603:
37:
5112:
4687:
5122:
4697:
516:
3567:
1527:
952:
4707:
1513:
4717:
1499:
246:
985:
Due to discrimination by the Sunni government, the Shia became increasingly disaffected during the last 1960s and 1970s. By 1968, Dawa could claim a mass following, and the Baath began to consider it a threat. In 1974, amid rising discontent due to casualties in the
1084:
throughout Iraq, which took place in the Shiite and
Kurdish areas of the country. In the south, the rebels seized the shrine as Ba'ath Party officials fled the city or were killed. The uprising spread within days to all of the largest Shia cities in southern Iraq:
893:
who were venerated by Arab nationalists are viewed with suspicion in Shia folklore. This contributes to disaffection among Iraqi Shia, while at the same time Sunni Iraqi politicians have tended to cast Shia political mobilization as alien, in particular
Iranian.
453:
after they managed to rally Shia support in Iraq for the uprising against the
Umayyads. However, after the revolution, most Kaysanites soon joined Ja'far al-Sadiq or Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, and eventually Ja'far al-Sadiq after the demise of Muhammad.
869:
and various Shia tribal sheikhs. For many, the 1935–1936 revolt uncovered a lack of community interest within the Iraqi Shia society and absence of strong Shia political leadership, to present their interests in
Baghdad, a predicament shared by their
1184:, tens to hundreds of thousands of people were killed (mainly Shia civilians) and at least 2.7 million were internally displaced. In ISIL-occupied Iraq (2014–2017) Shias faced some of the worst treatment, and thousands were killed for their faith.
2714:
Lorimer, Gazetteer, 2B:1273; Great
Britain, naval intelligence division, geographical handbook series, Iraq and the Persian Gulf, September 1944, 379–80; Great Britain, office of the civil commissioner, The Arab of Mesopotamia, Basra,
852:
region saw themselves increasingly under-represented in the Sunni-dominated Iraqi government, which further deteriorated with the exclusion of key Shia sheikhs from the Iraqi parliament in 1934 elections. In addition, King
2518:
5077:
2189:
The
Eclipse of the 'Abbasid Caliphate. Original Chronicles of the Fourth Islamic Century, Vol. V: The concluding portion of The Experiences of Nations by Miskawaihi, Vol. II: Reigns of Muttaqi, Mustakfi, Muzi and
998:
in the shrine cities, where mass discontent had been evident in 1974 and 1975. In 1977, tens of thousands of Dawa activists held the processions in defiance of the ban, leading to large-scale clashes known as the
1192:
In 2003 the Shia
Muslims population was estimated to make up around 55% of Iraq's population. The data on the religious affiliation of Iraq's population are uncertain. 95–99% of the population are Muslims. The
1049:, as 80% of the Iraqi army personnel had been Iraqi Shia, diverting resources to the Shia south and emphasizing Iraqi Arabness (in contrast to Iranian Persianness) and the historic struggle between the Muslim
747:
The conversions continued into the 20th century, as the
British noted in 1917. Many Iraqi Shia are relatively-recent converts. The following tribes were converted during this period: some of the Zubaid,
5087:
3092:
881:
Scholars such as Fanar Haddad have argued that the governments of the new Iraqi state tended to adopt the symbols of Sunni identity while suppressing Shia identity. For example, figures such as
5046:
1027:
1128:
had registered between 2003 and 2006, the majority were in the South, including one believed to hold as many as 10,000 victims. A short period of rest once again occurred during the
4836:
5082:
5041:
4946:
1930:
1026:
as an umbrella group to overthrow Iraq's Sunni-dominated regime. In Iran, Hakim attempted to unite and co-ordinate the activities of al-Dawa party and other major Shia groups:
5051:
1010:
intensified unrest and repression. In June 1979, Ayatollah
Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr was arrested and placed under house arrest. Less than a year later, due to encouraging the
841:
displayed their support for the revolt, and encouraged the local population to take arms. At the peak of the revolt, around 131,000 Iraqis were active against the
British.
4996:
4916:
3949:
1606:
4886:
4881:
3230:
974:. At that point, 53 percent of its membership was Shia. In the years following the Shia were shunted aside, and by 1968, only six percent of the Ba'ath party were Shia.
