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2149:. His team's findings strongly indicate that Kublai rushed to invade Japan and attempted to construct his enormous fleet in one year, a task that should have taken up to five years. This forced the Chinese to use any available ships, including river boats. Most importantly, the Chinese, under Kublai's control, built many ships quickly in order to contribute to the fleets in both of the invasions. Hayashida theorizes that, had Kublai used standard, well-constructed ocean-going ships with curved keels to prevent capsizing, his navy might have survived the journey to and from Japan and might have conquered it as intended. In October 2011, a wreck, possibly one of Kublai's invasion craft, was found off the coast of
1991:
1646:; bills were circulated throughout the Yuan domain with no expiration date. To guard against devaluation, the currency was convertible with silver and gold, and the government accepted tax payments in paper currency. In 1273, Kublai issued a new series of state sponsored bills to finance his conquest of the Song, although eventually a lack of fiscal discipline and inflation turned this move into an economic disaster. It was required to pay only in the form of paper money. To ensure its use, Kublai's government confiscated gold and silver from private citizens and foreign merchants, but traders received government-issued notes in exchange. Kublai Khan is considered to be the first
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1197:. When Kaidu and Mentemu together defeated Kublai, Baraq joined an alliance with the House of Ögedei and the Golden Horde against Kublai in the east and Abagha in the west. Meanwhile, Mentemu avoided any direct military expedition against Kublai's realm. The Golden Horde promised Kublai their assistance to defeat Kaidu whom Mentemu called the rebel. This was apparently due to the conflict between Kaidu and Mentemu over the agreement they made at the Talas kurultai. The armies of Mongol Persia defeated Baraq's invading forces in 1269. When Baraq died the next year, Kaidu took control of the Chagatai Khanate and recovered his alliance with Mentemu.
1264:, also called Dadu, at modern-day Beijing, there was an uprising in the old capital Karakorum that he barely contained. Kublai's actions were condemned by traditionalists and his critics still accused him of being too closely tied to Han Chinese culture. They sent a message to him: "The old customs of our Empire are not those of the Han Chinese laws ... What will happen to the old customs?" Kaidu attracted the other elites of Mongol Khanates, declaring himself to be a legitimate heir to the throne instead of Kublai, who had turned away from the ways of Genghis Khan. Defections from Kublai's dynasty swelled the Ögedeids' forces.
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1367:
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Japanese withdrew from the coastal zone inland to a fortress. The Mongol forces did not chase the fleeing
Japanese into an area about which they lacked reliable intelligence. In a number of individual skirmishes, known collectively as the Kōan Campaign (弘安の役) or the "Second Battle of Hakata Bay", the Mongol forces were driven back to their ships by the Samurai. The Japanese army was heavily outnumbered, but had fortified the coastal line with two-meter high walls, and was easily able to repulse the Mongolian forces that were launched against it.
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1631:, repairing public buildings, and extending highways. However, his domestic policy included some aspects of the old Mongol living traditions, and as his reign continued, these traditions would clash increasingly frequently with traditional Chinese economic and social culture. Kublai decreed that partner merchants of the Mongols should be subject to taxes in 1262 and set up the Office of Market Taxes to supervise them in 1268. After the Mongol conquest of the Song, the Muslim, Uighur and Chinese merchants expanded their operations to the
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overindulged in alcohol and the traditional meat-rich Mongol diet, which may have contributed to his gout. Kublai sank into depression due to the loss of his family, his poor health and advancing age. Kublai tried every medical treatment available, from Korean shamans to
Vietnamese doctors, and remedies and medicines, but to no avail. At the end of 1293, the emperor refused to participate in the traditional New Years' ceremony. Before his death, Kublai passed the seal of Crown Prince to Zhenjin's son
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764:. These acts received great acclaim from ethnic Han warlords and were essential to the founding of the Yuan dynasty. In 1252, Kublai criticized Mahmud Yalavach, who was never highly valued by his ethnic Han associates, over his cavalier execution of suspects during a judicial review, and Zhao Bi attacked him for his presumptuous attitude toward the throne. Möngke dismissed Mahmud Yalavach, which met with resistance from Han Confucian-trained officials.
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with a new supply of water, Guo found the Baifu spring in Mount Shen and had a 30 km (19 mi) channel built to move water to Dadu. He proposed connecting the water supply across different river basins, built new canals with sluices to control the water level, and achieved great success with the improvements he made. This pleased Kublai and Guo was asked to undertake similar projects in other parts of the country. In 1264 he was asked to go to
1122:, and unequal distribution of war spoils strained the Ilkhanate's relations with the Golden Horde. In 1262, Hulagu's complete purge of the Jochid troops and support for Kublai in his conflict with Ariq Böke brought open war with the Golden Horde. Kublai reinforced Hulagu with 30,000 young Mongols in order to stabilize the political crises in the western regions of the Mongol Empire. When Hulagu died on 8 February 1264, Berke marched to cross near
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1928:(decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates. Mongol and Han units were organized using the same decimal organization that Genghis Khan used. The Mongols eagerly adopted new artillery and technologies. Kublai and his generals adopted an elaborate, moderate style of military campaigns in southern China. Effective assimilation of the naval techniques of the Han people allowed the Yuan army to quickly conquer the Song.
2157:, "Huge losses had also been suffered in terms of casualties and sheer expense, while the myth of Mongol invincibility had been shattered throughout eastern Asia." He also wrote that Kublai was determined to mount a third invasion, despite the horrendous cost to the economy and to his and Mongol prestige of the first two defeats, and only his death and the unanimous agreement of his advisers not to invade prevented a third attempt.
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2728:, who would become the next Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the second ruler of the Yuan dynasty. Seeking an old companion to comfort him in his final illness, the palace staff could choose only Bayan, more than 30 years his junior. Kublai weakened steadily, and on 18 February 1294, he died at the age of 78. Two days later, the funeral cortège took his body to the burial place of the khans in Mongolia.
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2720:, expressed resentment that Zhenjin had been made heir apparent, but he was banished to the north. An official proposed that Kublai should abdicate in favor of Zhenjin in 1285, a suggestion that angered Kublai, who refused to see Zhenjin. Zhenjin died soon afterwards in 1286, eight years before his father. Kublai regretted this and remained very close to his wife, Bairam (also known as Kokejin).
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669:(attached with 80,000 households) to the family of Tolui, who died in 1232. Kublai received an estate of his own, which included 10,000 households. Because he was inexperienced, Kublai allowed local officials free rein. Corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation caused large numbers of ethnic Han peasants to flee, which led to a decline in tax revenues. Kublai quickly came to his
2498:. Their descendants strongly supported Kublai's coronation in 1260, but the younger generation desired more independence. Kublai enforced Ögedei Khan's regulations that the Mongol noblemen could appoint overseers and the Great Khan's special officials, in their appanages, but otherwise respected appanage rights. Kublai's son Manggala established direct control over
1717:
Duke
Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.
3071:(元詩選), titled 'Inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to Spring Mountain'. It was translated into Mongolian by the Inner Mongolian scholar B.Buyan in the same style as classical Mongolian poetry and transcribed into Cyrillic by Ya.Ganbaatar. It is said that once in spring Kublai Khan went to worship at a Buddhist temple at the
2696:, where Genghis was buried, a sacred place strongly protected by the Kublaids. Bayan was in control of Karakorum and was re-establishing control over surrounding areas in 1293, so Kublai's rival Kaidu did not attempt any large-scale military action for the next three years. From 1293 on, Kublai's army cleared Kaidu's forces from the
2449:, accompanied him on this mission. Guo was interested in engineering, was an expert astronomer and skilled instrument maker, and he understood that good astronomical observations depended on expertly made instruments. Guo began to construct astronomical instruments, including water clocks for accurate timing and
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assisted Kublai in battle. After a hard fight, Nayan's troops withdrew behind their carts, and Li Ting began bombardment and attacked Nayan's camp that night. Kublai's force pursued Nayan, who was eventually captured and executed without bloodshed, by being smothered under felt carpets, a traditional
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to repair the damage that had been caused to the irrigation systems by the years of war during the Mongol advance through the region. Guo travelled extensively along with his friend Zhang taking notes of the work needed to be done to unblock damaged parts of the system and to make improvements to its
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The second invasion occurred in 1281 when
Mongols sent two separate forces: 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Han, and Mongol troops were sent from Masan, while a force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships, each close to 240 feet (73 m) long. The fleet was hastily assembled and
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Kublai Khan considered China his main base, realizing within a decade of his enthronement as Great Khan that he needed to concentrate on governing there. From the beginning of his reign, he adopted
Chinese political and cultural models and worked to minimize the influences of regional lords, who had
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to conquer the
Ilkhanate but died on the way. Within a few months of these deaths, Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate also died. In the new official version of his family's history, Kublai refused to write Berke's name as the khan of the Golden Horde because of Berke's support for Ariq Böke and wars
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sent two tax inspectors, Alamdar (Ariq Böke's close friend and governor in North China) and Liu
Taiping, to audit Kublai's officials in 1257. They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused Han officials and executed some of them, and Kublai's new pacification commission was abolished.
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and made it a tributary vassal state in 1260. After another Mongol intervention in 1273, Goryeo came under even tighter control of the Yuan. Goryeo became a Mongol military base, and several myriarchy commands were established there. The court of the Goryeo supplied Korean troops and an ocean-going
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The rebellion was crippled by early detection and timid leadership. Kublai sent Bayan to keep Nayan and Kaidu apart by occupying
Karakorum, while Kublai led another army against the rebels in Manchuria. Kublai's commander Oz Temür's Mongol force attacked Nayan's 60,000 inexperienced soldiers on 14
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Under Kublai, direct contact between East Asia and Europe was established, made possible by Mongol control of the central Asian trade routes and facilitated by the presence of efficient postal services. In the beginning of the 13th century, Europeans and
Central Asians – merchants, travelers,
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in the north appointed Kong
Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng. From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern
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Kublai became increasingly despondent after the deaths of his favorite wife and his chosen heir Zhenjin. The failure of the military campaigns in Vietnam and Japan also haunted him. Kublai turned to food and drink for comfort, became grossly overweight, and suffered gout and diabetes. The emperor
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Zhang advised Kublai that Guo was a leading expert in hydraulic engineering. Kublai knew the importance of water management for irrigation, transport of grain, and flood control, and he asked Guo to look at these aspects in the area between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River. To provide Dadu
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and handed them over to Kaidu and Möngke Temür. The latter was still allied with Kaidu who fashioned an alliance with him in 1269, although Möngke Temür had promised Kublai his military support to protect Kublai from the Ögedeids. Kublai's armies suppressed the rebellion and strengthened the Yuan
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and Sichuan, Möngke's army supported Ariq Böke. Kublai dispatched Lian Xixian to Shaanxi and Sichuan, where they executed Ariq Böke's civil administrator Liu Taiping and won over several wavering generals. To secure the southern front, Kublai attempted a diplomatic resolution and sent envoys to
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After his wife Chabi died in 1281, Kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers, and he issued instructions through one of his other queens, Nambui. Only two of Kublai's daughters are known by name; he may have had others. Unlike the formidable women of his grandfather's day,
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refused to pay tribute to the Mongols. Jayavarman VIII was so insistent on not having to pay tribute to Kublai that he had Mongol envoys imprisoned. These attacks from the Siamese eventually weakened the Khmer Empire. The Mongols then decided to venture south into Cambodia in 1283 by land from
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Kublai succeeded in building a powerful empire, created an academy, offices, trade ports and canals and sponsored science and the arts. The record of the Mongols lists 20,166 public schools created during Kublai's reign. Having achieved real or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia, and having
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repeatedly demanded that the Daoists cease their denigration of Buddhism and ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Daoists and Buddhists in his territory. Kublai called a conference of Daoist and Buddhist leaders in early 1258. At the conference, the Daoist claim was officially
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warriors, following their custom, rode out against the Mongol forces for individual combat but the Mongols held their formation. The Mongols fought as a united force, not as individuals, and bombarded the samurai with exploding missiles and showered them with arrows. Eventually, the remaining
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Kublai's seizure of power in 1260 pushed the Mongol Empire into a new direction. Despite the controversy surrounding his accession, which accelerated the disunity of the Mongols, Kublai's willingness to formalize the Mongol-ruled realm's identification as China brought the Mongol Empire to
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Intending to demand greater tribute and direct Yuan oversight of local affairs in Đại Việt and Champa, the Yuan launched another invasion in 1285. The second invasion of Đại Việt failed to accomplish its goals, and the Yuan launched a third invasion in 1287 with the intent of replacing the
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Kublai Khan twice attempted to invade Japan. It is believed that both attempts were partly thwarted by bad weather or a flaw in the design of ships that were based on river boats without keels, and his fleets were destroyed. The first attempt took place in 1274, with a fleet of 900 ships.
2231:. By the end of the second and third invasions, which involved both initial successes and eventual major defeats for the Mongols, both Đại Việt and Champa decided to accept the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty and became tributary states to avoid further bloodshed and conflict.
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maker. The paper bills made collecting taxes and administering the empire much easier and reduced the cost of transporting coins. In 1287, Kublai's minister Sangha created a new currency, Zhiyuan Chao, to deal with a budget shortfall. It was non-convertible and denominated in
1437:, established friendly relations with the Yuan and the Ilkhanate, and as a reward received luxury gifts and grain from Kublai. Despite political disagreement between contending branches of the family over the office of Khagan, the economic and commercial system continued.
1141:"The most powerful prince of the Tartars is named Holubeim , that means Great Khan. This emperor is richer than any other emperor in the world. This emperor is protected by twelve thousand horsemen with their four captains that stay at the court three months of the year."
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to say that if Lizong submitted to Kublai and surrender his dynasty, he would be granted some autonomy. Emperor Lizong refused to meet Kublai's demands and imprisoned Hao Ching and when Kublai sent a delegation to release Hao Ching, Emperor Lizong sent them back.
1077:(Zhongshu Sheng) early in Kublai's reign and became one of Kublai's most trusted Han Chinese officials. The incident instilled in Kublai a distrust of ethnic Hans. After becoming emperor, Kublai banned granting the titles of and tithes to ethnic Han warlords.
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Chagatayid Khan Alghu, who had been appointed by Ariq Böke, declared his allegiance to Kublai and defeated a punitive expedition sent by Ariq Böke in 1262. The Ilkhan Hulagu also sided with Kublai and criticized Ariq Böke. Ariq Böke surrendered to Kublai at
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are full of wisdom, heed them well – heed them all of you." The elderly Genghis Khan would die three years after this event in 1227, when Kublai was 12. Kublai's father Tolui would serve as regent for two years until Genghis' successor, Kublai's third uncle
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in 1272. In 1274, Kublai appointed Lian Xixian to investigate abuses of power by Mongol appanage holders in Manchuria. The region called Lia-tung was immediately brought under the Khagan's control, in 1284, eliminating autonomy of the Mongol nobles there.
