:dfg.webmaster@alaska.gov.
826:Deciphering a Shell Midden
753:John Whitney Hall (1988).
520:avoid runoff and pollution
481:
443:tropical hardwood hammocks
29:
3977:
3869:
3858:
3843:
3778:
3720:
3523:
3507:
3255:
3190:Samothrace temple complex
3125:
3080:
3039:
3032:
3028:
3017:
3002:
2961:
2950:
2935:
2833:
2819:
2804:
2757:
2710:
2563:
2530:
2523:
2461:
2262:
2219:
2215:
2202:
2187:
1906:
1819:
1815:
1804:
1789:
1741:
1676:
1613:
1498:
1467:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1207:10.1080/10236248309378613
1030:Oxford English Dictionary
992:10.1016/j.jaa.2014.10.004
937:. kqed.org. 24 March 2022
923:. Black Inc. p. 164.
919:Griffiths, Billy (2018).
863:10.1002/arco.1994.29.2.69
126:
2478:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
733:"Whaleback Shell Midden"
657:
641:West Berkeley Shellmound
445:, one example being the
171:shells. The Danish term
3760:RPM Nautical Foundation
3497:Surviving ancient ships
3416:Marsala Punic shipwreck
1226:Hidefumi Ogawa (小川英文).
1116:storage for the slurry.
1071:"Manure/Slurry Storage"
704:Smithsonian Institution
547:Tamiasciurus hudsonicus
484:Midden (disambiguation)
61:dump for domestic waste
36:Midden (disambiguation)
3793:Giza Solar boat museum
3247:Underwater exploration
3242:Underwater archaeology
3207:Pre-Columbian theories
3062:John Sinclair Morrison
3023:Research and education
2473:Austronesian Expansion
957:"Otter Mound Preserve"
851:Archaeology in Oceania
646:Whaleback Shell Midden
534:
351:Indigenous Australians
344:Namu, British Columbia
272:
250:
207:Edward Sylvester Morse
152:
137:Whaleback Shell Midden
110:who wish to study the
52:
34:. For other uses, see
3864:Legend and literature
3822:Viking ship museums:
3798:Grand Egyptian Museum
3558:Austronesian replicas
3533:Heyerdahl expeditions
3443:Caligula's Giant Ship
3303:Dover Bronze Age Boat
1965:Berenice Troglodytica
1050:Scots Language Centre
824:Stein, Julie (1992).
717:Stein, Julie (2000).
590:Emeryville Shellmound
543:American red squirrel
528:
414:Emeryville Shellmound
256:
240:
134:
46:
3765:Sea Research Society
3167:Maritime archaeology
2976:Ameinias the Phocian
2971:Mediterranean piracy
1033:(3rd ed.), 2003
514:The word is used by
500:, Swedish regional:
447:Otter Mound Preserve
284:, they are known as
2858:Maritime Jade Route
2011:Kaveri Poompattinam
1172:2009Geo....37..703C
898:1995MGeol.129...77S
478:Etymology and usage
360:Freycinet Peninsula
195:Shells have a high
3406:Bajo de la Campana
3108:Peter Throckmorton
3093:Jean-Yves Empereur
3067:William L. Rodgers
2888:Maritime Silk Road
828:. Academic Press.