700:
Shia missionaries from Najaf and Karbala operated with relative freedom from the Ottoman Empire, and could proselytize with little official hindrance. The Bani Sallama,
4896:
4876:
4826:
5092:
4971:
434:
was designated heir apparent of al-Ma'mun, but was later poisoned by al-Ma'mun himself. Some Shia officials managed to gain influence in the Abbasid court, such as
5036:
4986:
4921:
4811:
5011:
4926:
4781:
697:, and frequently traded and interacted with the residents of the two cities. Some Sunni Arab tribes converted to protest their treatment by the Sunni Ottomans.
5056:
4956:
4821:
4801:
5097:
4931:
4866:
4936:
4901:
3119:
441:
Aside from mainstream Shia Islam, Iraq was also the home of many Shia sects which no longer exist. Kufan followers of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi later formed the
3978:
978:, president from the 1963 coup until his death in 1966, used derogatory terms in leadership meetings to describe Iraqi Shia and opposed his predecessor
4248:
1019:
3862:
1387:
925:
312:
once again called for the establishment of an Alid caliphate and for retaliation for Husayn's killing, and took over Kufa in October 685. Aided by
3321:
2691:‘Uthman ibn Sanad al-Basri al-Wa’ili, Mukhtasar Kitab Matali’ al-Su’ud bi-Tayyib Akhbar al-Wali Da’ud, ed. Amin al-Hilwani (Cairo, 1951/2), 169
3070:
1730:
630:, another Twelver Shia dynasty which expanded into most of western Iran and Iraq, seizing Baghdad and making it as their capital. Later on,
1694:
1181:
796:
and the Sunni monarchy. As a result of their neglect by Ottomans, and their poverty, the Shiites were increasingly dependent on their
666:
in 1501, Shia scholars from southern Iraq contributed to the conversion movement. The Safavids also invited many Shi'i Arab tribes to
3866:
1120:
By April 1991, most of the rebellion was crushed by the then-incumbent Baathist government. Many of the people killed were buried in
2874:
857:, a Hashemite ruler of Iraq from 1933 to 1939, was driven, amongst other things, by anti-Shia ambitions. This ultimately led to the
4238:
2411:
Chehabi, H. E. (2012). "Iran and Iraq: Intersocietal Linkages and Secular Nationalisms". In Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (eds.).
689:
Sunni Arab tribes to create greater centralization in Iraq. The tribes adopted a sedentary agricultural life in the hinterlands of
5026:
1566:
1559:
1003:
that the regime quelled with the use of helicopter gunships. At least 16 were killed, eight executed and two died under torture.
1920:; Majlesi, Muhammad Baqir; Mahmudi, Muhammad Baqir; Alavi, Abdozzahra; Dar Ihya al-Torath al-Arabi; Beirut; vol. 72; pp. 370–379
5001:
829:, where the Zawalim sheikh Shaalan Abu al-Jun was arrested and subsequently freed by his tribesmen. More Shia ulama, including
935:
To counter the intellectual hold of the left, a group of clerics in Najaf created a movement that eventually evolved into the
3554:
3287:
2998:
2973:
2605:
2554:
2395:
2310:
2090:
2054:
1873:
1848:
1765:
1676:
912:
were politically quiescent. The Shia were generally less well-off economically and socially, and as a result, they supported
643:
3532:
2129:
4753:
3990:
3897:
2705:‘Abdallah Mahmud Shukri (al-Alusi), “Di’ayat al-Rafd wa al-Khurafat wa al-Tafriq Bayn al-Muslimin”, al-Manar 29 (1928): 440
1587:
The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Jacob E. Safra, Chairman of the Board, 15th Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998,
1197:
reports a 2015 estimate according to which 29–34% are Sunni Muslims and 61–64% Shia Muslims. According to a 2011 survey by
1113:. Smaller cities were swept up in the revolution as well. Many exiled Iraqi dissidents, including thousands of Iran-based
3892:
3135:
1786:
1011:
866:
2540:
2296:
2247:
2151:
2002:
1751:
1627:
1069:. The Baath government executed about 95 Shia ulama, many of them members of the al-Hakim family, in June 1984, and had
4243:
4159:
3882:
3847:
3314:
2420:
344:
573:
who ruled roughly the same territory as the Hamdanids from 990 to 1096. In northern Syria, they incorporated the Shia
4287:
2884:
2851:
2809:
2759:
1959:
1902:
1893:. In Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.).
