2658:, which after 350 years had devolved into a state of considerable error. Shen criticized earlier Chinese astronomers for failing to describe celestial movement in spatial terms, yet he did not attempt to provide any reasoning for the motive power of the planets or other celestial movements. Shen and Wei began astronomical observations for the Moon and planets by plotting their locations three times a night for what should have been five successive years. The officials and astronomers at court were deeply opposed to Wei and Shen's work, offended by their insistence that the coordinates of the renowned Yi Xing were inaccurate. They also slandered Wei Pu, out of resentment that a commoner had expertise exceeding theirs. When Wei and Shen made a public demonstration using the gnomon to prove the doubtful wrong, the other ministers reluctantly agreed to correct the lunar and solar errors. Despite this success, they eventually dismissed Wei and Shen's tables of planetary motions. Therefore, only the worst and most obvious planetary errors were corrected, and many inaccuracies remained.
2945:
54:
2345:) had revealed an open space several dozens of feet under the ground once the bank collapsed. This underground space contained hundreds of petrified bamboos still intact with roots and trunks, "all turned to stone" as Shen Kuo wrote. Shen Kuo noted that bamboos do not grow in Yanzhou, located in northern China, and he was puzzled during which previous dynasty the bamboos could have grown. Considering that damp and gloomy low places provide suitable conditions for the growth of bamboo, Shen deduced that the climate of Yanzhou must have fit that description in very ancient times. Although this would have intrigued many of his readers, the study of
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7601:
2587:
produce light, but simply reflects light if provided from another source (the Sun). He explained that when the Sun's light is slanting, the Moon appears full. He then explained if one were to cover any sort of sphere with white powder, and then viewed from the side it would appear to be a crescent, hence he reasoned that celestial bodies were spherical. He also wrote that, although the Sun and Moon were in conjunction and opposition with each other once a month, this did not mean the Sun would be eclipsed every time their paths met, because of the small obliquity of their orbital paths.
2591:
842:
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341:
3002:(372–289 BC), Shen wrote of the importance of choosing to follow what one knew to be a true path, yet the heart and mind could not attain full knowledge of truth through mere sensory experience. In his own unique way but using terms influenced by the ideas of Mencius, Shen wrote of an autonomous inner authority that formed the basis for one's inclination towards moral choices, a concept linked to Shen's life experiences of surviving and obtaining success through self-reliance. Along with his commentary on the
2726:
2175:(1288–1344) wrote of it in 1321. Shen wrote that while viewing the whole of a mountain, the distance on the instrument was long, but while viewing a small part of the mountainside the distance was short due to the device's cross piece that had to be pushed further away from the observer's eye, with the graduation starting on the further end. He wrote that if one placed an arrow on the device and looked past its end, the degree of the mountain could be measured and thus its height could be calculated.
1984:
1410:
2713:, Bi Sheng's methodical innovation was something completely revolutionary for his time. Shen Kuo noted that the process was tedious if one only wanted to print a few copies of a book, but if one desired to make hundreds or thousands of copies, the process was incredibly fast and efficient. Beyond Shen Kuo's writing, however, nothing is known of Bi Sheng's life or the influence of movable type in his lifetime. Although the details of Bi Sheng's life were scarcely known, Shen Kuo wrote:
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1527:
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3437:-era hall built on the site is now used as the main admissions gate. In the Memorial Hall of the gardens, there is a large painting depicting the original garden of Shen Kuo's time, including wells, green bamboo groves, stone-paved paths, and decorated walls of the original halls. In this exhibition hall there stands a 1.4 m (4.6 ft) tall statue of Shen Kuo sitting on a platform, along with centuries-old published copies of his
2184:
981:
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3381:. Nathan Sivin wrote that Shen's originality stands "cheek by jowl with trivial didacticism, court anecdotes, and ephemeral curiosities" that provide little insight. Donald Holzman writes that Shen "has nowhere organized his observations into anything like a general theory." Huff writes that this was a systemic problem of early Chinese science, which lacked systematic treatment that could be found in European works such as the
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1725:
1515:
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1613:)—shows that already in the 10th century there was a graded system of building unit proportions, a system which Shen states had become more precise in his time but stating no one could possibly reproduce such a sound work. However, he did not anticipate the more complex and matured system of unit proportions embodied in the extensive written work by scholar-official Li Jie (1065–1110), the
1136:
7685:
1193:, and in the sixteen months of Shen's military campaign, he received 273 letters from the Emperor. However, Emperor Shenzong trusted an arrogant military officer who disobeyed the emperor and Shen's proposal for strategic fortifications, instead fortifying what Shen considered useless strategic locations. Furthermore, this officer expelled Shen from his commanding post at the main
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1751:. Shen addressed problems of writing out very large numbers, as large as (10). Shen's "technique of small increments" laid the foundation in Chinese mathematics for packing problems involving equal difference series. Sal Restivo writes that Shen used summation of higher series to ascertain the number of kegs which could be piled in layers in a space shaped like the
2026:, and that they were put in floating position or in mountings; he described the suspended compass as the best form to be used, and noted that the magnetic needle of compasses pointed either south or north. Shen Kuo asserted that the needle will point south but with a deviation, stating " are always displaced slightly east rather than pointing due south."
3109:(1046–1126), who revived the New Policies of Wang Anshi, although he set out on a campaign of attrition to destroy or radically alter the written work of his predecessors and especially Conservative enemies. For example, only six of Shen's books remain, and four of these have been significantly altered since the time they were penned by the author.
3085:(c. 934–c. 962); he noted that although a close-up view of Dong's work would create the impression that his brush techniques were cursory, seen from afar his landscape paintings would give the impression of grand, resplendent, and realistic scenery. In addition, Shen's writing on Dong's artworks represents the earliest known reference to the
1447:(14 BC – 49 AD) is recorded as having made a raised-relief map of valleys and mountains in a rice-constructed model of 32 AD. Shen Kuo's largest atlas included twenty three maps of China and foreign regions that were drawn at a uniform scale of 1:900,000. Shen also created a raised-relief map using sawdust, wood, beeswax, and wheat paste.
1045:(1037–1101), then an administrator in Hangzhou. Shen took advantage of this meeting to copy some of Su's poetry, which he presented to the Emperor indicating that it expressed "abusive and hateful" speech against the Song court; these poems were later politicized by Li Ding and Shu Dan in order to level a court case against Su. (The
1197:, so as to deny him any glory in chance of victory. The result of this was nearly catastrophic, as the forces of the arrogant officer were decimated; Xinzhong Yao states that the death toll was 60,000. Nonetheless, Shen was successful in defending his fortifications and the only possible Tangut invasion-route to Yanzhou.
3190:), which was lost, but listed in a 7th chapter of a Song dynasty bibliography. This was the official report of Shen Kuo on his reforms of the Chinese calendar, which were only partially adopted by the Song court's official calendar system. During his years of retirement from governmental service, Shen Kuo compiled a
1231:; 1036–1093) held Shen responsible for the disaster and loss of life. Along with abandoning the territory which Shen Kuo had fought for, Cai ousted Shen from his seat of office. Shen's life was now forever changed, as he lost his once reputable career in state governance and the military. Shen was then put under
1036:
As written by Li Zhiyi, a man married to Hu Wenrou (granddaughter of Hu Su, a famous minister of the Song dynasty), Shen Kuo was Li's mentor while Shen served as an official. According to Li's epitaph for his wife, Shen would sometimes relay questions via Li to Hu when he needed clarification for his
2029:
Shen Kuo wrote that it was preferable to use the twenty-four-point rose instead of the old eight compass cardinal points — and the former was recorded in use for navigation shortly after Shen's death. The preference of use for the twenty-four-point-rose compass may have arisen from Shen's finding of
1548:
boats that were a century old; essentially, Huang
Huaixin devised the first Chinese drydock for suspending boats out of water. These boats were then placed in a roof-covered dock warehouse to protect them from weathering. Shen also wrote about the effectiveness of the new invention (i.e. by the 10th
1040:
While employed by the central government, Shen Kuo was also sent out with others to inspect the granary system of the empire, investigating problems of illegal tax-collection, negligence, ineffective disaster relief, and inadequate water-conservancy projects. While Shen was appointed as the regional
3397:
which could branch together all the various sciences studied by the
Chinese, Sivin asserts that the writings of Shen Kuo "do not indicate that he achieved, or even sought, an integrated framework for his diverse knowledge; the one common thread is the varied responsibilities of his career as a high
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consists of some 507 separate essays exploring a wide range of subjects. It was Shen's ultimate attempt to comprehend and describe a multitude of various aspects of nature, science, and reality, and all the practical and profound curiosities found in the world. The literal translation of the title,
2162:
After unearthing an ancient crossbow device from a house's garden in
Haichow, Jiangsu, Shen discovered that the cross-wire grid sighting device, marked in graduated measurements on the stock, could be used to calculate the height of a distant mountain in the same way that mathematicians could apply
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in explaining the spiritual processes and attainment of foreknowledge that cannot be attained through "crude traces", which he likens to mathematical astronomy. Nathan Sivin proposes that Shen was the first in history to "make a clear distinction between our unconnected experiences and the unitary
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asked Shen Kuo if the shapes of the Sun and Moon were round like balls or flat like fans, Shen Kuo explained that celestial bodies were spherical because of knowledge of waxing and waning of the Moon. Much like what Zhang Heng had said, Shen Kuo likened the Moon to a ball of silver, which does not
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Shen hypothesized that rays of sunlight refract before reaching the surface of the earth, hence people on earth observing the sun are not viewing it in its exact position, in other words, the altitude of the apparent sun is higher than the actual altitude of the sun. Dong writes that "at the time,
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While working in the Bureau of
Astronomy, Shen Kuo's interest in archaeology and old relics led him to reconstruct an armillary sphere from existing models as well as from ancient texts that could provide additional information. Shen used ancient mirrors while conducting his optics experiments. He
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as well. Shen was a firm believer in destiny and prognostication, and made rational explanations for the relations between them. Shen held a special interest in fate, mystical divination, bizarre phenomena, yet warned against the tendency to believe that all matters in life were preordained. When
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notions which challenged the authority of empirical science in his day. Although much could be discerned through empirical observation and recorded study, Daoism asserted that the secrets of the universe were boundless, something that scientific investigation could merely express in fragments and
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province. The earlier Bi Sheng had experimented with wooden movable type, but Wang's main contribution was improving the speed of typesetting with simple mechanical devices, along with the complex, systematic arrangement of wooden movable type involving the use of revolving tables. Although later
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in the Bureau of
Astronomy, Shen Kuo planned to plot out the exact coordinates of planetary and lunar movements by recording their astronomical observations three times a night for a continuum of five years. The Song astronomers of Shen's day still retained the lunar theory and coordinates of the
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Liao dynasty in the summer of 1075. The
Khitans had made several aggressive negotiations of pushing their borders south, while manipulating several incompetent Song ambassadors who conceded to the Liao Kingdom's demands. In a brilliant display of diplomacy, Shen Kuo came to the camp of the Khitan
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in the 5th century, hence Shen Kuo diligently observed the course of the pole star for three months, plotting the data of its course and coming to the conclusion that it had shifted slightly over three degrees. Apparently this astronomical finding had an impact upon the intellectual community in
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rocks in a horizontal-running span through a cliff like a large belt. Shen proposed that the cliff was once the location of an ancient seashore that by his time had shifted hundreds of miles east. Shen wrote that in the
Zhiping reign period (1064–1067) a man of Zezhou unearthed an object in his
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ethics, remained inactive in a state of mourning for three years until 1054 (or early 1055). As of 1054, Shen began serving in minor local governmental posts. However, his natural abilities to plan, organize, and design were proven early in life; one example is his design and supervision of the
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of the land. He also observed the intriguing aspects of his father's engagement in administrative governance and the managerial problems involved; these experiences had a deep impact on him as he later became a government official. Since he often became ill as a child, Shen Kuo also developed a
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accuracy in identification, use and cultivation of different types of medicinal herbs, such as in which months medicinal plants should be gathered, their exact ripening times, which parts should be used for therapy; for domesticated herbs he wrote about planting times, fertilization, and other
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3254:), this book was reprinted, yet only the 19th chapter remained. This chapter was reprinted in 1718, yet poorly edited. Finally, in the 1950s the author Hu Daojing supplemented this small yet valuable work with additions of other scattered poems written by Shen, in the former's
3097:(701–761); Shen noted that Wang was unique in that he "penetrated into the mysterious reason and depth of creative activity," but was criticized by others for not conforming his paintings to reality, such as his painting with a banana tree growing in a snowy, wintry landscape.
1006:; 1015–1080), the Fiscal Intendant of the region. Shen made a lasting impression upon Zhang, who recommended Shen for a court appointment in the financial administration of the central court. Shen would also eventually marry Zhang's daughter, who became his second wife.
2108:. Shen Kuo criticized those in his day who reconstructed ancient ritual objects using only their imagination and not the tangible evidence from archeological digs or finds. Shen also disdained the notion of others that these objects were products of the "sages" or the
996:, the difficult national-level standard test that every high official was required to pass in order to enter the governmental system. He not only passed the exam however, but was placed into the higher category of the best and brightest students. While serving at
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contemporaries were interested in obtaining ancient relics and antiques in order to revive their use in rituals, Shen was more concerned with how items from archeological finds were originally manufactured and what their functionality would have been, based on
3277:, the Song author Cheng Dachang (1123–1195) noted that stanzas prepared by Shen Kuo for military victory celebrations were later written down and published by Shen. This includes a short poem "Song of Triumph" by Shen Kuo, who uses the musical instrument
696:, Shen planned to map the orbital paths of the Moon and the planets in an intensive five-year project involving daily observations, yet this was thwarted by political opponents at court. To aid his work in astronomy, Shen Kuo made improved designs of the
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Most people can only judge of things by the experiences of ordinary life, but phenomena outside the scope of this are really quite numerous. How insecure it is to investigate natural principles using only the light of common knowledge, and subjective
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solutions would not fall into the hands of enemies), and aggressive military policy towards Song's northern rivals of the
Western Xia and Liao dynasties. A few years after Song dynasty military forces had made victorious territorial gains against the
3226:), which was also compiled during Shen's retirement. This book was a treatise in the working since his youth on rural life and ethnographic accounts of living conditions in the isolated mountain regions of China. Only quotations of it survive in the
1320:
province, a place of great beauty which he named "Dream Brook" ("Mengxi") after he visited it for the first time in 1086. Shen Kuo permanently moved to the Dream Brook Estate in 1088, and in that same year he completed his life's written work of the
2050:; this meant that in Shen's time the compass might have already been in navigational use. In any case, Shen Kuo's writing on magnetic compasses has proved invaluable for understanding China's earliest use of the compass for seafaring navigation.