1060:'s territory. In the first armed clash between Ariq Böke and Kublai, Ariq Böke lost and his commander Alamdar was killed at the battle. In revenge, Ariq Böke had Abishqa executed. Kublai cut off supplies of food to Karakorum with the support of his cousin
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in Syria and North Africa that constantly invaded the Mongol dominions. Abagha and Kublai focused mostly on foreign alliances, and opened trade routes. Khagan Kublai dined with a large court every day, and met with many ambassadors and foreign merchants.
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declined to personally attend the court of Kublai. Kublai instigated Baraq to attack Kaidu. Baraq began to expand his realm northward; he seized power in 1266 and fought Kaidu and the Golden Horde. He also pushed out Great Khan's overseer from the
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and missionaries of different orders – made their way to China. The presence of Mongol power allowed large numbers of Yuan subjects, intent on warfare or trade, to travel to other parts of the Mongol Empire, all the way to Rus, Persia, and
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supported his candidacy. Upon returning to his own territories, Kublai summoned his own kurultai. Fewer members of the royal family supported Kublai's claims to the title, though the small number of attendees included representatives of all the
649:. Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a rabbit and an antelope. After his grandfather smeared fat from the killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger in accordance with a Mongol tradition, he said "The words of this boy
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Despite the opposition of some of his Confucian-trained advisers, Kublai decided to invade Japan, Burma, Vietnam, and Java, following the suggestions of some of his Mongol officials. He also attempted to subjugate peripheral lands such as
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Widespread but uncoordinated uprisings of Nayan's supporters continued until 1289; these were ruthlessly repressed. The rebel princes' troops were taken from them and redistributed among the imperial family. Kublai harshly punished the
1068:. Karakorum quickly fell to Kublai's large army, but following Kublai's departure it was temporarily re-taken by Ariq Böke in 1261. Yizhou governor Li Tan revolted against Mongol rule in February 1262, and Kublai ordered his Chancellor
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and Shi Shu to attack Li Tan. The two armies crushed Li Tan's revolt in just a few months and Li Tan was executed. These armies also executed Wang Wentong, Li Tan's father-in-law, who had been appointed the Chief Administrator of the
2175:/Annam (now Vietnam) in a total of five separate incursions between 1257 and 1292, with major campaigns in 1258, 1285, and 1287. These three campaigns are treated by a number of scholars as a success due to the establishment of
853:(1231–1280) the head of his pacification commission in 1254. Some officials, who were jealous of Kublai's success, said that he was getting above himself and dreaming of having his own empire by competing with Möngke's capital
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or local ruler; Duan accepted the stationing of a pacification commissioner there. After Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among certain factions. In 1255 and 1256, Duan Xingzhi was presented at court, where he offered
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the supreme commander. Kublai ordered Möngke Temür to revise the second census of the Golden Horde to provide resources and men for his conquest of China. The census took place in all parts of the Golden Horde, including
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704:, and at the time Buddhist monk, Liu Bingzhong. Liu was a painter, calligrapher, poet, and mathematician, and he became Kublai's advisor when Haiyun returned to his temple in modern Beijing. Kublai soon added the
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Medieval History, Volume 2 by Headstart History: "Marco Polo, who relates how the new Mongol overlord of China, Kublai Khan, sent envoys to Mogadishu on the Somali coast to treat for the release of a previous
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on 5 May 1260, he began to organize the country. Zhang Wenqian, a central government official, was sent by Kublai in 1260 to Daming where unrest had been reported in the local population. A friend of Zhang's,
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on 23 June 1281, and landed its troops and animals, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen. Mongol landing forces were subsequently defeated at the Battle of Akasaka and the Battle of Torikai-Gata.
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with Đại Việt despite the Mongols suffering major military defeats. In contrast, Vietnamese historiography regards the war as a major victory against the foreign invaders whom they called "the Mongol yokes."
1489:, he was promoted to imperial preceptor. Kublai established the Supreme Control Commission under the Phags pa Lama to administer affairs of Tibetan and Chinese monks. During Phagspa's absence in Tibet, the
1433:, and Nogai, agreed to release two princes. The court of the Golden Horde returned the princes as a peace overture to the Yuan dynasty in 1282 and induced Kaidu to release Kublai's general. Konchi, khan of
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Kublai renamed the Mongol regime in China Dai Yuan in 1271, and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China in order to win control of millions of Han Chinese people. When he moved his headquarters to
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Thirty Muslims served as high officials in the court of Kublai Khan. Eight of the dynasty's twelve administrative districts had Muslim governors appointed by Kublai Khan. Among the Muslim governors was
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and the introduction of paper currency caused inflation. From 1273 to 1276, war against the Southern Song dynasty and Japan made the issue of paper currency expand from 110,000 ding to 1,420,000 ding.
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maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered. Duan then led a considerable army to serve as guides and vanguards for the Mongol army. By the end of 1256,
2542:, instigated a revolt in 1287. (More than one prince named Nayan existed and their identity is confused.) Nayan tried to join forces with Kublai's competitor Kaidu in Central Asia. Manchuria's native
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architect Ikhtiyar al-Din, also known as "Igder", designed the buildings of the city of the Khagan, Khanbaliq (Dadu). Kublai also employed foreign artists to build his new capital; one of them, a
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lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the empire. Kublai's real power was limited to the Yuan Empire, even though as Khagan he still had influence in the
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Kublai encouraged Asian arts and demonstrated religious tolerance. Despite his anti-Daoist edicts, Kublai respected the Daoist master and appointed Zhang Liushan as the patriarch of the Daoist
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ill-equipped to cope with maritime conditions. In November, they sailed into the treacherous waters that separate Korea and Japan by 180 kilometres (110 miles). The Mongols easily took over
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to spy out the Sultanate but the delegation was captured and imprisoned. Kublai Khan then sent another envoy to treat for the release of the earlier Mongol delegation sent to Africa.
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units. Once his own kheshig was organized in 1263, Kublai put three of the original kheshigs under the charge of the descendants of Genghis Khan's assistants, Borokhula, Boorchu, and
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Chan, Hok-Lam. 1997. "A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7 (2). Cambridge University Press: 257–83.
2416:, through its trade with prior Chinese regimes, had acquired enough of a reputation in Asia to attract the attention of Kublai Khan. According to Marco Polo, Kublai sent an envoy to
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monk Sangha rose to high office and had the office renamed the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs. In 1286, Sangha became the dynasty's chief fiscal officer. However, their
1689:(玄教, "Mysterious Order"). Under Zhang's advice, Daoist temples were put under the Academy of Scholarly Worthies. Several Europeans visited the empire, notably the Italian explorer
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where they were given tax-free property, and Kublai's wife Chabi took a personal interest in their well-being. However, Kublai later had Emperor Gong sent away to become a monk to
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In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty and formally claimed orthodox succession from prior Chinese dynasties. The Yuan dynasty came to rule over most of present-day China,
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1212:. Kublai also forced two rulers of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate to call a truce with each other in 1270 despite the Golden Horde's interests in the Middle East and the
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Although Kublai restricted the functions of the kheshig, he created a new imperial bodyguard, at first entirely ethnic Han in composition but later strengthened with
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of silk, in exchange for Mongol agreement to the Yangtze as the frontier between the states. Kublai declined at first but later reached a peace agreement with Sidao.
2558:, joined Nayan's rebellion, and because Nayan was a popular prince, Ebugen, a grandson of Genghis Khan's son Khulgen, and the family of Khuden, a younger brother of
2119:'s samurai attacked the Mongol army and fought them, as reinforcements led by Shiraishi Michiyasu arrived and defeated the Mongols, who suffered around 3500 dead.
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held immense power before and during the Song dynasty. Kublai heavily relied on his Chinese advisers until about 1276. He had many Han Chinese advisers, such as
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international attention. Kublai and his predecessors' conquests were largely responsible for re-creating a unified, militarily powerful China. Yuan rule of
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Most of the Yuan domains were administered as provinces, also translated as the "Branch Secretariat", each with a governor and vice-governor. This included
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in Taipei. White, the color of the imperial costume of Kublai, was the imperial color of the Yuan dynasty based on the Chinese philosophical concept of the
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The Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Han Chinese peoples to conquer all of China. Three years later,
2219:. The first invasion also established tributary relations between the Vietnamese dynasty, formerly a Song dynasty tributary state, and the Yuan dynasty.
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1639:. In 1286, maritime trade was put under the Office of Market Taxes. The main source of revenue of the government was the monopoly of salt production.
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scholar Zhao Bi to his entourage. Kublai employed people of other nationalities as well, for he was keen to balance local and imperial interests,
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Kublai was a prolific writer of Chinese poetry, although most of his works are now lost. Only one Chinese poem written by him is included in the
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The most prominent, and arguably most influential, component of Kublai Khan's early life was his study and a strong attraction to contemporary
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on 21 August 1264. The rulers of the western khanates acknowledged Kublai's victory and rule in Mongolia. When Kublai summoned them to a new
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Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800–Present
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803:) himself defected to the Mongols, who used his troops to conquer the rest of Yunnan. Duan Xingzhi, the last king of Dali, was appointed by
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took a difficult route into the mountains of western Sichuan. Kublai went south over the grasslands and met up with the first column. While
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3773:""Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China." Journal of Song-Yuan Studies 44 (2014): 325–364"
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The Mongol administration had issued paper currencies from 1227 on. In August 1260, Kublai created the first unified paper currency called
997:, opposed this. Kublai's ethnic Han staff encouraged Kublai to ascend the throne, and almost all the senior princes in northern China and
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Within Kublai's court his most trusted governors and advisers appointed by meritocracy with the essence of multiculturalism were Mongol,
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in the 1270s, who was appointed to serve as Khan's foreign emissary throughout the empire and lived in the emperor's lands for 17 years.
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1033:). Mughal dynasty, Reign of Akbar, 1596. Mughal Court. Opaque watercolor, ink, and gold on paper. India. Freer Gallery of Art. F1954.31
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refuted, and Kublai forcibly converted 237 Daoist temples to Buddhism and destroyed all copies of the Daoist texts. Kublai Khan and the
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Kublai Khan patronized Muslim scholars and scientists, and Muslim astronomers contributed to the construction of the observatory in
993:, which had named him Great Khan with the support of most of Genghis Khan's descendants. Kublai and the fourth brother, the Il-Khan
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general of the Golden Horde, was powerful enough to have Kublai's sons Nomuqan and Kokhchu returned. Three leaders of the Jochids,
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The imperial portrait of Kublai was part of an album of the portraits of Yuan emperors and empresses, now in the collection of the
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The Princes of the Left Hand: An Introduction to the History of the Rulus of Orda in the Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries
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1089:, Alghu Khan demanded recognition of his illegal position from Kublai in return. Despite tensions between them, both Hulagu and
983:
had been raising troops, so he returned north to the Mongolian Plateau. Before he arrived, he learned that Ariq Böke had held a
7643:
7063:
6906:
1621:
3541:) as proclaimed by Kublai in 1271, as well as the claim to Chinese political orthodoxy were meant to be applied to the entire
2313:
by 1284. Cambodia effectively became a vassal state by 1285 when Jayavarman VIII was finally forced to pay tribute to Kublai.
591:, southern Siberia, and other adjacent areas. He also amassed influence in the Middle East and Europe as khagan. By 1279, the
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6882:
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but was defeated within a month. Kaidu withdrew westward to avoid a battle. However, Kaidu defeated a major Yuan army in the
6780:
6747:
5605:
5566:
5475:
4859:
4121:
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1010:. This kurultai proclaimed Kublai Great Khan, on 15 April 1260, despite Ariq Böke's apparently legal claim to become khan.
7658:
7546:
7542:
7281:
3323:
1039:
This led to warfare between Kublai and Ariq Böke, which resulted in the destruction of the Mongol capital at Karakorum. In
167:
7534:
7346:
6914:
2196:
2145:
Kenzo Hayashida led the investigation that discovered the wreckage of the second invasion fleet off the western coast of
1888:
921:
put Kublai in command of the Eastern Army and summoned him to assist with an attack on Sichuan. As he was suffering from
677:
sent new officials to help him and tax laws were revised. Thanks to those efforts, many of the people who fled returned.
592:
1402:
seized the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1282, attempting to make peace with the Mamluks, Abaqa's old Mongols under prince
913:"The Emperor Kublai Khan in a tower carried by four elephants on the day of the battle". French engraving, 18th century.
7638:
4663:
4357:
4347:
1386:
In 1279–80, Kublai decreed death for those who performed slaughtering of cattle according to the legal codes of Islam (
662:
107:
7056:
6565:
6513:
6117:
6078:
6004:
5933:
5894:
4691:
4558:
4088:
4009:
3870:
3831:
3662:
3623:
3584:
3545:. In spite of this, "Yuan dynasty" is rarely used in the broad sense of the definition by modern scholars due to the
2652:
1512:
In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (1271), Kublai officially created the Yuan dynasty and proclaimed the capital as Dadu (
4653:
2634:
2265:, but Pagan finally became a tributary state, sending tributes to the Yuan court until the Yuan dynasty fell to the
1034:
7538:
7530:
6396:
the director of the Secretariat and head of the Bureau of Military Affairs from 1261, but was sickly and died young
5714:
4904:
1666:
1295:
successfully conquered China, Kublai was in a position to look beyond China. However, Kublai's costly invasions of
1227:
Kublai called two Iraqi siege engineers from the Ilkhanate in order to destroy the fortresses of Song China. After
5296:
5034:
3523:
As per modern historiographical norm, the "Yuan dynasty" in this article refers exclusively to the realm based in
2704:
Kublai's wives and daughters were an almost invisible presence. Kublai's original choice of successor was his son
2183:
The first invasion began in 1258 under the united Mongol Empire, as it looked for alternative paths to invade the
7384:
7204:
4279:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia
3951:"Did Kublai Khan's Conquest of the Dali Kingdom Give Rise to the Mass Migration of the Thai People to the South?"
1990:
838:
7443:
7239:
5332:
4349:
The Rise and Fall of the Second Largest Empire in History: How Genghis Khan's Mongols Almost Conquered the World
2915:, of the Bosquur clan of Khongirad (皇后 弘吉剌氏 – went missing 1294), personal name Nambui (南必), daughter of Nachen
1308:
2630:
2587:
appointed by the rebels in Mongolia and Manchuria. This rebellion forced Kublai to approve the creation of the
2240:
2047:
1769:
1304:
645:, Genghis Khan performed a ceremony on his grandsons Möngke and Kublai after their first hunt in 1224 near the
2550:, who had suffered a famine, supported Nayan. Virtually all the fraternal lines under Hadaan, a descendant of
2046:, where its indigenous people eventually submitted to the Mongols by 1308, after Kublai's death. These costly
7570:
6993:
3549:
3308:
3268:
1760:
692:
in 1242, Kublai asked him about the philosophy of Buddhism. Haiyun named Kublai's son, who was born in 1243,
642:
72:
5884:
3386:
2626:
1446:
1300:
1178:
7438:
7234:
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and briefly occupied Karakorum in 1289. Kaidu had ridden away before Kublai could mobilize a larger army.
2328:
after considerable losses of more than 3000 troops. Nevertheless, by 1294, the year that Kublai died, the
1474:, and employed many Buddhist Uyghurs, some of whom were resident commissioners running Chinese districts.
7265:
7015:
4755:
Enkhbold, Enerelt (2019). "The role of the ortoq in the Mongol Empire in forming business partnerships".