1818:
1592:
4375:
4360:
3956:
3944:
858:
438:, a Kufan who became a minister of the Abbasid caliph with the approval of Imam Musa al-Kadhim to assist the Shia.
4233:
4219:
3971:
3621:
1448:
1423:
1125:
221:
2366:
2230:
534:
was among the first Twelver Shia dynasties formed in northern Iraq. The Hamdanids first emerged as governors of
3837:
3266:
2948:
2783:
2471:
1177:
2112:
The Hamdanids came from the Arab tribe of Taghlib.....the Hamdanids tended to follow the Shī'ī inclinations...
1045:
The Ba'ath Party's leadership made a determined effort to gain the support of Iraqi Shia during the 1980–1988
3307:
838:
165:
Najaf is the site of Ali's tomb, and Karbala is the site of the tomb of Muhammad's grandson, third Shia imam
3205:
3983:
2279:
987:
2472:
Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam, By Juan Ricardo Cole, pg.25
5146:
4532:
4297:
4260:
4192:
3961:
3485:
3385:
1268:
634:
later became one of the central cities of Shia learning, where prominent Shia scholars and poets such as
392:
225:
2829:
1319:(fl. 902–909), Isma'ili missionary in Yemen and North Africa whose efforts lead to the establishment of
4961:
4710:
4385:
4365:
4207:
4197:
4187:
3887:
3877:
3656:
3373:
3368:
2046:
1951:
1668:
1429:
1129:
1000:
388:
316:, they successfully drove the Umayyads out of Kufa and defeated them in several battles, including the
1058:
908:
For many years, Arab nationalism and party politics superseded Shia unity in Iraqi politics, and Shia
4776:
4337:
4182:
3752:
3547:
2527:
2349:
2287:
1985:
1738:
1210:
446:
320:
in 686, but were defeated shortly afterwards in 687, when Kufa was besieged by the governor of Basra
3178:
3164:
5006:
4981:
4796:
4786:
4768:
4746:
4424:
4395:
4039:
3067:
2345:
2226:
2183:
1435:
1316:
492:
477:) of Kufa and southern Iraq, and Qarmatian creed soon flourished in southern Iraq. Among the Iraqi
115:
4966:
4846:
4652:
4400:
4064:
3797:
2179:
1840:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
1411:
1176:, sectarian violence between Shia and the Sunnis steadily escalated. By 2007, the United States'
1023:
380:
321:
1890:
802:, the religious clerics. In 1920, Iraqis, whether Sunni or Shia, had grown more discontent with
202:
4941:
4911:
4355:
4214:
4084:
4059:
3929:
3681:
1479:
1417:
1133:
991:
967:
In 1963, a coalition of military officers and others led by the Arab nationalist and socialist
940:
830:
555:
376:
305:
2138:
1806:
1614:
335:, and acted as a source of many Shiite scholars and disciples of the Twelve Imams, including:
182:
4906:
4791:
4720:
4459:
4327:
3939:
3812:
3791:
3711:
3671:
3562:
3151:
2787:
2034:
1352:
1239:
1173:
956:
917:
871:
811:
709:
313:
285:
209:
768:, the Zafir, the Dawwar, the Sawakin, the al-Muntafiq confederation, the Bani Hasan (of the
4991:
4891:
4871:
4861:
4806:
4554:
4436:
4370:
4332:
4228:
4154:
4149:
4074:
3922:
3540:
3516:
3363:
3330:
1081:
995:
729:
705:
647:
340:
250:
327:
In the early Islamic period, Kufa effectively became the "second capital" of Shiism after
8:
5066:
5016:
4976:
4951:
4841:
4831:
4816:
4739:
4496:
4454:
4380:
4255:
4177:
3706:
3676:
3661:
3453:
3351:
2187:
1540:
1121:
890:
670:
to act as a bulwark against the Ottoman Empire, earning Khuzestan the name of Arabestan.