1647:, dispelling the long-held Chinese theory that the throat contained three valves, writing, "When liquid and solid are imbibed together, how can it be that in one's mouth they sort themselves into two throat channels?" Shen maintained that the
1246:
for a state-sponsored program, Shen was rewarded by having his sentence of probation lifted, allowing him to live in a place of his choice. Shen was also pardoned by the court for any previous faults or crimes that were claimed against him.
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leaf. In a similar rudimentary physical analogy of celestial motions, as John B. Henderson describes it, Shen likened the relationship of the Moon's path to the ecliptic, the path of the Sun, "to the figure of a rope coiled about a tree."
1188:
province). During the autumn months of 1081, Shen was successful in defending Song dynasty territory while capturing several fortified towns of the
Western Xia. The Emperor Shenzong of Song rewarded Shen with numerous titles for his merit
901:; 975–1016). Since Shen was unable to boast of a prominent familial clan history like many of his elite peers born in the north, he was forced to rely on his wit and stern determination to achieve in his studies, subsequently passing the
1798:(1238–1298). Victor J. Katz asserts that Shen's method of "dividing by 9, increase by 1; dividing by 8, increase by 2," was a direct forerunner to the rhyme scheme method of repeated addition "9, 1, bottom add 1; 9, 2, bottom add 2".
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for Shen's father, Zhou. Shen Kuo soon impressed Wang Anshi with his skills and abilities as an administrator and government agent. In 1072, Shen was sent to supervise Wang's program of surveying the building of silt deposits in the
2562:(78–139); the latter two correctly hypothesized that the brightness of the Moon was merely light reflected from the Sun. Jing Fang had written in the 1st century BC of how it was long accepted in China that the Sun and Moon were
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in glass cabinets, one of which is from Japan. At the garden estate there are also displayed marble banners, statues of Shen Kuo, and a model of an armillary sphere; a small museum gallery depicts Shen's various achievements.
3212:(1037–1101), who was ironically a political opponent to Shen Kuo's faction of Reformers and New Policies supporters at court, yet it was known that Shen Kuo and Su Shi were nonetheless friends and associates. Shen wrote the
1025:. By 1072, Shen was appointed as the head official of the Bureau of Astronomy. With his leadership position in the bureau, Shen was responsible for projects in improving calendrical science, and proposed many reforms to the
781:(990–1051), and because of his written works the legacy of Bi Sheng and the modern understanding of the earliest movable type has been handed down to later generations. Following an old tradition in China, Shen created a
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Being the head official for the Bureau of
Astronomy, Shen Kuo was an avid scholar of medieval astronomy, and improved the designs of several astronomical instruments. Shen is credited with making improved designs of the
1899:
properties to it, but Shen was first to note the relationship of the three separate radiation phenomena: the focal point, burning point, and pinhole. Using a fitting metaphor, Shen compared optical image inversion to an
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observed the same object, alleging that it emitted powerful lights from its interior like sunbeams illuminating the woods over a ten-mile radius before departing at tremendous speeds. Shen recorded that Yibo, a poet of
2083:(1600–1046 BC); Song era antiquarians and archeologists in search of antiques for reviving ancient rituals claimed to have found bronzewares dated as far back as the Shang era, which contained written inscriptions.
3141:, refers to his Dream Brook estate, where he spent the last years of his life. About the title, he is quoted as saying: "Because I had only my writing brush and ink slab to converse with, I call it Brush Talks."
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2321:. He hypothesized that, with the inundation of silt, the land of the continent must have been formed over an enormous span of time. While visiting the Taihang Mountains in 1074, Shen Kuo noticed strata of
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on February 18, 1979, in an article called "Could It Be That A Visitor From Outer Space Visited China Long Ago?", states is "a clue that a flying craft from some other planet once landed somewhere near
3049:, wrote a poem about this "pearl" after witnessing it and that locals around Fanliang in Yangzhou erected a "Pearl Pavilion" where spectators on boats hoped to spot the mysterious flying object again.
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of executed bandits in 1045, an early 12th-century Chinese account of a bodily dissection finally supported Shen's belief in two throat valves, not three. Also, the later Song dynasty judge and early
924:, the equivalent of a national supreme court. Shen Kuo took notice of the various towns and rural features of China as his family traveled, while he became interested during his youth in the diverse
2046:
published in 1119 (written from 1111 to 1117), was the first record of use of a compass for seafaring navigation. However, Zhu Yu's book recounts events back to 1086, when Shen Kuo was writing the
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garden estate, his former two-acre (8,000 m) property in Zhenjiang, was restored by the government in 1985. However, the renovated Mengxi Garden is only part of the original of Shen Kuo's time. A
1561:
design used in canals. He wrote that it saved the work of five hundred annual labors, annual costs of up to 1,250,000 strings of cash, and increased the size limit of boats accommodated from 21
2554:; the latter gave instructions on predicting the eclipses based on the relative position of the Moon to the Sun. The philosopher Wang Chong argued against the 'radiating influence' theory of
889:). Shen Kuo received his initial childhood education from his mother, which was a common practice in China during this period. She was very educated herself, teaching Kuo and his brother Pi (
2356:(1130–1200) wrote of this curious natural phenomenon of fossils as well. He was known to have read the works of Shen Kuo. Shen's description of soil erosion and weathering predated that of
6401:
1980:(essentially, heating that produced weak magnetic force), and placed in a water-filled bowl enclosed by a box were used for directional pathfinding alongside the south-pointing chariot.
2334:, Zheng Boshun, examined the creature as well, and noted the same scale-like markings that were seen on other marine animals. Shen Kuo likened this to the "stone crabs" found in China.
1821:, and also computed the longest possible military campaign given the limits of human carriers who would bring their own food and food for other soldiers. Shen wrote about the earlier
1627:
quoted by Shen is most likely Shen's summarization of Yu's work or a corrupted passage of the original by Yu Hao, as Shen writes: "According to some, the work was written by Yu Hao."
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type with earthenware frames in order to make whole blocks. Wang Zhen also improved its use by inventing wooden movable type in the years 1297 or 1298, while he was a magistrate of
1327:, naming the book after his garden-estate property. It was there that Shen Kuo spent the last several years of his life in leisure, isolation, and illness, until his death in 1095.
3250:). However, this book was without much doubt a posthumous collection, including various poems, prose, and administrative documents written by Shen. By the 15th century (during the
2112:, rightfully crediting the items' manufacture and production to the common working people and artisans of previous eras. Some author writes that Shen Kuo "advocated the use of an
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bullet'), not flat. Shen Kuo also wrote of solar and lunar eclipses in this manner, yet expanded upon this to explain why the celestial bodies were spherical, going against the '
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We must regard Shen Kuo's collection as an indispensable primary source attesting to the unmatched level of attainment achieved by Chinese science prior to the twelfth century.
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of how the earth had the potential for physical change, including the belief that all rivers and seas at one time did not exist where they were, and were dry. The Greek writer
750:
that were preserved underground in a dry northern habitat that would not support bamboo growth in his time. He was the first literary figure in China to mention the use of the
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records indicated its location, which was found in 1983 and protected by the government in 1986. The remnants of the tomb's brick structure remained, along with Song dynasty
1544:
was first used in China. Shen Kuo wrote that during the Xi-Ning reign (1068–1077), the court official Huang Huaixin devised a plan for repairing 60 m (200 ft) long
5643:. In: Beckmann, A., Dimitracopoulos, C., Löwe, B. (eds) Logic and Theory of Algorithms. CiE 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 5028. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
1451:(1130–1200) was inspired by the raised-relief map of Huang Shang and so made his own portable map made of wood and clay which could be folded up from eight hinged pieces.
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3357:. However, Shen's reputation as a polymath has been well regarded. Joseph Needham stated that Shen Kuo was "one of the greatest scientific minds in Chinese history." The
3258:(Shanghai: Shang-hai Shu-tian, 1958). In the tradition of the popular Song era literary category of 'travel record literature' ('youji wenxue'), Shen Kuo also wrote the
1132:. With his reputable achievements, Shen became a trusted member of Wang Anshi's elite circle of eighteen unofficial core political loyalists to the New Policies Group.
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Anderson, James A. (2008). "'Treacherous Factions': Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino-Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War," in
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were formed by the shadow of the sun in rain, occurring when the sun would shine upon it. Paul Dong writes that Shen's explanation of the rainbow as a phenomenon of
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2574:' theory for celestial bodies. However, there is no evidence to suggest that Shen Kuo supported a round earth theory, which was introduced into Chinese science by
6217:
Schottenhammer, Angela. "The 'China Seas' in world history: A general outline of the role of Chinese and East Asian maritime space from its origins to c. 1800,"
2629:, since the latter was ahead of it in the accelerated phase of motion, and behind it in the retarded phase. Shen's hypotheses were similar to the concept of the
1037:
mathematical work, as Hu Wenrou was esteemed by Shen as a remarkable female mathematician. Shen lamented: "If only she were a man, Wenrou would be my friend."
1916:
is inverted. Shen, who never asserted that he was the first to experiment with camera obscura, hints in his writing that camera obscura was dealt with in the
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called for the dissection of an executed man, to examine his arteries and viscera in order to discover cures for illnesses. Shen also took interest in human
620:
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Hartwell, Robert (1966). "Markets, Technology, and the Structure of Enterprise in the Development of the Eleventh-Century Chinese Iron and Steel Industry".
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by a seashore. Chinese authors from the 12th to 17th centuries would discuss the optical observations made by Shen Kuo but not advance them further, while
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outside the capital city. Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredged the canal and demonstrated the formidable value of the silt gathered as a
1129:
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and true north". This was the decisive step in human history to make compasses more useful for navigation, and may have been a concept unknown in Europe
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officer, believed that the land of hills would eventually be leveled into valleys and valleys would gradually rise to form hills. The Daoist alchemist
2868:(1398–1468), was eventually wholly adopted as the standard in China, yet the tradition of woodblock printing remains popular in East Asian countries.
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In modern times, the best attempt at a complete list and summary of Shen's writing was an appendix written by Hu Daojing in his standard edition of
3028:
that occurred during the reign of Emperor Renzong (1022–1063). An object as bright as a pearl was said to occasionally hover over the city of
2330:
garden that looked like a serpent or dragon, and after examining it, concluded the dead animal had apparently turned to "stone". The magistrate of
1033:. With his impressive skills and aptitude for matters of economy and finance, Shen was appointed as the Finance Commissioner at the central court.
3353:, Xinzhong Yao states that Shen Kuo's legacy was tainted by his eager involvement in Wang Anshi's New Policies reforms, his actions criticized in
932:
Shen Zhou died in the late winter of 1051 (or early 1052), when his son Shen Kuo was 21 years old. Shen Kuo grieved for his father, and following
3236:) collection, which mostly describe the agricultural implements and tools used by rural people in high mountain regions. Shen Kuo also wrote the
2511:
2441:(1214–1294) was the first to suggest that the colors of the rainbow were caused by the reflection and refraction of sunlight through rain drops.
1430:
1159:
centered on state finance, land tax reform, and the Imperial examinations, there were also military concerns. This included policies of raising
2841:, who spent thirty years making a font of earthenware movable type, and by 1844 he had over 100,000 Chinese writing characters in five sizes.
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3377:
However, Toby E. Huff writes that Shen Kuo's "scattered set" of writings lacks clear-cut organization and "theoretical acuteness," that is,
3144:
The book was originally 30 chapters long, yet an unknown Chinese author's edition of 1166 edited and reorganized the work into 26 chapters.
2860:
characters impeded movable type's acceptance and practical use, and was therefore seen as largely unsatisfactory. Furthermore, the European
1057:(r. 1067–1085), who placed a great amount of trust in Shen Kuo. He was even made 'companion to the heir apparent' (太子中允; 'Taizi zhongyun').
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6912:
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Dong (2000), 69. (Professor Zhang Longqiao of the Chinese Department of Peking Teachers College, who popularized this account in Beijing's
920:, where Shen's father accepted minor provincial posts in each new location. Shen Zhou also served several years in the prestigious capital
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1801:
Shen wrote extensively about what he had learned while working for the state treasury, including mathematical problems posed by computing
1844:. Shen calculated the total number for this using up to five rows and twenty five game pieces, which yielded the number 847,288,609,443.
6109:
Parker, Joseph D. (1999). Zen Buddhist Landscape Arts of Early Muromachi Japan (1336–1573). Albany: State University of New York Press.
2721:
passed into the possession of my followers (i.e. one of Shen's nephews), among whom it has been kept as a precious possession until now.
2337:
Shen also wrote that since petrified bamboos were found underground in a climatic area where they had never been known to be grown, the
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is of the opinion that Shen possessed an "amazingly modern mind." Yao states of Shen's thorough recording of natural sciences in his
2741:
There are a few surviving examples of books printed in the late Song dynasty using movable type printing. This includes Zhou Bida's
812:
was preserved in posthumous written works. Although much of his focus was on technical and scientific issues, he had an interest in
7786:
7761:
1498:, Shen Kuo documented and systematically described hundreds of different plants, agricultural crops, rare vegetation, animals, and
2914:, which he believed was "produced inexhaustibly within the earth". Shen used the soot from the smoke of burned petroleum fuel (石油
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7771:
1755:
of a rectangular pyramid. In his formula "technique of intersecting circles", he created an approximation of the arc of a circle
6547:
5519:
7480:
6097:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic
2883:
controlling the population of pests, the latter of which had the potential to wreak havoc upon the agricultural base of China.
1794:
technique by outlining short cuts in algorithm procedures used on the counting board, an idea expanded on by the mathematician
1683:
8096:
8011:
8006:
7916:
7876:
7381:
6285:
6189:
5624:
5569:
3624:
3320:, while the sound of the instrument itself represented the discontent expressed by the prisoners-of-war with their defeated
1938:(1452–1519) would be the first in Europe to make a similar observation about the focal point and pinhole in camera obscura.
6808:
6793:
6780:
6745:
6710:
6681:
5617:
Chinese Thought, Society, and Science: The Intellectual and Social Background of Science and Technology in Pre-modern China
3270:
is suitable for a journey, the proper foods one should bring, the special clothing one should bring, and many other items.
277:
6375:—Zhang's biography on Shen is of great importance as it contains the fullest and most accurate account of Shen Kuo's life.
