358:
1618:
tools; materials and colours; movement; whims, ludicrous behaviour, unbalanced states of mind, qualities." But, as published, the paper he cites (The Norn
Element in Shetland Dialect Today – A Case of Never-Accepted Language Death, in Ejerhed, E. and I. Henrysson (eds.) Tvåspråkighet. Föredrag från tredje Nordiska Tvåspråkighetssymposiet 4-5 juni 1980. Acta Universitatis Umensis. Umeå Studies in the Humanities 36. 254-261) does not include such a list.
52:
55:
54:
59:
58:
53:
60:
1617:
Language in the
British Isles. Ed. Peter Trudgill. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.29 states that a paper by Gunnel Melchers "lists the following areas of vocabulary as being particularly rich in Norn words: types of wind and weather; flowers and plants; animals; seasons and holidays; food;
1513:
occurs in, for example, James John
Haldane Burgess (1892) Rasmie's Büddie: poems in the Shetlandic, Alexander Gardner; James Inkster (1922) Mansie's Röd: Sketches in the Shetlandic; T. & J. Manson; Jack Renwick (1963) Rainbow Bridge. (A collection of poems in English & Shetlandic.), Shetland
583:
in North East
Scotland, Shetland dialect retains a high degree of autonomy due to geography and isolation from southern dialects. It has a large amount of unique vocabulary but as there are no standard criteria for distinguishing languages from dialects, whether or not Shetland dialect is a separate
57:
1263:
Shetland dialect also distinguishes between personal pronouns used by parents when speaking to children, old persons speaking to younger ones, or between familiar friends or equals and those used in formal situations and when speaking to superiors. (See
1243:
Shetland dialect usage from oral history recordings and contemporary speech from interviews, the gender system in
Shetland dialect was found to be a stable feature of modern dialect usage, and is not tied to use alongside "traditional lexical items".
1789:
Language
Contact in the British Isles: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Language Contact in Europe, Douglas, Isle of Man, 1988. Ed. P. Sture Ureland and George Broderick. Linguistische Arbeiten 238. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer. p.
575:
Consequently, Shetland dialect contains many words of Norn origin. Many of them, if they are not place-names, refer to e.g. seasons, weather, plants, animals, places, food, materials, tools, colours, parts of boats.
1961:
1923:
56:
946:
to represent 'missing' English letters has been avoided. On the whole the literary conventions of Modern Scots are applied, if not consistently, the main differences being:
1219:
Nouns in
Shetland dialect have grammatical gender beside natural gender. Some nouns which are clearly considered neuter in English are masculine or feminine, such as
942:
To some extent a bewildering variety of spellings have been used to represent the varied pronunciation of the
Shetland dialect varieties. Latterly the use of the
1650:
1491:
1514:
Times; Jack
Renwick, Liam O'Neill, Hayddir Johnson (2007) The harp of twilight: an anthology of poems in English and Shetlandic, Unst Writers Group.
2082:
McColl Millar's internet extension to 'Northern and
Insular Scots' 2007, with recordings of regional dialect variants of the Shetland Islands
493:
1863:
Velupillai, Viveka (24 September 2019). "Gendered inanimates in Shetland dialect - comparing pre-oil and contemporary speech".
1826:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. vii.
1602:
2017:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 10.
2008:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 11.
1999:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 11.
1628:
1981:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 9.
1972:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 5.
1934:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 4.
1905:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 3.
1853:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 2.
1835:
Robertson, T.A. & Graham, J.J. (1991) Grammar and Usage of the Shetland Dialect, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. 1.
2067:
380:
1247:
The plural of nouns is usually formed by adding -s, as in Standard English. There are a few irregular plurals, such as
592:"Shetland dialect speakers generally have a rather slow delivery, pitched low and with a somewhat level intonation".
1581:
1557:
1569:
370:
1776:
Johnston P. Regional Variation in Jones C. (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh p. 485.
1767:
Johnston P. Regional Variation in Jones C. (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh p. 469.
1740:
Johnston P. Regional Variation in Jones C. (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh p. 469.
1722:
Johnston P. Regional Variation in Jones C. (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburgh p. 485.