811:www.etymonline.com
535:
465:Crystal River site
325:Schleswig-Holstein
273:
259:Kasori Shell Mound
251:
211:Omori Shell Mounds
177:Japetus Steenstrup
153:
53:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3854:
3853:
3841:
3840:
3461:Madrague de Giens
3180:Temple of Isthmia
3176:Maritime temples
3162:Marine navigation
3121:
3120:
3113:Shelley Wachsmann
3103:J. Richard Steffy
3013:
3012:
2946:
2945:
2815:
2814:
2802:
2801:
2753:
2752:
2483:Ocean exploration
2198:
2197:
2185:
2184:
1844:Rutter (nautical)
1800:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1643:Mortise and tenon
1277:Ancient seafaring
1180:10.1130/G30053A.1
835:978-0-12-664730-3
766:978-0-521-22352-2
631:Urban archaeology
529:Squirrel midden,
400:Living cemeteries
397:Ceremonial places
319:(associated with
293:Atlantic seaboard
245:shell midden, in
197:calcium carbonate
16:(Redirected from
4022:
3983:
3982:
3877:Ark of bulrushes
3860:
3859:
3849:
3848:
3487:Oldest surviving
3197:Nusantao network
3072:Chester G. Starr
3037:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3008:
3007:
2981:Cilician pirates
2952:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2878:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
2873:Iron Age Britain
2821:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2528:
2527:
2217:
2216:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2192:
2107:Ptolemais Theron
1817:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1387:Single-outrigger
1298:
1297:
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1240:
1238:
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1016:
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1002:
996:
995:
975:
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959:. Colliergov.net
953:
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814:
803:
797:
796:
794:
792:
777:
771:
770:
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
729:
723:
722:
714:
708:
707:
695:
679:
670:Also known as a
668:
579:Asturian culture
403:Places of prayer
267:Chiba Prefecture
257:Shell midden in
223:Japanese history
150:
146:
21:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4019:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3865:
3850:
3846:
3837:
3780:
3774:
3722:
3721:Institutes and
3716:
3671:Viking replicas
3612:Balangay Voyage
3525:
3519:
3503:
3258:
3251:
3127:
3117:
3076:
3024:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2957:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2829:
2811:
2807:
2798:
2749:
2706:
2559:
2519:
2464:
2457:
2258:
2211:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2057:Mueang Phra Rot
1911:
1902:
1811:
1796:
1792:
1783:
1737:
1711:Triangular sail
1672:
1609:
1583:Sail components
1494:
1463:
1437:Tessarakonteres
1292:
1279:
1274:
1236:
1234:
1222:
1217:
1191:
1187:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1126:
1122:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1088:
1087:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1010:
1003:
999:
976:
972:
962:
960:
955:
954:
950:
940:
938:
933:
932:
928:
917:
913:
892:(1–2): 77–100.
882:
878:
847:
843:
836:
822:
818:
805:
804:
800:
790:
788:
780:Keiji Imamura.
778:
774:
767:
751:
747:
737:
735:
731:
730:
726:
715:
711:
696:
692:
688:
683:
682:
669:
665:
660:
655:
651:Yachats, Oregon
574:
488:The word is of
486:
480:
462:Woodland period
440:
439:
437:
427:
425:
419:
417:
411:
317:the Netherlands
235:
173:køkkenmøddinger
129:
69:human excrement
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4028:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3654:
3646:Mediterranean
3644:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3602:
3599:Alingano Maisu
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3553:
3542:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3448:De Meern ships
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3318:Cape Gelidonya
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3263:
3261:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3081:Archaeologists
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:David Blackman
3043:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:Jewish pirates
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Lake Trasimene
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2573:Mediterranean:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1876:Maritime pilot
1873:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1841:
1839:Portolan chart
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:Oared warships
1409:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1221:
1220:External links
1218:
1216:
1215:
1201:(2): 137–144.
1185:
1146:
1120:
1102:
1062:
1037:
1020:
997:
970:
948:
926:
911:
886:Marine Geology
876:
841:
834:
816:
798:
772:
765:
745:
724:
709:
702:. Washington:
689:
687:
684:
681:
680:
672:kitchen midden
662:
661:
659:
656:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
611:Packrat midden
608:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
575:
573:
570:
494:Middle English
479:
476:
405:
404:
401:
398:
395:
373:Burarra people
329:Late Neolithic
323:ceramics) and
234:
231:
190:archaeological
165:archaeological
128:
125:
108:archaeologists
77:mollusc shells
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4027:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:Shell middens
4003:
4002:
4000:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3947:Metamorphoses
3944:
3942:
3940:
3939:The Histories
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3917:The Histories
3914:
3912:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3861:
3857:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3632:Marumaru Atua
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3592:Samudra Raksa
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:Te Au o Tonga
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3547:
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3540:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:Blackfriars I
3436:
3434:
3433:Arles Rhône 3
3431:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
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3358:
3355:
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3350:
3346:
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3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3237:Thalassocracy
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Shell middens
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3172:Naval warfare
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3124:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
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3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Lionel Casson
3050:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3016:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
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2969:
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2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:Incense trade
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
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2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2787:South America
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Sailing ships
2733:
2731:
2730:Oared vessels
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2652:Cape Hermaeum
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
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2574:
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2513:
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2503:
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2489:
2486:
2484:
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2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2463:Migration and
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
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2427:
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2298:
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2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:Ancient Egypt
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:Civilizations
2261:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
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2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
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2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
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2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
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1943:
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1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Clinker built
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:Boat building
1621:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
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1593:
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1524:
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1519:
1517:
1514:
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1507:
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1501:
1497:
1491:
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1486:
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1476:
1473:
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1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
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1447:
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1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
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1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1372:Navis lusoria
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1072:
1066:
1051:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1008:
1001:
993:
989:
985:
981:
974:
958:
952:
936:
930:
922:
915:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
837:
831:
827:
820:
812:
808:
802:
787:
783:
776:
768:
762:
758:
757:
749:
734:
728:
720:
713:
705:
701:
694:
690:
677:
673:
667:
663:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:
569:
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
551:animal toilet
548:
544:
540:
532:
527:
523:
521:
517:
512:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
485:
475:
473:
468:
466:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
435:
434:Ellis Landing
431:
430:West Berkeley
424:
423:
416:
415:
408:
402:
399:
396:
393:
392:
391:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
361:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
305:Funnel Beaker
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
278:
271:
268:
264:
260:
255:
248:
244:
239:
230:
228:
227:køkkenmødding
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
147:to 1000
142:
138:
133:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
98:
94:
91:), and other
