Sheng Shicai - Knowledge

1518: 1172:, where they remained until 1937. Ma himself retreated via Irkeshtam to Soviet Central Asia, accompanied by several officers and a Soviet official. Sheng sent requests to the Soviets to turn him in, but they refused. By this move, the Soviets intended to achieve dual benefits. First, by removing Ma from Xinjiang's political arena, they wanted to increase Sheng's rule, which would give them higher control over the province; and second, they intended to use Ma as leverage against Sheng in case he did not comply with their interests in the province. The armistice between the Hui forces and the Xinjiang government was agreed upon in September 1934. Zhang, after suffering defeat, committed suicide. 1293:

commission concluded that Soviet assistance is friendly and commensurate with the assistance previously provided to the province by the Soviet Union. Only after this, the governments of Xinjiang, China, and the Soviet Union issued a joint statement in which the allegedly impending annexation of Xinjiang to the USSR was characterised as untrue. Sheng and the "reliable people" he appointed in the province played a special role in the fact that the Chinese authorities came to this conclusion. After this joint statement, the Soviet Union felt even more comfortable in Xinjiang politics. In 1935 the Politburo made several secret decisions to strengthen Soviet influence in the region.

560: 501: 454: 1249: 1741:"Xinjiang Oil" and adopted a resolution. The resolution called for the preparation of the development of oil near the Soviet border under the firm of the Xinjiang government. Exploration was carried out in accordance with this decision and in 1938 oil fields were discovered in Shikho. The same year, the joint Xinjiang-Soviet company "Xinjiangneft" was established. Also, General Consul Apresov was given extended powers. Soviet officials in Xinjiang needed his permission to take any action and he could dismiss any Soviet worker "who did not know how to behave in a foreign country". Two days later he was awarded the 1209:

agricultural and rural relief, reform of government finance, the cleaning up of government administration, the expansion of education, the promotion of self-government and the improvement of the judiciary. The program was practicable since each point represented a grievance that one nationality had against the previous government, which enabled Sheng to enact the reforms. The first two points which dealt with "the realisation of equality for all nationalities" and "the protection of the rights of believers" advanced the national and religious rights of the Xinjiang nationalities.

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China. The devoted and sharp work of the military instructors, advisers, engineers, doctors, and other workers you have assigned to us has not occurred in the previous history of foreign specialists invited by China. We believe that all this aid from you to us is based on your policy of peace, that such aid is being given to us for the sake of our peace, so that we can pursue peaceful construction, so the peoples of all nationalities can pursue a peaceful life, and so we can establish everlasting friendly and peaceful relations with you.

1870: 1442: 467: 1075: 2127: 1049:, and that Huang's visit would affect that decision. Huang was ignorant of the frontier problems and his arrogant behaviour offended some of the provincial leaders. The rumours spread that Huang was already named a new governor or that Chiang decided to split Xinjiang into several smaller provinces. However, the true Huang's task was to secure the cooperation between the coup leaders and establish a new provincial mechanism with a pro-Nanjing stance. Sheng exploited the rumours and charged that Huang, an agent of 1886:, this demand represented numerous logistical difficulties. On 3 November 1942 Sheng issued a directive prohibiting "organizations, groups, and private persons" to engage in "any trade activity involving foreign imports and exports." The aim of the directive was to end the Soviet trade monopoly in Xinjiang. The Soviets withdrew their military and civilian personnel in March 1943. Despite Sheng's ultimatum, only in March–April 1943 did the Soviets notify Sheng and the Chinese government of their withdrawal. 1397: 4516: 1157:'s plan for military operation in Xinjiang, in order to put the province under its effective control. Huang had in mind to act pragmatically, offering support either to Sheng or Ma, whoever was willing to cooperate with the Chinese government. The pretext for the operation was the development of Xinjiang and adjacent provinces. For that purpose, the Xinjiang Construction Planning Office was established in Xinjiang with Huang in charge. With enthusiasm from the Minister of Finance 1063: 1657: 1358: 106: 6119: 4461: 1343:, the founder of the Chinese Republic, be hung in the Kashgar mosque. The local Muslim population was dismayed by the developments in Kashgar and considered that the "Bolsheviks had taken over the country and were bent on destroying religion". Also Sheng's educational reform which attacked basic Islamic principles, as well as atheistic propaganda, contributed to the alienation of the Xinjiang's Muslim population. 4504: 1115: 6131: 949: 1195:. Despite the fact that negotiations were underway with the command of the 36th Division, the Dungan command did not make concessions on any issues. Moreover, the Soviets, intending to keep the 36th Division as a fallback against Sheng, vacillated regarding the complete annihilation of the 36th Division, giving refuge to the Dungan commanders and establishing trade relations with the 36th Division. 27: 1668:, who headed a newly established commission for developing areas of cooperation with Xinjiang, submitted a proposal to Politburo. Based on these proposals Politburo adopted a number of resolutions. Xinjiang received loans at low-interest rates, various economic assistance, and the sending of numerous consultants and specialists, which strengthened the position of Sheng's regime. 1004:(NRA), came to their aid through the Soviet territory. During these events, Jin's prestige declined and correspondingly Sheng became increasingly popular. The culmination was the coup staged by the White Russians and a group of provincial bureaucrats led by Chen Zhong, Tao Mingyue and Li Xiaotian on 12 April 1933, who overthrew Jin, who escaped to China proper via Siberia. 1381:

entered into contact with the Soviet consul in Kashgar Smirnov, even tried to get weapons from the Soviet Union, but his appeal was rejected. Then, by contacting former Dungan opponents, in early April 1937, Muhiti was able to raise an uprising against the Xinjiang authorities. However, only two regiments of the 6th Uyghur Division, stationed north and south of Kashgar in

1806: 1373:, the exiled leader of the East Turkestan Republic, approached the Japanese ambassador in 1935 proposing the establishment of the ETR under Japanese patronage and proposed Mahmut Muhiti as the leader of the newly established puppet state. The plan was later aborted when Mahmud in fear for his life fled from Kashgar to 1308:. Sheng sided with Zhang, who asked for his help, and intended to proclaim that his rebels were under Xinjiang's protection. Only after the Soviets condemned the incident and characterised it as a Japanese provocation, and demanded from Sheng to drop his support for Zhang, did Sheng refuse to support Zhang. 1849:

and the offer to make Xinjiang a Soviet republic. However, the Chinese government disregarded Molotov's presentation. On 9 July, Chiang informed the Soviet ambassador that the Soviet authorities "must now deal with the central government of China" and are not permitted to "discuss anything with Sheng

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The resolutions also concerned the reconstruction of the Xinjiang army. The Soviet Union sent equipment and instructors for this end. Xinjiang received aircraft, equipment for aviation, rifle-machine-guns and artillery workshops, uniforms, personal supplies, and other military equipment. Soviets also

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To reassure the local population and to give himself additional time to consolidate his power in the northern and eastern parts of the province, Sheng appointed Muhiti as the overall Military Commander for the Kashgar region. Sheng was not comfortable with the Muslim officials in Kashgar, therefore a

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On the anniversary of the 12 April coup in 1934, the Xinjiang provincial government published an administrative plan called the "Great Eight-Point Manifesto" or "Eight Great Proclamations". These included: the establishment of racial equality, guarantee of religious freedom, equitable distribution of

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was mysteriously murdered. According to one version, the Soviets, fearing that Sheng Shicai might switch sides, tried to overthrow him. The coup started with Sheng Shiqi's murder committed by his wife, convinced to do so by the Soviet agents. The other version is that he was murdered by Sheng Shicai

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The Soviet stranglehold around Xinjiang was further enhanced through a secret agreement signed on 1 January 1936. The agreement included a Soviet guarantee to come to the aid of Xinjiang "politically, economically and by armed force... in case of some external attack upon the province". By mid-1936,

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The proposal's third section were concerned with agriculture and the fourth with transport issues. In that matter, the construction of the main road connecting Xinjiang and the Soviet Union, the increase of cargo transportation along the Ili and Kara Irtysh Rivers and a number of other measures were

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The second section of the proposal deals with financial issues. To improve the financial sector of the Xinjiang economy and strengthen the provincial currency, it was proposed to balance the budget as a priority task. To this end, it was envisaged to reduce costs in administrative and managerial and

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After Muhiti's flight to British India, Muhiti's troops revolted. The revolt was Islamic in its nature. Muhiti's officer Abdul Niyaz succeeded him and was proclaimed a general. Niyaz took Yarkand and moved towards Kashgar, eventually capturing it. Those with pro-Soviet inclinations were executed and

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Urged by the Soviets, Sheng's government sent a peacekeeping mission to Kashgar to resolve the conflict. The negotiations, however, did not take place. The Soviets tried to contact Ma Hushan, the new commander of the Dungan 36th Division, via Ma Zhongying, to disarm Muhiti's rebels. However, Muhiti,

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Muhiti became the focal point of the opposition to Sheng's government. From the middle of 1936, he and his supporters began to propagate the idea of creating an "independent Uyghur state". In this case, he was supported by Muslim religious leaders and influential people from Xinjiang. Muhiti, having

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in June 1934. In the letter, Sheng expressed his belief in the victory of Communism and referred to himself as "convinced supporter of Communism". He called for the "fastest possible implementation of Communism in Xinjiang". Sheng also not only denounced the Nationalist government, but expressed his

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and Zhang in Yining. They were encouraged to launch an attack against Sheng. As soon as Luo left the province, a war broke out between Sheng on one side, and Ma and Zhang on the other. Sheng accused Luo not only for plotting but also of an assassination attempt. Luo's left Xinjiang in early October,

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Sheng had long prepared to purge the CCP in Xinjiang. In 1939, his agents filled reports on clandestine meetings, the constant exchange of letters, and the unauthorized content of some of their propaganda. A month after the German invasion, in July 1941, the CCP cadre had been demoted or cashiered.