336:
1197:
in dialect writing. As is usual in Scots, Shetland dialect puts an article where Standard English would not:
1083:
670:
407:
2111:
486:
1075:
1035:
1027:
994:
963:
959:
955:
951:
923:
919:
909:
894:
887:
883:
879:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
648:
612:
608:
2045:
Knooihuizen, Remco. 2009. "Shetland Scots as a new dialect: phonetic and phonological considerations" in
1469:
2086:
1943:
Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 96-97.
1465:
931:
2026:
Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 115.
1990:
Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 113.
1952:
Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 102.
1914:
Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 79.
1844:
Grant, William; Dixon, James Main (1921) Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge, University Press. p. 78.
1548:
Catford J.C. (1957) Vowel-Systems of Scots Dialects, Transactions of the Philological Society. p.115
569:
467:
330:
231:
2106:
556:
dialects brought to Shetland from the end of the fifteenth century by Lowland Scots, mainly from
479:
161:
151:
141:
1524:
943:
868:
2042:("Fancy, laek da mirrie-dancers, Lichts da sombre sky o Life.") Lerwick: T. & J. Manson.
462:
236:
1808:
Graham, J.J. (1993) The Shetland Dictionary, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. xxiv-xxv.
8:
1265:
1240:
221:
211:
1758:
McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p. 39.
1749:
McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p. 45.
1731:
McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p. 35.
1713:
McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p. 37.
1704:
McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p. 48.
1695:
McColl Millar. 2007. Northern and Insular Scots. Edinburgh: University Press Ltd. p. 33.
1880:
1437:
As is usual in Scots, auxiliary and monosyllabic verbs can be made negative by adding -
1362:
902:
620:
580:
156:
146:
1799:
Graham, J.J. (1993) The Shetland Dictionary, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. xxiv.
321:
1888:
1817:
Graham, J.J. (1993) The Shetland Dictionary, Lerwick, The Shetland Times Ltd. p. xix.
1644:
1598:
679:
of Shetland dialect based on McColl Millar (2007) and Johnston P. (1997). The actual
655:
344:
65:
376:
1872:
1334:
1178:
616:
605:
166:
2064:
2071:
1686:
SND Introduction - Phonetic Description of Scottish Language and Dialects. p. xl.
1582:
http://www.scotslanguage.com/Scots_Dialects_uid117/Insular_uid118/Insular_uid3422
1558:
http://www.scotslanguage.com/Scots_Dialects_uid117/Insular_uid118/Shetland_uid675
133:
112:
1677:
SND Introduction - Phonetic Description of Scottish Language and Dialects. p.xl.
1570:
http://www.scotslanguage.com/Scots_Dialects_uid117/Insular_uid118/Orkney_uid1243
553:
457:
447:
400:
282:
216:
171:
92:
2091:
2100:
1892:
1884:
628:
565:
537:
452:
442:
357:
255:
226:
176:
20:
2081:
1174:
601:
426:
421:
289:
251:
246:
1876:
689:
545:
416:
241:
1173:
The grammatical structure of Shetland dialect generally follows that of
1668:
3rd ed. (1st ed. 1979, 2nd ed. 1984). Lerwick: The Shetland Times. xxii
893:
Vowel 8 is generally merged with vowel 4, often realised or before
1072:
872:
861:
680:
314:
302:
2076:
2059:
549:
541:
388:
102:
81:
1787:
Norn-Scots: a complicated language contact situation in Shetland.
676:
561:
533:
384:
1392:'to be', is used where Standard English would use 'to have':
1341:, also meaning who and which, pronounced or , often written
1177:, with traces of Norse (Norn) and those features shared with
1102:
in Shetland dialect (for the additional change of the Scots
1125:(vowel 12 and sometimes vowel 17) are often represented by
557:
387:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2087:
Example of Shetland speech on the British Library website
2060:
I Hear Dee - Shaetlan on the global map (English version)
600:
By and large, consonants are pronounced much as in other
2049:
Vol. 13, Issue 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1402:'to have', is used as an auxiliary with the modal verbs
1303:
in dialect writing; contrasting with the formal forms
1235:(f). This can also apply to dummy constructions, e.g.