5469:
2285:(1244–1320); using evidence of fossilized bamboo within China's dry northwestern climate zone, Shen Kuo hypothesized that
2018:. In his written work, Shen Kuo made the first known explicit reference to the magnetic compass-needle and the concept of
1108:), armed with copies of previously archived diplomatic negotiations between the Song and Liao dynasties. Shen Kuo refuted
1049:, of 1079.) With his demonstrations of loyalty and ability, Shen Kuo was awarded the honorary title of a State Foundation
8041:
7946:
7781:
7751:
6017:(Volume 30, 1974): I-XI, 1–5, 7–49, 51–79, 81–133, 135–161, 163–199, 201–217, 219–289, 291–301, 303–319, I-CV, CVII-CXIV.
754:
to repair boats suspended out of water, and also wrote of the effectiveness of the relatively new invention of the canal
3316:
Historian Jonathan Stock notes that the bent bow described in the poem above represents the arched bow used to play the
2510:
instead of linear interpolation in calibrating the measure of time. Improving the 5th century model of the astronomical
8086:
8056:
7741:
6813:
2667:
1918:
2968:
causal world we postulate to explain them," which Biderman and Scharfstein state is arguably inherent in the works of
8061:
8046:
7986:
7971:
7931:
7896:
7846:
7821:
7796:
7746:
6577:
6479:
6361:
6339:
6320:
6255:
6211:
6165:
6143:
6129:
6114:
6051:
6036:
6000:
5985:
5971:
5940:
5868:
5853:
5845:
5829:
5814:
5792:
5777:
5769:
5754:
5739:
5714:
5699:
5684:
5663:
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is certainly his most extensive and important work, Shen Kuo wrote other books as well. In 1075, Shen Kuo wrote the
2821:(1439–1513), who pioneered the first Chinese bronze-type movable printing in the year 1490. In 1718, during the mid
2263:
1661:
was a simple tube that dropped food into the stomach. Following Shen's reasoning and correcting the findings of the
1235:
in a fixed residence for the next six years. However, as he was isolated from governance, he decided to pick up the
301:
8031:
7976:
7961:
7951:
7866:
7455:
6803:
6693:
6198:
Sarkar, Tapan K., Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta. (2006). "Development of the Theory of Light," in
6083:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics
3538:
2625:. His colleague Wei Pu realized that the old calculation technique for the mean Sun was inaccurate compared to the
2338:
2286:
2034:, determined by his measurement between the pole star and true north; however, it could also have been inspired by
1306:
740:
107:
1605:') of similar height, but not of his design. From Shen's quotation—or perhaps Shen's own paraphrasing of Yu Hao's
1477:, as well as the proper selection, preparation, and administration of drugs. He held great concern for detail and
8076:
8071:
8066:
7981:
7926:
7881:
7871:
7851:
7826:
7801:
7791:
682:
6158:
Carpentry & Building in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Fifteenth Century Carpenter's Manual Lu Ban Jing
6020:
Lian, Xianda. "The Old Drunkard Who Finds Joy in His Own Joy -Elitist Ideas in Ouyang Xiu's Informal Writings,"
6013:
Li, Chu-Tsing. "A Thousand Peaks and Myriad Ravines: Chinese Paintings in the Charles A. Drenowatz Collection,"
2527:
featured Shen's corrected position of the pole star (halfway between Tian shu, at −350 degrees, and the current
8111:
8081:
7991:
7921:
7901:
7891:
7886:
7861:
6535:
2887:
2092:
2063:
1550:
786:
705:
458:
5491:
8101:
8021:
7906:
7841:
7806:
7341:
6639:
6530:
5476:
The Yuhang District of Hangzhou Cultural Broadcasting Press and Publications Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-05-06.
2305:
stratum of a mountain hundreds of miles from the ocean. He inferred that the land was reshaped and formed by
2117:
1439:(202 BC – 220 AD) showing artificial mountains as lid decorations may have influenced the development of the
1341:
Shen Kuo wrote extensively on a wide range of different subjects. His written work included two geographical
1076:(1021–1086), who was the leader of the political faction of Reformers, also known as the New Policies Group (
527:
3065:, who Shen praised for his ability to portray landscapes and natural scenery in a grand but realistic style.
2506:
clock. For the clepsydra he designed a new overflow-tank type, and argued for a more efficient higher-order
1082:, Xin Fa). Shen Kuo had a previous history with Wang Anshi, since it was Wang who had composed the funerary
8051:
7996:
7941:
7856:
7831:
6839:
6508:
6472:
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and ink makers using pine soot in the production process, so he suggested for the latter an alternative of
2370:, whose groundbreaking work was published in 1802 (considered the foundation of modern geology). Historian
1953:
1460:
1180:
of the Western Xia, in 1080 Shen Kuo was entrusted as a military officer in defense of Yanzhou (modern-day
850:
6090:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1: Paper and Printing
2844:
Despite these advances, movable type printing never gained the amount of widespread use in East Asia that
2518:
indefinitely. This came about due to the position of the pole star shifting in position since the time of
2341:. Around the year 1080, Shen Kuo noted that a landslide on the bank of a large river near Yanzhou (modern
2231:
had wiped out mankind several times in the past, but never wrote of land formation or shifting seashores.
1417:
incense burner, showing artificial mountains as a lid decoration, which may have influenced the invention.
875:
figure serving in official posts on the provincial level; his mother was from a family of equal status in
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7966:
7936:
7836:
7300:
6831:
6827:
6753:
6725:
6504:
3550:
3525:
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2907:
1217:, painted in 1207; Shen Kuo not only listed literati painting as one of his cherished pastimes, but also
1156:
817:
59:
6666:
2163:
right-angle triangles to measure height. Needham asserts Shen had discovered the survey device known as
8106:
8036:
7911:
7579:
6715:
6525:
3025:
2622:
2156:
2072:
1947:
119:
6069:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
1977:
7811:
6587:
6437:
5536:
2709:. Although the use of assembling individual characters to compose a piece of text had its origins in
2236:
1426:
1046:
2770:(fl. 1290–1333), who wrote the valuable agricultural, scientific, and technological treatise of the
53:
7163:
6918:
6572:
6540:
5874:
Hargett, James M. "Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279),"
1054:
985:
1112:
bluffs point for point, while the Song reestablished their rightful border line. In regard to the
8016:
7425:
7194:
6769:
6602:
6006:
Li, Chu-Tsing. "The Autumn Colors on the Ch'iao and Hua Mountains: A Landscape by Chao Meng-Fu,"
3094:
2691:
2519:
2212:
1782:+ 2v/d. Restivo writes that Shen's work in the lengths of arcs of circles provided the basis for
1109:
5654:, (missing title). (2002). In Chan, Alan Kam-leung and Gregory K. Clancey, Hui-Chieh Loy (eds.)
5641:
A Summation Algorithm from 11th Century China. Possible Relations Between Structure and Argument
8026:
7019:
6567:
5601:, 223–290. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2434:
2096:
2067:
1957:
1783:
1635:
The Chinese had long taken an interest in examining the human body. For example, in 16 AD, the
1389:, and he has been compared by Sivin to polymaths such as his Song dynasty Chinese contemporary
785:
while inspecting borderlands. His description of an ancient crossbow mechanism he unearthed as
616:
237:
111:
6459:
6104:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany
5597:
Bielenstein, Hans. (1986). "Wang Mang, the Restoration of the Han Dynasty, and Later Han," in
3614:
2382:(1792–1871), who was inspired to become a geologist after observing a providential landslide.
1739:, Shen Kuo mastered many practical mathematical problems, including many complex formulas for
1041:
inspector of Zhejiang in 1073, the Emperor requested that Shen pay a visit to the famous poet
8001:
7549:
6788:
6076:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 1, Physics
3426:. The Hangzhou Municipal Committee completed a restoration of Shen's tomb in September 2001.
3354:
3003:
2805:, by the mid 13th century), and was widely applied in China by at least the 16th century. In
1896:
1869:
1444:
1422:
1254:
that would indicate his intellectual level and cultural taste to others. As described in his
1140:
993:
902:
305:
233:
2890:. While visiting the iron-producing district at Cizhou in 1075, Shen described the "partial
2590:
7736:
7731:
7435:
6924:
6644:
6433:
3191:
2767:
2734:
2031:
1877:
1709:
1088:
732:
674:
666:
5881:
Hartman, Charles. "Poetry and Politics in 1079: The Crow Terrace Poetry Case of Su Shih,"
5732:
China's Major Mysteries: Paranormal Phenomena and the Unexplained in the People's Republic
8:
7474:
7314:
6703:
6649:
3549:
For deforestation due to the Song dynasty iron industry and efforts to curb it, refer to
2751:) printed in 1193 using the method of baked-clay movable type characters outlined in the
2485:'s horological and astronomical treatise, featuring Shen Kuo's corrected position of the
2362:
2267:
2113:
1696:
1353:, governmental administration, mathematical astronomy, astronomical instruments, martial
1282:
1278:
1218:
1128:
that he was familiar with the key players (on the Vietnamese side) in the prelude to the
1021:, a military commander, a director of hydraulic works, and the leading chancellor of the
1010:
857:
in 1249; Shen grew ill often as a child, and so developed an interest in medicinal cures.
670:
624:
596:
209:
5723:. "The Discovery of Marine Transgressions and the Explanation of Fossils in Antiquity,"
5599:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220
3283:('horse-tail barbarian stringed instrument' or 'horse-tail fiddle') of the northwestern
1163:
to lessen the expense of upholding a million soldiers, putting government monopolies on
1117:
7701:
7617:
7450:
7410:
6617:
6612:
5906:
5575:
Barnhart, Richard. "Marriage of the Lord of the River: A Lost Landscape by Tung Yüan,"
3074:
2985:
had struck a house and all the wooden walls did not burn (but simply turned black) and
2939:
2918:, "rock oil" as Shen called it) to invent a new, more durable type of writing ink; the
2865:
2845:
2834:
2683:
2423:
2415:
2379:
2247:; in a written dialogue by Ge, Ma Gu described how what was once the Eastern Sea (i.e.
2192:
2105:
2059:
1764:
1312:
In the 1070s, Shen had purchased a lavish garden estate on the outskirts of modern-day
954:
906:
854:
494:
486:
293:
6206:, Magdalena Salazar-Palma, and Dipak L. Sengupta. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
5562:
Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period
2095:
pursuits, although for rather different reasons than why Shen Kuo held an interest in
841:
513:
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7489:
7329:
7324:
7261:
6798:
6622:
6607:
6597:
6592:
6552:
6449:
6371:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. According to Sivin (1995), III, 49—historian
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6335:
6316:
6281:
6251:
6207:
6185:
6161:
6139:
6125:
6110:
6047:
6032:
5996:
5981:
5967:
5936:
5910:
5864:
5849:
5825:
5810:
5788:
5773:
5765:
5750:
5735:
5710:
5695:
5680:
5659:
5620:
5602:
5587:
5565:
5516:
4973:
3620:
3378:
3263:
3127:
3105:
Much of Shen Kuo's written work was probably purged under the leadership of minister
2468:
2357:
2314:
2188:
1935:
1818:
1597:
970), the latter's work would have been lost to history. Yu designed a famous wooden
1582:
1470:
1440:
1398:
1394:
1354:
1323:
1164:
782:
635:
615:
in the Song court, Assistant Minister of Imperial Hospitality, and also served as an
612:
600:
421:
413:
127:
6369:
Isis: The History of Science Society: Ancient Chinese Sulfur Manufacturing Processes
2406:
had a long tradition in China before Shen Kuo. For example, the Han dynasty scholar
7677:
7665:
7629:
7593:
7400:
7334:
6881:
6849:
6632:
6627:
6203:
6177:
5898:
3386:
3011:
2899:
2895:
2813:, wealthy Ming era families sponsored the use of metal type printing (mostly using
2618:
2606:
2499:
2346:
2282:
2164:
2116:
approach to archaeology and practiced such an approach himself through his work in
2109:
1891:(965–1039) further experimented with camera obscura and was the first to attribute
1286:
1026:
942:
790:
697:
658:
608:
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378:
355:
5636:
2930:, and superior to that made from pinewood lamp-black," or the soot from pinewood.
2132:
and the ancients' production of swords with composite blades that had a midrib of
1095:. He gained further reputation at court once he was dispatched as an envoy to the
7653:
7067:
6654:
6557:
6517:
6304:
Stock, Jonathan. "A Historical Account of the Chinese Two-Stringed Fiddle Erhu,"
6248:
Transformation and Tradition in the Sciences: Essays in Honor of I. Bernard Cohen
5840:, (missing title). (1986). in Fraser, Julius Thomas and Francis C. Haber (eds.).
5523:
5498:
5473:
2894:" method of reforging cast iron under a cold blast, which Hartwell, Needham, and
2891:
2853:
2830:
2710:
2375:
2293:
It was Shen Kuo who formulated a hypothesis about the process of land formation (
2255:
grew, and would one day be filled with mountains and dry, dusty lands. The later
2172:
2137:
2039:
1830:
1474:
798:
185:
24:
3208:). Around the year 1126 it was combined with a similar collection by the famous
2766:
and Neo-Confucian texts by using what he termed the "movable type of Shen Kuo".
2297:) based upon several observations as evidence. This included his observation of
1250:
In his more idle years removed from court affairs, Shen Kuo enjoyed pastimes of
880:
340:
7713:
7387:
7037:
6758:
6720:
6445:
6330:, (missing title). (2004). In Tao, Jie, Zheng Bijun and Shirley L. Mow. (eds.)
6243:
6181:
6057:
5798:
5720:
5466:
3483:
3362:
2861:
2725:
2641:
paths of planets and variations of planetary speeds to points in the tips of a
2451:
2446:
2371:
2256:
2248:
2221:
2204:
2125:
1962:
1931:
1909:
1888:
1873:
1853:
1744:
1729:
1598:
1382:
1374:
1298:
1251:
1022:
872:
809:
767:
763:
759:
721:
399:
346:
315:
197:
173:
123:
5902:
5824:(2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
5644:
2514:, Shen Kuo widened its diameter so that the new calibration could observe the
2426:
until their observation in China during the first decade of the 20th century.
1983:
808:, yet much of the writing in his other books has not survived. Some of Shen's
619:. At court his political allegiance was to the Reformist faction known as the
7725:
7641:
7466:
7460:
7445:
7267:
7255:
6735:
6730:
6222:
5951:, (missing title), (1993). in Hymes, Robert P. and Conrad Schirokauer (eds.)