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which accepted the creation of the association on 5 August. The association had to be composed of representatives of the Soviet special services bodies. As the leader of the association, Sheng became one of the main figures of Soviet regional policy. The creation of the association strengthened the

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The dependency of the Sheng regime on the Soviet Union was further highlighted with the publication of the "Six Great Policies" in December 1934. The Policies guaranteed his previously enacted "Great Eight-Point Manifesto" and included "anti-imperialism, friendship with the Soviet Union, racial and

1241:, Stalin commented that the Sheng's letter made a "depressing impression on our comrades". The content of Sheng's letter led Stalin to refer him as "a provocateur or a hopeless "leftist" having no idea about Marxism". In a reply to Sheng, Stalin, Molotov and Voroshilov refused all of his proposals. 1740:

On 11 September 1935, Politburo adopted five resolutions regarding Xinjiang. In the second resolution, it decided to amend the Kaganovich proposal for the establishment of the joint-stock company and to replace it with a special Soviet trading office. Additionally, Politburo discussed the issue of

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in Chinese) to be applied to their people. Sabri also viewed the Hui people as Muslim Han Chinese and separate from his own people. Bughra accused Sheng of trying to sow disunion among the Turkic peoples. However, Sheng argued that such separation was necessary in order to guarantee the success of

1951:. The post of Minister of Agriculture under Kuomintang was reserved for men out of power since the post was insignificant with the increasing power of the landlords. Chiang signed an order allowing Sheng to recoup the wealth beneath the governor's building. The storehouse contained fifty thousand 1857:

The later publication of Sheng's correspondence with the Soviet authorities, allowed the Chinese government to set up a special office in Ürümqi, from where they handled Xinjiang's foreign affairs, and to set up the Kuomintang roots throughout the province, replacing the People's Anti-Imperialist

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During these recent years our Xinjiang has received both moral and material friendly aid from your country, for which we are extraordinarily grateful. Such a grant of a loan of five million gold rubles at low interest without any conditions is the first case in the history of the foreign loans of

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Kaganovich proposed a trade turnover with Xinjiang in 1935 of 9750 thousand rubles, of which 5000 thousand rubles were to come to the share of import, and 4,750 thousand rubles from export operations. Since Kaganovich's proposal was deemed unrealistic, Politburo once again discussed the issue and

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to Xinjiang. The CCP members were mostly employed in high-level administrative, financial, educational and cultural ministerial posts in Ürümqi, Kashgar, Khotan and elsewhere, helping to implement Sheng's policies. They also maintained the only open communication line between Ya'an and the Soviet

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The Turkic rebels were defeated and Kashgar retook. After the defeat of the Turkic rebels, the Soviets also stopped maintaining the 36th Division. Ma Hushan's administration collapsed. By October 1937, along with the collapse of the Turkic rebellion and the Tungan satrapy, Muslim control over the

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Confronted by Ma's army outside of Ürümqi, Sheng sent a delegation to Soviet Central Asia to request assistance. Sheng later claimed that the delegation was sent under the aegis of Jin's request for military equipment. However, Sheng made a more comprehensive deal with the Soviets. His delegation

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region. The Chinese government, having learned that Zhang refused to cooperate with the new regime in Xinjiang and that Ma's forces represented the gravest threat to the new regime, tried to take the advantage of the situation and take control over the province. Without clearly stating whether it

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The sixth section of the proposal dealt with personnel issues. The section suggests that the departments sending advisers and instructors to Xinjiang pay special attention to the qualitative selection of workers sent to Xinjiang. According to the Kaganovich Commission, the number of advisers and

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The fifth section of the proposals prepared by the Kaganovich Commission regulated the issues of commodity credit. According to this section, machines and equipment supplied by the Soviets for the industrial enterprises being built and reconstructed in Xinjiang were to be registered as commodity

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had plotted with Liu, Zhang and Ma to overthrow the provincial government. On 26 June Huang was placed under house arrest, and the three coup leaders were also arrested and immediately executed. After the Chinese government apologised and promised Sheng the recognition of his position, Huang was

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In an agreement from 16 May 1935, ratified without consent from the Chinese government, the Soviet government provided substantial financial and material aid, including a five-year loan of five million "gold rubles" (Sheng actually received silver bullion). At about the same time, again without

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In August 1934, Sheng affirmed that the nine duties of his government are to eradicate corruption, to develop economy and culture, to maintain peace by avoiding war, to mobilise all manpower for the cultivation of land, to improve communication facilities, to keep Xinjiang permanently a Chinese

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As ruler of Xinjiang, Sheng implemented his Soviet-inspired policies through his political program of Six Great Policies, adopted in December 1934. His rule was marked by his nationality policy which promoted national and religious equality and identity of various nationalities of Xinjiang. The

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Minister of Foreign Affairs of Xinjiang. Ministerial position for a domestic post was unusual but approved by Chiang due to "special conditions and circumstances" in Xinjiang. Minister Wu's post was of consultative nature, and the Chinese government acted as an arbiter in the case of a dispute

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as a leader of the mission. The mission was initiated by Sheng's younger brother Sheng Shiji a few months earlier. The reaction of the Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov followed soon after, as he presented Chiang the Sheng's ideas about the implementation of Communism in Xinjiang, his

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Along with decisions concerning the economy, Politburo also adopted a resolution on the possibility for Xinjiang young people to receive education in the USSR. At first, there was a quota for 15 students, which was expanded to 100 in June 1936. In the 1930s, 30,000 Xinjiang people, preferably

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in 1938, told Kliment Voroshilov that the Han made around 10% (roughly 400,000 people) of the population of Xinjiang. In his relationship with Xinjiang's non-Han populace, Sheng adopted the Soviet nationality policy. The non-Han nationalities were for the first time included in the provincial

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With the Soviet gradual withdrawal, the Kuomintang representatives and personnel filled the void. In June 1943, four divisions of the NRA New 2nd Army commanded by Zhu Shaoliang were transferred to Xinjiang from Gansu. In October 1943, the Kuomintang effectively removed Soviet influence from

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In 1935 the British consul in Kashgar sent a report to the Foreign Office which stated that the influence of the Soviet Union on Xinjiang and its population increased. In order to check the reliability of these claims, the Chinese government sent a special commission to Ürümqi. However, the

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The document related to the exploration work in Xinjiang stated that "geological exploration of minerals and, first of all, tin, in Xinjiang, was done at the expense of the USSR" and that the People's Commissar of Heavy Industry (NKTP) was to send a geological expedition. The search for

1962:, his successor in Xinjiang, wrote that Sheng "started to lose his mind in Chongqing" and that in accordance with the tenets of Buddhism and as recompense for his past crimes, he has descended to the lowest depths of hell". At the Sixth Party Congress held in May 1945, Uyghur leader 1877:

The final months of 1942 saw the most turbulent period in Xinjiang-Soviet relations. In October 1942 Sheng demanded from the Soviet General Consul that all Soviet technical and military personnel be withdrawn from Xinjiang within three months. To the Soviets, who were engaged in the

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Sheng, who was marshalling the provincial forces in eastern Xinjiang, returned to Ürümqi to seize power in the midst of the chaos. Without conferring the Chinese government, the coup leaders appointed Sheng the Commissioner of the Xinjiang Border Defence, i. e., Military Governor or

1285:. Xinjiang's Youth and Xinjiang's Women served as the association's youth and women's wing respectively. In 1935, the association had 2,489 members, and in 1939, the Association's membership rose to 10,000. The membership was nationally diverse, and included Han, Hui and various 866:

the very same year and his political opponents claimed he became a communist during his second stay in Japan in the 1920s. During that time, he realised the "futility of book learning", and decided to enter a military career. He took military training in the southern province of

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in Xinjiang embarrassed and frustrated Sheng. Sheng's welcome in Xinjiang was cold. Jin considered him a potential threat. Despite the doubts, Jin appointed him Chief of Staff of the Frontier Army and subsequently named him Chief Instructor at the Provincial Military College.

1601:. To foster this idea, he encouraged the establishment of cultural societies for each nationality. The description of Xinjiang as a home of 14 nationalities, both in Xinjiang, as well as in proper China, brought Sheng popularity. However, Sheng's policy was criticized by the 1354:, founded the Society of National Defence. This society included influential Muslim figures. Sheng received information on the preparation of a powerful protest movement by this society. However, he did not have the capacity to suppress this movement with his own forces. 1265:

in the conditions of the feudal society of economically and culturally backward Xinjiang". They served as the ideological basis of Sheng's rule. With the proclamation of the Six Great Policies, Sheng adopted a new flag with a six-pointed star to represent these policies.

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Sheng's Han Chinese appointees took effective control over the Kashgar region, and foremost amongst them was Liu, a Chinese nationalist, and a Christian. Liu understood little about the local Muslim culture. Immediately upon his arrival, he ordered that the picture of

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as the foreign language taught in schools. A number of Muslim youths, including Muslim girls, were sent to Soviet Central Asia for education. Sheng's government implemented atheistic propaganda, and Muslim women were encouraged to appear in public without a veil.

678:, but still retained much power over the province. He was dismissed from this post in 1944 and named Minister of Agriculture and Forestry. Growing animosity against him led the government to dismiss him again and appoint him to a military post. At the end of the 1946:

convinced him to resign and accept the post of Minister of Agriculture. Sheng officially resigned from his post and was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Forestry on 29 August 1944. He left Xinjiang on 11 September 1944 to join the Chinese government in

783:, Sheng approached the Chinese government in July 1942 and expelled the Soviet military and technical personnel. However, he still maintained effective power over Xinjiang. In the meantime, the Soviets managed to hold off the Germans and the Japanese launched 1534:

government. The first principle of his Declaration of Ten Guiding Principles stated that "all nationalities enjoy equal rights in politics, economy, and education". He also reorganized Xinjiang Daily, the only regional newspaper at the time, to be issued in

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adopted the resolution "On Trade with Xinjiang" in June. According to the resolution, imports from Xinjiang were reduced, while exports remained the same. The imports from Xinjiang included cotton, wool, leather, livestock, and other raw materials.