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3968:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3930:
3925:On the Ocean
3923:
3916:
3908:
3905:Literature:
3693:
3675:
3656:
3649:
3639:Aotearoa One
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3524:Experimental
3492:Museum ships
3459:
3452:
3425:
3397:Phoenician:
3388:
3383:Leontophoros
3381:
3345:Butuan boats
3340:Pontian boat
3278:Dufuna canoe
3217:Shipbuilding
3128:and theories
3098:Boris Rankov
2892:
2825:Economy and
2725:Incendiaries
2572:
2359:Indus Valley
2327:Tarumanagara
2254:Ubaid period
2172:Wadi al-Jarf
2087:Ostia Antica
1691:Fore-and-aft
1658:Shipbuilding
1633:Carvel built
1615:Construction
1573:Steering oar
1454:Sailing ship
1377:Obelisk ship
1335:Dugout canoe
1235:. Retrieved
1210:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1166:(8): 703–6.
1163:
1159:
1156:Reimer, P.J.
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1105:
1082:
1075:. Retrieved
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1049:
1040:
1029:
1023:
1011:. Retrieved
1000:
983:
979:
973:
961:. Retrieved
951:
939:. Retrieved
929:
920:
914:
889:
885:
879:
857:(2): 69–80.
854:
850:
844:
825:
819:
810:
801:
789:. Retrieved
785:
775:
755:
748:
736:. Retrieved
727:
718:
712:
699:
693:
675:
671:
666:
616:Privy midden
605:Mussel Point
563:
546:
536:
513:
506:
501:
497:
490:Scandinavian
487:
469:
459:
428:
420:
412:
409:
406:
394:Burial sites
381:
348:
337:
290:
285:
274:
243:Turtle Mound
226:
215:Tokyo, Japan
205:
194:
182:
172:
160:
157:shell midden
156:
154:
101:
87:(especially
56:
54:
40:
18:Shell midden
3932:Argonautica
3919:(Herodotus)
3882:Flood myths
3779:Museums and
3723:conferences
3688:Vital Alsar
3526:archaeology
3335:Austronesia
3328:Hjortspring
3323:Rochelongue
3273:Pesse canoe
3227:Ship burial
3212:Sea Peoples
3145:Lighthouses
3140:Grave goods
3088:George Bass
2868:Spice trade
2465:exploration
2287:Philippines
2282:Austronesia
2275:Old Kingdom
2152:Trincomalee
2102:Prosphorion
2047:Myos Hormos
1891:Micronesian
1882:By region:
1854:Lighthouses
1662:By region:
1427:Quinquereme
1352:Kunlun ship
1345:Penteconter
1330:Dragon boat
1139:24 February
1013:10 December
963:24 February
941:16 November
791:4 September
595:Green Mound
472:shell rings
388:Coast Miwok
377:Arnhem Land
321:Corded Ware
186:stone tools
161:shell mound
3999:Categories
3941:(Polybius)
3585:Hawaiʻiloa
3467:Nemi ships
3352:Black Sea
3298:Khufu ship
3259:and relics
3157:Marine art
3150:Alexandria
3057:Fik Meijer
3040:Historians
2927:Indo-Roman
2740:Greek navy
2642:Salamis II
2632:Hellespont
2592:Artemisium
2582:Nile Delta
2545:Achaemenid
2438:Achaemenid
2307:Langkasuka
2302:Micronesia
2220:Prehistory
2147:Sounagoura
1975:Chittagong
1950:Barbarikon
1929:Alexandria
1871:Pilot boat
1821:Navigation
1653:Sewn-plank
1648:Lashed-lug
1526:Figurehead
1499:Components
1468:Propulsion
1422:Quadrireme
1403:Polyremes
1382:Outriggers
1237:19 October
686:References
676:shell heap
482:See also:
303:and Early
75:material,
59:is an old
4015:Stone Age
3954:Geography
3892:Gilgamesh
3781:memorials
3705:Viracocha
3618:Faʻafaite
3571:Sarimanok
3477:Yassi Ada
3390:Syracusia
3313:Canaanite
3288:Moor Sand
2758:By region
2720:Grappling
2692:Naulochus
2682:Myonessus
2637:Echinades
2622:Arginusae
2617:Cynossema
2602:Naupactus
2597:Eurymedon
2431:Classical
2406:Phoenicia
2401:Mycenaean
2364:Tamilakam
2347:Polynesia
2337:Srivijaya
2132:Satingpra
2092:Palembang
2076:Cattigara
2018:(Kadaram)
2001:Jambukola
1995:Guangzhou
1936:(Podouke)
1934:Arikamedu
1896:Polynesia
1829:Celestial
1742:Armaments
1728:Spritsail
1686:Crab claw
1628:Careening
1595:Sternpost
1449:Reed boat
1392:Catamaran
1367:Multihull
1077:18 August
986:: 19–36.
369:Dreamtime
355:Australia
353:exist in
301:Ertebølle
286:sambaquis
116:anaerobic
93:artifacts
81:potsherds
73:botanical
4010:Landfill
3970:Tākitimu
3873:Legend:
3831:Roskilde
3710:Tangaroa
3651:Olympias
3625:Gaualofa
3564:Hōkūleʻa
3539:Kon-Tiki
3372:Ashkelon
3308:Uluburun
3267:Earliest
3033:Scholars
2915:shipping
2715:Boarding
2627:Mytilene
2612:Syracuse
2577:Alashiya
2540:Egyptian
2524:Military
2515:Timeline
2493:Sardinia
2416:Carthage
2332:Kalingga
2292:Sa Huỳnh
2227:Timeline
2177:Zanzibar
2127:Sarapion
2122:Rhacotis
2052:Martaban
1997:(Canton)
1990:Godavaya
1985:Giao Chỉ
1955:Barygaza
1945:Avalites
1866:Piloting
1754:Catapult
1749:Ballista
1723:Mast-aft
1536:Planking
1475:Paddling
1432:Hexareme
1397:Trimaran
1362:Longship
1310:Balangay
1091:cite web
871:40386985
600:Landfill
572:See also
555:dunghill
553:area or
533:, Alaska
509:Scotland
422:Huichuin
333:Iron Age
233:Examples
201:alkaline
104:features
97:ecofacts
89:debitage
3910:Odyssey
3887:Genesis
3684:Others
3483:Lists:
3472:Marausa
3422:Roman:
3412:Punic:
3377:Kyrenia
3368:Greek:
3364:Marsala
3357:Sinop D
3232:Tacking
2966:History
2853:Meluhha
2843:Fishing
2838:Whaling
2745:Ramming
2667:Aegates
2662:Drepana
2657:Ecnomus
2587:Salamis
2575:
2565:Battles
2443:Nabatea
2426:Archaic
2396:Nuragic
2386:Somalia
2237:Oceania
2232:Britain
2209:History
2142:Socotra
2112:Qandala
2097:Piraeus
2067:Muziris
2037:Madurai
2032:Manthai
1970:Canopus
1940:Arsinoe
1912:harbors
1861:History
1849:Coastal
1779:Sambuca
1764:Dolphin
1678:Rigging
1490:Poling
1480:Sailing
1417:Trireme
1357:Liburna
1320:Coracle
1290:Vessels
1168:Bibcode
1160:Geology
1084:middens
1055:15 July
894:Bibcode
700:Reports
626:Tumulus
565:Octopus
539:burrows
516:farmers
502:mödding
498:mødding
451:Florida
297:Denmark
295:and in
277:mollusc
247:Florida
192:study.