360:
336:
174:
3231:"The Sunni-Shia divide: Where they live, what they believe and how they view each other"
990:, the regime executed five leading Dawa members. Subsequently, the regime banned annual
982:'s policy of bringing all citizens into the regime regardless of ethnicity or religion.
4851:
4627:
4622:
4607:
4569:
4544:
4481:
4342:
4277:
3912:
3721:
3636:
2641:
2531:
2353:
2074:
1742:
1373:
1303:
1289:
1249:
1226:
1194:
1007:
979:
971:
936:
913:
903:
769:
737:
713:
635:
469:. Hamdan assumed the leadership of Isma'ili missionary activity in the rural environs (
450:
364:
356:
309:
297:
131:
4469:
2624:(2006). "The Rise and Fall of the Banū Kaʿb. A Borderer State in Southern Khuzestan".
2217:
1980:
5121:
4696:
4647:
4612:
4449:
4390:
4292:
4202:
4172:
4167:
4034:
4029:
4013:
3902:
3842:
3762:
3757:
3666:
3448:
3443:
3283:
3262:
3113:
3097:
2994:
2969:
2944:
2880:
2847:
2805:
2779:
2755:
2645:
2601:
2550:
2416:
2391:
2387:
2306:
2257:
2194:
2161:
2086:
2050:
2012:
1955:
1898:
1869:
1844:
1814:
1761:
1711:
1703:
1672:
1637:
1588:
1504:
1459:
1439:
1334:
1325:
1320:
1253:
1114:
1066:
1046:
1039:
834:
681:, which were originally Sunni, converted to Shia Islam. During the 19th century, the
639:
563:
504:
407:
301:
273:
186:
4539:
4474:
4464:
4138:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4049:
4024:
3338:
2637:
2633:
2383:
2379:
2070:
2030:
1975:
1465:
1401:
1343:
975:
921:
772:), the Bani Hukayyim, the Shibil of the Khazal, the al Fatla, the tribes along the
673:
Between the 15th and 19th centuries, many of the tribes living on the banks of the
582:
527:
352:
348:
317:
289:
190:
169:. Najaf is also a center of Shia learning and seminaries. Two other holy sites for
73:
1699:
4637:
4602:
4491:
4486:
4405:
4316:
4054:
3907:
3819:
3807:
3731:
3726:
3716:
3651:
3626:
3611:
3598:
3586:
3521:
3378:
3277:
3074:
2841:
2078:
1945:
1838:
1834:
1656:
1474:
1453:
1444:
1405:
1377:
1338:
1243:
1070:
968:
886:
753:
659:
570:
435:
423:
281:
254:
103:
41:
4617:
4592:
3872:
3802:
2535:
2523:
2361:
2357:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2242:
2234:
2146:
2142:
2038:
1997:
1993:
1917:
1746:
1734:
1660:
1622:
1618:
1396:
1383:
1364:
1358:
1062:
1054:
960:
929:
845:
807:
793:
682:
395:'s brother Ibrahim, who was said to have amassed a force as large as 100,000.
277:
166:
3143:
5140:
5115:
4690:
4642:
4632:
4597:
4549:
4526:
4501:
4265:
4094:
4089:
3966:
3767:
3616:
3500:
3463:
3346:
2261:
2238:
2222:
2212:
2198:
2165:
2134:
2124:
2016:
1989:
1715:
1641:
1610:
1294:
1281:
1015:
854:
803:
741:
627:
551:
520:
466:
462:
399:
229:
77:
4516:
4282:
4079:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3606:
3490:
3458:
3254:
2926:
2621:
2341:
1781:
1518:
1392:
1198:
862:
777:
761:
744:
fled to southern Iraq, further inflating the Shia population in the south.