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Association, which he disbanded in April 1942. Sheng was appointed the head of the provincial Kuomintang. Both dubanship and civil governorship remained in Sheng's hands. The National Revolutionary Army troops were not allowed to enter Xinjiang.

1042:, then a Deputy Chief of General Staff, a "pacification commissioner" in May 1933. He arrived in Ürümqi on 10 June. The appointment of Huang as a pacification commissioner further strained the relations between Shang and the Chinese government. 1828:

In the same month, the first sign of a thaw in the relationship between Xinjiang and the Chinese government occurred, a month after the German invasion, when Sheng allowed the Chinese diplomat in Moscow to visit Xinjiang for an official tour.

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provided the support during the purges. In the later stages of the purge, Sheng turned against the "Trotskyites", mostly a group of Han Chinese sent to him by Moscow. In the group were Soviet General Consul Garegin Apresov, General Ma Hushan,

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to take over Kashgar from the rebels in June, as promulgated by the agreement. However, 5,000 Soviet troops, including airborne and armoured vehicles were marching towards southern Xinjiang on Sheng's invitation along with Sheng's forces and

1161:, Huang purchased foreign-manufactured armored vehicles. By April, the preparations reached their final stage. However, the whole plan came to a halt in May because the Soviets have already entered Xinjiang and assisted Sheng against Ma. 764:

province saw a process of modernization, but also the subordination of economic interests in Soviet favor. The Soviets had a monopoly over Xinjiang trade and exploited its rare materials and oil. In 1937, in parallel with the Soviet

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Another agenda from the Soviet Union Sheng implemented in Xinjiang was secularization with the purpose of undermining religious influence. Moreover, many Uyghurs and non-Han people were sent for education abroad, most notably in

1091:, as a sign of goodwill, to preside over Sheng's inauguration ceremony as a Commissioner of the Xinjiang Border Defence. However, at the same time, the Chinese government used Luo's visit to contact two of Sheng's rivals, Ma in 1111:, who would later be appointed as the Soviet General Consul in Ürümqi. The Soviets provided substantive military assistance to Sheng, who in return gave the Soviets wide political, economic and military control over Xinjiang. 818:

in a well-to-do peasant family on 3 December 1895. His great grandfather, Sheng Fuxin(盛福信), was originally from Shandong Province and later fled to Kaiyuan. Sheng enrolled at the Provincial Forestry and Agricultural School in

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did not mean that his position was secured. Installment of Wenlong as governor meant that the bureaucrats had the upper hand over Sheng, whom they considered their protege. His position was also challenged by Ma, as well as

1761:. During Sheng's rule, Xinjiang's trade came under Soviet control. The Soviet General Consul in Ürümqi was effectively in control of governing, with Sheng required to consult them for any decision he made. 1474:, the official leader of the Xinjiang province Huang Han-chang, and Hoja-Niyaz. Xinjiang came under virtual Soviet control. It is estimated that between 50,000 and 100,000 people perished during the purge. 1245:

province, to fight against imperialism and Fascism and to sustain a close relationship with Soviet Russia, to reconstruct a "New Xinjiang", and to protect the positions and privileges of religious leaders.

831:, where he studied political science and economy. There, he became friendly with students and teachers of "radical inclinations". After graduating in 1915, under their advice he went to study in 890:

warlord. He rapidly rose to become Staff Officer with the rank of lieutenant colonel, and was given command of a company. Because of his commendable service, Guo sponsored his admission to the

1461:. Sheng started the elimination of "traitors", "pan-Turkists", "enemies of the people", "nationalists" and "imperialist spies". His purges swept the entire Uyghur and Hui political elite. The 1837:

because of his close ties to Moscow. After his brother's death, Sheng continued his crackdown on the CCP. On 1 July 1942 he ordered their relocation in the Ürümqi outskirts for "protection".

1481:(CPSU) in August 1938 and received Party Card No.1859118 directly from Molotov during his secret visit to Moscow. However, Sheng did not set up the provincial branch of the CPSU in Xinjiang. 5185: 935:, but resigned in 1929 over a disagreement with his superiors. After the apparent setback in his career, Sheng dedicated himself to the question of strengthening China's border defences. 794:

and held a military post. He joined the rest of the Kuomintang in Taiwan after the defeat in the Chinese Civil War in 1949. In Taiwan, Sheng lived in a comfortable retirement and died in

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In September 1933, Sheng accused Civil Governor Liu Wenlong of plotting with Ma and Zhang through Luo with Nanjing in order to overthrow him. He was forced to resign and was replaced by

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road with a length of 2,925 km, of which 230 km passed through the territory of the Soviet Union, 1,530 km through Xinjiang, and 1,165 km through the province of

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At that time, Sheng supported a campaign against Zhang, briefly returning to Manchuria. Although he supported the anti-Zhang coup, he was able to return to Japan with the support of

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military areas, centralise expenses and tax operations, replace all taxes with general provincial taxes, ban the issuance of counterfeit money, reconstruct a provincial bank, etc.

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To be able to return such a large territory back to the central government without firing a single shot is the greatest accomplishment a border official can accrue to his name.

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opened pilot schools to train local airmen. The Soviets also proposed the reduction of army to 10,000 men, but Sheng refused this proposal and instead reduced it to 20,000 men.

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As Wu Shaoliang shuttled between Ürümqi and Chongqing, Sheng requested a permanent liaison to be appointed to handle his foreign affairs. The Chinese government appointed

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In 1937, Sheng initiated a three-year plan for reconstruction, for which he received a Soviet loan of 15 million rubles. At Joseph Stalin's request, Sheng joined the

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Sheng's stay in Chongqing was troublesome. In April 1945, his former Finance Minister Peng Jiyuan was beaten in Ürümqi, and sought refuge with Sheng after his recovery.

6217: 1634: 1546:. The educational programme encouraged the Han to learn Uyghur and the Uyghurs to learn Mandarin. Sheng's nationality policy also entailed the establishment of the 4535: 1416:

In order to jointly fight against the Soviets and Chinese, Niyaz and Ma Hushan signed a secret agreement on 15 May. Ma Hushan used the opportunity and moved from

1551: 1517: 1147: 243: 968:, to find a competent officer to reorganise the provincial military. After discreet enquiries, Sheng was appointed to Jin's staff and arrived in Xinjiang via 4704: 4271:"International aid, frontier securitization and social engineering: Soviet-Xinjiang development cooperation during the Governorate of Sheng Shicai (1933–44)" 1798:

of the Soviet Union, Sheng saw an opportunity to strike down Soviet proxies, the CCP and to mend his relationship with the Chinese government now seated in

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Two weeks after Ma Zhongying left for the Soviet territory, in early July 1934, Kashgar was occupied by a unit of 400 Chinese soldiers under the command of

1274: 1103:, a more controllable official. Sheng created a new bureaucratic hierarchy, nepotistically appointing new officials and replacing one of his predecessors. 894:

for advanced military studies. Three years later he completed his studies, with minor interruptions in 1925, when he was involved in Manchurian politics.

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as a representative of the Liaoning students. During this period, he developed radical and anti-Japanese sentiments. By his own admission, Sheng became a

4916: 1616:, who rejected the Sheng's imposition of the name "Uyghur people" upon the Turkic people of Xinjiang. They wanted instead the name "Turkic nationality" ( 4437:"A Conversation between Cdes. Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov and the Governor [Sheng Shicai] which Occurred in the Kremlin on 2 September 1938" 1389:, came out in his defence, while the other two regiments, 33rd and 34th, stationed in Kashgar itself, declared their loyalty to the Sheng's government. 6177: 1526: 2085: 1317: 315: 1146:

signed an agreement that abolished the East Turkestan Republic and supported Sheng's regime. In early 1934, Zhu Ruichi died and was replaced by

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called for Sheng's head, however, Chiang defended Sheng. Sheng held the ministerial post until 30 July 1945, and later worked as an adviser to

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On 3 July 1942, a major delegation of the Chinese government's officials arrived at Ürümqi upon Sheng's invitation. Chiang Kai-Shek designated

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consent from the Chinese government, Soviet geologists started a survey of Xinjiang's mineral resources. The result was Soviet oil drilling at

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because of his belief in Marxism. After the Expedition was completed, he was made chief of the war operations section of the general staff in

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Between 1934 and 1942, there were no significant relations between the Sheng's government and the Nationalist government. As the full-scale

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a significant number of Soviet specialists were active in Xinjiang involved in construction, education, health, and military training. The

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Under pressure from Sheng's strengthened military forces, Ma's troops retreated from Kashgar in June–July 1934 to the southeast towards

6072: 5696: 4930: 1183:, thus establishing a Hui satrapy, where Hui Muslims ruled as colonial masters over their Turkic Muslim subjects. The region was named 965: 3796:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period: from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century

1000:, but the White Russians and Sheng's troops successfully defended the city. In March 1933, the Manchurian Salvation Army, part of the 44: 5162: 4694: 1332: 1257:

national equality, clean government, peace and reconstruction". Sheng referred to them as "a skillful, vital application of Marxism,

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Ma sieged Ürümqi for the second time in January 1934. This time, the Soviets assisted Sheng with air support and two brigades of the

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A rising young officer, Sheng was given the rank of colonel and served as a Staff Officer of the Chiang's field headquarters under

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schools, the revival of madrassas (Islamic schools), the publication of the Turkic languages newspapers and the formation of the

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of gold, chests full of valuable antelope horns, and endless blocks of opium. In total, Sheng removed 135 truckloads of wealth.