169:mollusc
120:organic
85:lithics
32:Conchal
3961:Aeneid
3677:Viking
3658:Regina
3427:Alkedo
3283:Abydos
3257:Wrecks
3126:Topics
2956:Piracy
2910:Greece
2770:Odisha
2702:Actium
2697:Mycale
2532:Navies
2421:Greece
2411:Olmecs
2379:Pandya
2354:Minoan
2317:Champa
2297:Lapita
2242:Remote
2162:Tyndis
2117:Quilon
2062:Muscat
2027:Lothal
2022:Korkai
2006:Jeddah
1980:Essina
1924:Adulis
1834:Charts
1769:Harpax
1759:Corvus
1733:Square
1701:Settee
1696:Lateen
1605:Tiller
1600:Strake
1568:Rudder
1558:Paddle
1506:Anchor
1485:Towing
1407:Bireme
1340:Galley
1315:Bangka
869:
832:
763:
738:11 May
455:Calusa
384:Ohlone
340:Canada
313:Sweden
309:Latvia
282:Brazil
163:is an
127:Shells
102:These
57:midden
3897:Greek
3700:Abora
3694:Ivlia
3606:Saina
3550:Ra II
3508:Sites
3293:Dokos
2905:Egypt
2827:trade
2792:Rafts
2777:Japan
2765:India
2677:Chios
2647:Mylae
2607:Olpae
2555:Roman
2550:Greek
2448:Aksum
2374:Chera
2369:Chola
2342:Sunda
2322:Kutai
2312:Kedah
2157:Tulum
2137:Sidon
2082:Opone
2072:Óc Eo
2042:Malao
2016:Kedah
1960:Basra
1908:Ports
1886:Inuit
1706:Tanja
1666:Egypt
1516:Cabin
1459:Tomol
1302:Types
867:JSTOR
658:Notes
559:hyrax
364:Weipa
270:Japan
263:Chiba
219:Jōmon
141:Maine
112:diets
65:bones
3826:Oslo
3548:and
3454:Isis
3401:Gozo
2922:Rome
2900:Maya
2782:Rome
2687:Nile
2453:Rome
2391:Maya
2247:Near
2167:Tyre
1919:Aden
1718:Junk
1590:Stem
1578:Sail
1563:Rope
1548:Mast
1543:Keel
1531:Hull
1521:Deck
1444:Raft
1325:Dhow
1239:2008
1141:2014
1097:link
1079:2011
1057:2020
1015:2011
965:2014
943:2023
830:ISBN
793:2015
761:ISBN
740:2006
621:Tell
504:).
492:via
432:and
386:and
382:The
331:and
241:The
135:The
95:and
2863:Tin
1910:and
1774:Ram
1553:Oar
1511:Bow
1203:doi
1176:doi
988:doi
902:doi
890:129
859:doi
674:or
449:in
375:of
338:On
213:in
159:or
145:BCE
139:in
4001::
3546:Ra
3515:H3
3269::
1230:.
1209:.
1199:10
1197:.
1174:.
1164:37
1162:.
1132:.
1113:.
1093:}}
1089:{{
1081:.
1048:.
984:37
982:.
900:.
888:.
865:.
855:29
853:.
809:.
784:.
522:.
379:.
265:,
261:,
155:A
149:CE
83:,
79:,
71:,
67:,
55:A
2078:)
2074:(
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
1241:.
1205::
1182:.
1178::
1170::
1143:.
1099:)
1059:.
1035:.
1017:.
994:.
990::
967:.
945:.
908:.
904::
896::
873:.
861::
838:.
813:.
795:.
769:.
742:.
721:.
706:.
678:.
545:(
327:(
151:.
51:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