725:
686:
427:
368:
332:
194:
602:
5125:
4700:
4662:
4511:
4347:
4272:
4069:
3631:
3436:
3421:
2802:
Reclaiming Iraq: The 1920 Revolution and the Founding of the Modern State
2598:
Society and State in the Gulf and Arab Peninsula: A Different Perspective
1665:
Living Islamic History: Studies in Honour of Professor Carole Hillenbrand
1532:
1329:
1259:
826:
806:
rule. Many Iraqis began to fear that Iraq would be incorporated into the
611:
559:
484:
431:
217:
198:
127:
1057:
Persians in propaganda. Iraqi propaganda used symbolic keywords such as
546:
and western Iraq, informally forming a parallel authority to the one in
3777:
3299:
1484:
1469:
1307:
1298:
1031:
773:
757:
458:
442:
119:
90:
1866:
The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad
818:"declaring that service in the British administration was unlawful".
36:
4731:
4587:
4559:
4506:
4044:
3736:
3696:
3405:
3400:
3395:
2085:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 634–635.
1368:
1272:
1263:
1149:
1106:
909:
849:
721:
674:
667:
574:
411:
943:, probably in 1960, defined its ultimate goal as an Islamic polity.
4104:
3934:
3917:
3691:
3686:
3390:
2413:
Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective
1285:
1277:
1090:
749:
717:
712:
dynasty, a heretical Isma'ili Shia tribal confederation founded by
578:
569:
The Hamdanids were succeeded in Mosul by another Shia dynasty, the
515:
500:
419:
147:
2328:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
1117:
militants of SCIRI, crossed the borders and joined the rebellion.
4564:
4521:
3701:
3646:
3495:
3478:
3473:
3431:
1432:, famous Iraqi poet, considered by many the national poet of Iraq
1347:
1145:
1137:
1110:
1098:
882:
875:
822:
733:
694:
592:
558:, an Iraqi tax-official who used the enormous wealth gained from
547:
531:
415:
403:
372:
293:
197:, which contains the tombs of the tenth and eleventh Shia Imams (
178:
170:
159:
2670:
Office of the Civil Commissioner, The Arab of Mesopotamia, 69–70
1813:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 190–191.
951:
615:
181:, which contains the tombs of the seventh and ninth Shia Imams (
4444:
4099:
3468:
3426:
2375:
2371:
1657:"The Origin of Key Shi'ite Thought Patterns in Islamic History"
1141:
1086:
1074:
765:
724:
from 1435 to 1924. Another tribe, Banu Khaz'al, as well as the
678:
631:
623:
596:
535:
496:
483:
s trained and sent to missions by Hamdan and Abu Muhammad were
328:
261:
135:
123:
69:
2701:
2699:
2697:
1498:
619:
245:
4657:
3641:
1311:
1214:
1161:
1157:
1094:
1050:
821:
The revolt materialized in June 1920 and rapidly spread from
815:
798:
781:
728:
converted during the mid-18th century. After the fall of the
690:
543:
539:
488:
472:
384:
253:, formerly the home of Imam Ali, also contains the shrine of
213:
155:
143:
45:
2804:. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 1–223.
1784:(2009). "Mukhtar al-Thaqafi: Character versus Controversy".
897:
760:(including the Bani Sa’d, their largest group in Iraq), the
3852:
3829:
3572:
3566:
2694:
2450:
Stephen Longrigg, Iraq, 1900 to 1950 (Oxford, 1953), p. 25.
1234:
1230:
1219:
1167:
1153:
701:
663:
587:
269:
151:
139:
784:
and Jilaiha) which relied on the Daghara canal for water.
736:
of the Shia Banu Kaab between 1812 and 1925 in modern-day
430:'s reign, in a sudden departure of anti-Shia policy, Imam
2626:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
1337:(970–1015), prominent Shia scholar and poet, compiler of
1102:
265:
111:
1201:, 51% of the Muslims identify as Shia and 42% as Sunni.
212:
in 2003, widespread sectarian violence erupted between
3093:"Iraq is disintegrating as ethnic cleansing takes hold"
1895:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
1420:, prominent Shia scholar, philosopher and child prodigy
792:
During the start of the 20th century, the Shia opposed
154:
population. Iraq is the location of the holy cities of
2083:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XI/6: Ḥājj Sayyāḥ–Harem I
1438:, foreign minister and minister of information during
787:
1468:, Iraqi poet noted among the first Arab poets to use
1065:), and Iranian propaganda used Shia keywords such as
1061:(the battle in which Muslim Arab armies defeated the
383:
which ended with Zayd's execution and burning, while
2582:
2580:
2578:
1494:
1180:
described the violence as a "civil war". During the
478:
470:
756:(including al-Dafaf'a, Bani Amir and al-Jaghayfa),
577:into their service, who later rebelled against the
566:, temporarily holding Baghdad with brother twice.