5875: 4884: 4644: 843:, where he studied political economy for a year. During that time, Sheng expressed nationalistic attitudes and was exposed to " 768:, Sheng conducted a purge on his own, executing, torturing to death and imprisoning 100,000 people, the majority of which were 736:, where he served as Chief of Staff of the Frontier Military and Chief Instructor at the Provincial Military College. With the 36: 972:

in the winter of 1929–30. Chiang Kai-Shek may have endorsed Sheng's decision to go to Xinjiang. Therefore, the appointment of

5227: 4560: 4493: 1866:

between him and the provincial authorities. Sheng demanded that Wu assumes more responsibility in dealings with the Soviets.

124: 4332: 6077: 5314: 1609: 957: 667: 614: 220: 178: 1765:, the Soviet official responsible for supplying arms to Sheng, wrote that Xinjiang was "a Soviet colony in all but name". 6232: 5222: 4762: 1478: 1324:, a wealthy ex-merchant. Thus, Kashgar was peacefully taken over by Xinjiang's provincial authority after almost a year. 916:. During the Northern Expedition, Sheng proved himself as a worthy officer, serving in various command staff capacities. 602: 366: 1484:

Having eliminated many of his opponents, Sheng's administration had a staff shortage. For this reason, he turned to the

1335:

to the position of Commanding Officer in Kashgar. Muhiti was demoted and retained the position of Divisional Commander.

1191:. Tunganistan was bordering on two, eventually, three sides with Xinjiang province, and on the fourth side bordered the 6207: 6067: 4614: 4376: 3864: 1890:

Xinjiang. With the Soviets gone, in September Sheng ordered the arrest and execution of the CCP cadres. Among them was

4214:. Vol. 102 of Contributions to the Study of World History Series. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group. 6167: 5427: 5131: 4200: 4177: 4158: 4139: 4120: 4092: 4073: 4054: 4022: 4003: 3981: 3962: 3934: 3911: 3883: 3845: 3826: 3803: 2069: 1521:

Sheng Shicai (first row, third from left) at the founding of the Association for Promotion of the Han Chinese Culture

1123: 472: 6202: 6192: 5574: 4902: 4624: 539: 5900: 4580: 4471: 1791: 1630: 1230: 6094: 6089: 5820: 5597: 5473: 5444: 5398: 4219: 4170:

Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944-1949

1096:

and his departure marked the beginning of the era of deep alienation between Sheng and the Chinese government.

891: 710: 412: 5880: 5790: 5439: 5366: 5155: 4757: 1641:. With their return, these students would find employment as teachers or within the Xinjiang administration. 1405:

thus new Muslim administration was established. Simultaneously, the uprising spread amongst the Kirghiz near

1131: 1898:'s younger brother, who was among eighty-eight conspirators involved in the Soviet plot to overthrow Sheng. 6099: 5865: 5850: 5551: 5408: 5047: 4724: 1720:

instructors sent to Xinjiang, including military consultants and instructors, should not exceed 50 people.

997: 776: 597: 307: 5481: 4386:"Translation of a 4 January 1939 Letter of Governor Sheng Shicai to Cdes. Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov" 1445:

Sheng Shicai (fourth from right) with Garegin Presov (fifth from right) and Chinese Minister of Education

1433:

troops in Hami were also defeated. Thus, Sheng became the ruler of the whole province for the first time.

1142:, president of the ETR escaped upon the arrival of Ma's troops to the Xinjiang-Soviet border, and in town 6187: 5890: 5885: 5815: 5579: 5420: 4979: 4939: 4802: 4714: 1529:

claimed that they made up only 6% of the population at the time, while Sheng himself during his visit in

1001: 607: 111: 6104: 5732: 5041: 4906: 4828: 1882:

and desperate to retain the oil reserves at Dushanzi, which oil quality was comparable with product of

1248: 752:

were most notable. The first to be removed were the coup leaders and by them appointed Civil Governor

670:

from 1933 to 1944. Sheng's rise to power started with a coup d'état in 1933 when he was appointed the

6135: 5895: 5780: 5511: 4684: 4486: 4256:

Chan, F. Gilbert (1983). "Sheng Shih-ts'ai's reform programs in Sinkiang: idealism or opportunism?".

3923:Синьцзян в орбите советской политики: Сталин и муслиманское движение в Восточном Туркестане 1931-1949 3438: 1762: 868: 815: 287: 3927:

Xinjiang in the orbit of Soviet politics: Stalin and the Muslim movement in East Turkestan 1931–1949

1938:

that they were communists. Stalin, however, refused to intervene and left Sheng at the mercy of the

6197: 5860: 5691: 5393: 5261: 5257: 5148: 4854: 4844: 1985:

where he lived in comfortable retirement with his wife and four children. Sheng was interviewed by

1787: 1685: 325: 3955:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

744:

or Military Governor of Xinjiang. Since then, he led a power struggle against his rivals, of whom

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Sheng initiated the idea of 14 separate nationalities in Xinjiang, and these were Han Chinese,

1366: 924: 675: 517: 2057: 1680:

planned here. These works were later expanded. In October 1937, begun the construction of the

1229:

and joint offensive against the Chinese government. Sheng also expressed his wish to join the

6084: 6047: 5840: 5371: 5009: 4965: 4634: 3904:

Xinjiang and the Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century

2059: 1919: 1716:

was very important for the Soviets, so they established a special expedition for this task.

6162: 6157: 5835: 5712: 5287: 4479: 1879: 1795: 1409:

and among Muslims in Hami. After capturing Kashgar, Niyaz's forces started to move towards

1370: 984:

In the summer of 1932, the fighting between Ma and Jin had significantly intensified. Ma's

844: 8: 6021: 5986: 5966: 5870: 5845: 5805: 5569: 5403: 5309: 5194: 4898: 4823: 4674: 4653: 4436: 4419: 4402: 4385: 4359: 1493: 1454: 909: 859: 756:

by September 1933. Ma and Zhang were defeated militarily by June 1934 with help from the

722: 718: 674:(Military Governor) of Xinjiang. The Soviet era ended in 1942, when Sheng approached the 587: 4465: 5800: 5795: 5742: 5617: 5089: 5084: 4950: 4735: 4604: 4570: 4550: 4034: 3815: 3420: 2079: 1732: 1221: 1217: 726: 444: 48: 6123: 6057: 5830: 5825: 5810: 5762: 5717: 5602: 5526: 5521: 5505: 5234: 4864: 4833: 4798: 4215: 4196: 4173: 4154: 4135: 4116: 4088: 4069: 4050: 4018: 3999: 3977: 3958: 3930: 3907: 3879: 3860: 3841: 3822: 3799: 2065: 1846: 1758: 1305: 1080:

The welcome ceremony held in Yining by Zhang Peiyuan for Luo Wengan in September 1933

1068:

Luo Wengan (seventh from left) with the newly reformed Xinjiang provincial government

964:

asked one of the members of the delegation, the Deputy General Secretary of Xinjiang

840: 811: 784: 679: 283: 174: 1869: 1790:

broke out between China and the Empire of Japan, the Chinese government entered the

1525:

During Sheng's rule, the Han Chinese represented only a small minority in Xinjiang.

1441: 5541: 5376: 5336: 5299: 5239: 4961: 4874: 4746: 4648: 4290: 4282: 3412: 1986: 1774: 1770: 1665: 1547: 1535: 848: 633: 4501: 6016: 5971: 5785: 5546: 5536: 5361: 5356: 5069: 5037: 4989: 4975: 4339: 1935: 1923: 1883: 1543: 1539: 1386: 1301: 1234: 1192: 1188: 1108: 1074: 902: 887: 836: 824: 737: 706: 592: 458: 157: 145: 78: 73: 4104:

Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 79th Congress First Session

3974:

The Soviet Union and Communist China 1945-1950: The Arduous Road to the Alliance

1396: 6062: 5996: 5961: 5926: 5775: 5627: 5415: 5351: 5294: 5099: 5094: 5079: 4934: 4926: 4894: 4511: 3991: 1926:, Sheng tried to return to the pro-Soviet policy. He ordered the arrest of the 1742: 1696:. Several thousands of Soviet citizens worked on the construction of the road. 1297: 1286: 1169: 1154: 790:

Sheng held the ministerial post by July 1945 and later worked as an adviser to

740:

ongoing, Jin was overthrown in a coup on 12 April 1933 and Sheng was appointed

651: 4286: 4270: 6151: 6006: 5976: 5951: 5737: 5516: 5491: 5449: 5432: 5383: 5326: 5249: 5074: 5054: 4113:

Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall: China's Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region

1943: 1931: 1913:—Chiang's statement in defence of Sheng at the Sixth Party Congress, May 1945 1841: 1582: 1578: 1471: 1422: 1321: 1213: 1126:. With their aid, Sheng again defeated Ma's forces, who retreated south from 1030: 993: 858:

Unrest in China made him return to homeland. In 1919, he participated in the

749: 163: 4420:"Letter from Cdes. Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov to Governor Sheng Shicai" 3946:

Muslim Separatism in Northwest China During the Republican Period, 1911–1949

1749:

Chinese, received education in the various specialties in the Soviet Union.