908:
Vowel 15 may be realised or diphthongised to before
619:
and respectively, for example and rather than , or
1464:
572:spoken on the islands until the late 18th century.
1871:(3). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 269–298.
1445:, 'would not'. Otherwise, the Scots negative has
2098:
1649:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1631:. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012
1525:"Modern Shetlandic Scots language and alphabet"
930:Vowel length is by and large determined by the
2077:Shetland ForWirds - Promoting Shetland Dialect
1426:('would') and then reduced to , often written
487:
36:Shetlandic, Shetland, Modern Shetlandic Scots
564:, with a degree of Norse influence from the
2065:Introduction to modern Scots: Insular Scots
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1097:
1091:
1067:, influenced by Norse spelling. The letter
1043:
1018:
985:
979:
918:Vowel 17 often merges with vowel 12 before
41:
1862:
1038:in other Scots dialects, is often written
966:in other Scots dialects are often written
494:
480:
356:
50:
2040:Rasmie's Büddie: Poems in the Shetlandic
1470:"Table KS206SC – Scots: Can speak Scots"
1361:As is usual in Scots, the past tense of
934:, although there are a few exceptions.
647:may be realised rather than , initial
381:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2099:
1655:. Shetlopedia. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
1201:gyaan ta da kirk/da scole in da Simmer
80:
2092:Example of Shetland speech on Youtube
1326:takes the singular form of the verb:
584:language from Scots is much debated.
1584:The Main Dialects of Scots: Insular.
1560:The Main Dialects of Scots: Shetland
1572:The Main Dialects of Scots: Orkney.
1275:(thou), pronounced , often written
1203:-- 'go to church/school in summer'
1146:(vowel 7) are often represented by
13:
1449:where standard English has 'not'.
124:3,500 ("used at home") (2011)
14:
2123:
2053:
897:. The realisation in the cluster
654:may be realised and the initial
2047:English Language and Linguistics
1096:in Scots— which becomes written
878:Vowel 7 may be realised before
683:may differ from place to place.
2032:
2020:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1658:
1621:
1607:
1597:. London: Edward Arnold. p.203
978:; "thing" and "there" written "
958:realisation of what is usually
604:varieties. Exceptions are: The
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1542:
1517:
1509:The use of Shetlandic for the
1503:
1484:
1472:. National Records of Scotland
1458:
937:
915:Vowel 16 may be realised or .
875:or may sometimes be realised .
532:(MSS) by some linguists) is a
1:
1499:. November 2012. p. 414.
1452:
1434:, 'you should have told me'.
1299:, pronounced , often written
1291:, pronounced , often written
1283:, pronounced , often written
1193:is pronounced often written
1164:influenced by Norse spelling.
671:Phonological history of Scots
595:
2038:Haldane Burgess, J.J. 1913.
1365:is formed by either adding -
1131:in written Shetland dialect.
1086:consonants in words such as
1071:is often used to render the
587:
19:Not to be confused with the
7:
1629:""Modern Shetlandic Scots""
1353:– 'the dog that bit me...'
1349:in dialect writing, as in
1258:
1184:
685:
10:
2128:
1333:As is usual in Scots, the
1168:
932:Scottish Vowel Length Rule
668:
18:
1615:Orkney and Shetland Norn.
1493:The Linguasphere Register
1110:in this word, see below).
765:
664:
552:. It is derived from the
548:to the north of mainland
509:(also variously known as
367:
355:
343:
329:
312:
300:
295:
279:
204:
130:
118:
108:
98:
88:
73:
68:speaking Shetland dialect
49:
40:
35:
30:
2070:27 November 2010 at the
1785:Melchers, Gunnel (1991)
1595:The Languages of Britain
1593:Price, Glanville (1984)
1356:
1295:in dialect writing; and
1214:
232:Northumbrian Old English
1666:The Shetland Dictionary
1613:Barnes, Michael (1984)
1330:('you are, you have').
1271:The familiar forms are
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1098:
1092:
1044:
1030:realisation of initial
1019:
986:
980:
570:North Germanic language
530:Modern Shetlandic Scots
42:
1664:Graham, John J. 1993.