2876:Sectarianism in Iraq:Antagonistic Visions of Unity
2517:
2216:
2178:
2128:
1979:
1693:
1328:(965–1044), prominent Shia scholar and teacher of
1020:Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq
550:. During the 930s and 940s, the Hamdanids and the
162:, pilgrimage sites for millions of Shia Muslims.
150:. In 2015, Shia Muslims made up around 68% of the
3101:. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008
2575:
2506:Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2d ed. s.v. “Musha’sha’.”
1897:. Princeton University Press. pp. 328, 329.
810:. One of the eminent Shia mujtahideen, Ayatollah
650:lived and taught during the 12th–15th centuries.
495:, a Kufan-born dā'ī who later helped convert the
5138:
3118:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1807:"Khārijī and Shī'ī Revolts in Iraq and the East"
1030:(a guerilla organization similar to the Iranian
622:between 961 and 1160 from their capital city of
2963:
1018:were both executed in April 1980. In 1982, the
614:ruled an autonomous emirate in the area around
591:of most of present-day Syria, western Iraq and
503:and opened the way to the establishment of the
449:. The Kaysanites had a significant role in the
304:in January 685, but was defeated and killed in
3224:
3222:
3036:
3034:
2988:
2968:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–27.
2922:
2920:
1654:
1447:, prominent Shia scholar and former leader of
4747:
3548:
3315:
3228:
3133:
2872:
2330:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 87–88.
2326:Bosworth, C. E. (1996). "36. The Mazyadids".
662:declared Shia Islam the official religion of
626:. They were originally in the service of the
542:in 905, and by 950 had expanded into most of
519:Hamdanid territory in 955 during the rule of
2938:
2879:. Oxford University Press. pp. 33, 48.
1581:
946:
3219:
3046:
3031:
2917:
2846:. Princeton University Press. p. 121.
2334:
1804:
1346:(1250–1325), prominent Shia theologian and
110:) has a history going back to the times of
16:Largest sect of the Muslim majority in Iraq
4754:
4740:
3555:
3541:
3322:
3308:
3068:Uncovering Iraq's Horrors in Desert Graves
3063:
3061:
2839:
2776:Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History
2749:
2541:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2446:
2444:
2297:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2248:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2152:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2035:"The Fatimids and the Qarmatīs of Bahrayn"
2003:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1752:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1628:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
35:
3863:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
2595:
2305:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 965–966.
2256:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 866–867.
2160:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 126–131.
2011:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 660–665.
1888:
1760:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 521–524.
1636:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 607–615.
1388:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
898:The creation of a Shia political movement
861:, mostly in the towns of Al-Rumaitha and
653:
510:
445:sect, who traced the line of Imamate to
48:. One of the holiest sites in Shia Islam.
3687:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
3329:
2993:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 14.
2828:. Cambridge University Press. P. 83–84.
2586:Haydari, ‘Unwan al-Majd, pp. 110–15, 118
2415:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 193–220.
2325:
2274:
2105:
2069:
2029:
1974:
1604:
1297:(fl. 874–899), eponymous founder of the
1168:During the Iraqi conflict (2003–present)
950:
601:
514:
244:
240:
3058:
2818:
2730:
2441:
2410:
1943:
1863:
1833:
1728:
1567:European Parliamentary Research Service
1217:-born grammarian and companion of Ali,
5139:
4761:
3200:
3198:
2866:
2833:
2799:
2740:. Cambridge University Press, 2007, 41
2367:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2340:
2211:
2123:
2043:Mediaeval Isma'ili History and Thought
1780:
1691:
4735:
4422:
4314:
4136:
4011:
3584:
3536:
3303:
2620:
4716:
4658:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
2596:Al-Naqeeb, Khaldoun Nassan (2012) .