5924:
Hsu, Mei-ling. "Chinese Marine Cartography: Sea Charts of Pre-Modern China,"
3458:
3358:
2903:
2833:
instead of earthenware. There was also Zhai Jinsheng (b. 1784), a teacher of
2779:
2678:
2543:
2539:
2507:
2294:
2252:
2196:
2155:
of the ancient Zhuwei Tomb, Shen stated that the reliefs demonstrate genuine
2144:
2080:
2076:
1923:
1913:
1857:
1791:
1713:
1615:
1532:
1409:
1358:
1302:
1190:
1177:
1096:
1000:, Shen's brilliance and dutiful character caught the attention of Zhang Chu (
961:
717:
566:
289:
217:
205:
201:
103:
5978:
The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook
2989:
inside were fine, yet metal objects had melted into liquid, Shen Kuo wrote:
1113:
7689:
7605:
7561:
7440:
7415:
7249:
7200:
7049:
6941:
6896:
6891:
6763:
6495:
6421:
was created from a revision of this article dated 28 October 2007
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3161:
2919:
2849:
2822:
2795:
2760:
2730:
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2614:
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China at the time. Even Shen's political rival and contemporary astronomer
2367:
2306:
2271:
2244:
2133:
2100:
1927:
1905:
1787:
1748:
1483:
1466:
1386:
1240:
1214:
1144:
1018:
933:
825:
771:
728:
592:
503:
385:
221:
213:
181:
77:
20:
6250:, 531–555, ed. Everett Mendelsohn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3414:, at the foot of the Taiping Hill. His tomb was eventually destroyed, yet
3057:
1601:
that burned down in 1044 and was replaced in 1049 by a brick pagoda (the '
1526:
1239:
and dedicate himself to intensive scholarly studies. After completing two
7555:
7512:
7405:
7395:
7357:
7346:
7236:
7212:
7086:
7055:
6959:
6886:
6844:
6313:
The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China
5953:
Ordering the World: Approaches to State and Society in Sung Dynasty China
5802:
5668:
Cherniack, Susan. "Book Culture and Textual Transmission in Sung China,"
3188:
The Oblatory Epoch astronomical system of the Splendid Peace reign period
3165:
3041:
2986:
2775:
2756:
2634:
2583:
2503:
2438:
2411:
2403:
2277:
2088:
2022:. He wrote that steel needles were magnetized once they were rubbed with
1988:
1892:
1834:
1736:
1636:
1602:
1436:
1414:
1290:
1148:
1014:
709:
573:
297:
281:
257:
253:
249:
245:
177:
165:
7648:
6290:
Stanley-Baker, Joan. "The Development of Brush-Modes in Sung and Yüan,"
5692:
A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD)
4393:
4391:
4389:
2414:. However, Shen made some observations that were not found elsewhere in
2366:. Furthermore, Shen's theory of sedimentary deposition predated that of
1522:
for canals, invented in China in the 10th century and described by Shen.
7351:
7308:
7206:
7169:
7139:
7133:
7110:
7092:
7001:
6989:
6965:
6244:
Why the Scientific Revolution Did Not Take Place in China—Or Didn't It?
5964:
Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology
5612:
3284:
3160:, whose pharmaceutical work was combined with Shen Kuo's in 1126, in a
3070:
3032:
at night, and was previously described by local inhabitants of eastern
3014:
3007:
2977:
2969:
2923:
2787:
metal movable type would be used in China, Wang Zhen experimented with
2626:
2603:
2599:
2579:
2571:
2559:
2437:"is basically in accord with modern scientific principles." In Europe,
2407:
2302:
2217:
2019:
2015:
1976:) recorded that fish-shaped objects cut from sheet iron, magnetized by
1826:
1717:
1662:
1558:
1554:
1519:
1495:
1378:
1092:
1073:
1065:
925:
813:
755:
713:
673:, with experimentation of suspended magnetic needles and "the improved
662:
627:
437:
430:
285:
241:
229:
193:
189:
115:
7708:
6464:
6062:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations
5709:. Translated by Wang Pingxing. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.
5656:
Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine
2690:
Shen Kuo wrote that during the Qingli reign period (1041–1048), under
2147:
steel. Being a knowledgeable musician, Shen also suggested suspending
1205:
685:(evidence of German sundials made circa 1450 show markings similar to
7376:
7285:
7230:
7224:
7145:
7013:
7007:
6995:
6983:
6977:
6901:
6864:
6854:
5007:
4933:
4386:
4365:
4363:
3082:
3062:
2982:
2911:
2826:
2563:
2555:
2515:
2486:
2473:
2429:
Shen gave reasoning (earlier proposed by Sun Sikong, 1015–1076) that
2342:
2207:
2148:
2035:
2023:
2000:
1992:
1838:
1810:
1658:
1640:
1587:
1478:
1350:
1313:
1236:
1232:
1181:
1172:
921:
794:
744:
686:
678:
451:
269:
161:
131:
91:
5745:
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, and James B. Palais (2006).
5584:
Rationality in Question: On Eastern and Western Views of Rationality
5262:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4432:
3776:
2402:
Early speculation and hypothesis pertaining to what is now known as
816:
and the supernatural, the latter including his vivid description of
7525:
7506:
7430:
7319:
7279:
7151:
7127:
7104:
7061:
7043:
6869:
5501:
The Zhenjiang municipal government office. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
5166:
4470:
4468:
4132:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4116:
3454:
3411:
3267:
3106:
3086:
3029:
2877:
2857:
2763:
2718:
2706:
2699:
2630:
2567:
2551:
2532:
2478:
2456:
2331:
2322:
2183:
2168:
2129:
2008:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1740:
1705:
1701:
1678:
1666:
1503:
1370:
1362:
1101:
1050:
1013:
for the central government, Shen Kuo was also an ambassador to the
997:
980:
862:
778:
774:
657:, which would be used for navigation (first described in Europe by
604:
588:
472:
157:
73:
5917:
Henderson, John B. "Ch'ing Scholars' Views of Western Astronomy,"
4360:
3332:
2794:
By the 15th century, metal movable type printing was developed in
2349:
in medieval China did not develop into an established discipline.
2091:
pursuits of collecting old artworks. They were also interested in
1837:, Shen described Yi Xing's calculation of possible positions on a
7543:
7531:
7420:
7175:
6953:
6947:
6874:
6859:
6582:
6562:
5564:, 191–226. Edited by Don J. Wyatt. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
5052:
5043:
5034:
5025:
5016:
4998:
4982:
4908:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
3599:
3597:
3450:
3394:
3390:
3037:
2999:
2963:
2949:
2927:
2818:
2806:
2695:
2655:
2595:
2528:
2524:
2482:
2430:
2419:
2395:
2390:
2318:
2240:
2011:
2007:
However, it was not until the time of Shen Kuo that the earliest
1996:
1901:
1822:
1814:
1752:
1724:
1674:
1670:
1644:
1594:
1541:
1540:
The writing of Shen Kuo is the only source for the date when the
1499:
1491:
1390:
1317:
1305:. These nine activities were an extension to the older so-called
1294:
1194:
1185:
1168:
1160:
1121:
1083:
913:
751:
654:
510:
273:
265:
169:
7636:
6332:
Holding Up Half the Sky: Chinese Women Past, Present, and Future
4465:
4423:
4139:
4127:
4113:
4086:
4077:
4068:
4013:
4011:
3933:
3081:" in portraying buildings and the like. He praised the works of
3006:, Shen Kuo also wrote extensively on the topics of supernatural
2961:
partial understandings. Shen Kuo referred to the ancient Daoist
595:(960–1279). Shen was a master in many fields of study including
29:
7157:
7098:
7080:
7031:
7025:
6971:
6278:
Heritage of China: Contemporary Perspectives on Chinese History
4400:
3495:
3407:
3209:
3157:
3046:
2957:
2880:
2871:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2650:
2642:
2547:
2495:
2353:
2298:
2259:
2224:
2152:
1884:
1861:
1648:
1590:
1545:
1487:
1448:
1042:
1030:
965:
917:
876:
821:
820:
from eyewitness testimony. He also wrote commentary on ancient
747:
724:
701:
693:
261:
225:
5526:
The Zhenjiang Foreign Experts Bureau. Retrieved on 2007-05-07.
4793:
4775:
3924:
3594:
3287:
nomads as a metaphor for prisoners-of-war led by Song troops:
2682:, the oldest known printed book in world history (868), using
2672:
677:
determined by Shen's measurement of the distance between the
653:) of 1088, Shen was the first to describe the magnetic needle
7218:
7188:
6263:
Science and Medicine in Imperial China—The State of the Field
4590:
4199:
4029:
4008:
3419:
3279:
3033:
2973:
2838:
2802:
2783:
2638:
2326:
2232:
2228:
2140:
1514:
1346:
1342:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1243:
1210:
1105:
1060:
969:
950:
938:
532:
518:
6122:
Geological Sciences; Geology: Landforms, Minerals, and Rocks
5933:
The Rise of Early Modern Science: Islam, China, and the West
4670:
4668:
4666:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4538:
4536:
4534:
3799:
3797:
2418:. For instance, Shen was the first in East Asia to describe
1960:, which did not employ magnetism, as a compass. In 1044 the
1435:
Joseph Needham suggests that certain pottery vessels of the
1431:
Science and technology of the Han dynasty § Cartography
1135:
7273:
6354:
RoutledgeCurzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism: Volume 2, O–Z
3423:
3393:(fl. 12th century). In regard to an overarching concept of
2582:
in the 17th century. When the Director of the Astronomical
2455:(1021), also discussed atmospheric refraction in regard to
2310:
1881:
1865:
1774:
subtending the arc, the length of which he approximated as
1623:) of 1103. Klaas Ruitenbeek states that the version of the
958:
946:
895:) the military doctrines of her own elder brother Xu Dong (
736:
135:
7684:
6136:
Mathematics in Society and History: Sociological Inquiries
5331:
5190:
5136:
4766:
4757:
3858:
2151:
by using a hollow handle. In his assessment of the carved
2120:, optics, and geometry in the study of ancient measures."
1580:
If it were not for Shen Kuo's analysis and quoting in his
4663:
4643:
4613:
4545:
4531:
4342:
4235:
4226:
3794:
3302:
Do not bend the bow to shoot the goose within the clouds,
3152:
3093:, Shen praised the creative artworks of the Tang painter
2791:
metal movable type, but found its use to be inefficient.
2788:
2274:
while observing rock formations at the mouths of rivers.
1570:
1562:
1530:
Five bracket arm bases and two cantilever arms, from the
1502:
found in China. For example, Shen noted that the mineral
1366:
1275:
1258:, Shen Kuo enjoyed the company of the "nine guests" (九客,
1072:
At court Shen was a political favorite of the Chancellor
491:
477:
463:
139:
6202:, 20–28. Edited by Tapan K. Sarkar, Robert J. Mailloux,
4880:
4878:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4498:
4217:
4208:
3089:
style of painting. In his "Song on Painting" and in his
2339:
climate there must have shifted geographically over time
442:
6149:
Rudolph, R.C. "Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology,"
5960:
A Critique of ‘Zhang Heng’s Theory of a Spherical Earth
5807:
Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching
5235:
4061:
4059:
2998:
In his commentary on the ancient Confucian philosopher
2546:
had been observed in the 4th century BC by astronomers
1653:
1574:
1566:
905:
and enter the challenging and sophisticated life of an
5677:
Drawing Boundaries: Architectural Images in Qing China
4868:
4866:
4864:
3616:
China: The World's Oldest Living Civilization Revealed
2733:
characters arranged primarily by rhyming scheme, from
2398:
were caused by sunlight passing through rain droplets.
1155:
Although much of Wang Anshi's reforms outlined in the
770:
and that of the pinhole. Shen wrote extensively about
611:, governmental state inspector, head official for the
7577:
6174:
Ideals and Realities — Selected Essays of Abdus Salam
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5324:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5271:
5118:
4875:
4836:
4834:
4784:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4700:
4698:
4495:
4458:
4456:
4153:
4151:
2926:(1518–1593) wrote that Shen's ink was "lustrous like
2087:
Many of Shen Kuo's contemporaries were interested in
1651:
was the beginning of a system that distributed vital
916:
province and finally to the international seaport at
797:
tool which wasn't known in Europe until described by
418:
404:
390:
6311:
Sung, Tz’u, translated by Brian E. McKnight (1981).
6239:. Brookfield, Vermont: VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing.
6237:
Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections
6221:, (Volume 1, Issue 2, 2012): 63–86. ISSN 2212-6821.
5747:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
4892:
4890:
4852:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4554:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4297:
4056:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3701:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
1963:
Collection of the Most Important Military Techniques
1171:
production and distribution in 1076 (to ensure that
929:
natural curiosity about medicine and pharmaceutics.
5734:. San Francisco: China Books and Periodicals, Inc.
4861:
3951:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3785:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3521:
Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives
3406:Upon his death, Shen Kuo was interred in a tomb in
3336:A sketch of Shen Kuo by an anonymous artist of the
3077:(919–967) for failing to observe the principle of "
2287:
climates naturally shifted geographically over time
1506:was used to quickly erase writing errors on paper.
5631:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
5582:Biderman, Shlomo and Ben-Ami Scharfstein. (1989).
5515:The Zhenjiang Foreign Experts Bureau (June 2002).
5340:
5319:
5307:
5298:
5280:
5127:
4942:
4843:
4831:
4741:
4695:
4581:
4453:
4263:
4261:
4148:
4020:
3875:
3873:
3715:
3713:
3344:
2637:tradition, only Shen compared the side-section of
2598:'s book of 1092 showing the inner workings of his
2313:, after observing strange natural erosions of the
5809:. New York: An East Gate Book, M. E. Sharpe Inc.
5511:
5509:
5507:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5226:
5208:
5102:
5100:
5061:
4899:
4887:
4813:
4599:
4409:
4372:
4333:
4306:
4279:
4190:
4095:
4047:
3999:
3990:
3683:
1872:was perhaps the first to describe the concept of
1813:, and so forth. Shen once computed the amount of
7723:
6345:Wu, Kuang Ch'ing. "Ming Printing and Printers,"
5962:in Fan, Dainian and Cohen, Robert Sonné (eds.).
5842:Time, Science, and Society in China and the West
5785:The Silk Roads: Highways of Culture and Commerce
5486:
5484:
5482:
5411:
5367:
5358:
5181:
4951:
4822:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4522:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4165:
4163:
3960:
3891:
3882:
3806:
3756:
3740:
3722:
3654:
3079:seeing the small from the viewpoint of the large
2829:known as Xu Zhiding developed movable type with
2410:(27–97) accurately described the process of the
2309:of the mountains, uplift, and the deposition of
1930:(618–907), in regard to the inverted image of a
1825:(672–717), a Buddhist monk who applied an early
607:. In his career as a civil servant, he became a
6124:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing.
5145:
4707:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4446:
4444:
4258:
3974:
3972:
3870:
3710:
3401:
1657:from the air throughout the body, and that the
1377:. His scientific writings have been praised by
912:From about 1040 AD, Shen's family moved around
804:Shen Kuo wrote several other books besides the
5820:Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992).