3958:
2737:
2588:
2487:
2359:
2166:
1713:
1604:, and a special Zhendong branch Secretariat that extended into the Korean Peninsula. The Central Region (
611:
7653:
6486:
6151:. University of Michigan: Sva. Padmabhūshaṇa Paṇḍita Kuñjīlāla Dube Smr̥ti-Grantha Samiti. p. 94.
3291:
1880:
834:
7394:
7214:
2758:, who was his most beloved empress. After Chabi's death in 1281, Kublai married Chabi's young cousin,
2369:
1670:
6557:
3479:
3279:
2146:
2087:
2059:
1985:
1800:
1501:
and Bayan of the Baarin served as grand councillors from 1265, and Oz-temur of the Arulad headed the
1434:
1320:
756:. During his years as viceroy, Kublai managed his territory well, boosted the agricultural output of
1937:
1563:
7522:
7374:
7194:
6866:
6175:
5147:
3333:
3283:
2697:
2615:
2070:
1852:
1410:
and execution of his sons, Kublai confirmed Arghun's coronation and awarded his commander in chief
588:
584:
17:
6898:
6445:(Selection of Chinese poems written by Mongolians during the Yuan dynasty), Ulan Bator, 2007 p. 15
5923:
4692:"The Mongols and Tibet – A historical assessment of relations between the Mongol Empire and Tibet"
1271:
Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition, by Han Chinese court artist Liu Guandao, c. 1280.
7514:
5994:
5634:
5011:
4993:
4948:
4260:
2619:
2244:
2224:
1497:
later embittered Kublai, and he later relied wholly on younger Mongol aristocrats. Antong of the
1328:
1119:
846:
31:
5371:
2228:
799:
and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors. The Dali emperor Duan Xingzhi (
7648:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7566:
7562:
7554:
7518:
7258:
6523:
Haw, Stephen G. (2013). "The deaths of two Khaghans: a comparison of events in 1242 and 1260".
2413:
1841:
1803:
introduced 7 new instruments and concepts that allowed the correction of the Chinese calendar.
1663:
and the Middle East, which was a complete failure, and shortly afterwards he was assassinated.
1335:
607:
5396:
5216:
5109:
1817:
Muslim physicians organized hospitals and had their own institutes of Medicine in Beijing and
1616:. It was considered the most important region of the dynasty and was directly governed by the
7550:
7526:
7510:
7399:
7219:
6576:
6504:
Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2014).
5174:
5064:
3860:
3328:
3275:
2531:
2337:
1981:
933:
had died. Kublai decided to keep the death of his brother secret and continued the attack on
82:
6036:
5965:
3076:
3045:
7623:
7618:
7613:
5266:
3318:
2898:
2567:
2249:
Three expeditions against Burma, in 1277, 1283, and 1287, brought the Mongol forces to the
2142:
1785:
1494:
1280:
4722:
3248:
1130:
8:
2364:
2317:
1868:
1720:
Yuan Emperors like Kublai Khan forbade practices such as butchering according to Jewish (
1628:
1486:
1375:
1366:
1236:
1228:
1163:
685:
5628:
2855:
married to Ulujin Küregen of the Bosquur clan of Khongirad, Prince of Lu and had issue (
2172:
1127:
with Hulagu; however, Jochi's family was fully recognized as legitimate family members.
1013:
6806:
6631:
6610:
6540:
5364:
4772:
3792:
3470:
3313:
1837:
1678:
1540:
or Daidu to the Mongols, modern Beijing) the following year. His summer capital was in
1478:
1451:
800:
360:
7122:
5078:
2269:
in 1368. Mongol interests in these areas were commercial and tributary relationships.
2261:
and established their government. Kublai had to be content with establishing a formal
1964:
for safer bases back in the eastern part of the Yuan dynasty. After Kublai's grandson
1620:
at Dadu. Tibet was governed by another top-level administrative department called the
1189:
1052:. Ariq Böke captured Abishqa, two other princes, and 100 men, and he had his own man,
1048:, but Jia broke his promise and arrested them. Kublai sent Abishqa as new khan to the
641:
woman as her son's nurse, whom Kublai later honored highly. On his way home after the
560:. He was almost 12 when Genghis Khan died in 1227. He had succeeded his older brother
6878:
6871:
6852:
6844:
6810:
6770:
6737:
6716:
6710:
6695:
6687:
6673:
6665:
6651:
6617:
6582:
6561:
6509:
6490:
6113:
6074:
6000:
5929:
5890:
5595:
5556:
5465:
5402:
5375:
5222:
5180:
5115:
4967:
4849:
4776:
4659:
4554:
4353:
4111:
4084:
4047:
4005:
3893:
3866:
3827:
3796:
3724:
3658:
3619:
3580:
2576:
2333:
2030:
1924:. Kublai began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign
1756:
1477:
Kublai also appointed the Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa ("the Phags pa Lama") his
1347:
1205:
957:
secretly approached Kublai to propose terms. He offered an annual tribute of 200,000
674:
627:
553:
497:
339:
6903:
6644:
1566:
in 1274 and finally destroyed the Song in 1279, unifying the country at last at the
906:
being the only Muslim during Kublai's era (his successor did not convert to Islam).
7496:
7478:
7474:
7342:
7038:
6976:
6796:
6532:
5552:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
4764:
4492:
3889:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368
3784:
3498:
3490:
3421:
3343:
2566:
June, while ethnic Han and Alan guards under Li Ting protected Kublai. The army of
2547:
2450:
2388:
2353:
2116:
1605:
1545:
1513:
1379:
1235:
and Liu Zheng, proposed a final campaign against the Song dynasty, and Kublai made
1201:
1174:
1097:, at first accepted Kublai's invitation. However, they soon declined to attend the
1049:
974:
942:
883:
830:
569:
368:
92:
77:
5398:
Islam in the Era of Globalization: Muslim Attitudes Towards Modernity and Identity
4842:
de Rachewiltz, Igor; Chan, Hok-Lam; Ch'i-ch'ing, Hsiao; et al., eds. (1993).
4768:
3406:
on 19 March 1279 is considered the start of Kubilai Khan's rule over the whole of
7404:
7369:
7324:
7224:
7189:
7135:
6910:
6800:
6764:
6731:
6307:
In the service of the Khan: eminent personalities of the early Mongol-Yüan period
5683:
5589:
5550:
5459:
4845:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period
4843:
4105:
4041:
3887:
3403:
3382:
2689:
2559:
2510:
2297:
2250:
2176:
2099:
1845:
1789:
1632:
1567:
1276:
870:
741:
681:
432:
247:
7433:
7409:
7229:
4928:
Routledge Revivals: Medieval Italy (2004): An Encyclopedia – Volume II, Volume 2
3041:
1562:). To unify China, Kublai began a massive offensive against the remnants of the
1101:. Kublai pardoned Ariq Böke, although he executed Ariq Böke's chief supporters.
7250:
5256:"The Integration of Religious Minorities in China: The Case of Chinese Muslims"
2888:
2746:
Chabi, a Buddhist who was the Khatun of Kublai and Empress of the Mongol Empire
2709:
2543:
2086:
extended support to the crumbling Southern Song dynasty, Kublai Khan initiated
1781:
1617:
1581:
1521:
1490:
1407:
1220:
1074:
779:. The Mongols divided their forces into three. One wing rode eastward into the
753:
713:
7329:
7319:
7154:
7116:
7048:
6958:
6536:
3256:
2985:
Qoruqchin Khatun — daughter of Qutuqu (brother of Toqto'a Beki) from Merkits.
2208:
1181:
on the throne in 1265, without Kublai's permission after her husband's death.
1065:
930:
926:
918:
874:
863:
858:
815:
804:
737:
561:
141:
7607:
7426:
7389:
7209:
7141:
7083:
6980:
5818:
4027:
Yu chi and Southern Daoism during the Yuan period, in China under Mongol rule
3542:
3072:
2281:
2258:
2188:
2034:
1969:
1957:
1705:
1585:
1467:
1162:
over the Ilkhans until the end of their regime. Kublai also sent his protege
1135:
1057:
962:
946:
819:
795:
travelled along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of
792:
684:. Kublai invited Haiyun, the leading Buddhist monk in northern China, to his
638:
219:
67:
7364:
7184:
7001:
6525:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London
6474:
The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China)
3338:
2725:
2130:
1965:
1350:
from 1266 to 1276. In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Möngke's son
862:
Kublai sent a two-man embassy with his wives and then appealed in person to
203:
160:
7500:
7462:
7350:
7308:
7289:
7097:
7027:
4817:
The use of Mint-output data in Historical research on the Western appanages
3407:
3399:
3287:
3260:
3227:
2717:
2534:, a fourth-generation descendant of one of Genghis Khan's brothers, either
2523:
2519:
2458:
2446:
2301:
2285:
2266:
2184:
1811:
1777:
1729:
1636:
1593:
1575:
1155:
1115:
1094:
950:
903:
887:
879:
841:
school, a member of his entourage. Phagpa bestowed on Kublai and his wife,
772:
745:
631:
600:
577:
557:
538:
477:
235:
192:
7163:
5591:
China's Minorities: Integration and Modernization in the Twentieth Century
4695:
3788:
3369:
2665:
2384:
2324:
on Java (1293), but the invading Mongol forces were forced to withdraw by
980:
565:
541:
of China. He proclaimed the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and ruled
146:
7379:
7199:
5107:
4841:
3532:
3252:
3222:
The blowing wind played a song among the green pines at the mountain pass
3083:
in Mongolian), where he was filled with inspiration and wrote this poem.
2499:
2378:
2329:
2289:
1953:
1898:
1613:
1426:
1194:
994:
850:
788:
655:
596:
527:
519:
444:
406:
38:
6635:
6544:
6202:
The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa By Timothy Insoll Page 66
2742:
1735:
5695:Ж.Ганболд, Т.Мөнхцэцэг, Д.Наран, А.Пунсаг-Монголын Юань улс, хуудас 122
5523:
M. Kutlukov, "Mongol Rule in Eastern Turkestan". Article in collection
3295:
3220:
Raindrops were like bubbles on jade bamboos at the edge of the big rock
2856:
2693:
2584:
2571:
way of executing princes. Meanwhile, the rebel prince Shikqtur invaded
2349:
2321:
2262:
2111:
2103:
1864:
1826:
1752:
1690:
1674:
1647:
1430:
1415:
1249:
1159:
1147:
1069:
909:
724:
542:
125:
45:
3215:
Flowers shone bright rays and auspicious colors gleamed like a rainbow
2750:
Kublai first married Tegulen but she died very early. Then he married
7345:
in 1260, proclamation of the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, and
7031:
6554:
China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
4549:
Fedorowicz, J. K.; Samsonowicz, Henryk; Bogucka, Maria, eds. (1982).
3524:
3263:'s statues, it forms a statue complex dedicated to the Mongol Empire.
3224:
In front of the Buddha in the temple I conducted the incense ceremony
3061:
2794:
2775:
2755:
2713:
2670:
2495:
2454:
2417:
2325:
1860:
1856:
1807:
1806:
Muslim cartographers made accurate maps of all the nations along the
1748:
1697:
1597:
1571:
1559:
1537:
1502:
1422:
1360:
1284:
1261:
1219:
In 1260, Kublai sent one of his advisors, Hao Ching, to the court of
1209:
1158:, the capital of the Golden Horde. The Kublaids in the east retained
998:
990:
954:
891:
854:
796:
776:
689:
646:
573:
231:
188:
6443:
Yuan ulsiin uyiin mongolchuudiin hyatadaar bichsen shulgiin songomol
3772:
3651:
Brook, Timothy; Walt van Praag, Michael van; Boltjes, Miekn (2018).
2778:(皇后弘吉剌氏, d. 1233), personal name Tegülün (帖古伦), daughter of Tuolian
2604:
2535:
1267:
866:, who publicly forgave his younger brother and reconciled with him.
6929:
3089:
Inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to Spring Mountain (
2842:
2681:
2572:
2539:
2491:
2428:
2400:
2310:
2212:
2150:
2043:
2025:
1949:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1830:
1725:
1656:
1643:
1601:
1387:
1241:
1213:
1045:
1022:
1003:
985:
761:
670:
635:
507:
465:
4445:
4443:
4441:
4319:
Qaidu and the Rise of the Independent Mongol State In Central Asia
3654:
Sacred Mandates: Asian International Relations since Chinggis Khan
3243:
2954:, of the Bayauts clan (皇后) Bayaujin (伯要兀真), daughter of Boraqchin
3528:
3049:
2832:
2807:
married to Ay Buqa, Prince of Zhao (趙王) and had issue (four sons)
2705:
2551:
2462:
2441:
2433:
2293:
2277:
2204:
2200:
2135:
2123:
1994:
Two dragons chasing a flaming pearl was a symbol associated with
1961:
1960:
and occupied the city the following year. Many Uyghurs abandoned
1818:
1796:
1721:
1541:
1506:
1498:
1482:
1471:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1351:
1288:
1253:
1245:
1170:
1151:
1123:
1082:
1040:
1025:
in the year 1260. Kublai Khan and His Empress Enthroned, from a
1017:
Kublai Khan was chosen by his many supporters to become the next
979:
Kublai received a message from his wife that his younger brother
938:
784:
780:
749:
729:
709:
693:
534:
472:
460:
413:
Emperor Xiantian Shudao Renwen Yiwu Daguang Xiao (憲天述道仁文義武大光孝皇帝);
344:
98:
6483:
Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia
5686:『元史』 卷十二 本紀第十二 世祖九 至元十九年七月壬戌(9 August 1282)「高麗国王請、自造船百五十艘、助征日本。」
3761:
Kublai (18 December 1271), 《建國號詔》 , 《元典章》 (in Classical Chinese)
2203:
as part of a coordinated Mongol attack with armies attacking in
1612:) was separate from the rest, consisting of much of present-day
1558:'Upper Capital', also called Xanadu, near what today is
1509:(Mongolian imperial guard) and the palace provision commission.
1150:
as the new Ilkhan (obedient khan) and nominated Batu's grandson
7486:
7466:
7338:
7147:
7128:
7109:
7079:
6972:
6041:. University of Michigan: Lake House Investments. p. 389.
5461:
The Government of China Under Mongolian Rule: A Reference Guide
4438:
3506:
2908:
2759:
2677:
2673:
2503:
2396:
2392:
2306:
2107:
2003:
1995:
1925:
1921:
1773:
1745:
1709:
1652:
1403:
1371:
1355:
1339:
1316:
1167:
823:
768:
705:
701:
650:
315:
63:
5967:
Storm Over Asia: China and Southeast Asia: Thrust and Response
2019:
1334:
At the same time, Kublai's nephew Ilkhan Abagha tried to form
7313:
7103:
6503:
5824:
5176:
China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects
3450:
3430:
3286:
from a capital at modern-day Beijing set a precedent for the
3213:
Not discouraged I climbed to the peak and met the Golden Face
2786:
2751:
2591:
on 4 December 1287, while rewarding loyal fraternal princes.