1396:for 'I have written'.
1042:; "chair" is written "
1017:; "queer" is written "
661:may be realised or .
568:, which is an extinct
369:This article contains
1877:10.1075/eww.00032.vel
1466:United Kingdom census
1239:In a study comparing
1189:The definite article
1090:in English— rendered
1082:, especially for the
1059:are used rather than
944:apologetic apostrophe
675:The underlying vowel
528:; and referred to as
325: Shetland Scots
1430:in dialect writing:
1287:in dialect writing;
1279:in dialect writing;
362:Shetland in Scotland
237:Early Middle English
126:11,000 ("can speak")
82:[ˈʃe̞tlənd̥]
2112:Culture of Shetland
1388:The auxiliary verb
1351:da dog at bet me...
997:realisation of the
623:and , (thing) and
615:may be realised as
222:Proto-West Germanic
212:Proto-Indo-European
1865:English World-Wide
1207:'dinner is ready'
1205:da denner is ready
903:Mid Northern Scots
157:North Sea Germanic
1603:978-0-7131-6452-7
1432:Du sood a telt me
1013:is often written
867:Vowel 3 is often
857:
856:
617:alveolar plosives
606:dental fricatives
504:
503:
395:
394:
377:rendering support
373:phonetic symbols.
254:with significant
66:Christine De Luca
61:
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1529:www.omniglot.com
1521:
1515:
1507:
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1500:
1498:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1462:
1422:('should'), and
1385:(move quickly).
1335:relative pronoun
1319:, respectively.
1237:what time is he?
1179:Standard English
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1101:
1095:
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1047:
1037:
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989:
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925:
921:
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881:
860:Vowel 11 occurs
853:
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843:
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833:
828:
823:
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813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
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686:
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610:
507:Shetland dialect
496:
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351:
339:
324:
305:
285:
182:Shetland dialect
136:
84:
79:
63:
62:
45:
31:Shetland dialect
28:
27:
16:Dialect of Scots
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2126:
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2116:
2097:
2096:
2072:Wayback Machine
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1459:
1455:
1359:
1266:T–V distinction
1261:
1217:
1187:
1171:
1134:Literary Scots
1113:Literary Scots
940:
673:
667:
627:(mother) as in
598:
590:
500:
375:Without proper
363:
349:
335:
320:
301:
286:
281:
275:
207:
200:
137:
134:Language family
132:
125:
121:
120:Native speakers
113:Scottish people
77:
69:
51:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2125:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:Scots dialects
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2054:External links
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1260:
1257:
1216:
1213:
1211:'have a cold'
1186:
1183:
1170:
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1165:
1132:
1111:
1078:of the letter
1049:
1024:
991:
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916:
913:
906:
901:may be as in
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379:, you may see
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1328:Du is, du hes
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1322:The familiar
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873:diphthongised
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845:
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162:Anglo-Frisian
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74:Pronunciation
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21:Norn language
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2033:Bibliography
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2013:
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1633:. Retrieved
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1532:. Retrieved
1528:
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1474:. Retrieved
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1270:
1262:
1252:
1251:, 'cows' or
1248:
1246:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1209:hae da caald
1208:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1175:Modern Scots
1172:
1107:
1103:
1087:
1079:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:The letters
1039:
1031:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
975:
974:rather than
971:
967:
941:
929:
898:
882:and before
674:
658:
651:
644:
640:
636:
632:
624:
621:debuccalised
602:Modern Scots
599:
591:
578:
574:
529:
525:
521:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
463:Ulster Scots
427:Modern Scots
422:Middle Scots
368:
331:Linguasphere
313:
252:Modern Scots
247:Middle Scots
181:
25:
1534:25 February
1414:('might'),
1406:('could'),
1394:I'm written
1084:palatalised
938:Orthography
546:archipelago
468:Doric Scots
417:Early Scots
383:instead of
242:Early Scots
206:Early forms
2101:Categories
1453:References
1418:('must'),
1363:weak verbs
1255:, 'eyes'.