5504:
5429:
5376:
5289:
5268:Chen Dengyuan, cited in Sivin (1995), III, 44.
5097:
4486:
4315:
3942:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3674:
3633:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
2167:, which was not described elsewhere until the
2038:beliefs and practices. The book of the author
964:method relied upon the effective operation of
6480:
6044:Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction
6022:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews
5993:The Natural Philosophy of Chu Hsi (1130–1200)
5883:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews
5876:Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews
5822:China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition
5479:
5420:
5154:
4967:
4725:
4288:
4244:
4160:
3647:
3645:
3351:Routledge Curzon Encyclopedia of Confucianism
3241:
3231:
3217:
3199:
3181:
2759:, once persuaded a disciple Yang Gu to print
2746:
2558:'s writing in the 1st century BC and that of
1967:
1469:, Shen wrote of the difficulties of adequate
1226:
1200:
1077:
1001:
988:(r. 1067–1085), a Song era portrait painting.
896:
890:
884:
866:
644:
360:
42:
6913:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
6280:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
6029:Forest and Land Management in Imperial China
4627:
4441:
3981:
3969:
3612:
3299:Its music sounding of complaint to the Khan.
2956:Shen Kuo was much in favor of philosophical
2876:Shen Kuo described the phenomena of natural
2872:Other achievements in science and technology
2774:, mentioned an alternative method of baking
2462:
1952:Since the time of the engineer and inventor
6315:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
5955:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
5645:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69407-6_8
4397:Sarkar, Salazar-Palma, Sengupta (2006), 21.
4270:
3842:
3578:
3224:Record of longings forgotten at Dream Brook
3020:In the "Strange Happenings" passage of the
2729:A revolving table typecase with individual
2617:hypotheses in explaining the variations of
739:. He also proposed a hypothesis of gradual
6487:
6473:
6223:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.002
6172:Salam, Abdus (1987). "Islam and Science".
6010:(Volume 21, 1965): 4–7, 9–85, 87, 89–109.
5762:The Cambridge Illustrated History of China
5461:
5459:
5457:
5013:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 205–206.
4939:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 202–203.
4438:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 249–250.
4330:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 473–475.
3782:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 230–231.
3642:
3606:
2422:, which were thought to exist only in the
2243:(284–364) wrote of the legendary immortal
2124:observed ancient weaponry, describing the
1941:
1337:Science and technology of the Song dynasty
865:) in the year 1031. His father Shen Zhou (
861:Shen Kuo was born in Qiantang (modern-day
339:
6138:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
5980:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
5966:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
5935:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5863:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5764:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5658:. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
2933:
2737:'s book of agriculture published in 1313.
2445:this discovery was remarkably original."
1747:, and chords and arcs problems employing
1330:
992:In 1063 Shen Kuo successfully passed the
957:. Shen Kuo noted that the success of the
661:in 1187). Shen discovered the concept of
7499:
6429:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
6412:
5888:
5619:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
5465:Yuhang Cultural Network (October 2003).
5115:Biderman & Scharfstein (1989), xvii.
5085:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 75–76.
4369:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 98–99.
4357:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 97–98.
3331:
3151:
3056:
2943:
2724:
2671:
2661:
2589:
2472:
2389:
2276:
2251:) had transformed into solid land where
2182:
2071:
1982:
1817:space required for battle formations in
1723:
1700:
1525:
1513:
1408:
1204:
1134:
1059:
979:
840:
6494:
6301:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
6274:Science and Medicine in Chinese History
5454:
2817:). This included the printing works of
1956:(c. 200–265), the Chinese had used the
871:; 978–1052) was a somewhat lower-class
689:' compasses in regard to declination).
7724:
7481:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
7406:Endless power transmitting chain drive
5679:. Manoa: University of Hawai'i Press.
5633:. New York: Columbia University Press.
5058:Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 1, 545.
5049:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 212.
5040:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 211.
5031:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 217.
5022:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 208.
5004:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 206.
4995:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 203.
4921:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 1, 201.
4474:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 279.
4429:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 252.
4205:Sivin (1995), III, 30–31, Footnote 27.
4136:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 352.
4124:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 3, 660.
4092:Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 1, 501.
4083:Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 1, 499.
4074:Needham (1986), Volume 6, Part 1, 475.
3939:Needham (1986), Volume 5, Part 7, 126.
3256:Collection of Shen Kua's Extant Poetry
3248:Collected Literary Works of Changxing
3147:
2374:likened Shen's account to that of the
1684:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
493:
420:
6468:
6269:, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Feb., 1988): 41–90.
6219:Journal of Marine and Island Cultures
6171:
6153:(Volume 22, Number 2, 1963): 169–177.
6031:. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc.
5921:(Volume 46, Number 1, 1986): 121–148.
4406:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 1, 98.
3603:Needham (1986), Volume 4, Part 2, 33.
3457:in 1964 and named it after Shen Kuo (
2755:. Yao Shu (1201–1278), an advisor to
2694:(1022–1063), an obscure commoner and
1673:(1186–1249) would promote the use of
855:printed with woodblock printing press
7957:Chinese scientific instrument makers
5749:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
5579:(Volume 27, 1970): 3–5, 7, 9, 11–60.
3619:. Thames & Hudson. p. 239.
3429:In addition to his tomb, Shen Kuo's
3305:The returning goose bears no letter.
3119:
2227:were evidence that massive periodic
2220:(570 BC–480 BC) wrote of how inland
1912:, he also noted that the image in a
1790:(1231–1316). He also simplified the
1509:
1404:
1029:alongside the work of his colleague
7767:11th-century Chinese mathematicians
6297:Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1997).
6294:(Volume 39, Number 1, 1977): 13–59.
5672:(Volume 54, Number 1, 1994): 5–125.
3073:, Shen criticized the paintings of
1864:had done in the 4th century BC, as
1427:History of cartography § China
1100:monarch at Mt. Yongan (near modern
758:. Although not the first to invent
13:
6399:
6347:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
5919:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
5670:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
4810:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 415–416.
4781:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 413–414.
4596:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 603–604.
4483:Fairbank & Goldman (1992), 33.
4035:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 579–580.
4017:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 580–581.
3563:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
3275:Sequel to Numerous Things Revealed
2668:History of typography in East Asia
2538:The astronomical phenomena of the
2394:Shen accurately hypothesized that
1919:Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang
1443:in China. The Han dynasty general
1266:, the older 17x17 line variant of
975:
836:
591:, scientist, and statesman of the
14:
8123:
7777:11th-century Chinese philosophers
6380:
6276:. (1990). in Ropp, Paul S. (ed.)
6046:. New York: Springer-Verlag Inc.
5861:A History of Chinese Civilization
5846:University of Massachusetts Press
3383:Concordance and Discordant Canons
1786:developed in the 13th century by
1616:Treatise on Architectural Methods
762:, Shen noted the relation of the
720:), based upon findings of inland
7757:11th-century Chinese astronomers
7707:
7695:
7683:
7671:
7659:
7647:
7635:
7623:
7611:
7599:
7587:
6665:
6411:
6231:(1995, first publication 1975).
5760:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley (1999).
5529:
5445:
5399:
5390:
5253:
5244:
5217:
5199:
5172:
5109:
5088:
5079:
5070:
4960:
4924:
4716:
4686:
4677:
3555:
3543:
3539:Architecture of the Song dynasty
3100:
3052:
2898:state is the predecessor of the
2143:while having two sharp edges of
1991:(202 BC–220 AD) ladle-and-basin
1876:, if not his Greek contemporary
1423:Raised-relief map § History
1307:Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar
1130:Sino-Vietnamese War of 1075–1077
52:
7787:11th-century Chinese scientists
7762:11th-century Chinese historians
5891:The Journal of Economic History
5553:
4966:Xu Yinong Moveable Type Books (
4572:
4563:
4477:
4351:
4324:
4181:
4172:
4104:
4038:
3915:
3531:
3512:
3500:
3355:the later traditional histories
3345:Praise, critique, and criticism
2848:had achieved since the Chinese
2110:aristocratic class of antiquity
2060:Song dynasty § Archaeology
1852:Shen Kuo experimented with the
1716:, from a book by mathematician
1454:
1252:the Chinese gentry and literati
716:hypothesis for land formation (
533:
519:
492:
478:
464:
443:
16:Chinese scientist and statesman
7817:Astronomical instrument makers
7772:11th-century Chinese musicians
6907:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
5490:Zhenjiang.gov (October 2006).
5337:Needham (1986), Volume 1, 137.
5241:Li (1965), 37–38, Footnote 98.
5196:Needham (1986), Volume 4, 115.
5142:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 482.
4790:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 227.
4772:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 411.
4763:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 278.
4683:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 468.
4674:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 604.
4660:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 614.
4624:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 618.
4551:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 573.
4542:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 574.
4348:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 139.
4241:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 109.
4232:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 145.
4145:Needham (1986), Volume 4, 141.
4044:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 580.
3803:Needham (1986), Volume 1, 135.
3488:
3476:
3260:Register of What Not to Forget
3024:, Shen offered accounts of an
2385:
2363:De veteribus et novis metallis
2317:and the Yandang Mountain near
2064:History of Chinese archaeology
2053:
1690:
1262:), a figure of speech for the
683:for another four hundred years
419:
405:
391:
361:
1:
7342:Southern Song dynasty coinage
6027:Menzies, Nicholas K. (1994).
5694:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill.
4223:Needham (1986), Volume 3, 39.
3464:
2856:, the vast amount of written
2352:The Song dynasty philosopher
2266:(973–1048) hypothesized that
2210:(384 BC–322 BC) wrote in his
1829:mechanism to a water-powered
907:exam-drafted state bureaucrat
879:, with her maiden name being
130:, fixing the position of the
8097:Song dynasty science writers
8012:Medieval Chinese geographers
8007:Mathematicians from Zhejiang
7917:Chinese mechanical engineers
7877:Chinese electrical engineers
6455:Shen Kuo at Chinaculture.org
6334:. New York: Feminist Press.
6267:The Journal of Asian Studies
6151:The Journal of Asian Studies
5787:. New York: Berghahn Books.
5727:, 1975, Volume 275: 692–707.
5690:Crespigny, Rafe de. (2007).
4214:Sung (1981), 12, 19, 20, 72.
3572:
3402:Burial and posthumous honors
2825:(1644–1912), the scholar of
2702:(990–1051) invented ceramic
1461:Traditional Chinese medicine
1225:The new Chancellor Cai Que (
1124:), Shen demonstrated in his
851:traditional Chinese medicine
88:1095 (aged 63–64)
7:
6754:Department of State Affairs
6156:Ruitenbeek, Klaas. (1996).
6099:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
6092:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
6085:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
6071:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
6064:. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
5878:(CLEAR) (July 1985): 67–93.
5783:Elisseeff, Vadime. (2000).
5725:American Journal of Science
5577:Artibus Asiae. Supplementum
3551:Economy of the Song dynasty
3526:History of the Song dynasty
3508:Society of the Song dynasty
3447:Purple Mountain Observatory
2613:Shen is also known for his
1805:, estimating requirements,
1728:An 18th-century diagram of
818:unidentified flying objects
60:Beijing Ancient Observatory
10:
8128:
8042:Philosophers from Zhejiang
7947:Chinese optical physicists
7782:11th-century Chinese poets
7752:11th-century cartographers
6716:Bureau of Military Affairs
6308:(Volume 46, 1993): 83–113.
6306:The Galpin Society Journal
6182:10.1142/9789814503204_0018
6120:Rafferty, John P. (2012).
6106:. Taipei, Caves Books Ltd.
6078:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
5928:(Volume 40, 1988): 96–112.
5707:Ancient Chinese Inventions
4578:Schottenhammer (2012), 72.
4303:Sivin (1995), III, 12, 14.
3561:From his biography in the
3295:followed the Han chariot,
3125:
3026:unidentified flying object
2981:describing an event where
2937:
2888:advancements in metallurgy
2665:
2466:
2178:
2057:
1999:, used by ancient Chinese
1948:List of Chinese inventions
1945:
1770:, and length of the chord
1694:
1630:
1458:
1420:
1334:
1201:Impeachment and later life
945:some one hundred thousand
743:, after observing ancient
18:
8087:Song dynasty philosophers
8057:Politicians from Hangzhou
7742:11th-century antiquarians
7367:
7299:
7120:
6934:
6826:
6779:
6744:
6674:
6663:
6588:Alliance Conducted at Sea
6578:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
6503:
6349:(February 1943): 203–260.
5903:10.1017/S0022050700061842
5885:(Volume 12, 1990): 15–44.
5859:Gernet, Jacques. (1996).
5539:. IAU Minor Planet Center
5277:Sivin (1995), III, 44–45.
5205:Stanley-Baker (1977), 23.
5187:Dong (2000), 70–71.
5124:Sivin (1995), III, 34–35.
4968:
4884:Sivin (1995), III, 18–19.
4692:Sivin (1995), III, p. 25.
4492:Ebrey et al. (2006), 163.
4321:Ebrey et al. (2006), 162.
4178:Ruitenbeek (1996), 26–27.
4065:Sivin (1995), III, 30–31.
3930:Ebrey et al. (2006), 164.
3707:Sivin (1995), III, 23–24.
3327:
3242:
3232:
3218:
3200:
3182:
2948:Ideas of the philosopher
2902:. Shen was worried about
2852:in the 9th century. With
2747:
2649:Along with his colleague
2481:published in 1092 AD for
2463:Astronomy and instruments
2191:, where Shen Kuo had his
2003:, but not for navigation.
1968:
1847:
1681:cases, as written in his
1227:
1078:
1047:Crow Terrace Poetry Trial
1002:
937:hydraulic drainage of an
897:
891:
885:
867:
645:
558:
544:
526:
509:
502:
485:
471:
457:
450:
436:
429:
412:
398:
384:
377:
372:
368:
354:
338:
334:
329:
321:
311:
153:
146:
99:
84:
66:
51:
43:
38:
8062:Scientists from Hangzhou
8047:Physicists from Zhejiang
7987:Historians from Zhejiang
7972:Economists from Zhejiang
7932:Chinese military writers
7897:Chinese geomorphologists
7847:Chinese antiques experts
7822:Biologists from Zhejiang
7797:11th-century geographers
7747:11th-century agronomists
6919:Four Great Books of Song
6242:Sivin, Nathan. (1984). "
6102:Needham, Joseph (1986).
6095:Needham, Joseph (1986).
6088:Needham, Joseph (1986).
6081:Needham, Joseph (1986).
6074:Needham, Joseph (1986).