2555:
2474:
2466:
2254:
2216:
2192:
2191:
was successful in capturing the abandoned Vietnamese capital
2083:
2068:
The Japanese samurai Suenaga facing Mongol arrows and bombs.
2007:
1972:, killing 10,000 Tibetans in 1291, Tibet was fully pacified.
1941:
1909:
1740:
1338:
of the Mongols and the Western European powers to defeat the
1185:
1090:
1061:
1053:
1007:
934:
929:
anyway. Before Kublai arrived in 1259, word reached him that
899:
895:
842:
757:
666:
623:
549:
487:
290:
6148:
Svargīya Padmabhūshaṇa Paṇḍita Kuñjīlāla Dube smr̥ti-grantha
5970:. University of Michigan: New American Library. p. 14.
4548:
3942:
3211:
I ascended on Fragrant Hill in the friendly season of spring
3075:
in western Khanbaliq (Beijing) and on his way back ascended
2440:
After Kublai Khan was proclaimed Khagan at his residence in
2316:
During the last years of his reign, Kublai launched a naval
2284:
of Sukhothai. In fact, Kublai encouraged them to attack the
869:
The Daoists had obtained their wealth and status by seizing
775:
to submit. The ruling Gao family resisted and killed Mongol
5758:
3439:
3217:
Incense smoke wafted like mist and a blessed light emanated
2515:
2273:
2079:
1945:
1913:
1701:
1660:
1411:
958:
922:
809:
37:"Setsen Khan" redirects here. For the Khalkha khanate, see
5830:
5748:
5746:
5630:
The Influence of the Sea on the Political History of Japan
3650:
3576:
In the Shadow of the Mongol Empire: Ming China and Eurasia
3184:
Halshralgui orgil deer garaad Altan Nüür dor baraalhchuhui
2933:, of the Unknown clan (塔剌海皇后), personal name Talahai (塔剌海)
2399:, travelled from Dadu to Rome, Tuscany, Genoa, Paris, and
1833:'s works were also published in China during that period.
1200:
Meanwhile, Kublai tried to stabilize his control over the
925:, Kublai was allowed to stay home, but he moved to assist
518:(23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294), also known by his
6329:
6327:
5889:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 134.
5719:
5333:"Saudi Aramco World : Muslims in China: The History"
4172:
Imperial Chinese Military History: 8000 BC – 1912 AD
3193:
Halil davaanii nogoon narsnaa serchigneh salhi högjimdmüi
3182:
Havar tsagiin nairamduu uliral dor anhilam uulnaa avirlaa
2716:
fashion. Nomukhan, after returning from captivity in the
2530:
Threatened by the advance of Kublai's bureaucratization,
1780:
and Daoist traditions and is believed to have propagated
1574:
committed suicide by jumping into the sea and ending the
1232:
1204:
by mobilizing another Mongol invasion after he enthroned
564:
as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother
3962:. JSS Vol. 77.1c (digital). Siam Heritage Trust: image.
3706:
Storm from the South: from Genghis Khan to Khubilai Khan
3186:
Hüis tsetseg tuyaaran myaralzaad ölziit öngö solongormui
2971:, of the Unknown clan (皇后), personal name Kökelün (阔阔伦)
2478:
efficiency. He sent his report directly to Kublai Khan.
882:
clearly favored Buddhism, while his counterparts in the
760:, and increased social welfare spending after receiving
6180:. University of California: Diablo Press. p. 316.
5806:
5794:
5782:
5743:
3484:
3188:
Hülisiin utaa hüdenten tunaraad belegt gerel tsatsarmui
2797:(昭睿順聖皇后 弘吉剌氏 1216 – d. 1281), personal name Chabi (察必)
1728:) legal codes and other restrictive decrees continued.
6575:
Amitai-Preiss, Reuven; Morgan, David O., eds. (2000).
6348:
6324:
5770:
5704:『高麗史』 巻八十七 表巻第二「十月、金方慶與元元帥忽敦洪茶丘等征日本、至壹岐戰敗、軍不還者萬三千五百餘人」
5108:
Thomas Jansen; Thoralf Klein; Christian Meyer (2014).
2941:, of the Unknown clan (奴罕皇后), personal name Nuhan (奴罕)
1354:
rebelled, kidnapped Kublai's two sons and his general
5650:
A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese civilizations
5370:(2nd ed.). Barron's Educational Series. p.
5290:
5288:
3453:
3447:
3427:
2680:
converted to Islam and recognized Kublai Khan as his
1736:
Scientific developments and relations with minorities
6646:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
5253:
3436:
3433:
6574:
6354:
6333:
5715:"Shipwreck may be part of Kublai Khan's lost fleet"
5549:Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis C., eds. (1994).
4823:
4796:
4515:
4190:
3981:
3948:
3886:Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis C., eds. (1994).
3615:
Empire's Twilight: Northeast Asia Under the Mongols
3444:
3424:
2712:and actively administered the dynasty according to
2195:(modern-day Hanoi) before turning north in 1259 to
1277:
Yuan marines crushed the last of the Song loyalists
27:
Khan of the Mongols and Founder of the Yuan dynasty
6870:
6643:
6609:
6296:, Vol. I, Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, pp. 354–355
5363:
5285:
2885:Kokechi, Prince of Yunnan (雲南王 忽哥赤d.1271), 5th son
2469:that was the largest structure in Khanbaliq/Dadu.
1659:of the Ilkhanate attempted to adopt the system in
1627:Kublai promoted economic growth by rebuilding the
752:over northern China and moved his ordo to central
740:became Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Khwarizmian
5294:
4925:
3191:Hadan deerh has hulsnaa huriin dusal bömbölzönhön
2490:, Genghis Khan's younger brothers received large
1708:Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to
1363:basin. However, Kaidu took control over Almaliq.
700:). Haiyun also introduced Kublai to the formerly
7605:
7280:
5362:Hitchens, Marilynn Giroux; Roupp, Heidi (2001).
4211:Дипломатические отношения Золотой орды с Египтом
3204:English translation of Buyan's Mongolian version
3195:Buddiin süm dor burhnii ömnö hüj örgön ayaarlaad
3060:Laborers transporting construction materials to
2234:
2211:and other Mongol armies attacking in modern-day
1874:
1867:), which was utilized by Kublai Khan during the
1346:Kublai's son Nomukhan and his generals occupied
7078:
6802:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
6112:. University of California Press. p. 239.
6073:. University of California Press. p. 193.
5847:
5845:
5548:
5101:
4723:"Yuan Empire Geography (www.chinaknowledge.de)"
4655:1001 Battles That Changed the Course of History
4324:
3885:
3197:Butsah zamd süih teregnee höh luu hölöglöjühüi
2688:Kublai Khan dispatched his grandson Gammala to
1485:. In 1270, after the Phags pa Lama created the
1406:appealed to Kublai. After the assassination of
7473:) already started to use the Chinese title of
6612:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
4383:
4381:
4110:. Random House Children's Books. p. 129.
2762:, presumably in accordance with Chabi's wish.
2340:had become vassal states of the Yuan dynasty.
1440:
595:was completed and Kublai became the first non-
576:and, to a significantly lesser degree, in the
7297:Early Mongol rulers posthumously honoured by
7266:
7064:
6692:Kublai Khan: The Mongol King Who Remade China
6266:Chinese popular culture and Ming chantefables
5361:
4083:. Creative Media Partners, LLC. p. 216.
4004:. China Intercontinental Press. p. 115.
3536:
3102:
3090:
2874:married to Ulujin Küregen from Khongirad clan
1505:. Borokhula's descendant, Ochicher, headed a
1279:. The Song Empress Dowager and her grandson,
968:
422:
101:, drawn shortly after Kublai's death in 1294.
30:"Kublai" redirects here. For other uses, see
6387:grandosn of Anchen, brother of Empress Borte
6360:
6312:
5842:
5464:. F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden. p. 272.
4153:
4151:
3757:
3755:
3005:Hüshijin Khatun — daughter of Boroqul Noyan
2871:Nangiajin, Grand Princess of Lu (鲁国大长囊家真公主)
2518:belt plaque featuring carved designs of the
2272:Kublai Khan maintained close relations with
1696:During the Southern Song, the descendant of
1109:
719:
7469:(Great Khans) of the "Great Mongol State" (
6795:
6762:
6506:The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History
5764:
5555:. Cambridge University Press. p. 473.
5263:George Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology
4829:
4802:
4621:
4594:
4521:
4473:
4461:
4378:
4196:
4178:
4136:
3987:
3892:. Cambridge University Press. p. 381.
3821:
3657:. University of Chicago Press. p. 45.
2633:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2432:The White Stupa of Dadu (or Khanbaliq; now
2082:, Korean, Hui and Han peoples. Because the
1553:
1531:
533:, was the founder and first emperor of the
7273:
7259:
7071:
7057:
6670:Genghis Khan: Life, Death and Resurrection
6448:
5665:
4702:
4582:
4426:
4414:Q. Pachymeres, Bk 5, ch.4 (Bonn ed. 1,344)
4345:
3918:
3840:
3579:. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
2765:Principal wives (first and second ordos):
2014:
1859:to China, and together they invented the "
330: 1283; missing 1290)
91:
5857:
5587:
5530:
5505:
5427:
5211:
5061:"Quzhou City Guides – China TEFL Network"
4848:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 562.
4633:
4208:
4148:
3999:
3930:
3752:
3718:
3644:
3618:. Harvard University Press. p. 293.
3605:
3566:
3027:Qutluq Temür (忽都鲁帖木儿; fl. 1324), 10th son
2653:Learn how and when to remove this message
2562:, contributed troops for this rebellion.
2102:about halfway across the strait and then
1677:at the court of Kublai Khan; painting by
1481:, giving him power over all the empire's
1398:), which offended Mongolian custom. When
829:Kublai was attracted by the abilities of
439:Emperor Shengde Shengong Wenwu (聖德神功文武皇帝)
6843:
6729:
6641:
6480:
6471:
6318:
6105:
5851:
5836:
5812:
5788:
5752:
5496:
5457:
5394:
5366:How to Prepare for SAT II: World history
4754:
4627:
4479:
4387:
4330:
3611:
3572:
3517:
3242:
3055:
3040:
2741:
2664:
2509:
2427:
2403:to meet with European rulers in 1287–88.
2383:
2363:
2129:
2063:
2018:
1989:
1952:and defeating Kublai's garrisons in the
1892:
1885:Mongol military tactics and organization
1810:and greatly influenced the knowledge of
1739:
1665:
1580:
1450:
1365:
1266:
1129:
1012:
908:
723:
6708:
6173:
5647:
5626:
5594:. Oxford University Press. p. 29.
5148:"Nation observes Confucius anniversary"
4750:
4748:
4708:
4639:
4588:
3824:The Secret History of the Mongol Queens
2781:Dorji (朵儿只, c. 1233 – d. 1263), 1st son
2160:
1975:
1825:"Department of extensive mercy", where
1526:
1421:Kublai's niece, Kelmish, who married a
1382:, dated 1289. French National Archives.
305: 1234; died 1281)
280: 1232; died 1233)
14:
7606:
6865:
6607:
6551:
6454:
6184:from the original on 27 September 2021
6155:from the original on 28 September 2021
6144:
6126:from the original on 27 September 2021
6087:from the original on 27 September 2021
6066:
6062:
6060:
6045:from the original on 27 September 2021
6034:
6030:
6028:
6013:from the original on 27 September 2021
5992:
5974:from the original on 27 September 2021
5963:
5959:
5957:
5942:from the original on 27 September 2021
5921:
5903:from the original on 26 September 2021
5882:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5863:
5776:
5671:
5536:
5511:
5433:
5172:
5089:from the original on 14 September 2015
4972:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
4672:from the original on 27 September 2021
4366:from the original on 27 September 2021
4157:
4039:
4024:
3936:
2988:Qoridai — Commander of Möngke in Tibet
2901:and had issue ( 2 sons and 1 daughter)
2852:Öljei, Grand Princess of Lu (鲁国长完泽公主)
2453:that represented the celestial globe.
2011:naval force for the Mongol campaigns.
1622:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1256:to strengthen Mongol influence there.
989:(Mongol great council) at the capital
849:(initiation ritual). Kublai appointed
767:In 1253, Kublai was ordered to attack
7254:
7052:
5727:from the original on 27 October 2011.
5656:
4651:
4573:
4533:
4399:
4341:
4339:
3969:from the original on 9 September 2020
2827:married to Teliqian from Ikires clan.
2053:
1948:, helped the rebels, laying siege to
1931:
6783:from the original on 26 January 2016
6750:from the original on 26 January 2016
6736:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
6595:from the original on 26 January 2016
5608:from the original on 26 January 2016
5478:from the original on 26 January 2016
5415:from the original on 26 January 2016
5313:from the original on 2 November 2012
5297:"1001 Years of Missing Martial Arts"
5221:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
5128:from the original on 4 December 2016
4880:
4862:from the original on 26 January 2016
4814:
4745:
4720:
4612:
4124:from the original on 26 January 2016
4060:from the original on 26 January 2016
3803:from the original on 11 October 2019
3770:
3703:
3324:List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty
2993:Dörbejin Khatun — from Dörben tribe
2631:adding citations to reliable sources
2598:
2481:
7337:Following Kublai's enthronement as
6915:Archaeological Institute of America
6733:The History of the Mongol Conquests
6686:
6664:
6522:
6423:who was the uncle of Empress Chabi.
6366:
6057:
6025:
5954:
5869:
5800:
5677:
5218:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road
5154:from the original on 8 January 2016
4987:
4600:
4467:
4432:
4302:
4184:
4169:
4142:
4107:China: Land of Dragons and Emperors
4103:
4078:
3924:
3858:
3846:
3743:
3535:-style dynastic name "Great Yuan" (
3052:, where Kublai Khan wrote his poem.
1889:Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty
1776:. He was a well learned man in the
1325:third invasion of Vietnam (1287–88)
732:, a Nepali artist in Kublai's court
688:in Mongolia. When he met Haiyun in
658:, was enthroned as Khagan in 1229.
24:
6877:. New York: Blackwell Publishers.
6837:
6715:. University of California Press.
6694:. London; New York: Bantam Press.
6672:. London; New York: Bantam Press.
6608:Atwood, Christopher Pratt (2004).
6277:
6221:
5627:Ballard, George Alexander (1921).
5343:from the original on 27 March 2022
5235:from the original on 27 March 2022
5193:from the original on 27 March 2022
5150:. China Daily. 29 September 2006.
5079:"Confucius Anniversary Celebrated"
5041:from the original on 18 March 2016
5032:
4491:
4458:Sh.Tseyen-Oidov – Ibid, p. 64
4336:
4222:
3671:from the original on 11 March 2022
3593:from the original on 12 March 2022
3469:Also known as Qubilai or Kübilai;
2368:Kublai gives financial support to
2292:were being pushed southwards from
1829:medicine and surgery were taught.
1536:'Grand Capital', known as
663:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
622:Kublai Khan was the fourth son of
25:
7670:
7353:in 1279, Yuan ruled all of China.
6892:
6712:Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times
5569:from the original on 17 June 2016
5525:Tataro-Mongols in Asia and Europe
5008:"AAS Abstracts: China Session 45"
4990:"AAS Abstracts: China Session 45"
4352:. Fair Winds Press. p. 238.