6026: 6011: 5941: 5936: 5722: 5589: 5388: 5331: 5270: 5032: 5027: 5022: 4766: 4515: 4295: 1574: 1430: 1050: 973: 969: 898: 883: 879: 780: 757: 745: 387: 291: 69: 4360:"Letter of Governor Shicai Sheng to Cdes. Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov" 6001: 5991: 5747: 5670: 5501: 5341: 5321: 5217: 5181: 4999: 4812: 4594: 4507: 4195:] (in Traditional Chinese). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. 4036:

Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China and Russia

1963: 1959: 1833: 1818: 1613: 1602: 1570: 1458: 1374: 1340: 1238: 1184: 1180: 1062: 1016:, a powerless provincial bureaucrat was installed as the Civil Governor. 1013: 905:, from whom he received financial help and considered him as his patron. 807: 765: 753: 698: 335: 255: 4015:

Empire besieged: the preservation of Chinese rule in Xinjiang, 1884-1971

1854:". Chiang designated Zhu Shaoliang as a contact person for the Soviets. 1656: 1357: 1320:

on 20 July. He was accompanied by the 2,000 strong Uighurs commanded by

1252:

Flag of Xinjiang, based on the flag of the Soviet Union, adopted in 1934

105: 5946: 5752: 5640: 5202: 5104: 4066:

The Roles of the United States, Russia and China in the New World Order

3424: 3400: 2058:

Justin Jon Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997).

1978: 1967: 1927: 1895: 1713: 1506: 1347: 1158: 1139: 985: 961: 928: 913: 791: 733: 687: 407: 391: 345: 201: 3857:

Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China

6052: 5981: 5531: 5495: 5486: 5064: 5059: 3401:"Chiang Kai-shek's Quest for Soviet Entry into the Sino-Japanese War" 1948: 1891: 1822: 1809: 1799: 1681: 1502: 1467: 1457:, Sheng launched his own purge in Xinjiang to coincide with Stalin's 1446: 1329: 1262: 1176: 1143: 1127: 920: 694: 492: 3416: 948: 5916: 5727: 5660: 5346: 5244: 5171: 2707: 1971: 1709: 1626: 1605: 1590: 1586: 1489: 1410: 1258: 960:

came to Nanjing to ask for financial aid. The Governor of Xinjiang

871:, known for liberal and reformist views. Later, he enrolled at the 828: 820: 5140: 4106:. Vol. 91. Washington D. C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1175:

Following the withdrawal of the Hui forces to Hotan in July 1934,

1045:

Sheng expected that the Chinese government would recognise him as

6042: 5921: 5655: 5635: 5607: 5212: 4460: 4418:

Stalin, Joseph; Molotov, Vyacheslav; Voroshilov, Kliment (1934).

4403:"Letter from Stalin to Cde. G. Apresov, Consul General in Urumqi" 1689: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1393:

with 17 of his associated fled to British India on 2 April 1937.

1135: 932: 863: 769: 732:

In 1929, he was called into service of the Governor of Xinjiang,

714: 663: 4313:

Vandivert, William; White, Theodore H. (1943). "Heart of Asia".

1794:

in a joint war effort against imperial Japan. However, with the

1413:, receiving assistance from the local population along the way. 1114: 5665: 5650: 5645: 5207: 4503: 3506: 3504: 2147: 2145: 1982: 1598: 1594: 1530: 1417: 1350:

region in northern Xinjiang, local Muslim nationalists, led by

1092: 1034: 795: 683: 662:; 3 December 1895 – 13 July 1970) was a Chinese 641: 573: 311: 3817:

China's Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China's Kazaks

2041: 2039: 5612: 5456: 5304: 3629: 3627: 3521: 3519: 2318: 2316: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 1693: 1645: 1406: 1400:

Abdul Niyaz with his soldiers in Kashgar during the rebellion

1382: 1165: 1038:

recognized the changes in Xinjiang, the government appointed

832: 702: 3501: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2383: 2142: 2092: 2061:

Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road

1805: 709:, where he studied political economy and later attended the 3765: 3714: 3712: 3032: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2036: 1952: 1644:

Sheng's nationality policy served as a basis for the later

1462: 1273:

in Ürümqi. Garegin Apresov submitted a presentation to the

1087:

Shortly afterwards, in August Chiang sent Foreign Minister

1054:

allowed to return to Nanjing three weeks after the arrest.

989: 3741: 3624: 3516: 3051: 3049: 3047: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2412: 2410: 2313: 2191: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3590: 3588: 3563: 3561: 3548: 3546: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3472: 3462: 3460: 3368: 2889: 2666: 2480: 1781: 1705: 717:

in his youth, Sheng participated in the anti-imperialist

4193:

East Turkistan independence movement from 1930s to 1940s

3709: 3697: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3319: 3317: 3278: 3266: 3232: 3230: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3005: 3003: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2973: 2971: 2956: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2841: 2829: 2788: 2622: 2610: 2328: 1812:, Mao Zedong's brother, executed by Sheng Shicai in 1943 1648:'s nationality policy in Xinjiang, with few exceptions. 908:

Sheng returned from Japan in 1927 to participate in the

4417: 4240:

Gateway to Asia: Sinkiang, Frontier of Chinese Far West

4102:

Mansfield, Mike (1945). "Outer Mongolia and Sinkiang".

3172: 3126: 3124: 3109: 3097: 3061: 3044: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2713: 2649: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2407: 2359: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2241: 2012: 1825:

that his relations with Sheng became "extremely cold".

1311: 4017:. San Diego, CA: University of California, San Diego. 3996:

Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West

3724: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3612: 3600: 3585: 3573: 3558: 3543: 3531: 3484: 3457: 2639: 2637: 2303: 2301: 2299: 1429:

southern part of the province ended. Soon afterwards,

956:

Not long after Sheng's resignation, a delegation from

4212:

Exploring Nationalisms of China: Themes and Conflicts

3876:

Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia – A History

3639: 3445: 3380: 3346: 3344: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3242: 3227: 3208: 3184: 3148: 3085: 3015: 3000: 2983: 2968: 2944: 2913: 2901: 2870: 2853: 2805: 2776: 2598: 2574: 2535: 2468: 2439: 2219: 2217: 2181: 2179: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2109: 2107: 1300:

rebelled against the Chinese government and arrested

4233:. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. 3753: 3329: 3121: 2731: 2586: 2562: 2552: 2550: 2516: 2504: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2395: 2371: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2253: 2024: 1275:

Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

1179:

consolidated his power over the remote oases of the

725:, a military campaign of the Kuomintang against the 4379:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. 3160: 3136: 2817: 2764: 2719: 2634: 2492: 2296: 2284: 2229: 1225:aim in overthrowing it, suggesting support for the 923:, a leftist nationalist faction that supported the 6183:National Revolutionary Army generals from Liaoning 4439:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4422:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4405:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4388:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4362:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 4033: 3957:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 3814: 3341: 3073: 2695: 2214: 2176: 2157: 2104: 1651: 6218:Political office-holders in the Republic of China 3356: 3254: 2752: 2683: 2547: 2451: 2422: 2340: 1496:against the Japanese, the CCP sent dozens of its 6149: 4377:"Letter from Sheng Shicai to Cde. V. M. Molotov" 4115:. Kibworth Beauchamp: Troubador Publishing Ltd. 3948:. Leeds: School of History, University of Leeds. 3855:Brown, Jeremy; Pickowicz, Pauk G., eds. (2007). 1233:. In a letter sent to the Soviet General Consul 4210:Wei, George C. X.; Liu, Xiaoyuan, eds. (2002). 1901: 988:forces were able to break the defence lines at 4312: 3854: 3812: 2389: 2098: 2045: 1134:(ETR). The same month, Ma's forces arrived in 1012:on 14 April 1933, resurrecting the old title. 5156: 4487: 4229:Whiting, Allen Suess; Sheng, Shicai (1958). 4228: 3878:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Taylor & Francis. 3771: 3510: 2322: 2208: 2151: 2084:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1942:, which engineered his removal from office. 1153:In January, the Chinese government approved 1019: 996:. In December 1932, Ma's forces started the 4172:. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press. 3859:. Cambridge, NA: Harvard University Press. 3840:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1989:and wrote his own accounts under the title 1934:that they were Japanese spies, and telling 1821:, the chief liaison of the CCP reported in 6073:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement 5697:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps 5163: 5149: 4931:Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong 4494: 4480: 4268: 4085:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 3439:"Soviet Intervention in China - 1937-1941" 2799: 2334: 2018: 1281:The propaganda of the association was the 927:in China. However, Sheng did not join the 823:, aged 14. Aged 17, Sheng enrolled at the 785:an extensive offensive against the Chinese 4294: 4101: 4031: 3747: 3718: 3067: 2677: 2064:. Columbia University Press. p. 57. 1509:, who served as Deputy Finance Minister. 1449:(fifth from left) in Ürümqi, October 1937 1107:returned in December 1933, together with 6178:Republic of China warlords from Liaoning 4082: 3813:Benson, Linda; Svanberg, Ingvar (1998). 3055: 3038: 2660: 2125: 1868: 1804: 1655: 1516: 1440: 1395: 1356: 1247: 1113: 1033:, Jin's old ally and a commander of the 947: 5276:Protectorate General to Pacify the West 4330: 3971: 3920: 3897:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 3495: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3248: 3236: 3221: 3202: 3190: 3009: 2994: 2977: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2847: 2835: 2811: 2628: 2616: 2580: 1501:Union. Among those sent by the CCP was 976:, Sheng's rival, as a commander of the 656: 191:14 April 1933 – 29 August 1944 6150: 4917:Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong 4434: 4400: 4237: 4209: 4110: 4012: 3952: 3943: 3901: 3892: 3873: 3835: 3735: 3703: 3691: 3674: 3662: 3650: 3633: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3579: 3567: 3552: 3537: 3525: 3478: 3466: 3451: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3323: 3178: 3154: 3130: 3115: 3103: 3091: 3079: 3026: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2864: 2782: 2746: 2701: 2604: 2592: 2541: 2529: 2510: 2486: 2474: 2445: 2365: 2278: 2247: 2030: 1782:Approachment to the Chinese government 1492:for help. In the circumstances of the 233:4 April 1940 – 29 August 1944 137:29 August 1944 – 30 July 1945 6173:Imperial Japanese Army Academy alumni 5228:Chief Official of the Western Regions 5144: 4475: 4383: 4374: 4357: 4338:. Oxus Communications. Archived from 4148: 4129: 4063: 3335: 3260: 2758: 2714:Stalin, Molotov & Voroshilov 1934 2689: 2377: 1610:East Turkestan Independence activists 1512: 1328:month later, he appointed his fellow 1271:People's Anti-Imperialist Association 878:Sheng entered military service under 361:People's Anti-Imperialist Association 6213:Political office-holders in Xinjiang 6130: 5315:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin 4255: 4186: 4167: 4040:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 3929:] (in Russian). Moscow: Флинта. 3793: 3759: 3350: 3166: 3142: 2823: 2770: 2725: 2643: 2498: 2416: 2307: 2290: 2235: 2223: 2185: 2170: 2113: 1312:Kashgar region and Islamic Rebellion 1269:On 1 August 1935, Sheng founded the 125:Minister of Agriculture and Forestry 49:move details into the article's body 20: 5223:Protectorate of the Western Regions 5170: 4333:"The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911–1949" 4151:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland 3990: 2568: 2556: 2462: 2433: 2401: 2353: 1745:"for successful work in Xinjiang". 1479:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 775:With the Soviets distracted by its 367:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 13: 6068:East Turkistan Government in Exile 5876:2014 China–Vietnam border shootout 4615:Constitutional Protection Movement 4044: 3362: 1832:On 19 March 1942, Sheng's brother 855:) and other leftist publications. 14: 6249: 4453: 4153:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. 4049:. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. 3998:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. 3976:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. 3906:. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. 1436: 1124:Joint State Political Directorate 938: 6129: 6118: 6117: 5575:Xinjiang Agricultural University 4903:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum 4763:Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising 4514: 4502: 4459: 1203: 1130:, in a region controlled by the 1073: 1061: 943: 721:in 1919. He participated in the 566: 558: 550: 510: 499: 486: 465: 452: 437: 104: 25: 6228:People of the Chinese Civil War 5901:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 4834:Nationalist-Communist Civil War 4134:. New Delhi: Indus Publishing. 4013:Jacobs, Justin Matthew (2011). 3431: 3392: 1977:In 1949, Sheng accompanied the 1845:support for Chiang's arrest in 1792:Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1652:Relations with the Soviet Union 1231:Communist Party of Soviet Union 992:and enter Xinjiang through the 839:. There, Sheng enrolled at the 682:, Sheng fled mainland China to 6238:Taiwanese people from Liaoning 6223:Chinese people of World War II 5821:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest 5445:Second East Turkestan Republic 5399:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas 3895:Soviet Russia and the Far East 2119: 2051: 1873:Kuomintang in Xinjiang in 1942 892:Imperial Japanese Army Academy 711:Imperial Japanese Army Academy 676:Nationalist Chinese government 646: 413:Imperial Japanese Army Academy 1: 5713:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb 5440:First East Turkestan Republic 5367:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr 5132:Republic of China (1912–1949) 4581:Empire of China (Yuan Shikai) 3953:Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). 3944:Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1981). 2000: 1639:Central Asia Military Academy 1278:Soviet position in Xinjiang. 873:Northeastern Military Academy 801: 110:Governor Sheng Shicai in the 5866:2013 Tiananmen Square attack 5851:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 5409:Holy War of the Seven Khojas 4665:Occupation of Outer Mongolia 4317:. New York City: Henry Luce. 4149:Starr, S. Frederick (2015). 4087:. London: Hurst Publishers. 3821:. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe. 2005: 1902:Later tenures and retirement 308:Tri-Service General Hospital 7: 5891:Assassination of Juma Tayir 5580:Xinjiang Medical University 4980:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 4715:Washington Naval Conference 4083:Millward, James A. (2007). 4068:. New York City: Springer. 4047:The modern history of China 3874:Clarke, Michael E. (2011). 3405:Political Science Quarterly 1002:National Revolutionary Army 608:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 112:National Revolutionary Army 16:Chinese warlord (1895–1970) 10: 6254: 6233:Chinese Civil War refugees 6095:China–Kyrgyzstan relations 6090:China–Kazakhstan relations 5457:People's Republic of China 5042:National Pacification Army 4907:Northeast Flag Replacement 4813:Zhongshan Warship Incident 4510:and warlordism during the 4269:De Cordier, Bruno (2016). 3781: 2390:Benson & Svanberg 1998 2099:Brown & Pickowicz 2007 2046:Vandivert & White 1943 1361:Soviet invasion in Kashgar 1283:Anti-Imperialist War Front 1118:Sheng's rival Ma Zhongying 919:Sheng was a member of the 67: 6208:Members of the Kuomintang 6113: 6035: 5909: 5896:Xinjiang internment camps 5761: 5705: 5684: 5626: 5588: 5560: 5472: 5193: 5179: 5129: 5005: 4995: 4985: 4971: 4957: 4945: 4922: 4912: 4890: 4880: 4870: 4860: 4850: 4840: 4818: 4808: 4794: 4780: 4758:Second Zhili–Fengtian War 4752: 4742: 4730: 4720: 4710: 4705:1st National CPC Congress 4700: 4695:Spirit Soldier rebellions 4690: 4680: 4670: 4660: 4640: 4630: 4620: 4610: 4600: 4590: 4576: 4566: 4556: 4546: 4523: 4287:10.1163/22142290-00301003 4258:Journal of Modern History 4242:. New York, NY: John Day. 3893:Dallin, David J. (1948). 1612:Muhammad Amin Bughra and 1138:, extinguishing the ETR. 1020:Rivalry with Ma and Zhang 852: 637: 623: 615:Islamic rebellion of 1937 580: 545: 535: 527: 481: 431: 426: 418: 406: 398: 383: 375: 354: 341: 331: 321: 297: 270: 265: 261: 249: 237: 226: 218: 208: 195: 184: 172: 151: 141: 130: 123: 119: 103: 94: 87: 6168:Politicians from Tieling 6100:China–Pakistan relations 5881:April 2014 Ürümqi attack 5861:June 2013 Shanshan riots 5791:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings 5552:Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway 4885:Muslim conflict in Gansu 4855:Shanghai Commune of 1927 4845:Nanking incident of 1927 4725:First Zhili–Fengtian War 4231:Sinkiang: pawn or pivot? 4188: 4032:Lattimore, Owen (1950). 3972:Heinzig, Dieter (2015). 3922: 3921:Gasanli, Jamil (2016). 3902:Dillon, Michael (2014). 3772:Whiting & Sheng 1958 3511:Whiting & Sheng 1958 3399:Garver, John W. (1987). 2323:Whiting & Sheng 1958 2209:Whiting & Sheng 1958 2152:Whiting & Sheng 1958 1995:Sinkiang: pawn or pivot? 1918:As the Germans lost the 326:Intracerebral hemorrhage 322:Cause of death 95: 6203:Politicide perpetrators 6193:Chinese anti-communists 5856:April 2013 Bachu unrest 5676:Chinese Islamic cuisine 4803:Canton–Hong Kong strike 4585:National Protection War 4401:Stalin, Joseph (1934). 4238:Norins, Martin (1944). 3794:Adle, Chahryar (2005). 