6067:Needham, Joseph (1986).
6024:(Volume 23, 2001): 1–29.
5976:Katz, Victor J. (2007).
5629:Bowman, John S. (2000).
4858:Sivin (1995), II, 71–72.
4560:Desmond (1975), 692–707.
4187:Bielenstein (1986), 239.
4110:Cherniack (1994), 95–96.
3469:
2906:due to the needs of the
2717:When Bi Sheng died, his
2594:The original diagram of
2535:of his celestial atlas.
2270:was once covered by the
2157:Han dynasty era clothing
2099:. While Shen's educated
1833:. By using mathematical
1055:Emperor Shenzong of Song
986:Emperor Shenzong of Song
787:an amateur archaeologist
692:Alongside his colleague
8032:Musicians from Hangzhou
7977:Engineers from Zhejiang
7962:Chinese soil scientists
7952:Chinese pharmacologists
7867:Chinese civil engineers
6770:Secretariat-Chancellery
6367:Zhang, Yunming (1986).
6356:. New York: Routledge.
6352:Yao, Xinzhong. (2003).
5991:Kim, Yung Sik. (2000).
3957:Sivin (1995), III, 4–5.
3791:Steinhardt (1997), 316.
3524:section of the article
3206:Good medicinal formulas
3139:Dream Brook Brush Talks
2952:deeply influenced Shen.
2692:Emperor Renzong of Song
1942:Magnetic needle compass
1860:as the ancient Chinese
1586:of the writings of the
1209:Painting of a Buddhist
831:
8077:Song dynasty essayists
8072:Song dynasty diplomats
8067:Song dynasty Buddhists
7982:Generals from Zhejiang
7927:Chinese meteorologists
7882:Chinese encyclopedists
7872:Chinese climatologists
7852:Chinese archaeologists
7827:Chemists from Zhejiang
7802:11th-century inventors
7792:11th-century diplomats
7401:Early Bessemer process
7369:Science and technology
6568:Nong Zhigao rebellions
6407:
6387:Listen to this article
6160:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
6134:Restivo, Sal. (1992).
5931:Huff, Toby E. (2003).
5675:Chung, Anita. (2004).
5586:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
5355:Sivin (1995), III, 48.
5328:Sivin (1995), III, 47.
5316:Sivin (1995), III, 46.
5304:Sivin (1995), III, 45.
5286:Sivin (1995), III, 44.
5133:Sivin (1995), III, 35.
4948:Sivin (1995), III, 27.
4872:Henderson (1986), 128.
4849:Sivin (1995), III, 19.
4840:Sivin (1995), III, 16.
4754:Sivin (1995), III, 17.
4704:Sivin (1995), III, 24.
4610:Sivin (1995), III, 23.
4587:Salam (1984), 179–213.
4462:Elisseeff (2000), 296.
4420:Sivin (1995), III, 21.
4383:Sivin (1995), III, 34.
4339:Sivin (1995), III, 15.
4312:Sivin (1995), III, 14.
4196:Sivin (1995), III, 31.
4157:Ruitenbeek (1996), 26.
4101:Sivin (1995), III, 30.
4053:Sivin (1995), III, 29.
4026:Crespigny (2007), 659.
4005:Sivin (1995), III, 11.
3996:Sivin (1995), III, 10.
3698:Sivin (1995), III, 18.
3671:Sivin (1995), III, 22.
3375:
3341:
3314:
3169:
3066:
2996:
2953:
2934:Beliefs and philosophy
2886:Shen also wrote about
2798:China (and earlier in
2743:Notes of The Jade Hall
2738:
2723:
2687:
2610:
2490:
2435:atmospheric refraction
2399:
2290:
2200:
2084:
2068:History of archaeology
2004:
1958:south-pointing chariot
1784:spherical trigonometry
1735:In the broad field of
1732:
1721:
1537:
1523:
1418:
1331:Scholarly achievements
1222:
1152:
1069:
989:
858:
579:(now usually given as
238:Mechanical engineering
112:Atmospheric refraction
8112:Writers from Hangzhou
8082:Song dynasty generals
7992:History of navigation
7922:Chinese metallurgists
7902:Chinese geophysicists
7892:Chinese ethnographers
7887:Chinese entomologists
7862:Chinese cartographers
6789:Ministry of Personnel
6694:Imperial examinations
6406:
5705:Deng, Yinke. (2005).
4905:Sivin (1995), II, 72.
4896:Sivin (1995), II, 73.
4285:Katz (2007), 308–309.
3966:Sivin (1995), III, 8.
3921:Anderson (2008), 202.
3912:Sivin (1995), III, 7.
3888:Sivin (1995), III, 3.
3839:Sivin (1995), III, 9.
3773:Sivin (1995), III, 6.
3753:Sivin (1995), III, 5.
3737:Sivin (1995), III, 1.
3613:John Makeham (2008).
3371:
3335:
3289:
3155:
3060:
3004:Chinese classic texts
2991:
2947:
2938:Further information:
2728:
2715:
2675:
2662:Movable type printing
2593:
2476:
2467:Further information:
2393:
2360:in his book of 1546,
2280:
2186:
2171:Jewish mathematician
2075:
2058:Further information:
2032:astronomical meridian
1986:
1946:Further information:
1870:Warring States period
1727:
1704:
1695:Further information:
1529:
1517:
1459:Further information:
1421:Further information:
1412:
1335:Further information:
1208:
1141:Northern Song dynasty
1138:
1064:Portrait painting of
1063:
994:imperial examinations
983:
903:imperial examinations
844:
712:. Shen Kuo devised a
704:, sighting tube, and
587:(夢溪翁), was a Chinese
306:Public Administration
234:Hydraulic engineering
8102:Song dynasty Taoists
8022:Military strategists
7907:Chinese hydrologists
7842:Chinese antiquarians
7807:11th-century Taoists
6925:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
6699:Administrative units
6573:Song–Tibet relations
6548:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
6460:Shen Kuo at MacTutor
6438:More spoken articles
6176:. pp. 179–213.
6042:Mohn, Peter (2003).
5995:. DIANE Publishing.
5958:Jin, Zumeng. (1996)
5730:Dong, Paul. (2000).
5232:Barnhart (1970), 24.
5214:Barnhart (1970), 25.
5067:Hartwell (1966), 54.
4819:Jin (1996), 431–432.
4528:Rudolph (1963), 176.
3565:(New York 1970–1990)
2864:, first invented by
2604:mechanically rotated
2281:Bamboo and rocks by
2264:Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
2235:(222–285) a Chinese
2126:scaled sight devices
2044:Pingzhou Table Talks
1926:(d. 863) during the
1301:, conversation, and
1120:(in modern northern
968:gates of irrigation
667:magnetic declination
641:Dream Torrent Essays
58:Bust of Shen at the
8052:Poets from Zhejiang
7997:Hydraulic engineers
7942:Chinese naturalists
7857:Chinese art critics
7832:Chinese agronomists
7475:Forensic entomology
7436:Watertight bulkhead
7315:Joint-stock company
6809:Ministry of Justice
6794:Ministry of Revenue
6704:Sixteen Prefectures
6200:History of Wireless
5417:Gernet (1996), 338.
5373:Hargett (1985), 71.
5364:Hargett (1985), 67.
5259:Parker (1999), 175.
5178:Dong (2000), 69–70.
5076:Menzies (1994), 24.
4957:Wu (1943), 211–212.
4930:Gernet (1996), 335.
4828:Dong (2000), 71–72.
4569:Rafferty (2012), 9.
4267:Restivo (1992), 32.
3879:Hartman (1990), 22.
3719:Bowman (2000), 105.
3680:Embree (1997), 843.
3639:Bowman (2000), 599.
3156:Poet and statesman
3148:Other written works
3116:, written in 1956.
1759:given the diameter
1697:Chinese mathematics
1557:to replace the old
1486:. In the realms of
1279:Buddhist meditation
1219:Buddhist meditation
1009:In his career as a
706:invented a new type
617:academic chancellor
613:Bureau of Astronomy
210:Optical engineering
8092:Song dynasty poets
7967:Chinese zoologists
7937:Chinese geologists
7837:Chinese anatomists
7411:Astronomical clock
6618:Treaty of Shaoxing
6408:
5799:Embree, Ainslie T.
5522:2007-09-29 at the
5497:2007-07-07 at the
5472:2014-05-02 at the
5396:Stock (1993), 108.
5151:Ebrey (1999), 148.
5106:Sivin (1990), 170.
4713:Sivin (1984), 534.
3948:Zhang (1986), 489.
3342:
3214:Mengqi Wanghuai Lu
3178:Xining Fengyuan Li
3170:
3067:
2954:
2940:Chinese philosophy
2866:Johannes Gutenberg
2846:woodblock printing
2739:
2688:
2684:woodblock printing
2611:
2566:in shape ('like a
2491:
2424:Western hemisphere
2416:Chinese literature
2400:
2380:Roderick Murchison
2291:
2201:
2106:empirical evidence
2085:
2014:would be used for
2005:
1733:
1722:
1677:in order to solve
1538:
1524:
1419:
1349:with mathematical
1223:
1153:
1139:Boundaries of the
1070:
990:
984:Shen's confidant,
859:
687:Chinese geomancers
621:New Policies Group
349:Chinese characters
8107:Technical writers
8037:Optical engineers
7912:Chinese inventors
7575:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7490:Dream Pool Essays
7382:Gunpowder weapons
7295:
7294:
6822:
6821:
6814:Ministry of Works
6799:Ministry of Rites
6746:Three Departments
6583:Fang La rebellion
6563:Wang Ze rebellion
6450:Project Gutenberg
6446:Works by Kuo Shen
6404:
6299:Liao Architecture
6286:978-0-520-06440-9
6191:978-9971-5-0315-4
5625:978-0-8248-1334-5
5570:978-1-4039-6084-9
5451:Sivin (1988), 59.
5442:Huff (2003), 303.
5387:Stock (1993), 94.
5295:Bodde (1991), 86.
4294:Katz (2007), 309.
4255:Katz (2007), 308.
4169:Chung (2004), 19.
3626:978-0-500-25142-3
3494:Pronunciation in
3482:Pronunciation in
3453:discovered a new
3439:Dream Pool Essays
3379:scientific theory
3367:Dream Pool Essays
3174:Dream Pool Essays
3134:Dream Pool Essays
3128:Dream Pool Essays
3121:Dream Pool Essays
3091:Dream Pool Essays
3022:Dream Pool Essays
2753:Dream Pool Essays
2619:planetary motions
2469:Chinese astronomy
2358:Georgius Agricola
2315:Taihang Mountains
2189:Taihang Mountains
2114:interdisciplinary
2048:Dream Pool Essays
1936:Leonardo da Vinci
1819:military strategy
1710:Pascal's triangle
1625:Timberwork Manual
1607:Timberwork Manual
1583:Dream Pool Essays
1549:century engineer
1518:A side view of a
1510:Civil engineering
1441:raised-relief map
1405:Raised-relief map
1399:Mikhail Lomonosov
1395:Gottfried Leibniz
1355:defensive tactics
1324:Dream Pool Essays
1256:Dream Pool Essays
1126:Dream Pool Essays
1110:Emperor Daozong's
949:(400 km) of
806:Dream Pool Essays
783:raised-relief map
636:Dream Pool Essays
548:
547:
540:
539:
459:Yale Romanization
379:Standard Mandarin
325:
324:
278:Military strategy
148:Scientific career
128:Raised-relief map
8119:
7812:Agriculturalists
7712:
7711:
7700:
7699:
7698:
7688:
7687:
7676:
7675:
7674:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7652:
7651:
7640:
7639:
7628:
7627:
7626:
7616:
7615:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7592:
7591:
7590:
7583:
7521:
7518:
7497:
7496:
7245:
7244: 1174–1189
7242:
7184:
7183: 1050–1080
7181:
7076:
7075: 1111–1117
7073:
6932:
6931:
6882:Longquan celadon
6850:Five Great Kilns
6742:
6741:
6669:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6466:
6465:
6428:
6426:
6415:
6414:
6405:
6395:
6393:
6388:
6261:Sivin, Nathan. "
6204:Arthur A. Oliner
6195:
5914:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5533:
5527:
5513:
5502:
5488:
5477:
5463:
5452:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5427:
5426:Yao (2003), 545.
5424:
5418:
5415:
5409:
5408:(1986), 226–227.
5403:
5397:
5394:
5388:
5385:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5338:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5317:
5314:
5305:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5224:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5170:
5162:Guang Ming Daily
5158:
5152:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5134:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5107:
5104:
5095:
5094:Deng (2005), 36.
5092:
5086:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5059:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5041:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5014:
5011:
5005:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4980:
4971:
4970:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4906:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4885:
4882:
4873:
4870:
4859:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4829:
4826:
4820:
4817:
4811:
4808:
4791:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4773:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4739:
4738:Dong (2000), 72.
4736:
4723:
4722:Kim (2000), 171.
4720:
4714:
4711:
4705:
4702:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4661:
4658:
4641:
4638:
4625:
4622:
4611:
4608:
4597:
4594:
4588:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4463:
4460:
4451:
4450:Hsu (1988), 102.
4448:
4439:
4436:
4430:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4407:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4384:
4381:
4370:
4367:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4313:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4256:
4253:
4242:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4224:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4158:
4155:
4146:
4143:
4137:
4134:
4125:
4122:
4111:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4054:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4018:
4015:
4006:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3988:
3987:Lian (2001), 24.
3985:
3979:
3978:Lian (2001), 20.
3976:
3967:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3851:
3840:
3837:
3804:
3801:
3792:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3754:
3751:
3738:
3735:
3720:
3717:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3681:
3678:
3672:
3669:
3652:
3649:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3592:
3591:Yao (2003), 544.
3589:
3566:
3559:
3553:
3547:
3541:
3535:
3529:
3516:
3510:
3506:See the article
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3398:civil servant."