4261:"The Cresques Project – Panel VI"
3906:from the original on 17 June 2016
3632:from the original on 8 March 2022
2522:, highly regarded as a symbol of
1836:Muslim mathematicians introduced
1118:princes in Hulagu's service, the
736:In 1251, Kublai's eldest brother
593:Yuan conquest of the Song dynasty
7634:Great Khans of the Mongol Empire
6849:A Brief History of Khubilai Khan
6578:The Mongol Empire and Its Legacy
6476:. Oriental University Institute.
6435:
6426:
6417:
6408:
6399:
6390:
6381:
6372:
6339:
6299:
6286:
6271:
6258:
6245:
6236:
6230:
6215:
6205:
6196:
6167:
6138:
6099:
5986:
5915:
5731:
5707:
5698:
5689:
5641:
5620:
5581:
5542:
5295:Mohammed Khamouch (April 2007).
4733:from the original on 5 June 2008
4615:The Medieval Expansion of Europe
4040:Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra (2011).
3420:
3158:Huí chéng xiān jià yù cāng lóng.
3129:Shí yīng sháo jǐng zhì lán fēng;
2849:(安西王 忙哥剌, c. 1242–1280), 3rd son
2815:married to Buqa from Ikires clan
2603:
1248:in 1274–75. The Khans also sent
941:. While Kublai's force besieged
6851:. Philadelphia: Running Press.
6823:from the original on 2 May 2022
6355:Amitai-Preiss & Morgan 2000
6345:Rashid al-Din JT, I/2 in TVOIRA
6334:Amitai-Preiss & Morgan 2000
5517:
5490:
5451:
5446:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
5439:
5388:
5355:
5325:
5247:
5205:
5166:
5140:
5071:
5053:
5026:
5000:
4981:
4934:
4919:
4889:
4874:
4835:
4808:
4783:
4714:
4684:
4645:
4606:
4567:
4542:
4527:
4502:
4485:
4452:
4449:The History of the Yuan Dynasty
4417:
4408:
4393:
4311:
4296:
4284:
4271:
4253:
4240:
4231:
4216:
4202:
4163:
4097:
4072:
4033:
4018:
3993:
3879:
3852:
3815:
3764:
3737:
3712:
3697:
3683:
3150:Fēng xí qín shēng lǐng jì sōng;
3146:Yǔ zhān qióng gàn yán biān zhú;
2692:in 1291 to ensure his claim to
2423:
1851:Kublai brought siege engineers
1114:The mysterious deaths of three
783:basin. The second column under
327:
302:
277:
7491:
6989:Reason for succession failure:
5499:Archivum Eurasiae medii aeivi
5063:. 4 March 2016. Archived from
4346:Craughwell, Thomas J. (2010).
3949:Du Yuting; Chen Lifan (1989).
3537:
3511:
3494:
3463:
3413:
3392:
3375:
3362:
3137:Huā sè yìng xiá xiáng cǎi hùn;
3103:
3091:
2594:
2241:First Mongol invasion of Burma
2227:with the defected Trần prince
2031:Chinese geographical knowledge
1968:crushed the resistance of the
1772:, who became administrator of
1770:Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar
1755:) used to breach the walls of
1712:, while the newly established
1359:garrisons in Mongolia and the
1231:in 1273, Kublai's commanders,
1166:to overthrow the court of the
898:at various times in history –
673:in Hebei and ordered reforms.
634:advised, Sorghaghtani chose a
617:
423:
13:
1:
7644:13th-century Chinese monarchs
7559:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
7461:announced the dynastic name "
6994:division of the Mongol Empire
6070:The Making of South East Asia
5395:Meuleman, Johan, ed. (2002).
5254:Donald Daniel Leslie (1998).
4769:10.1080/02634937.2019.1652799
4046:. Anthem Press. p. 118.
3350:
3309:Division of the Mongol Empire
3269:Religion in the Mongol Empire
3226:And on the way back I rode a
3175:Buyan's Mongolian translation
3141:Lú yān fú wù ruì guāng chóng;
2899:Wang Ko, Chungnyeol of Goryeo
2822:Grand Princess of Chang State
2708:, who became the head of the
2554:, and Shihtur, a grandson of
2235:Southeast Asia and South Seas
2223:uncooperative Đại Việt ruler
1956:. Kaidu destroyed an army at
1875:Warfare and foreign relations
1792:(mayor of the Yuan capitol).
1732:was also strictly forbidden.
1588:flourished during Yuan China.
1456:
643:Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia
548:Kublai was the second son of
7629:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty
7282:Emperors of the Yuan dynasty
6650:. Rutgers University Press.
5964:McCabe, Robert Karr (1967).
5265:. p. 12. Archived from
4883:Religion and Chinese society
4553:. CUP Archive. p. 179.
4510:Archivum Eurasiae medii aevi
4305:Mongol Empire and its legacy
3777:Journal of Song-Yuan Studies
3748:. Vol. II. p. 288.
3559:
3387:proleptic Gregorian calendar
3381:Dates given here are in the
2880:Manzitai from Khongirad clan
2839:(明孝太子 真金 1240–1285), 2nd son
2812:Princess Ulujin (昌国大长吾魯真公主)
2309:. They were able to conquer
2276:, in particular with prince
2138:boarding Yuan ships in 1281.
2037:about countries in the West.
1821:. In Beijing was the renown
1784:. Other administrators were
1570:where the last Song Emperor
1447:Timeline of the Yuan dynasty
833:as healers. In 1253 he made
728:Portrait of young Kublai by
7:
7659:Mongolian Buddhist monarchs
7016:Emperor of the Yuan dynasty
6552:Hucker, Charles O. (1975).
6481:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016).
5996:Angkor and the Khmer Empire
5458:Farquhar, David M. (1990).
5114:. Brill. pp. 187–188.
3959:Journal of the Siam Society
3485:
3301:
3154:Jìng chà yù háo zhān lǐ bà;
2738:Family tree of Genghis Khan
2589:Liaoyang Branch Secretariat
2486:During the conquest of the
2391:, ambassador of Great Khan
2360:Europeans in Medieval China
2296:. This happened after king
2167:Mongol invasions of Vietnam
2110:. The Korean fleet reached
1938:Drikung Kagyu sect revolted
1455:The Yuan dynasty of China,
1441:Emperor of the Yuan dynasty
1319:status of those countries.
168:Emperor of the Yuan dynasty
108:Khagan of the Mongol Empire
83:Emperor of the Yuan dynasty
10:
7675:
7499:since the enthronement of
6769:. Crown Publishing Group.
6763:Weatherford, Jack (1997).
6487:Cambridge University Press
6472:Aymonier, Etienne (1893).
6464:
6106:Eberhard, Wolfram (1977).
6035:Mendis, Vernon LB (1981).
5925:The Spread of Civilization
5886:History of South East Asia
5401:. Routledge. p. 197.
3822:Weatherford, Jack (2010).
3771:Chen, Yuan Julian (2014).
3746:The History of the Mongols
3266:
3133:Bú dàn jī pān yè cuì róng;
3019:(宁王 阔阔出, fl.1313), 8th son
3010:Commander of Hexi Corridor
3000:(西平王 奥鲁赤 d. 1306), 7th son
2894:(忽都魯揭里迷失 莊穆王后; 1251–1297)
2735:
2357:
2347:
2253:, whereupon they captured
2238:
2164:
2057:
1979:
1878:
1444:
1208:(r. 1260–1274) in 1259 on
1138:(1375). The caption reads:
972:
969:Enthronement and civil war
626:, and his second son with
229:18 February 1294 (aged 78)
43:
36:
29:
7639:13th-century Mongol khans
7504:
7482:
7451:
7425:
7416:
7288:
7172:
7090:
7036:
7024:
7013:
7008:
6998:
6963:
6955:
6950:
6923:
6730:Saunders, J. J. (2001) .
6558:Stanford University Press
6537:10.1017/S0041977X13000475
6038:Currents of Asian History
5928:. Macdonald. p. 32.
5588:Mackerras, Colin (1994).
4104:Mah, Adeline Yen (2008).
3865:. Routledge. p. 33.
3502:
3474:
3247:Statue of Kublai Khan in
3238:
3088:
3036:
3012:(爱牙赤, fl. 1324), 6th son
2877:Temür from Khongirad clan
2868:(北平王 那木罕d. 1301), 4th son
2793:, of the Bosquur clan of
2789:Empress Zhaorui Shunsheng
2774:, of the Bosquur clan of
2731:
2412:In the 13th century, the
2407:
2343:
2320:of 20–30,000 men against
2153:. David Nicolle wrote in
2147:Takashima District, Shiga
2060:Mongol invasions of Japan
1986:Mongol invasions of Korea
1609:
1549:
1517:
1370:Extract of the letter of
1321:Mongol invasions of Japan
1110:Great Khan of the Mongols
720:Victory in northern China
545:until his death in 1294.
503:
493:
483:
471:
459:
450:
443:
438:
431:
412:
405:
391:
386:
372:
359:
354:
350:
338:
254:
241:
225:
213:
209:
199:
184:
173:
166:
156:
134:
124:
113:
106:
90:
60:
55:
6709:Rossabi, Morris (1988).
6280:De Mongoolse prins Nayan
6264:Anne Elizabeth McLaren,
6145:Pandey, Rajbali (1971).
5999:. R. Hale. p. 115.
5173:Dillon, Michael (1999).
4578:(New, Revised ed.).
3859:Haw, Stephen G. (2006).
3719:Borthwick, Mark (2007).
3612:Robinson, David (2009).
3573:Robinson, David (2019).
3355:
3334:List of Chinese monarchs
3259:'s, and the much larger
3069:Selection of Yuan Poetry
2945:Wives from fourth ordo:
2698:Central Siberian Plateau
1177:, who put her young son
1104:
822:had completely pacified
771:and he tried to ask the
744:and Kublai were sent to
395:Zhongtong (中統) 1260–1264
6642:Grousset, René (1970).
6067:Coedes, George (1983).
5883:George, Daniel (1981).
5633:. E.P. Dutton. p.
5337:archive.aramcoworld.com
4926:Christopher Kleinhenz.
4789:Cecilia Lee-fang Chien
3691:Encyclopædia Britannica
3230:in the royal carriage.
2924:Wives from third ordo:
2918:Temuchi (铁蔑赤), 11th son
2891:Queen Jangmok of Goryeo
2245:Mongol invasion of Java
2197:invade the Song dynasty
2048:invasions and conquests
2015:Further naval expansion
1944:. The Chagatayid khan,
1881:Kublai Khan's campaigns
1714:Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
1283:, were then settled in
1120:Siege of Baghdad (1258)
665:, in 1236, Ogedei gave
599:emperor to rule all of
246:Unknown, presumptively
32:Kublai (disambiguation)
7434:Huizong (Emperor Shun)
7410:Huizong (Emperor Shun)
7173:Yuan (Kublaid) Khagans
6904:Relics of the Kamikaze
6899:Inflation under Kublai
5662:(Miya 2006; Miya 2007)
4536:The Mongols and Russia
4402:The Mongols and Russia
4248:History of the Mongols
3826:. Crown. p. 135.
3385:. They are not in the
3264:
3064:
3053:
2802:Grand Princess of Zhao
2747:
2685:
2527:
2437:
2414:Sultanate of Mogadishu
2404:
2373:
2280:of Chiangmai and king
2143:Maritime archaeologist
2139:
2075:
2038:
1999:
1901:
1842:Spherical trigonometry
1814:rulers and merchants.
1799:. Astronomers such as
1764:
1682:
1589:
1462:
1383:
1272:
1221:Emperor Lizong of Song
1143:
1036:
961:of silver and 200,000
914:
748:. Kublai received the
733:
608:National Palace Museum
398:Zhiyuan (至元) 1264–1294
7495:) practically in the
6966:— TITULAR —
6239:A Nepalese Miscellany
5993:Audric, John (1972).
5648:Schirokauer, Conrad.
4727:www.chinaknowledge.de
4652:Grant, R. G. (2017).
4250:section: "Berke khan"
4079:Nag, Kalidas (2021).
3789:10.1353/sys.2014.0000
3552:of the Mongol Empire.
3372:until 21 August 1264.
3329:List of Mongol rulers
3267:Further information:
3246:
3059:
3044:
3032:Asujin Khatun (阿速眞可敦)
2837:Crown Prince Mingxiao
2745:
2668:
2526:'s maritime strength.
2513:
2431:
2387:
2367:
2358:Further information:
2257:, the capital of the
2187:. The Mongol general
2133:
2074:(蒙古襲来絵詞), circa 1293.
2067:
2022:
1993:
1982:Korea under Yuan rule
1896:
1743:
1669:
1584:
1454:
1369:
1323:(1274 and 1281), the
1270:
1229:the fall of Xiangyang
1173:, the empress of the
1133:
1016:
1006:lines except that of
912:
835:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
727:
630:. As his grandfather
524:Emperor Shizu of Yuan
71:(nominal, due to the
6909:6 March 2011 at the
6766:The History of Money
6508:. Cengage Learning.
6305:Igor de Rachewiltz,
6174:Tudisco, AJ (1967).
5922:Carter, Ron (1987).
5497:Harrassowitz, Otto.
5179:. Psychology Press.
4757:Central Asian Survey
4551:A Republic of Nobles
3550:disintegrated nature
3167:This is translated:
2979:Lady Babahan (八八罕妃子)
2627:improve this section
2568:Chungnyeol of Goryeo
2171:Kublai Khan invaded
2161:Invasions of Vietnam
2002:Kublai Khan invaded
1976:Annexation of Goryeo
1786:Nasr al-Din (Yunnan)
1313:Vietnam again (1285)
1281:Emperor Gong of Song
556:, and a grandson of
6294:Notes on Marco Polo
6292:Pelliot, P. (1963)
6253:Notes on Marco Polo
5825:Bulliet et al. 2014
5803:, pp. 361–371.
5739:The Mongol Warlords
5723:. 25 October 2011.
5035:"Cult of Confucius"
4613:Phillips, J. R. S.
4576:A History of Russia
4538:. pp. 344–366.
4265:cresquesproject.net
4237:Rashid al-Din, ibid
4170:Whiting, Marvin C.
4029:. pp. 212–253.
2982:Lady Sabuhu (撒不忽妃子)
2318:punitive expedition
2177:tributary relations
2155:The Mongol Warlords
2071:Mōko Shūrai Ekotoba
1869:Battle of Xiangyang
1376:Philip IV of France
1237:Bayan of the Baarin
1164:Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq
1134:Kublai Khan in the
1075:Central Secretariat
894:later converted to
177:18 December 1271 –
97:Portrait by artist
6845:Clements, Jonathan
6807:Three Rivers Press
6109:A History of China
5304:muslimheritage.com
5261:. The Fifty-ninth
5033:Wilson, Thomas A.
4996:on 6 October 2016.
4988:Banning, B. Paul.
4819:. pp. 87–100.
4721:Theobald, Ulrich.
4333:, pp. 130–132
4303:Prawdin, Michael.
4000:Gazangjia (2003).