1991:Red failure in Sinkiang 1635:Central Asia University 1505:, a younger brother of 1486:Chinese Communist Party 1227:Chinese Soviet Republic 1212:Sheng sent a letter to 1198: 1132:East Turkestan Republic 1024:Sheng's appointment as 952:Sheng Shicai in c. 1928 603:Second Battle of Ürümqi 219:Provincial Chairman of 204:(as Commander-in-Chief) 6105:China–Turkey relations 5886:May 2014 Ürümqi attack 5816:July 2009 Ürümqi riots 5421:Reconquest of Xinjiang 5281:Four Garrisons of Anxi 4789:May Thirtieth Movement 4645:Paris Peace Conference 4464:Quotations related to 4384:Sheng, Shicai (1939). 4375:Sheng, Shicai (1936). 4358:Sheng, Shicai (1934). 4331:Dickens, Mark (1990). 4189:東突厥斯坦獨立運動1930年代至1940年代 4111:Rahman, Anwar (2005). 4064:Malik, Hafeez (2016). 3836:Brophy, David (2016). 1910: 1874: 1813: 1788:War of Resistance/WWII 1728: 1661: 1522: 1450: 1401: 1362: 1296:When in December 1936 1253: 1119: 953: 925:Nationalist government 598:First Battle of Ürümqi 556:Xinjiang Frontier Army 518:Republic of China Army 505:Anti-Imperialist Army 6085:World Uyghur Congress 6078:Independence movement 6048:Migration to Xinjiang 5841:Pishan hostage crisis 4685:Guangdong–Guangxi War 4635:Siberian intervention 4275:Central Asian Affairs 4132:March of Central Asia 1997:, published in 1958. 1920:Battle for Stalingrad 1906: 1872: 1808: 1723: 1659: 1569:, Muslims or Dungan, 1552:Uyghur Progress Union 1520: 1444: 1399: 1360: 1346:Also in 1936, in the 1251: 1117: 951: 564:Anti-Imperialist Army 528:Years of service 5836:2011 Kashgar attacks 5781:1992 Ürümqi bombings 5733:Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi 5512:Gurbantünggüt Desert 5288:Beiting Protectorate 4940:Sino-Soviet conflict 4595:Death of Yuan Shikai 4168:Wang, David (1999). 1880:Battle of Stalingrad 1371:Muhammad Amin Bughra 845:The ABC of Communism 6022:Ghulam Osman Yaghma 5871:2014 Kunming attack 5846:2012 Yecheng attack 5806:2008 Kashgar attack 5706:Visitor attractions 5570:Xinjiang University 5532:Karakoram Mountains 5404:Afaqi Khoja revolts 5310:Kara-Khanid Khanate 4899:Huanggutun incident 4829:Nanjing–Wuhan Split 4824:Northern Expedition 4654:May Fourth Movement 4130:Rahul, Ram (2000). 3636:, pp. 352–353. 3528:, pp. 250–251. 3377:, pp. 136–137. 3041:, pp. 209–210. 2898:, pp. 126–127. 2489:, pp. 253–255. 2419:, pp. 372–373. 1930:personnel, telling 1731:—Sheng's letter to 1494:Second United Front 1304:, which led to the 1150:as Civil Governor. 910:Northern Expedition 860:May Fourth Movement 723:Northern Expedition 719:May Fourth Movement 693:Sheng Shicai was a 588:Northern Expedition 6188:Chinese communists 5801:2008 Uyghur unrest 5796:2007 Xinjiang raid 5771:1989 Ürümqi unrest 5618:Tocharian clothing 4951:Central Plains War 4785:Yunnan–Guangxi War 4736:First United Front 4605:Manchu Restoration 4571:Twenty-One Demands 4551:Bai Lang Rebellion 4345:on 9 December 2017 4187:Wang, Ke (2013). 4045:Li, Chang (2006). 3481:, pp. 334–35. 3155:Wei & Liu 2002 1940:Chinese government 1875: 1814: 1733:Vyacheslav Molotov 1662: 1621:the future union. 1523: 1513:Nationality policy 1451: 1402: 1363: 1254: 1222:Kliment Voroshilov 1218:Vyacheslav Molotov 1120: 954: 727:Beiyang government 713:. Having become a 6145: 6144: 6058:Chinese Turkestan 5831:2011 Hotan attack 5826:2010 Aksu bombing 5811:Shaoguan incident 5763:Xinjiang conflict 5718:Flaming Mountains 5608:Meshrep gathering 5527:Turpan Depression 5522:Taklamakan Desert 5506:Southern Xinjiang 5462:PRC incorporation 5428:Republic of China 5372:Dzungar–Qing Wars 5235:Kingdom of Khotan 5138: 5137: 5124: 5123: 5015: 5014: 4966:Qinghai–Tibet War 4865:Shanghai massacre 4799:Anti-Fengtian War 4772: 4771: 4561:Second Revolution 3798:. Paris: UNESCO. 3706:, pp. 36–37. 3287:, pp. 67–68. 3275:, pp. 65–66. 3205:, pp. 62–63. 3181:, pp. 33–34. 3118:, pp. 38–39. 2965:, pp. 74–75. 2850:, pp. 73–74. 2838:, pp. 61–62. 2631:, pp. 71–72. 2619:, pp. 70–71. 2571:, pp. 45–46. 2404:, pp. 40–41. 2368:, pp. 30–31. 2250:, pp. 98–99. 2154:, pp. 13–14. 2126:安志潔（盛世同） (1988). 1763:Alexander Barmine 1455:Islamic rebellion 841:Waseda University 827:Public School in 806:Sheng, an ethnic 686:with the rest of 680:Chinese Civil War 627: 626: 574:Republic of China 473:Republic of China 445:Republic of China 316:Republic of China 175:Military Governor 114:general's uniform 66: 65: 45:length guidelines 6245: 6133: 6132: 6121: 6120: 5542:Kunlun Mountains 5377:Dzungar genocide 5337:Chagatai Khanate 5300:Uyghur Khaganate 5240:Sixteen Kingdoms 5165: 5158: 5151: 5142: 5141: 5116: 5113:Communist Party 5108: 4962:Sino-Tibetan War 4875:July 15 Incident 4778: 4777: 4747:Lincheng Outrage 4649:Shandong Problem 4625:Golok rebellions 4544: 4543: 4526: 4525: 4518: 4506: 4496: 4489: 4482: 4473: 4472: 4463: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4380: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4344: 4337: 4318: 4300: 4298: 4265: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4206: 4183: 4164: 4145: 4126: 4107: 4098: 4079: 4060: 4041: 4039: 4028: 4009: 3987: 3968: 3949: 3940: 3917: 3898: 3889: 3870: 3851: 3832: 3820: 3809: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3722: 3716: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3514: 3508: 3499: 3493: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3219: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3128: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3106:, p. 38-39. 3101: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3013: 3007: 2998: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2868: 2862: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2750: 2744: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2693: 2687: 2681: 2675: 2664: 2658: 2647: 2641: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2560: 2554: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2420: 2414: 2405: 2399: 2393: 2387: 2381: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2311: 2305: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2212: 2206: 2189: 2183: 2174: 2168: 2155: 2149: 2140: 2139: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2075: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 1987:Allen S. Whiting 1914: 1771:Russian language 1736: 1735:, 4 October 1936 1666:Lazar Kaganovich 1660:Lazar Kaganovich 1646:Communist regime 1548:Turkic languages 1077: 1065: 854: 660: 658:Sheng Shih-ts'ai 648: 639: 576:NRA 8th War Area 572: 570: 569: 563: 562: 561: 555: 554: 553: 522: 516: 514: 513: 508: 504: 503: 502: 497: 491: 490: 489: 477: 471: 469: 468: 463: 457: 456: 455: 450: 447: 443: 441: 440: 427:Military service 422:King of Xinjiang 394:(brother-in-law) 371: 365: 350: 304: 280: 278: 266:Personal details 252: 240: 231: 214:Office abolished 211: 198: 189: 168: 162: 154: 135: 108: 98: 85: 84: 61: 58: 52: 43:Please read the 29: 28: 21: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6198:Former Marxists 6148: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6109: 6031: 6017:Shirzat Bawudun 5972:Saifuddin Azizi 5905: 5786:Ghulja incident 5757: 5701: 5692:Cotton industry 5680: 5622: 5584: 5556: 5547:Pamir Mountains 5537:Altai Mountains 5468: 5362:Dzungar Khanate 5357:Yarkent Khanate 5189: 5175: 5169: 5139: 5134: 5125: 5120: 5114: 5106: 5016: 4976:Kumul Rebellion 4938: 4929: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4831: 4827: 4801: 4787: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4675:Zhili–Anhui War 4651: 4647: 4583: 4519: 4500: 4456: 4451: 4442: 4440: 4435:Yulina (1938). 4425: 4423: 4408: 4406: 4391: 4389: 4365: 4363: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4321: 4303: 4296:1854/LU-7043477 4246: 4222: 4203: 4190: 4180: 4161: 4142: 4123: 4095: 4076: 4057: 4025: 4006: 3992:Lin, Hsiao-ting 3984: 3965: 3937: 3924: 3914: 3886: 3867: 3848: 3829: 3806: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3750:, p. 3738. 3746: 3742: 3734: 3725: 3717: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3681: 3673: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3649: 3640: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3593: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3544: 3536: 3532: 3524: 3517: 3509: 3502: 3494: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3417:10.2307/2151354 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3315: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3247: 3243: 3235: 3228: 3220: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3045: 3037: 3033: 3025: 3016: 3008: 3001: 2993: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2871: 2863: 2854: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2800:De Cordier 2016 2798: 2789: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2745: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2684: 2680:, p. 3735. 2676: 2667: 2659: 2650: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2555: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2423: 2415: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2360: 2352: 2341: 2335:De Cordier 2016 2333: 2329: 2321: 2314: 2306: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2192: 2184: 2177: 2169: 2158: 2150: 2143: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2105: 2097: 2093: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2019:De Cordier 2016 2017: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1924:Battle of Kursk 1916: 1912: 1904: 1884:Baku oil fields 1796:German invasion 1784: 1738: 1730: 1664:In March 1935, 1654: 1544:Kazakh language 1527:F. Gilbert Chan 1515: 1439: 1377:in April 1937. 1314: 1302:Chiang Kai-shek 1235:Garegin Apresov 1206: 1201: 1193:Tibetan Plateau 1189:Walther Heissig 1109:Garegin Apresov 1085: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1022: 998:siege of Ürümqi 946: 941: 903:Chiang Kai-Shek 804: 738:Kumul Rebellion 619: 593:Kumul Rebellion 567: 565: 559: 557: 551: 549: 520: 511: 509: 506: 500: 498: 495: 487: 485: 475: 466: 464: 461: 459:Xinjiang clique 453: 451: 448: 438: 436: 435: 390:(father-in-law) 369: 363: 356: 355:Other political 348: 342:Political party 306: 302: 282: 281:3 December 1895 276: 274: 250: 238: 232: 227: 209: 196: 190: 185: 166: 160: 158:Chiang Kai-shek 152: 146:Chiang Kai-shek 136: 131: 115: 99: 96: 90: 83: 62: 56: 53: 42: 39:may be too long 34:This article's 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6251: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6127: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6070: 6065: 6063:East Turkestan 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5997:Zhang Chunxian 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5962:Ehmetjan Qasim 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5927:Jahangir Khoja 5924: 5919: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5776:Barin uprising 5773: 5767: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5598:Doppa Festival 5594: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5499: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5418: 5416:General of Ili 5413: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5396: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5359: 5354: 5352:Turpan Khanate 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5295:Tibetan Empire 5292: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5283: 5268: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5168: 5167: 5160: 5153: 5145: 5136: 5135: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010:War in Ningxia 5007: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4973: 4969: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4935:Beijing Revolt 4927:Chiang-Gui War 4924: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4895:Jinan incident 4892: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4782: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4739: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4563: 4558: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4512:Nanjing decade 4499: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4455: 4454:External links 4452: 4450: 4449: 4432: 4415: 4398: 4381: 4372: 4355: 4327: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4266: 4252: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4220: 4207: 4201: 4184: 4178: 4165: 4159: 4146: 4140: 4127: 4121: 4108: 4099: 4093: 4080: 4074: 4061: 4055: 4042: 4029: 4023: 4010: 4004: 3988: 3982: 3969: 3963: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3918: 3912: 3899: 3890: 3884: 3871: 3866:978-0674026162 3865: 3852: 3846: 3833: 3827: 3810: 3804: 3790: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3764: 3762:, p. 537. 