3310:
3266:to what type of
3264:traveler's guide
3245:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3221:
3220:
3203:
3202:
3185:
3184:
2900:Bessemer process
2750:
2749:
2607:armillary sphere
2531:) in the fourth
2500:armillary sphere
2477:One of the five
2347:paleoclimatology
2030:a more accurate
1971:
1970:
1393:, as well as to
1345:, a treatise on
1270:(known today as
1230:
1229:
1191:in these battles
1081:
1080:
1027:Chinese calendar
1011:scholar-official
1005:
1004:
900:
899:
894:
893:
888:
887:
870:
869:
698:armillary sphere
659:Alexander Neckam
648:
647:
609:finance minister
561:; 1031–1095) or
560:
536:
535:
522:
521:
498:
497:
496:
481:
480:
467:
466:
446:
445:
425:
424:
423:
408:
407:
394:
393:
370:
369:
364:
363:
343:
327:
326:
56:
46:
45:
36:
35:
8127:
8126:
8122:
8121:
8120:
8118:
8117:
8116:
7722:
7721:
7718:
7706:
7696:
7694:
7682:
7672:
7670:
7660:
7658:
7646:
7634:
7624:
7622:
7610:
7600:
7598:
7588:
7586:
7578:
7576:
7567:
7519:
7495:
7451:Horner's method
7363:
7291:
7243:
7195:Emperor Huizong
7182:
7116:
7074:
6930:
6818:
6804:Ministry of War
6775:
6740:
6670:
6661:
6640:Mongol conquest
6558:Chanyuan Treaty
6518:Chenqiao mutiny
6499:
6493:
6442:
6441:
6430:
6424:
6422:
6419:This audio file
6416:
6409:
6400:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6383:
6378:
6272:Sivin, Nathan.
6192:
6058:Needham, Joseph
5721:Desmond, Adrian
5556:
5551:
5542:
5540:
5537:"2027 Shen Guo"
5535:
5534:
5530:
5524:Wayback Machine
5514:
5505:
5499:Wayback Machine
5489:
5480:
5474:Wayback Machine
5467:Shen Kuo's Tomb
5464:
5455:
5450:
5446:
5441:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5416:
5412:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5377:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5341:
5336:
5332:
5327:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5267:
5263:
5258:
5254:
5250:Li (1974), 149.
5249:
5245:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5222:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5114:
5110:
5105:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5048:
5044:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4994:
4983:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4876:
4871:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4844:
4839:
4832:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4794:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4742:
4737:
4726:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4664:
4659:
4644:
4639:
4628:
4623:
4614:
4609:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4454:
4449:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4396:
4387:
4382:
4373:
4368:
4361:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4168:
4161:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4009:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3854:nn' (2004), 19.
3852:
3843:
3838:
3807:
3802:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3757:
3752:
3741:
3736:
3723:
3718:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3655:
3651:Mohn (2003), 1.
3650:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3590:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3569:
3560:
3556:
3548:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3517:
3513:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3404:
3347:
3330:
3311:
3308:
3150:
3130:
3124:
3103:
3055:
2942:
2936:
2922:pharmacologist
2892:decarburization
2874:
2854:written Chinese
2670:
2664:
2609:crowns the top.
2471:
2465:
2388:
2181:
2173:Levi ben Gerson
2149:an ancient bell
2070:
2056:
1995:south-pointing
1978:thermoremanence
1950:
1944:
1850:
1831:celestial globe
1699:
1693:
1633:
1512:
1463:
1457:
1433:
1407:
1339:
1333:
1299:chanting poetry
1203:
978:
976:Official career
943:which converted
839:
837:Birth and youth
834:
799:Levi ben Gerson
789:proved to be a
727:, knowledge of
350:
186:Medical science
95:
89:
80:
71:
62:
47:
41:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8125:
8115:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8017:Metaphysicians
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7717:
7716:
7704:
7692:
7680:
7668:
7656:
7644:
7632:
7620:
7608:
7596:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7559:
7553:
7547:
7541:
7535:
7529:
7523:
7520: 10th c.
7510:
7503:
7501:
7494:
7493:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7472:
7471:
7470:
7463:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7391:
7388:Wujing Zongyao
7384:
7373:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7317:
7312:
7305:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7283:
7277:
7271:
7265:
7259:
7253:
7247:
7234:
7228:
7222:
7216:
7210:
7204:
7198:
7192:
7186:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7137:
7131:
7124:
7122:
7118:
7117:
7115:
7114:
7108:
7102:
7096:
7090:
7084:
7078:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7038:Huang Tingjian
7035:
7029:
7023:
7017:
7011:
7005:
6999:
6993:
6987:
6981:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6938:
6936:
6929:
6928:
6921:
6916:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6847:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6824:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6781:Six Ministries
6777:
6776:
6774:
6773:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6750:
6748:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6721:Qingli Reforms
6718:
6713:
6708:
6707:
6706:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6678:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6544:
6543:
6541:Gaoliang River
6538:
6533:
6528:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6501:
6500:
6492:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6469:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6431:
6417:
6410:
6398:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:External links
6379:
6377:
6376:
6365:
6350:
6343:
6323:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6270:
6259:
6240:
6226:
6215:
6196:
6190:
6169:
6154:
6147:
6132:
6118:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6055:
6040:
6025:
6018:
6011:
6004:
5989:
5974:
5956:
5944:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5857:
5833:
5818:
5796:
5781:
5758:
5743:
5728:
5718:
5703:
5688:
5673:
5666:
5647:
5637:Bréard, Andrea
5634:
5627:
5610:
5595:
5580:
5573:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5528:
5503:
5478:
5453:
5444:
5428:
5419:
5410:
5398:
5389:
5375:
5366:
5357:
5339:
5330:
5318:
5306:
5297:
5288:
5279:
5270:
5261:
5252:
5243:
5234:
5225:
5223:Li (1965), 61.
5216:
5207:
5198:
5189:
5180:
5171:
5153:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5117:
5108:
5096:
5087:
5078:
5069:
5060:
5051:
5042:
5033:
5024:
5015:
5006:
4997:
4981:
4959:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4923:
4907:
4898:
4886:
4874:
4860:
4851:
4842:
4830:
4821:
4812:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4765:
4756:
4740:
4724:
4715:
4706:
4694:
4685:
4676:
4662:
4642:
4640:nn (2002), 15.
4626:
4612:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4562:
4553:
4544:
4530:
4521:
4494:
4485:
4476:
4464:
4452:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4408:
4399:
4385:
4371:
4359:
4350:
4341:
4332:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4296:
4287:
4278:
4276:Bréard (2008).
4269:
4257:
4243:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4207:
4198:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4159:
4147:
4138:
4126:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4055:
4046:
4037:
4028:
4019:
4007:
3998:
3989:
3980:
3968:
3959:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3914:
3890:
3881:
3869:
3857:
3841:
3805:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3755:
3739:
3721:
3709:
3700:
3682:
3673:
3653:
3641:
3632:
3625:
3605:
3593:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3554:
3542:
3537:For more, see
3530:
3511:
3499:
3487:
3484:Mainland China
3474:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3403:
3400:
3385:by the lawyer
3363:Jacques Gernet
3346:
3343:
3340:, 18th century
3329:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3149:
3146:
3126:Main article:
3123:
3118:
3102:
3099:
3061:A painting by
3054:
3051:
2935:
2932:
2873:
2870:
2862:printing press
2666:Main article:
2663:
2660:
2623:retrogradation
2464:
2461:
2452:Book of Optics
2447:Ibn al-Haytham
2387:
2384:
2372:Joseph Needham
2253:mulberry trees
2249:East China Sea
2180:
2177:
2093:archaeological
2055:
2052:
1974:Wujing Zongyao
1943:
1940:
1932:Chinese pagoda
1914:concave mirror
1889:Ibn al-Haytham
1874:camera obscura
1858:burning mirror
1854:pinhole camera
1849:
1846:
1745:circle packing
1730:camera obscura
1692:
1689:
1632:
1629:
1511:
1508:
1456:
1453:
1406:
1403:
1383:Joseph Needham
1359:fortifications
1332:
1329:
1264:Chinese zither
1202:
1199:
1023:Hanlin Academy
977:
974:
838:
835:
833:
830:
768:concave mirror
760:camera obscura
741:climate change
546:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:
530:
524:
523:
516:
507:
506:
500:
499:
489:
483:
482:
475:
469:
468:
461:
455:
454:
452:Yue: Cantonese
448:
447:
440:
434:
433:
427:
426:
416:
410:
409:
402:
396:
395:
388:
382:
381:
375:
374:
373:Transcriptions
366:
365:
358:
352:
351:
345:"Shen Kuo" in
344:
336:
335:
332:
331:
323:
322:
319:
318:
316:Hanlin Academy
313:
309:
308:
174:Antiquarianism
155:
151:
150:
144:
143:
124:Camera obscura
120:Retrogradation
108:Climate change
101:
100:Known for
97:
96:
90:
86:
82:
81:
72:
68:
64:
63:
57:
49:
48:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8124:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8027:Mineralogists
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7703:
7693:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7679:
7669:
7667:
7657:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7631:
7621:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7585:
7584:
7581:
7563:
7560:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7477:
7476:
7473:
7469:
7468:
7467:Yingzao Fashi
7464:
7462:
7461:Liaodi Pagoda
7459:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7446:Tianchi basin
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7390:
7389:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7298:
7287:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7269:
7268:Zhao Mengjian
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7256:Wuzhun Shifan
7254:
7251:
7248:
7238:
7235:
7232:
7229:
7226:
7223:
7220:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7109:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7069:
7066:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7033:
7030:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6927:
6926:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6771:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6737:
6736:Three Bureaus
6734:
6732:
6731:Baojia system
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6668:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6641:
6638:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6603:Huangtiandang
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6593:Jin–Song Wars
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6553:Song–Xia wars
6551:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6536:Southern Tang
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6497:
6490:
6485:
6483:
6478:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6420:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6363:
6362:0-7007-1199-6
6359:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6340:1-55861-465-6
6337:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6322:
6321:0-89264-800-7
6318:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6292:Artibus Asiae
6289:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6256:0-521-52485-7
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6229:Sivin, Nathan
6227:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6213:
6212:0-471-78301-3
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6193:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6167:
6166:90-04-10529-8
6163:
6159:
6155:
6152:
6148:
6145:
6144:1-4020-0039-1
6141:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6130:9781615305445
6127:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6115:0-7914-3909-7
6112:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6084:
6080:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6053:
6052:3-540-43183-7
6049:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6037:0-312-10254-2
6034:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6015:Artibus Asiae
6012:
6009:
6008:Artibus Asiae
6005:
6002:
6001:0-87169-235-X
5998:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5986:0-691-11485-4
5983:
5979:
5975:
5973:
5972:0-7923-3463-9
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5942:
5941:0-521-52994-8
5938:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5887:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:0-521-49781-7
5866:
5862:
5858:
5855:
5854:0-87023-495-1
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5831:
5830:0-674-01828-1
5827:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:1-56324-265-6
5812:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5797:
5794:
5793:1-57181-222-9
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5778:0-521-66991-X
5775:
5771:
5770:0-521-43519-6
5767:
5763:
5759:
5756:
5755:0-618-13384-4
5752:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5740:0-8351-2676-5
5737:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5715:7-5085-0837-8
5712:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5700:90-04-15605-4
5697:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5685:0-8248-2663-9
5682:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5665:
5664:9971-69-259-7
5661:
5657:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5628:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5607:0-521-24327-0
5604:
5600:
5596:
5593:
5592:90-04-09212-9
5589:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5558:
5538:
5532:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:Mengxi Garden
5512:
5510:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5448:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5423:
5414:
5407:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5370:
5361:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5334:
5325:
5323:
5313:
5311:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5274:
5265:
5256:
5247:
5238:
5229:
5220:
5211:
5202:
5193:
5184:
5175:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5148:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5112:
5103:
5101:
5091:
5082:
5073:
5064:
5055:
5046:
5037:
5028:
5019:
5010:
5001:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4979:
4978:7-80643-795-9
4975:
4963:
4954:
4945:
4936:
4927:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4881:
4879:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4835:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4760:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4719:
4710:
4701:
4699:
4689:
4680:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4593:
4584:
4575:
4566:
4557:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4525:
4518:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4489:
4480:
4471:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4447:
4445:
4435:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4403:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4366:
4364:
4354:
4345:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4309:
4300:
4291:
4282:
4273:
4264:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4238:
4229:
4220:
4211:
4202:
4193:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4142:
4133:
4131:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4107:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4060:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4023:
4014:
4012:
4002:
3993:
3984:
3975:
3973:
3963:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3885:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3800:
3798:
3788:
3779:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3677:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3648:
3646:
3636:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3577:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3518:Refer to the
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3462:
3460:
3459:2027 Shen Guo
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3339:
3334:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3194:known as the
3193:
3189:
3179:
3175:
3172:Although the
3167:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3101:Written works
3098:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3053:Art criticism
3050:
3048:
3043:
3040:. A man near
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2959:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:iron industry
2905:
2904:deforestation
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2719:fount of type
2714:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2679:Diamond Sutra
2674:
2669:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2544:lunar eclipse
2541:
2540:solar eclipse
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:sighting tube
2509:
2508:interpolation
2505:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:geomorphology
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2198:
2197:geomorphology
2194:
2190:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2165:Jacob's staff
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2081:Shang dynasty
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:Duan Chengshi
1921:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1908:. Along with
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1792:counting rods
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:Yingzao Fashi
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1534:
1533:Yingzao Fashi
1528:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1303:drinking wine
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
999:
995:
987:
982:
973:
971:
967:
963:
962:fertilization
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
882:
878:
874:
864:
856:
852:
848:
843:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
796:
792:
791:Jacob's staff
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
723:
719:
718:geomorphology
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
642:
638:
637:
631:
630:(1021–1085).
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
571:
568:
567:courtesy name
564:
556:
552:
543:
531:
529:
525:
517:
515:
512:
508:
505:
501:
495:
490:
488:
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397:
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359:
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353:
348:
342:
337:
333:
328:
320:
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Art criticism
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:Encyclopedism
215:
211:
207:
206:Sedimentology
203:
202:Geomorphology
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:, correcting
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
104:Geomorphology
102:
98:
94:, Song Empire
93:
87:
83:
79:
75:
69:
65:
61:
55:
50:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
8002:Magneticians
7719:
7562:Guo Shoujing
7537:
7488:
7479:
7465:
7456:Architecture
7441:Fishing reel
7416:Movable type
7386:
7356:
7250:Zhou Jichang
7201:Zhang Zeduan
7050:Zhou Bangyan
6942:Fan Zhongyan
6923:
6911:
6897:Yaozhou ware
6892:Qingbai ware
6726:New Policies
6531:Southern Han
6522:Unification
6496:Song dynasty
6373:Nathan Sivin
6368:
6353:
6346:
6331:
6325:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6291:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6247:
6236:
6232:
6218:
6199:
6173:
6157:
6150:
6135:
6121:
6103:
6096:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6068:
6061:
6043:
6028:
6021:
6014:
6007:
5992:
5977:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5946:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5894:
5890:
5882:
5875:
5860:
5841:
5835:
5821:
5806:
5784:
5780:(paperback).