3862:Marco Polo's China
3723:. Westview Press.
3704:Marshall, Robert.
3398:The defeat of the
3314:History of Beijing
3265:
3065:
3054:
2748:
2686:
2528:
2465:, built the White
2438:
2405:
2374:
2140:
2088:invasions of Japan
2076:
2054:Invasions of Japan
2039:
2000:
1940:, attacking Sakya
1932:Tibet and Xinjiang
1902:
1838:Euclidean Geometry
1765:
1683:
1679:Tranquillo Cremona
1590:
1479:Imperial Preceptor
1463:
1384:
1273:
1154:for the throne of
1146:Kublai Khan named
1144:
1056:, crowned khan of
1037:
915:
734:
552:by his chief wife
44:For the poem, see
7654:Founding monarchs
7601:
7600:
7248:
7247:
7151:
7132:
7113:
7047:
7046:
6999:Succeeded by
6968:
6930:House of Borjigin
6884:978-0-631-17563-6
6858:978-0-7624-3987-4
6816:978-0-609-80964-8
6797:Weatherford, Jack
6776:978-0-307-55674-5
6743:978-0-8122-1766-7
6722:978-0-520-06740-0
6701:978-0-553-81718-8
6679:978-0-593-05044-6
6657:978-0-8135-1304-1
6623:978-0-8160-4671-3
6616:. Facts On File.
6588:978-90-04-11946-8
6496:978-1-316-53131-0
6278:Mullie, E. P. J.
5601:978-0-19-585988-1
5562:978-0-521-24331-5
5471:978-3-515-05578-9
5408:978-1-135-78829-2
5381:978-0-7641-1385-7
5228:978-0-8122-0531-2
5186:978-0-7007-1026-3
5121:978-90-04-27151-7
4855:978-3-447-03339-8
4698:on 29 April 2009.
4574:Vernadsky, G. V.
4534:Vernadsky, G. V.
4493:Allsen, Thomas T.
4400:Vernadsky, G. V.
4225:Universal History
4117:978-0-375-89099-4
4053:978-93-80601-17-5
4002:Tibetan Religions
3899:978-0-521-24331-5
3730:978-0-8133-4355-6
3483:
3249:Sükhbaatar Square
3236:
3235:
3165:
3164:
2961:(脱欢 鎮南王), 9th son
2959:Prince of Zhennan
2866:Prince of Beiping
2663:
2662:
2655:
2577:Khangai Mountains
2482:Nayan's rebellion
2451:armillary spheres
1556:
1534:
1315:secured only the
1206:Wonjong of Goryeo
675:Sorghaghtani Beki
628:Sorghaghtani Beki
554:Sorghaghtani Beki
513:
512:
498:Sorghaghtani Beki
455:
454:
217:23 September 1215
73:empire's division
16:(Redirected from
7666:
7508:
7506:
7497:Chinese language
7493:
7484:
7444:Tianyuan Emperor
7420:
7390:Tianshun Emperor
7355:
7305:
7303:as Yuan emperors
7275:
7268:
7261:
7252:
7251:
7205:Yesün Temür Khan
7145:
7126:
7107:
7073:
7066:
7059:
7050:
7049:
7039:Emperor of China
7025:Preceded by
6996:
6990:
6964:
6956:Preceded by
6946:
6939:
6921:
6920:
6888:
6876:
6862:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6726:
6705:
6683:
6661:
6649:
6627:
6615:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6571:
6548:
6519:
6500:
6477:
6458:
6452:
6446:
6439:
6433:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6415:
6412:
6406:
6403:
6397:
6394:
6388:
6385:
6379:
6376:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6343:
6337:
6331:
6322:
6316:
6310:
6303:
6297:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6282:. pp. 9–11.
6275:
6269:
6262:
6256:
6249:
6243:
6242:
6234:
6228:
6227:
6224:The Magic Square
6222:Schinz, Alfred.
6219:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6200:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6064:
6055:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6032:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5961:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5880:
5867:
5861:
5855:
5849:
5840:
5839:, p. 17–26.
5834:
5828:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5765:Weatherford 2005
5762:
5756:
5750:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5711:
5705:
5702:
5696:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5669:
5663:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5639:
5638:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5585:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5574:
5546:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5455:
5449:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5392:
5386:
5385:
5369:
5359:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5312:
5301:
5292:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5260:
5251:
5245:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5213:Elverskog, Johan
5209:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5083:www.china.org.cn
5075:
5069:
5068:
5067:on 4 March 2016.
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5014:on 18 March 2015
5010:. Archived from
5004:
4998:
4997:
4992:. Archived from
4985:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4947:. Archived from
4946:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4903:. Archived from
4893:
4887:
4886:
4881:Lagerwey, John.
4878:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4839:
4833:
4830:Weatherford 1997
4827:
4821:
4820:
4815:Martinez, A. P.
4812:
4806:
4803:Weatherford 2005
4800:
4794:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4752:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4699:
4694:. Archived from
4688:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4571:
4565:
4564:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4531:
4525:
4522:Weatherford 2005
4519:
4513:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4436:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4397:
4391:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4343:
4334:
4328:
4322:
4317:Biran, Michael.
4315:
4309:
4308:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4257:
4251:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4223:al-Din, Rashid.
4220:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4200:
4197:Weatherford 2005
4194:
4188:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4065:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3997:
3991:
3988:Weatherford 2005
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3955:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3570:
3553:
3540:
3539:
3531:). However, the
3521:
3515:
3513:
3504:
3496:
3491:Mongolian script
3488:
3478:
3476:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3417:
3411:
3396:
3390:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3344:Toluid Civil War
3319:Kaidu–Kublai war
3255:. Together with
3170:
3169:
3121:
3120:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3085:
3024:An unknown lady
2998:Prince of Xiping
2889:Qutugh Kelmysh,
2658:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2607:
2599:
2389:Rabban Bar Sauma
2354:Rabban Bar Sauma
2117:Takezaki Suenaga
2008:Korean Peninsula
1861:Muslim trebuchet
1611:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1487:'Phags-pa script
1461:
1458:
1380:Mongolian script
1336:a grand alliance
1329:invasion of Java
1202:Korean Peninsula
1175:Chagatai Khanate
1050:Chagatai Khanate
975:Toluid Civil War
949:joined him. The
884:Chagatai Khanate
871:Buddhist temples
570:Toluid Civil War
426:
425:
420:
374:
366:
352:
351:
331:
329:
306:
304:
281:
279:
180:
179:18 February 1294
120:
119:18 February 1294
95:
78:Emperor of China
53:
52:
21:
7674:
7673:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7663:
7604:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7509:
7501:Genghis Emperor
7453:
7447:
7421:
7418:
7414:
7385:Taiding Emperor
7335:
7295:
7284:
7279:
7249:
7244:
7225:Rinchinbal Khan
7168:
7123:Töregene Khatun
7086:
7077:
7042:
7034:
7019:
7004:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6969:
6961:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6911:Wayback Machine
6895:
6885:
6859:
6840:
6838:Further reading
6835:
6826:
6824:
6817:
6786:
6784:
6777:
6753:
6751:
6744:
6723:
6702:
6680:
6658:
6624:
6598:
6596:
6589:
6568:
6516:
6497:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6440:
6436:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6400:
6395:
6391:
6386:
6382:
6378:married in 1232
6377:
6373:
6365:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6340:
6332:
6325:
6317:
6313:
6304:
6300:
6291:
6287:
6276:
6272:
6263:
6259:
6250:
6246:
6235:
6231:
6220:
6216:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6197:
6187:
6185:
6172:
6168:
6158:
6156:
6143:
6139:
6129:
6127:
6120:
6104:
6100:
6090:
6088:
6081:
6065:
6058:
6048:
6046:
6033:
6026:
6016:
6014:
6007:
5991:
5987:
5977:
5975:
5962:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5906:
5904:
5897:
5881:
5870:
5862:
5858:
5850:
5843:
5835:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5811:
5807:
5799:
5795:
5787:
5783:
5775:
5771:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5744:
5737:Nicolle, David
5736:
5732:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5684:History of Yuan
5682:
5678:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5646:
5642:
5625:
5621:
5611:
5609:
5602:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5570:
5563:
5547:
5543:
5535:
5531:
5522:
5518:
5510:
5506:
5495:
5491:
5481:
5479:
5472:
5456:
5452:
5444:
5440:
5432:
5428:
5418:
5416:
5409:
5393:
5389:
5382:
5360:
5356:
5346:
5344:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5299:
5293:
5286:
5275:
5273:
5272:on 3 March 2016
5269:
5258:
5252:
5248:
5238:
5236:
5229:
5210:
5206:
5196:
5194:
5187:
5171:
5167:
5157:
5155:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5131:
5129:
5122:
5106:
5102:
5092:
5090:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5031:
5027:
5017:
5015:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4986:
4982:
4965:
4964:
4957:
4955:
4954:on 4 March 2016
4951:
4944:
4942:"Archived copy"
4940:
4939:
4935:
4924:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4856:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4824:
4813:
4809:
4801:
4797:
4788:
4784:
4753:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4703:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4675:
4673:
4666:
4650:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4626:
4622:
4611:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4587:
4583:
4572:
4568:
4561:
4547:
4543:
4532:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4507:
4503:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4398:
4394:
4386:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4360:
4344:
4337:
4329:
4325:
4316:
4312:
4301:
4297:
4290:Otsahi Matsuwo
4289:
4285:
4276:
4272:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4246:Howorth, H. H.
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4221:
4217:
4209:Салих Закиров,
4207:
4203:
4195:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4118:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4077:
4073:
4063:
4061:
4054:
4043:India and China
4038:
4034:
4023:
4019:
4012:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3900:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3804:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3744:Howorth, H. H.
3742:
3738:
3731:
3721:Pacific Century
3717:
3713:
3702:
3698:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3674:
3672:
3665:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3610:
3606:
3596:
3594:
3587:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3522:
3518:
3468:
3464:
3443:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:Battle of Yamen
3397:
3393:
3383:Julian calendar
3380:
3376:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3304:
3271:
3241:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3039:
2740:
2734:
2690:Burkhan Khaldun
2659:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2624:
2608:
2597:
2514:A Yuan dynasty
2484:
2426:
2410:
2370:the Polo family
2362:
2356:
2348:Main articles:
2346:
2298:Jayavarman VIII
2251:Irrawaddy Delta
2247:
2239:Main articles:
2237:
2169:
2163:
2100:Tsushima Island
2062:
2056:
2017:
1988:
1978:
1934:
1897:A Yuan dynasty
1891:
1877:
1846:Arabic numerals
1790:Mahmud Yalavach
1738:
1671:Niccolò, Maffeo
1633:South China Sea
1568:Battle of Yamen
1459:
1449:
1443:
1435:the White Horde
1331:(1293) failed.
1301:Sakhalin (1264)
1190:House of Ögedei
1139:
1112:
1107:
1027:Jami al-Twarikh
977:
971:
742:Mahmud Yalavach
722:
702:Daoist (Taoist)
620:
433:Posthumous name
418:
416:
414:
401:
375:
367:
364:
334:
333:
325:
321:
318:
308:
300:
296:
293:
283:
275:
271:
268:
250:
248:Burkhan Khaldun
230:
218:
178:
152:
118:
102:
80:
76:
70:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7672:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7599:
7598:
7471:Ikh Mongol Uls
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7429:
7423:
7422:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7333:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7294:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7278:
7277:
7270:
7263:
7255:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7220:Khutughtu Khan
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7157:
7152:
7138:
7133:
7119:
7114:
7100:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7076:
7075:
7068:
7061:
7053:
7045:
7044:
7035:
7026:
7022:
7021:
7012:
7006:
7005:
7000:
6997:
6962:
6957:
6953:
6952:
6951:Regnal titles
6948:
6947:
6927:
6924:
6919:
6918:
6901:
6894:
6893:External links
6891:
6890:
6889:
6883:
6863:
6857:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6833:
6815:
6793:
6775:
6760:
6742:
6727:
6721:
6706:
6700:
6684:
6678:
6662:
6656:
6639:
6628:
6622:
6605:
6587:
6572:
6566:
6549:
6531:(3): 361–371.
6520:
6514:
6501:
6495:
6478:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6447:
6441:Ya.Ganbaatar.
6434:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6398:
6389:
6380:
6371:
6359:
6347:
6338:
6323:
6311:
6298:
6285:
6270:
6257:
6251:Paul Pelliot,
6244:
6229:
6226:. p. 291.
6214:
6204:
6195:
6166:
6137:
6118:
6098:
6079:
6056:
6024:
6005:
5985:
5953:
5934:
5914:
5895:
5868:
5856:
5841:
5829:
5827:, p. 336.
5817:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5779:, p. 285.
5769:
5767:, p. 212.
5757:
5742:
5730:
5706:
5697:
5688:
5676:
5664:
5655:
5652:. p. 211.
5640:
5619:
5600:
5580:
5561:
5541:
5529:
5527:. Moscow, 1970
5516:
5504:
5489:
5470:
5450:
5438:
5426:
5407:
5387:
5380:
5354:
5324:
5284:
5246:
5227:
5204:
5185:
5165:
5139:
5120:
5100:
5070:
5052:
5025:
4999:
4980:
4933:
4930:. p. 923.
4918:
4907:on 9 June 2020
4901:Worldatlas.com
4888:
4885:. p. xxi.
4873:
4854:
4834:
4822:
4807:
4795:
4791:Salt and state
4782:
4763:(4): 531–547.
4744:
4713:
4701:
4683:
4665:978-0785835530
4664:
4658:. Book Sales.
4644:
4632:
4620:
4617:. p. 122.
4605:
4593:
4581:
4566:
4559:
4541:
4526:
4514:
4501:
4484:
4472:
4460:
4451:
4437:
4425:
4416:
4407:
4404:. p. 155.
4392:
4377:
4359:978-1616738518
4358:
4335:
4323:
4310:
4307:. p. 302.
4295:
4283:
4277:H. H. Howorth
4270:
4252:
4239:
4230:
4215:
4201:
4189:
4177:
4174:. p. 394.
4162:
4147:
4135:
4116:
4096:
4089:
4071:
4052:
4032:
4017:
4010:
3992:
3980:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3898:
3878:
3871:
3851:
3839:
3832:
3814:
3783:(1): 325–364.
3763:
3751:
3736:
3729:
3711:
3708:. p. 224.
3696:
3693:. p. 893.