1034:, usually
681:allophones
596:Consonants
540:spoken in
511:Shetlandic
337:52-ABA-aad
258:substrata
1893:0172-8865
1885:1569-9730
1410:('had'),
1073:semivowel
869:retracted
588:Phonology
315:Glottolog
303:ISO 639-3
109:Ethnicity
2068:Archived
1962:SND: Dat
1645:cite web
1511:language
1476:8 August
1468:(2011).
1377:, as in
1259:Pronouns
1185:Articles
677:phonemes
550:Scotland
542:Shetland
526:Shaetlan
522:Shetland
435:Dialects
389:Help:IPA
322:shet1241
147:Germanic
103:Scotland
1924:SND: Du
1635:14 July
1383:spootit
1241:pre-oil
1169:Grammar
984:" and "
656:cluster
562:Lothian
534:dialect
408:History
385:Unicode
43:Shætlan
1891:
1883:
1601:
1400:Ta hae
1373:, or -
864:final.
690:Aitken
665:Vowels
631:. The
625:mither
167:Anglic
99:Region
1881:eISSN
1497:(PDF)
1443:widna
1412:micht
1390:ta be
1379:spoot
1357:Verbs
1317:yours
1297:thine
1231:(f),
1227:(m),
1223:(m),
1221:spade
1215:Nouns
1158:, or
1045:shair
1020:wheer
1011:queer
1007:queen
1003:quick
842:/a~æ/
802:/y,ø/
645:queer
641:queen
637:quick
581:Doric
579:Like
554:Scots
544:, an
515:broad
290:Latin
172:Scots
1889:ISSN
1790:468.
1651:link
1637:2012
1599:ISBN
1536:2020
1478:2021
1420:sood
1416:most
1404:coud
1339:that
1315:and
1313:your
1301:dine
1281:thee
1273:thoo
1233:kirk
1140:and
1119:and
1093:Yuil
1088:Yule
1063:and
1055:and
1036:/tʃ/
1026:The
1009:and
995:/xʍ/
993:The
987:dere
981:ting
970:and
962:and
954:and
950:The
924:/lr/
922:and
920:/nd/
886:and
862:stem
827:/ju/
822:/ʌu/
817:/ɑː/
812:/oe/
807:/eː/
777:/iː/
767:/əi/
762:/ae/
649:/tʃ/
643:and
611:and
560:and
558:Fife
519:auld
345:IETF
256:Norn
78:IPA:
1873:doi
1424:wid
1408:hed
1369:, -
1347:'at
1345:or
1343:dat
1337:is
1309:you
1305:you
1289:thy
1285:dee
1253:een
1249:kye
1229:mön
1225:sun
1191:the
1106:to
1099:Jøl
1076:/j/
1028:/ʃ/
1001:in
964:/θ/
960:/ð/
956:/t/
952:/d/
910:/x/
899:ane
895:/r/
888:/x/
884:/k/
880:/r/
871:or
852:/ʌ/
847:/ɔ/
837:/ɛ/
832:/ɪ/
797:/u/
792:/ɔ/
787:/e/
782:/e/
772:/i/
754:19
751:18
748:17
745:16
742:15
739:14
736:13
733:12
709:11
703:10
700:8a
697:1s
694:1l
635:in
613:/θ/
609:/ð/
536:of
524:or
517:or
371:IPA
2103::
1887:.
1879:.
1869:40
1867:.
1647:}}
1643:{{
1527:.
1447:no
1441::
1439:na
1381:,
1371:it
1367:ed
1324:du
1311:,
1307:,
1293:dy
1277:du
1268:)
1195:da
1181:.
1152:,
1143:eu
1137:ui
1128:aa
1122:aw
1116:au
1104:ui
1048:".
1040:sh
1032:ch
1023:".
1015:wh
1005:,
999:qu
990:".
976:th
730:9
727:8
724:7
721:6
718:5
715:4
712:3
706:2
659:wr
652:ch
639:,
633:qu
513:;
1895:.
1875::
1653:)
1639:.
1538:.
1480:.
1428:a
1375:t
1161:ø
1155:ö
1149:ü
1108:ø
1080:y
1069:j
1065:c
1061:y
1057:k
1053:j
972:t
968:d
926:.
912:.
905:.
890:.
495:e
488:t
481:v
391:.
308:–
23:.
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