5772:(hardback);
5761:
5746:
5731:
5724:
5706:
5691:
5676:
5669:
5655:
5649:
5640:
5630:
5616:
5598:
5583:
5576:
5561:
5554:Bibliography
5541:. Retrieved
5531:
5492:Talking Park
5447:
5422:
5413:
5405:
5401:
5392:
5369:
5360:
5333:
5300:
5291:
5282:
5273:
5264:
5255:
5246:
5237:
5228:
5219:
5210:
5201:
5192:
5183:
5174:
5161:
5156:
5147:
5138:
5129:
5120:
5111:
5090:
5081:
5072:
5063:
5054:
5045:
5036:
5027:
5018:
5009:
5000:
4962:
4953:
4944:
4935:
4926:
4901:
4854:
4845:
4824:
4815:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4759:
4718:
4709:
4688:
4679:
4592:
4583:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4547:
4524:
4519:(1986), 227.
4516:
4488:
4479:
4434:
4425:
4402:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4299:
4290:
4281:
4272:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4141:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4070:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4001:
3992:
3983:
3962:
3953:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3917:
3884:
3867:(1993), 109.
3864:
3860:
3853:
3787:
3778:
3703:
3676:
3635:
3615:
3608:
3562:
3557:
3545:
3533:
3519:
3514:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3444:
3438:
3435:Qing dynasty
3430:
3428:
3416:Ming dynasty
3410:District of
3405:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3350:
3348:
3338:Qing dynasty
3317:
3315:
3292:
3290:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3259:
3255:
3252:Ming dynasty
3247:
3238:Changxing Ji
3237:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3205:
3195:
3187:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3164:portrait by
3162:Yuan dynasty
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3120:
3113:
3111:
3104:
3090:
3078:
3068:
3042:Xingkai Lake
3036:and then in
3021:
3019:
2997:
2992:
2987:lacquerwares
2962:
2955:
2920:Ming dynasty
2915:
2885:
2875:
2850:Tang dynasty
2843:
2823:Qing dynasty
2796:Ming dynasty
2793:
2771:
2761:philological
2752:
2742:
2740:
2731:movable type
2716:
2704:movable type
2689:
2677:
2676:The Chinese
2648:
2627:apparent Sun
2621:, including
2615:cosmological
2612:
2576:Matteo Ricci
2537:
2492:
2450:
2443:
2428:
2401:
2368:James Hutton
2361:
2351:
2336:
2301:shells in a
2292:
2272:Indian Ocean
2211:
2203:The ancient
2202:
2187:View of the
2161:
2134:wrought iron
2122:
2086:
2047:
2043:
2028:
2006:
1973:
1961:
1951:
1928:Tang dynasty
1917:
1910:focal points
1906:waisted drum
1897:quantitative
1851:
1839:
1835:permutations
1800:
1788:Guo Shoujing
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1749:trigonometry
1734:
1714:rod numerals
1682:
1652:
1634:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1581:
1579:
1539:
1531:
1484:horticulture
1479:philological
1467:pharmacology
1464:
1455:Pharmacology
1434:
1387:Nathan Sivin
1340:
1322:
1311:
1291:tea drinking
1259:
1255:
1249:
1241:geographical
1224:
1215:Liu Songnian
1157:New Policies
1154:
1145:Liao dynasty
1125:
1071:
1039:
1035:
1019:Liao dynasty
1017:dynasty and
1008:
991:
931:
911:
860:
846:
805:
803:
777:invented by
772:movable type
729:soil erosion
691:
669:towards the
665:in terms of
651:Mengxi Bitan
650:
640:
634:
632:
623:, headed by
593:Song dynasty
584:
580:
576:
569:
562:
550:
549:
504:Southern Min
386:Hanyu Pinyin
312:Institutions
222:Geomagnetics
214:Soil science
182:Pharmacology
147:
28:
21:Chinese name
7737:1095 deaths
7732:1031 births
7702:Outer space
7618:Mathematics
7564:(1231–1316)
7558:(1202–1261)
7556:Qin Jiushao
7552:(1192-1279)
7546:(1186–1249)
7540:(1031–1095)
7534:(1020–1101)
7528:(1010–1070)
7513:Zhang Sixun
7358:Zhu Fan Zhi
7347:Champa rice
7311:(1021–1086)
7288:(1235–1305)
7282:(1222–1307)
7276:(1210–1269)
7270:(1199–1295)
7264:(1190–1230)
7258:(1178–1249)
7237:Lin Tinggui
7233:(1140–1210)
7227:(1120–1182)
7221:(1100–1197)
7215:(1096–1119)
7213:Wang Ximeng
7209:(1094-1172)
7203:(1085–1145)
7197:(1082–1135)
7191:(1051–1107)
7172:(1049–1106)
7166:(1036–1093)
7160:(1020–1090)
7154:(1019–1079)
7148:(1000–1064)
7113:(1170–1231)
7107:(1140–1207)
7101:(1130–1200)
7095:(1127–1206)
7089:(1126–1193)
7087:Fan Chengda
7083:(1125–1209)
7064:(1085–1144)
7058:(1084–1155)
7056:Li Qingzhao
7052:(1056–1121)
7046:(1047–1126)
7040:(1045–1105)
7034:(1039–1112)
7028:(1037–1101)
7022:(1033–1107)
7016:(1032–1085)
7010:(1022–1077)
7004:(1019–1086)
6998:(1019–1083)
6992:(1017–1073)
6986:(1012–1067)
6980:(1011–1077)
6974:(1009–1066)
6968:(1007–1072)
6962:(1002–1060)
6960:Mei Yaochen
6887:Cizhou ware
6764:Chancellery
6759:Secretariat
6687:Family tree
6645:Diaoyucheng
5926:Imago Mundi
5844:. Amherst:
5803:Carol Gluck
5613:Bodde, Derk
5169:in China.")
3361:sinologist
3293:mawei huqin
3285:Inner Asian
3280:mawei huqin
3166:Zhao Mengfu
3132:Shen Kuo's
3114:Brush Talks
2776:earthenware
2757:Kublai Khan
2635:Greco-Roman
2584:Observatory
2439:Roger Bacon
2412:water cycle
2404:meteorology
2386:Meteorology
2325:shells and
2237:Jin dynasty
2213:Meteorology
2145:high-carbon
2128:on ancient
2097:archaeology
2089:antiquarian
2054:Archaeology
1989:Han dynasty
1922:written by
1893:geometrical
1868:of China's
1737:mathematics
1691:Mathematics
1637:Xin dynasty
1603:Iron Pagoda
1482:matters of
1437:Han dynasty
1415:Han dynasty
1379:sinologists
1373:, and much
1283:calligraphy
1149:Western Xia
1015:Western Xia
953:into prime
764:focal point
710:water clock
597:mathematics
282:Ethnography
258:Cartography
254:Climatology
250:Meteorology
246:Metaphysics
178:Mathematics
166:Archaeology
78:Song Empire
25:family name
7726:Categories
7509:(972–1051)
7426:Pound lock
7352:Nanhai One
7309:Wang Anshi
7207:Su Hanchen
7170:Li Gonglin
7140:Zhao Chang
7136:(970–1053)
7134:Xu Daoning
7130:(960–1030)
7111:Zhao Rukuo
7093:Yang Wanli
7002:Sima Guang
6990:Zhou Dunyi
6966:Ouyang Xiu
6956:(998–1061)
6950:(991–1055)
6944:(989–1052)
6675:Government
6434:Audio help
6425:2007-10-28
5543:2018-10-01
3465:References
3420:glasswares
3196:Liang Fang
3071:art critic
3015:meditation
3008:divination
2978:Democritus
2970:Heraclitus
2924:Li Shizhen
2831:enamelware
2600:clocktower
2580:Xu Guangqi
2572:flat earth
2560:Zhang Heng
2408:Wang Chong
2378:scientist
2303:geological
2218:Xenophanes
2138:low-carbon
2118:metallurgy
2077:Bronzeware
2020:true north
2016:navigation
2001:geomancers
1887:scientist
1842:board game
1827:escapement
1718:Zhu Shijie
1708:triangle (
1663:dissection
1559:flash lock
1555:pound lock
1551:Qiao Weiyo
1520:pound lock
1496:mineralogy
1147:, and the
1114:Lý dynasty
1093:fertilizer
1089:Bian Canal
1074:Wang Anshi
1066:Wang Anshi
939:embankment
926:topography
814:divination
756:pound lock
733:deposition
731:, and the
714:geological
708:of inflow
671:north pole
663:true north
628:Wang Anshi
625:Chancellor
438:Suzhounese
400:Wade–Giles
294:Philosophy
286:Divination
242:Metallurgy
230:Hydraulics
194:Mineralogy
190:Entomology
116:True north
7678:Astronomy
7666:Geography
7630:Chemistry
7594:Biography
7500:Inventors
7377:Gunpowder
7286:Qian Xuan
7252:(12th c.)
7231:Liang Kai
7225:Zhao Boju
7164:Wang Shen
7146:Yi Yuanji
7142:(10th c.)
7014:Cheng Hao
7008:Zhang Zai
6996:Zeng Gong
6984:Cai Xiang
6978:Shao Yong
6902:Jian ware
6865:Guan ware
6855:Ding ware
6650:Xiangyang
6526:Later Shu
5911:154556274
5897:: 29–58.
3573:Citations
3192:formulary
3083:Dong Yuan
3063:Dong Yuan
2983:lightning
2912:petroleum
2768:Wang Zhen
2735:Wang Zhen
2711:antiquity
2698:known as
2564:spherical
2556:Jing Fang
2516:pole star
2504:clepsydra
2487:pole star
2479:star maps
2449:, in his
2420:tornadoes
2208:Aristotle
2169:Provençal
2130:crossbows
2101:Confucian
2079:from the
2036:geomantic
2024:lodestone
2012:compasses
1993:lodestone
1878:Aristotle
1811:metrology
1659:esophagus
1641:Wang Mang
1588:architect
1553:) of the
1471:diagnosis
1351:harmonics
1314:Zhenjiang
1237:ink brush
1233:probation
1173:gunpowder
1165:saltpetre
951:swampland
934:Confucian
922:judiciary
826:Confucian
801:in 1321.
795:surveying
745:petrified
679:pole star
574:pseudonym
572:(存中) and
406:Shen K'uo
270:Economics
162:Astronomy
132:pole star
7654:Politics
7538:Shen Kuo
7526:Jia Xian
7507:Bi Sheng
7431:Dry dock
7320:Banknote
7280:Gong Kai
7152:Wen Tong
7128:Fan Kuan
7121:Painters
7105:Xin Qiji
7062:Zhu Bian
7044:Cai Jing
7020:Cheng Yi
6870:Jun ware
6840:Religion
6711:Military
6682:Emperors
6613:Yancheng
6598:Jingkang
6509:Timeline
6436: ·
6233:Shen Kua
6060:(1986).
5805:(1997).
5639:(2008).
5615:(1991).
5520:Archived
5495:Archived
5470:Archived
5167:Yangzhou
3455:asteroid
3412:Hangzhou
3309:Shen Kuo
3307:—
3268:carriage
3107:Cai Jing
3095:Wang Wei
3087:Jiangnan
3075:Li Cheng
3030:Yangzhou
3012:Buddhist
2878:predator
2858:morpheme
2835:Jingxian
2772:Nong Shu
2707:printing
2700:Bi Sheng
2654:earlier
2631:epicycle
2568:crossbow
2552:Shi Shen
2533:star map
2457:twilight
2431:rainbows
2396:rainbows
2376:Scottish
2332:Jincheng
2262:scholar
2229:flooding
2193:epiphany
2009:magnetic
1809:issues,
1807:currency
1803:land tax
1796:Yang Hui
1741:geometry
1712:) using
1706:Yang Hui
1679:homicide
1667:forensic
1639:usurper
1573:/115000
1546:palatial
1536:of 1103.
1504:orpiment
1500:minerals
1381:such as
1371:medicine
1363:painting
1287:painting
1161:militias
1118:Đại Việt
1102:Pingquan
1051:Viscount
998:Yangzhou
955:farmland
941:system,
863:Hangzhou
779:Bi Sheng
775:printing
675:meridian
605:horology
589:polymath
570:Cunzhong
563:Shen Gua
551:Shen Kuo
534:Sím Kuat
520:Sím Koat
473:Jyutping
444:Sèn Kwæh
392:Shěn Kuò
330:Shen Kuo
302:Politics
158:Agronomy
74:Qiantang
40:Shen Kuo
19:In this
7714:Science
7580:Portals
7544:Song Ci
7532:Su Song
7421:Compass
7301:Economy
7262:Li Song
7176:Cui Bai
6954:Song Qi
6948:Yan Shu
6935:Writers
6875:Ru ware
6860:Ge ware
6832:Society
6828:Culture
6633:Caizhou
6623:Tangdao
6505:History
6423: (
6394:minutes
4969:徐忆农 活字本
3451:Nanjing
3395:science
3391:Bologna
3387:Gratian
3349:In the
3273:In his
3228:Shuo Fu
3038:Jiangsu
3000:Mencius
2964:I Ching
2950:Mencius
2928:lacquer
2896:Wertime
2881:insects
2819:Hua Sui
2807:Jiangsu
2764:primers
2696:artisan
2656:Yi Xing
2639:orbital
2633:in the
2596:Su Song
2529:Polaris
2525:Su Song
2520:Zu Geng
2483:Su Song
2323:bivalve
2319:Wenzhou
2307:erosion
2257:Persian
2241:Ge Hong
2225:fossils
2179:Geology
2153:reliefs
1997:compass
1902:oarlock
1862:Mohists
1823:Yi Xing
1815:terrain
1765:sagitta
1753:frustum
1675:autopsy
1671:Song Ci
1669:expert
1645:anatomy
1631:Anatomy
1619:(營造法式;
1569:to 113
1565:/21000
1542:drydock
1492:zoology
1475:therapy
1445:Ma Yuan
1391:Su Song
1343:atlases
1318:Jiangsu
1295:alchemy
1281:, ink (
1244:atlases
1195:citadel
1186:Shaanxi
1178:Tanguts
1169:sulphur
1122:Vietnam
1084:epitaph
914:Sichuan
828:texts.
752:drydock
748:bamboos
725:fossils
655:compass
633:In his
555:Chinese
511:Hokkien
479:Sam Kut
465:Sám Kut
356:Chinese
347:regular
274:Finance
266:Zoology
170:Anatomy
92:Runzhou
7642:Poetry
7330:Guanzi
7325:Jiaozi
7158:Guo Xi
7099:Zhu Xi
7081:Lu You
7068:Zhu Yu
7032:Su Zhe
7026:Su Shi
6972:Su Xun
6845:Poetry
6628:Caishi
6498:topics
6360:
6338:
6319:
6284:
6254:
6210:
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