3682:
3663:
3643:
3624:
3604:
3585:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3516:
3462:
3412:
3391:
3374:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3200:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3163:
3162:
3126:
3124:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3081:Tumen Nast Uul
3077:Longevity Hill
3046:Longevity Hill
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3017:Prince of Ning
3013:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2973:
2972:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2869:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2850:
2847:Prince of Anxi
2840:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2733:
2730:
2710:Zhongshu Sheng
2661:
2660:
2611:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2483:
2480:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2406:
2345:
2342:
2236:
2233:
2225:Trần Nhân Tông
2199:in modern-day
2165:Main article:
2162:
2159:
2058:Main article:
2055:
2052:
2016:
2013:
1977:
1974:
1933:
1930:
1876:
1873:
1782:Islam in China
1737:
1734:
1618:Zhongshu Sheng
1483:Buddhist monks
1442:
1439:
1408:Ahmad Fanakati
1297:Vietnam (1258)
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1093:, khan of the
973:Main article:
970:
967:
754:Inner Mongolia
721:
718:
619:
616:
511:
510:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
480:
475:
469:
468:
463:
457:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
441:
440:
436:
435:
429:
428:
410:
409:
403:
402:
400:
399:
396:
392:
389:
388:
384:
383:
357:
356:
348:
347:
342:
336:
335:
323:
319:
316:Empress Nambui
314:
313:
312:
311:
298:
294:
289:
288:
287:
286:
273:
269:
266:Tegulen Khatun
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:
256:
252:
251:
245:
243:
239:
238:
227:
223:
222:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
186:
182:
181:
175:
171:
170:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
151:
150:
144:
138:
136:
132:
131:
128:
122:
121:
115:
111:
110:
104:
103:
96:
88:
87:
58:
57:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7671:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7649:Kerait people
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7596:
7592:
7588:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7502:
7498:
7494:
7488:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7460:
7456:
7450:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7427:Northern Yuan
7424:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7351:Southern Song
7348:
7344:
7340:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7293:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7276:
7271:
7269:
7264:
7262:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7230:Ukhaantu Khan
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7210:Ragibagh Khan
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7142:Oghul Qaimish
7139:
7137:
7134:
7130:
7125:
7124:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7091:Early Khagans
7089:
7085:
7084:Mongol Empire
7081:
7074:
7069:
7067:
7062:
7060:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7041:
7040:
7033:
7029:
7023:
7018:
7017:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6995:
6984:
6983:
6982:
6981:Mongol Empire
6978:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6937:
6932:
6931:
6922:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6886:
6880:
6875:
6874:
6868:
6867:Morgan, David
6864:
6860:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6841:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6794:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6761:
6749:
6745:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6653:
6648:
6647:
6640:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6614:
6613:
6606:
6594:
6590:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6573:
6569:
6567:9780804723534
6563:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6521:
6517:
6515:9781285965703
6511:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6470:
6469:
6457:, p. 611
6456:
6451:
6444:
6438:
6429:
6420:
6411:
6402:
6393:
6384:
6375:
6369:, p. 394
6368:
6363:
6356:
6351:
6342:
6335:
6330:
6328:
6321:, p. 293
6320:
6319:Grousset 1970
6315:
6308:
6302:
6295:
6289:
6281:
6274:
6267:
6261:
6254:
6248:
6241:. p. 32.
6240:
6237:Lall, Kesar.
6233:
6225:
6218:
6208:
6199:
6183:
6179:
6178:
6170:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6141:
6125:
6121:
6119:9780520032682
6115:
6111:
6110:
6102:
6086:
6082:
6080:9780520050617
6076:
6072:
6071:
6063:
6061:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6031:
6029:
6012:
6008:
6006:9780709129455
6002:
5998:
5997:
5989:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5960:
5958:
5941:
5937:
5935:9780382064081
5931:
5927:
5926:
5918:
5902:
5898:
5896:9781349165216
5892:
5888:
5887:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5865:
5860:
5854:, p. 291
5853:
5852:Grousset 1970
5848:
5846:
5838:
5837:Baldanza 2016
5833:
5826:
5821:
5815:, p. 19.
5814:
5813:Baldanza 2016
5809:
5802:
5797:
5791:, p. 16.
5790:
5789:Aymonier 1893
5785:
5778:
5773:
5766:
5761:
5755:, p. 17.
5754:
5753:Baldanza 2016
5749:
5747:
5740:
5734:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5710:
5701:
5692:
5685:
5680:
5674:, p. 434
5673:
5668:
5659:
5651:
5644:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5623:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5584:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5545:
5539:, p. 403
5538:
5533:
5526:
5520:
5514:, p. 264
5513:
5508:
5501:. p. 36.
5500:
5493:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5436:, p. 354
5435:
5430:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5391:
5383:
5377:
5373:
5368:
5367:
5358:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5291:
5289:
5268:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5169:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5104:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5074:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5013:
5009:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4984:
4975:
4969:
4950:
4943:
4937:
4929:
4922:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4884:
4877:
4861:
4857:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4832:, p. 127
4831:
4826:
4818:
4811:
4805:, p. 176
4804:
4799:
4792:
4786:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4749:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4717:
4711:, p. 247
4710:
4705:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4630:, p. 304
4629:
4628:Grousset 1970
4624:
4616:
4609:
4603:, p. 231
4602:
4597:
4591:, p. 115
4590:
4585:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4560:9780521240932
4556:
4552:
4545:
4537:
4530:
4524:, p. 195
4523:
4518:
4511:
4505:
4498:. p. 21.
4497:
4494:
4488:
4482:, p. 297
4481:
4480:Grousset 1970
4476:
4470:, p. 207
4469:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4434:
4429:
4423:Rashid al-Din
4420:
4411:
4403:
4396:
4390:, p. 294
4389:
4388:Grousset 1970
4384:
4382:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4351:
4350:
4342:
4340:
4332:
4331:Saunders 2001
4327:
4320:
4314:
4306:
4299:
4293:
4287:
4280:
4274:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4249:
4243:
4234:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4199:, p. 120
4198:
4193:
4187:, p. 109
4186:
4181:
4173:
4166:
4160:, p. 458
4159:
4154:
4152:
4145:, p. 102
4144:
4139:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4092:
4090:9781015150232
4086:
4082:
4081:Greater India
4075:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4036:
4028:
4021:
4013:
4011:9787508502328
4007:
4003:
3996:
3990:, p. 186
3989:
3984:
3965:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3945:
3939:, p. 613
3938:
3933:
3926:
3921:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3872:9781134275427
3868:
3864:
3863:
3855:
3848:
3843:
3835:
3833:9780307589361
3829:
3825:
3818:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3758:
3756:
3747:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3670:
3666:
3664:9780226562933
3660:
3656:
3655:
3647:
3631:
3627:
3625:9780674036086
3621:
3617:
3616:
3608:
3592:
3588:
3586:9781108482448
3582:
3578:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3543:Mongol Empire
3534:
3530:
3527:(present-day
3526:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3466:
3458:
3416:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3371:
3368:Contested by
3365:
3361:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3231:
3229:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3198:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3122:
3099:
3098:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3073:Summer Palace
3070:
3063:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2744:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2667:
2657:
2654:
2646:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2612:This section
2610:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2259:Pagan Kingdom
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2189:Uriyangkhadai
2186:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2036:
2035:Mongol Empire
2032:
2029:reflects the
2028:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1970:Drikung Kagyu
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1724:) or Muslim (
1723:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:Duke Yansheng
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1586:Chinese opera
1583:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:Southern Song
1561:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1468:Liu Bingzhong
1453:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1414:the title of
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:Champa (1282)
1306:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1136:Catalan Atlas
1132:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:at the Grand
1020:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:
982:
976:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
911:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
872:
867:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
845:(Chabui), an
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:Tibetan monks
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
811:
807:as the first
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
731:
726:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
659:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
637:
633:
629:
625:
615:
613:
612:Five Elements
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
529:
525:
521:
517:
509:
506:
502:
499:
496:
492:
489:
486:
482:
479:
476:
474:
470:
467:
464:
462:
458:
449:
446:
442:
437:
434:
430:
415:Setsen Khan (
411:
408:
404:
397:
394:
393:
390:
385:
382:
378:
370:
362:
358:
353:
349:
346:
343:
341:
337:
317:
310:
309:
292:
291:Empress Chabi
285:
284:
267:
260:
259:
257:
253:
249:
244:
240:
237:
233:
228:
224:
221:
220:Mongol Empire
216:
212:
208:
205:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
176:
172:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
137:
133:
129:
127:
123:
117:5 May 1260 –
116:
112:
109:
105:
100:
94:
89:
86:
84:
79:
74:
69:
68:Mongol Empire
65:
59:
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
7547:N. Dynasties
7543:S. Dynasties
7490:
7470:
7458:
7454:
7359:
7336:
7334:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7235:Biligtü Khan
7215:Jayaatu Khan
7195:Buyantu Khan
7185:Öljeytü Khan
7179:
7159:
7140:
7121:
7102:
7098:Genghis Khan
7037:
7032:Emperor Bing
7028:Song dynasty
7014:
7009:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6925:Kublai Khan
6872:
6848:
6825:. Retrieved
6801:
6785:. Retrieved
6765:
6752:. Retrieved
6732:
6711:
6691:
6669:
6645:
6611:
6597:. Retrieved
6577:
6553:
6528:
6524:
6505:
6482:
6473:
6450:
6442:
6437:
6428:
6419:
6410:
6405:married 1234
6401:
6392:
6383:
6374:
6362:
6357:, p. 43
6350:
6341:
6336:, p. 33
6314:
6306:
6301:
6293:
6288:
6279:
6273:
6265:
6260:
6252:
6247:
6238:
6232:
6223:
6217:
6207:
6198:
6186:. Retrieved
6177:Asia Emerges
6176:
6169:
6157:. Retrieved
6147:
6140:
6128:. Retrieved
6108:
6101:
6089:. Retrieved
6069:
6047:. Retrieved
6037:
6015:. Retrieved
5995:
5988:
5976:. Retrieved
5966:
5944:. Retrieved
5924:
5917:
5905:. Retrieved
5885:
5866:, p. 72
5859:
5832:
5820:
5808:
5796:
5784:
5772:
5760:
5738:
5733:
5718:
5709:
5700:
5691:
5679:
5667:
5658:
5649:
5643:
5629:
5622:
5610:. Retrieved
5590:
5583:
5571:. Retrieved
5551:
5544:
5532:
5524:
5519:
5507:
5498:
5492:
5480:. Retrieved
5460:
5453:
5445:
5441:
5429:
5417:. Retrieved
5397:
5390:
5365:
5357:
5345:. Retrieved
5336:
5327:
5315:. Retrieved
5303:
5274:. Retrieved
5267:the original
5249:
5237:. Retrieved
5217:
5207:
5195:. Retrieved
5175:
5168:
5156:. Retrieved
5142:
5130:. Retrieved
5110:
5103:
5091:. Retrieved
5082:
5073:
5065:the original
5055:
5043:. Retrieved
5028:
5016:. Retrieved
5012:the original
5002:
4994:the original
4983:
4956:. Retrieved
4949:the original
4936:
4927:
4921:
4909:. Retrieved
4905:the original
4900:
4897:"Marco Polo"
4891:
4882:
4876:
4864:. Retrieved
4844:
4837:
4825:
4816:
4810:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4760:
4756:
4735:. Retrieved
4726:
4716:
4709:Rossabi 1988
4704:
4696:the original
4686:
4674:. Retrieved
4654:
4647:
4642:, p. 76
4640:Rossabi 1988
4635:
4623:
4614:
4608:
4596:
4589:Rossabi 1988
4584:
4575:
4569:
4550:
4544:
4535:
4529:
4517:
4509:
4504:
4495:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4454:
4435:, p. 74
4428:
4419:
4410:
4401:
4395:
4368:. Retrieved
4348:
4326:
4318:
4313:
4304:
4298:
4292:Khubilai Kan
4291:
4286:
4281:. Division 1
4278:
4273:
4264:
4255:
4247:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4171:
4165:
4138:
4126:. Retrieved
4106:
4099:
4080:
4074:
4062:. Retrieved
4042:
4035:
4026:
4025:Sun Kokuan.
4020:
4001:
3995:
3983:
3971:. Retrieved
3957:
3944:
3932:
3927:, p. 79
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3888:
3881:
3861:
3854:
3849:, p. 37
3842:
3823:
3817:
3805:. Retrieved
3780:
3776:
3766:
3745:
3739:
3720:
3714:
3705:
3699:
3690:
3685:
3673:. Retrieved
3653:
3646:
3634:. Retrieved
3614:
3607:
3595:. Retrieved
3575:
3568:
3546:
3519:
3510:
3465:
3415:
3408:China proper
3400:Song dynasty
3394:
3377:
3364:
3288:Qing dynasty
3272:
3261:Genghis Khan
3210:
3181:
3166:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3101:
3080:
3068:
3066:
3016:
3009:
2997:
2975:Concubines:
2974:
2967:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2910:
2909:
2890:
2865:
2857:one daughter
2846:
2836:
2821:
2801:
2788:
2787:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2749:
2722:
2718:Golden Horde
2702:
2687:
2649:
2640:
2625:Please help
2613:
2581:
2564:
2548:Water Tatars
2529:
2520:Azure Dragon
2485:
2471:
2447:Guo Shoujing
2439:
2424:Capital city
2411:
2375:
2332:kingdoms of
2315:
2302:Khmer Empire
2282:Ram Khamheng
2271:
2267:Ming dynasty
2248:
2229:Trần Ích Tắc
2221:
2185:Song dynasty
2182:
2170:
2154:
2141:
2121:
2096:
2092:
2077:
2069:
2040:
2024:
2001:
1936:In 1285 the
1935:
1903:
1850:
1835:
1823:Guang Hui Si
1822:
1816:
1812:Yuan dynasty
1805:
1801:Jamal ad-Din
1794:
1766:
1730:Circumcision
1719:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1655:cash. Later
1641:
1637:Indian Ocean
1626:
1594:China proper
1591:
1576:Song dynasty
1525:
1511:
1476:
1464:
1420:
1385:
1345:
1333:
1305:Burma (1277)
1293:
1274:
1258:
1226:
1218:
1199:
1183:
1179:Mubarak Shah
1145:
1140:
1113:
1098:
1095:Golden Horde
1086:
1079:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
984:
978:
916:
904:Golden Horde
888:Golden Horde
880:Yuan dynasty
868:
828:
808:
773:Dali Kingdom
766:
746:China proper
735:
697:
679:
660:
632:Genghis Khan
621:
605:
601:China proper
582:
578:Golden Horde
558:Genghis Khan
547:
539:Yuan dynasty
530:
523:
515:
514:
380:
376:
193:Song dynasty
61:
50:
7624:1294 deaths
7619:1215 births
7614:Kublai Khan
7539:16 Kingdoms
7465:" in 1271,
7240:Uskhal Khan
7200:Gegeen Khan
7180:Setsen Khan
7160:Kublai Khan
7155:Möngke Khan
7117:Ögedei Khan
6959:Möngke Khan
6873:The Mongols
6787:15 November
6754:15 November
6599:15 November
6455:Atwood 2004
5864:Atwood 2004
5777:Hucker 1975
5672:Atwood 2004
5612:15 November
5573:15 November
5537:Atwood 2004
5512:Atwood 2004
5482:15 November
5434:Atwood 2004
5419:15 November
5317:14 November
4866:15 November
4158:Atwood 2004
4128:15 November
4064:15 November
3937:Atwood 2004
3910:15 November
3257:Ögedei Khan
3253:Ulaanbaatar
3228:Blue Dragon
2824:(茶倫昌国大长公主)
2804:(赵国大長月烈公主)
2595:Later years
2488:Jin dynasty
2395:and Ilkhan
2379:Mesopotamia
2209:Möngke Khan
2033:during the
1954:Tarim Basin
1942:monasteries
1899:hand cannon
1629:Grand Canal
1614:North China
1460: 1294
1427:Tode Mongke
1195:Tarim Basin
1066:Ögedei Khan
1031:Chingiznama
947:Uryankhadai
937:, near the
859:Möngke Khan
851:Lian Xixian
847:empowerment
820:Uryankhadai
816:Möngke Khan
805:Möngke Khan
793:Uryankhadai
789:Uryankhadai
750:viceroyalty
682:Han culture
618:Early years
531:Setsen Khan
528:regnal name
520:temple name
516:Kublai Khan
445:Temple name
407:Regnal name
185:Predecessor
142:Möngke Khan
135:Predecessor
56:Kublai Khan
39:Sechen Khan
7608:Categories
7531:3 Kingdoms
7507:) in 1206.