3752: 3748:Mansfield 1945 3740: 3738:, p. 380. 3723: 3719:Lattimore 1950 3708: 3696: 3694:, p. 381. 3679: 3677:, p. 355. 3667: 3665:, p. 113. 3655: 3638: 3623: 3621:, p. 352. 3611: 3609:, p. 362. 3599: 3597:, p. 350. 3584: 3582:, p. 348. 3572: 3570:, p. 349. 3557: 3555:, p. 336. 3542: 3540:, p. 335. 3530: 3515: 3513:, p. 237. 3500: 3483: 3471: 3469:, p. 346. 3456: 3454:, p. 334. 3444: 3430: 3411:(2): 295–316. 3391: 3389:, p. 345. 3379: 3367: 3365:, p. 161. 3355: 3340: 3338:, p. 215. 3328: 3326:, p. 136. 3313: 3301: 3289: 3277: 3265: 3253: 3241: 3226: 3207: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3169:, p. 376. 3159: 3157:, p. 181. 3147: 3145:, p. 370. 3135: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3094:, p. 347. 3084: 3072: 3068:Lattimore 1950 3060: 3058:, p. 210. 3043: 3031: 3029:, p. 151. 3014: 2999: 2982: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2912: 2910:, p. 139. 2900: 2888: 2886:, p. 138. 2869: 2867:, p. 126. 2852: 2840: 2828: 2826:, p. 378. 2816: 2804: 2787: 2785:, p. 255. 2775: 2773:, p. 377. 2763: 2751: 2730: 2728:, p. 375. 2718: 2706: 2694: 2682: 2678:Mansfield 1945 2665: 2663:, p. 209. 2648: 2646:, p. 392. 2633: 2621: 2609: 2607:, p. 128. 2597: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2546: 2544:, p. 255. 2534: 2515: 2503: 2501:, p. 373. 2491: 2479: 2477:, p. 530. 2467: 2450: 2448:, p. 253. 2438: 2421: 2406: 2394: 2382: 2380:, p. 110. 2370: 2358: 2339: 2327: 2312: 2310:, p. 372. 2295: 2293:, p. 371. 2283: 2252: 2240: 2238:, p. 367. 2228: 2213: 2190: 2175: 2173:, p. 368. 2156: 2141: 2128:"盛世才迫害妹夫俞秀松經過" 2118: 2116:, p. 366. 2103: 2101:, p. 186. 2091: 2070: 2050: 2035: 2033:, p. 150. 2023: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1847:Xi'an Incident 1783: 1780: 1743:Order of Lenin 1722: 1653: 1650: 1514: 1511: 1438: 1437:1937–38 purges 1435: 1318:Kung Cheng-han 1313: 1310: 1306:Xi'an Incident 1298:Zhang Xueliang 1287:Turkic peoples 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1155:Huang Shaohong 1079: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1021: 1018: 945: 942: 940: 939:Power struggle 937: 810:, was born in 803: 800: 701:, educated in 625: 624: 621: 620: 618: 617: 612: 611: 610: 605: 600: 590: 584: 582: 578: 577: 547: 543: 542: 537: 533: 532: 529: 525: 524: 483: 482:Branch/service 479: 478: 433: 429: 428: 424: 423: 420: 416: 415: 410: 404: 403: 400: 396: 395: 385: 381: 380: 377: 373: 372: 358: 352: 351: 343: 339: 338: 333: 329: 328: 323: 319: 318: 305:(aged 74) 299: 295: 294: 272: 268: 267: 263: 262: 259: 258: 253: 247: 246: 241: 235: 234: 224: 223: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 199: 193: 192: 182: 181: 170: 169: 155: 153:Prime Minister 149: 148: 143: 139: 138: 128: 127: 121: 120: 117: 116: 109: 101: 100: 92: 91: 88: 64: 63: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6250: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6138: 6137: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6079: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6043:Uyghur people 6041: 6040: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6007:Salih Hudayar 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5977:Rebiya Kadeer 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5952:Sabit Damolla 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5738:Id Kah Mosque 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:Kumtag Desert 5515: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5492:Junggar Basin 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5450:Ili Rebellion 5448: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5433:Xinjiang Wars 5431: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384:Kumul Khanate 5382: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5327:Mongol Empire 5325: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5133: 5128: 5117: 5111: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5011: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4869: 4866: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4786: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4492: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4438: 4433: 4421: 4416: 4404: 4399: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4361: 4356: 4341: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4322: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4202:9789629965006 4198: 4194: 4185: 4181: 4179:9789622018310 4175: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4160:9781317451372 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4141:9788173871092 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4122:9781904744887 4118: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4094:9781849040679 4090: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4075:9781349251896 4071: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4056:9788371888779 4052: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4026: 4024:9781124814070 4020: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4005:9781136923920 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3983:9781317454496 3979: 3975: 3970: 3966: 3964:9780521255141 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3938: 3936:9785976523791 3932: 3928: 3919: 3915: 3913:9781317647218 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3885:9781136827068 3881: 3877: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3847:9780674660373 3843: 3839: 3838:Uyghur Nation 3834: 3830: 3828:9780765640598 3824: 3819: 3818: 3811: 3807: 3805:9789231039850 3801: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3774:, p. vi. 3773: 3768: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3721:, p. 81. 3720: 3715: 3713: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3676: 3671: 3664: 3659: 3653:, p. 36. 3652: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3635: 3630: 3628: 3620: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3581: 3576: 3569: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3534: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3498:, p. 37. 3497: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3461: 3453: 3448: 3440: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3359: 3353:, p. 53. 3352: 3347: 3345: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3318: 3311:, p. 69. 3310: 3305: 3299:, p. 68. 3298: 3293: 3286: 3281: 3274: 3269: 3262: 3257: 3251:, p. 65. 3250: 3245: 3239:, p. 66. 3238: 3233: 3231: 3224:, p. 64. 3223: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3199: 3193:, p. 62. 3192: 3187: 3180: 3175: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3133:, p. 39. 3132: 3127: 3125: 3117: 3112: 3105: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3081: 3076: 3070:, p. 75. 3069: 3064: 3057: 3056:Millward 2007 3052: 3050: 3048: 3040: 3039:Millward 2007 3035: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3012:, p. 72. 3011: 3006: 3004: 2997:, p. 77. 2996: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2980:, p. 76. 2979: 2974: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2953:, p. 74. 2952: 2947: 2941:, p. 17. 2940: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2849: 2844: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2820: 2814:, p. 61. 2813: 2808: 2802:, p. 61. 2801: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2784: 2779: 2772: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2749:, p. 33. 2748: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2710: 2703: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2679: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2662: 2661:Millward 2007 2657: 2655: 2653: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2606: 2601: 2595:, p. 96. 2594: 2589: 2583:, p. 70. 2582: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2559:, p. 45. 2558: 2553: 2551: 2543: 2538: 2532:, p. 32. 2531: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2513:, p. 31. 2512: 2507: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2476: 2471: 2465:, p. 43. 2464: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2447: 2442: 2436:, p. 41. 2435: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2403: 2398: 2392:, p. 66. 2391: 2386: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2356:, p. 40. 2355: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2337:, p. 59. 2336: 2331: 2325:, p. 14. 2324: 2319: 2317: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2292: 2287: 2281:, p. 99. 2280: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2249: 2244: 2237: 2232: 2226:, p. 64. 2225: 2220: 2218: 2211:, p. 13. 2210: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2188:, p. 78. 2187: 2182: 2180: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2110: 2108: 2100: 2095: 2087: 2081: 2073: 2071:9780231107860 2067: 2063: 2062: 2054: 2048:, p. 35. 2047: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2027: 2021:, p. 60. 2020: 2015: 2011: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1944:Zhu Shaoliang 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1842:Zhu Shaoliang 1838: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1727: 1721: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1443: 1434: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1375:British India 1372: 1368: 1359: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1322:Mahmut Muhiti 1319: 1309: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1214:Joseph Stalin 1210: 1204:Consolidation 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1076: 1064: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1031:Zhang Peiyuan 1027: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 994:Hexi Corridor 991: 987: 982: 979: 978:36th Division 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 950: 944:Rise to power 936: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 865: 861: 856: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 817: 813: 809: 799: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 761: 759: 755: 751: 750:Zhang Peiyuan 747: 743: 739: 735: 730: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 659: 653: 649: 643: 635: 631: 622: 616: 613: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 594: 591: 589: 586: 585: 583: 579: 575: 548: 544: 541: 538: 534: 530: 526: 519: 494: 484: 480: 474: 460: 446: 434: 430: 425: 421: 417: 414: 411: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 386: 382: 378: 374: 368: 362: 359: 353: 347: 344: 340: 337: 334: 330: 327: 324: 320: 317: 313: 309: 300: 296: 293: 289: 285: 273: 269: 264: 260: 257: 254: 248: 245: 242: 236: 230: 225: 222: 217: 213: 207: 203: 200: 194: 188: 183: 180: 176: 171: 165: 164:Soong Tse-ven 159: 156: 150: 147: 144: 140: 134: 129: 126: 122: 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