7463:Great Yuan
7190:Külüg Khan
7136:Güyük Khan
7104:Tolui Khan
7043:1279–1294
7020:1271–1294
7002:Temür Khan
6432:died early
6212:emissary."
6188:18 October
6159:18 October
6130:18 October
6091:18 October
6049:18 October
6017:18 October
5978:18 October
5946:18 October
5907:18 October
4676:18 October
4370:18 October
3351:References
3339:Temür Khan
3296:Inner Asia
2996:Aqruqchi,
2864:Nomughan,
2736:See also:
2694:Ikh Khorig
2643:April 2012
2585:darughachi
2560:Güyük Khan
2524:Yuan China
2455:Turkestani
2350:Marco Polo
2338:Chiang Mai
2322:Singhasari
2288:after the
2263:suzerainty
2193:Thang Long
2112:Hakata Bay
2106:closer to
2104:Iki Island
1980:See also:
1966:Buqa-Temür
1879:See also:
1865:Huihui Pao
1848:in China.
1753:Huihui Pao
1691:Marco Polo
1675:Marco Polo
1648:fiat money
1522:Wade–Giles
1495:corruption
1445:See also:
1416:chancellor
1327:, and the
1250:Nogai Khan
1160:suzerainty
1070:Shi Tianze
1019:Great Khan
890:, and the
696:(Chinese:
661:After the
543:Yuan China
451:Shizu (世祖)
236:Yuan China
204:Temür Khan
161:Temür Khan
149:(claimant)
130:5 May 1260
126:Coronation
46:Kubla Khan
7365:Chengzong
7164:Ariq Böke
7010:New title
6986:1260–1294
6688:Man, John
6666:Man, John
6581:. BRILL.
5239:3 October
5197:3 October
4911:24 August
4777:203044817
3797:147099574
3560:Citations
3480:romanized
3471:Mongolian
3370:Ariq Böke
3292:expansion
3280:Manchuria
3062:Khanbaliq
3015:Kököchü,
2795:Khongirad
2776:Khongirad
2756:Khongirad
2714:Confucian
2671:Ilkhanate
2614:does not
2496:Manchuria
2492:appanages
2418:Mogadishu
2334:Sukhothai
2326:Majapahit
2134:Japanese
1958:Beshbalik
1857:Al al-Din
1808:Silk Road
1778:Confucian
1761:Xiangyang
1749:trebuchet
1698:Confucius
1598:Manchuria
1572:Zhao Bing
1560:Dolon Nor
1538:Khanbaliq
1503:censorate
1423:Khongirad
1378:, in the
1361:Ili River
1285:Khanbaliq
1262:Khanbaliq
1210:Ganghwado
1064:, son of
999:Manchuria
991:Karakorum
981:Ariq Böke
955:Jia Sidao
953:minister
917:In 1258,
892:Ilkhanate
855:Karakorum
785:Subutai's
698:True Gold
690:Karakorum
647:Ili River
574:Ilkhanate
566:Ariq Böke
387:Era dates
361:Mongolian
232:Khanbaliq
200:Successor
189:Zhao Bing
157:Successor
147:Ariq Böke
7439:Zhaozong
7405:Ningzong
7400:Mingzong
7380:Yingzong
7347:conquest
7330:Xianzong
7325:Dingzong
7316:(regent)
6907:Archived
6869:(1986).
6847:(2010).
6821:Archived
6799:(2005).
6781:Archived
6748:Archived
6690:(2007).
6668:(2004).
6636:25183352
6593:Archived
6545:24692275
6367:Man 2004
6309:, p. 599
6268:, p. 244
6182:Archived
6153:Archived
6124:Archived
6085:Archived
6043:Archived
6011:Archived
5972:Archived
5940:Archived
5901:Archived
5801:Haw 2013
5725:Archived
5606:Archived
5567:Archived
5476:Archived
5448:, p. 111
5413:Archived
5347:24 April
5341:Archived
5308:Archived
5233:Archived
5215:(2011).
5191:Archived
5158:21 April
5152:Archived
5126:Archived
5093:21 April
5087:Archived
5039:Archived
5018:18 March
4968:cite web
4860:Archived
4731:Archived
4670:Archived
4601:Man 2007
4508:Eurasia
4468:Man 2007
4433:Man 2007
4364:Archived
4185:Man 2007
4143:Man 2007
4122:Archived
4058:Archived
3973:17 March
3964:Archived
3925:Man 2007
3904:Archived
3847:Man 2007
3807:27 April
3801:Archived
3675:18 March
3669:Archived
3636:18 March
3630:Archived
3597:18 March
3591:Archived
3547:de facto
3486:Khubilai
3302:See also
3284:Mongolia
3008:Ayachi,
2957:Toghon,
2897:Married
2843:Manggala
2820:Chalun,
2800:Yuelie,
2682:suzerain
2573:Liaoning
2544:Jurchens
2540:Belgutei
2500:Chang'an
2401:Bordeaux
2311:Cambodia
2213:Shandong
2173:Đại Việt
2151:Nagasaki
2044:Sakhalin
2026:Gangnido
1950:Gaochang
1831:Avicenna
1757:Fancheng
1726:dhabihah
1687:Xuánjiào
1657:Gaykhatu
1644:Jiaochao
1635:and the
1602:Mongolia
1388:dhabihah
1242:Smolensk
1214:Caucasus
1099:kurultai
1087:kurultai
1058:Chagatai
1046:Hangzhou
1023:Kurultai
1004:Borjigin
986:kurultai
671:appanage
636:Buddhist
585:Mongolia
526:and his
508:Buddhism
504:Religion
466:Borjigin
18:Shengong
7492:Huángdì
7479:Chinese
7475:Emperor
7467:Khagans
7457:Before
7395:Wenzong
7375:Renzong
7343:Emperor
7320:Taizong
7314:Ruizong
7082:of the
6979:of the
6977:Emperor
6465:Sources
6414:m. 1283
6255:, p. 85
5276:28 June
4793:, p. 25
4512:, p. 21
4321:, p. 63
3529:Beijing
3512:Hūbìliè
3499:Chinese
3495:ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ
3482::
3475:Хубилай
3402:at the
3119:回程仙駕馭蒼龍
3117:淨刹玉毫瞻禮罷
3115:風襲琴聲嶺際松
3113:雨霑瓊干巖邊竹
3110:壚煙拂霧瑞光重
3108:花色映霞祥彩混
3106:不憚躋攀謁粹容
3104:時膺韶景陟蘭峰
3050:Beijing
2968:Empress
2951:Empress
2938:Empress
2930:Empress
2911:Empress
2833:Zhenjin
2771:Empress
2754:of the
2706:Zhenjin
2635:removed
2620:sources
2552:Hachiun
2463:Araniko
2442:Shangdu
2434:Beijing
2300:of the
2294:Nanchao
2278:Mangrai
2205:Sichuan
2201:Guangxi
2136:samurai
2124:samurai
2006:on the
1962:Kashgar
1926:jarligs
1918:Russian
1916:), and
1906:Kipchak
1819:Shangdu
1797:Shaanxi
1722:kashrut
1606:Chinese
1546:Chinese
1542:Shangdu
1514:Chinese
1507:kheshig
1499:Jalairs
1491:Tibetan
1472:Xu Heng
1400:Tekuder
1396:kashrut
1392:Judaism
1352:Shiregi
1348:Almaliq
1340:Mamluks
1289:Zhangye
1254:Balkans
1252:to the
1246:Vitebsk
1188:of the
1184:Prince
1171:Orghana
1152:Mentemu
1124:Tbilisi
1041:Shaanxi
943:Wuchang
939:Yangtze
902:of the
837:of the
781:Sichuan
730:Araniko
694:Zhenjin
568:in the
522:as the
473:Dynasty
381:Qubilai
377:Kübilai
369:Chinese
365:ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠯᠠᠢ
345:Zhenjin
332:
324:
320:
307:
299:
295:
282:
274:
270:
255:Empress
99:Araniko
66:of the
7571:W. Xia
7489::
7487:pinyin
7481::
7459:Kublai
7370:Wuzong
7339:Khagan
7300:Kublai
7148:Regent
7129:Regent
7110:Regent
7080:Khagan
6973:Khagan
6941:
6881:
6855:
6827:5 June
6813:
6773:
6740:
6719:
6698:
6676:
6654:
6634:
6620:
6585:
6564:
6543:
6512:
6493:
6116:
6077:
6003:
5932:
5893:
5598:
5559:
5468:
5405:
5378:
5225:
5183:
5132:21 May
5118:
4978:p. 14.
4852:
4775:
4737:24 May
4662:
4557:
4356:
4114:
4087:
4050:
4008:
3954:(free)
3896:
3869:
3830:
3795:
3727:
3661:
3622:
3583:
3509::
3507:pinyin
3501::
3239:Legacy
3092:陟玩春山記興
3037:Poetry
2760:Nambui
2732:Family
2678:Ghazan
2674:Persia
2536:Temüge
2504:Shanxi
2461:named
2408:Africa
2397:Arghun
2393:Kublai
2344:Europe
2307:Champa
2286:Khmers
2207:under
2108:Kyushu
2004:Goryeo
1996:Goryeo
1922:Muqali
1887:, and
1863:" (or
1853:Ismail
1774:Yunnan
1751:" (or
1746:Muslim
1710:Quzhou
1681:, 1863
1653:copper
1608::
1548::
1524::
1516::
1404:Arghun
1372:Arghun
1356:Antong
1317:vassal
1311:, and
1116:Jochid
1083:Xanadu
995:Hulagu
931:Möngke
927:Möngke
919:Möngke
886:, the
875:Möngke
864:Möngke
824:Yunnan
777:envoys
769:Yunnan
738:Möngke
714:Turkic
710:Mongol
706:Shanxi
656:Ogedei
651:Kublai
639:Tangut
562:Möngke
535:Mongol
494:Mother
484:Father
371::
242:Burial
64:Khagan
7515:Shang
7505:成吉思皇帝
7455:Note:
7360:Shizu
7309:Taizu
6943:Died:
6936:Born:
6632:JSTOR
6541:JSTOR
5311:(PDF)
5300:(PDF)
5270:(PDF)
5259:(PDF)
5045:9 May
4958:3 May
4952:(PDF)
4945:(PDF)
4773:S2CID
3967:(PDF)
3793:S2CID
3356:Notes
3294:into
3276:Tibet
2752:Chabi
2726:Temür
2556:Qasar
2532:Nayan
2475:Gansu
2467:Stupa
2459:Newar
2290:Thais
2255:Bagan
2217:Henan
2084:Wokou
1744:The "
1527:Ta-tu
1431:Köchü
1390:) or
1186:Kaidu
1168:Oirat
1156:Sarai
1148:Abaqa
1105:Reign
1091:Berke
1062:Kadan
1054:Alghu
1008:Jochi
963:bolts
959:taels
935:Wuhan
900:Berke
896:Islam
843:Chabi
839:Sakya
762:Xi'an
758:Henan
667:Hebei
624:Tolui
589:Korea
550:Tolui
537:-led
488:Tolui
461:House
419:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
417:ᠰᠡᠴᠡᠨ
355:Names
340:Issue
326:(
322:
301:(
297:
276:(
272:
174:Reign
114:Reign
81:(1st
7587:Qing
7583:Ming
7579:Yuan
7567:Song
7563:Liao
7555:Tang
7519:Zhou
7290:Yuan
7146:(as
7127:(as
7108:(as
6945:1294
6938:1215
6879:ISBN
6853:ISBN
6829:2022
6811:ISBN
6789:2015
6771:ISBN
6756:2015
6738:ISBN
6717:ISBN
6696:ISBN
6674:ISBN
6652:ISBN
6618:ISBN
6601:2015
6583:ISBN
6562:ISBN
6510:ISBN
6491:ISBN
6190:2020
6161:2020
6132:2020
6114:ISBN
6093:2020
6075:ISBN
6051:2020
6019:2020
6001:ISBN
5980:2020
5948:2020
5930:ISBN
5909:2020
5891:ISBN
5614:2015
5596:ISBN
5575:2015
5557:ISBN
5484:2015
5466:ISBN
5421:2015
5403:ISBN
5376:ISBN
5349:2022
5319:2013
5278:2016
5241:2016
5223:ISBN
5199:2016
5181:ISBN
5160:2016
5134:2016
5116:ISBN
5095:2016
5047:2016
5020:2015
4974:link
4960:2016
4913:2019
4868:2015
4850:ISBN
4739:2008
4678:2020
4660:ISBN
4555:ISBN
4372:2020
4354:ISBN
4130:2015
4112:ISBN
4085:ISBN
4066:2015
4048:ISBN
4006:ISBN
3975:2013
3912:2015
3894:ISBN
3867:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3809:2018
3725:ISBN
3677:2022
3659:ISBN
3638:2022
3620:ISBN
3599:2022
3581:ISBN
3525:Dadu
3282:and
2618:any
2616:cite
2546:and
2516:jade
2502:and
2352:and
2336:and
2330:Thai
2274:Siam
2243:and
2215:and
2122:The
2080:Semu
2023:The
1984:and
1946:Duwa
1914:Asud
1910:Alan
1855:and
1844:and
1788:and
1759:and
1702:Qufu
1673:and
1661:Iran
1555:lit.
1533:lit.
1470:and
1412:Buqa
1244:and
1029:(or
951:Song
923:gout
810:tusi
797:Dali
787:son
712:and
686:ordo
478:Yuan
226:Died
214:Born
62:5th
7595:PRC
7591:ROC
7575:Jīn
7551:Sui
7535:Jìn
7527:Han
7523:Qin
7511:Xia
7349:of
6533:doi
5720:CNN
5372:176
4765:doi
3785:doi
3533:Han
3503:忽必烈
3290:'s
3048:in
2669:In
2629:by
2538:or
2494:in
1827:Hui
1700:at
1374:to
1299:,
1233:Aju
801:段興智
597:Han
424:薛禪汗
373:忽必烈
7610::
7593:/
7589:→
7585:→
7581:→
7577:→
7573:/
7569:/
7565:/
7561:→
7557:→
7553:→
7549:→
7545:/
7541:→
7537:/
7533:→
7529:→
7525:→
7521:→
7517:→
7513:→
7485:;
7483:皇帝
7162:/
7030::
6819:.
6809:.
6805:.
6779:.
6746:.
6591:.
6560:.
6556:.
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