2515:
1843:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
1408:and father of Iraq's nuclear program
928:, which was also founded by a Shia,
685:instituted a policy of settling the
4706:
3195:
1414:, prominent Shia scholar and marja'
1124:. Of the 200 mass graves the Iraqi
1022:was formed in Iran by Iraqi cleric
926:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in Iraq
788:British mandate and Kingdom of Iraq
554:were in contest with another Shia,
367:(702–765 CE). It was in Kufa where
107:
13:
2774:Ibrahim Al-Marashi, Sammy Salama:
1931:"Imam Musa loves 'Ali Bin Yaqteen"
1805:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994).
1607:"(Al)-Ḥusayn b. 'Alï b. Abï Ṭālib"
1262:(641–730), prominent Arab poet of
1204:
825:to the South, notably the town of
606:The Emirate of Banu Mazyad c. 1086
585:and established themselves as the
14:
5158:
1462:, Iraqi poet and political critic
377:uprising against the Umayyad rule
146:) two decades after the death of
5120:
5111:
5110:
4715:
4705:
4695:
4686:
4685:
3991:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
3565:
3183:United States Institute of Peace
3134:Amira Howeidy (2–8 March 2006).
2388:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0964
1787:Journal of Shi'a Islamic Studies
1702:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
1655:Al-Abdul Jader, Adel S. (2010).
1525:
1511:
1497:
867:Muhammad Husayn Kashif al-Ghita'
4470:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
3893:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
3883:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
3622:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
3247:
3171:
3127:
3090:Patrick Cockburn (20 May 2006)
3084:
3019:
3007:
2982:
2957:
2932:
2905:
2893:
2793:
2768:
2743:
2718:
2708:
2685:
2673:
2664:
2652:
2614:
2589:
2563:
2509:
2500:
2488:
2476:
2465:
2453:
2429:
2404:
2319:
2268:
2205:
2172:
2117:
2099:
2063:
2023:
1968:
1947:A Short History of the Ismailis
1937:
1923:
1911:
1882:
1857:
1449:Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
1424:Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr
1246:and commander in Mukhtar's army
1187:
1140:, as well as southern majority
1012:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
562:to vie for control of the rump
5078:British Indian Ocean Territory
3753:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
3282:. Princeton University Press.
3259:An Introduction to Shi'i Islam
2943:. Saqi Books. pp. 78–79.
2638:10.1080/05786967.2006.11834690
2462:, pp. xviii, 5, 27, 28, 30, 42
1827:
1798:
1774:
1722:
1710:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
1685:
1648:
1598:
1552:
1178:National Intelligence Estimate
812:Mirza Muhammad Taqi al-Shirazi
776:canal, and the five tribes of
1:
4012:
2110:. Columbia University Press.
1569:. February 2015. pp. 3–4
1546:
1136:in the Shia neighborhoods of
963:after Shia uprisings in 1991.
848:, the Shia tribes of the mid-
839:Muhammad Hasan Abi al-Mahasin
752:, Albu-Muhammad, many of the
457:Another extinct sect are the
402:was repeatedly imprisoned in
308:. After the failed uprising,
296:. Many called for vengeance.
130:who moved the capital of the
4249:in ISIL-controlled territory
4137:
3229:Michael Lipka (2014-06-18).
3179:"Religious Politics in Iraq"
2966:Saddam Hussein's Ba'th Party
2941:The Shi'ite Movement in Iraq
2750:Al-Haydari, Ibrahim (2017).
1605:Vaglieri, L. Veccia (1971).
1182:2006–2008 sectarian violence
1071:executed 142–146 Shia rebels
939:. Its manifesto, written by
859:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
220:in Iraq, which led to the
7:
4423:
4315:
4160:Council of Representatives
3898:Weapons of mass destruction
3585:
3275:
3136:"There is ethnic cleansing"
2911:
2899:
2724:
2679:
2658:
2569:
2494:
2482:
2459:
2435:
2193:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1889:Cooperson, Michael (2013).
1729:Hawting, Gerald R. (1993).
1490:
1306:(948–1022), prominent Shia
1269:al-Kumayt ibn Zayd al-Asadi
479:
471:
406:and Basra at the orders of
393:Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya
268:established his capital at
10:
5163:
3888:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
3501:Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks)
3253:
3073:December 28, 2016, at the
3052:
3040:
3025:
3013:
2754:(in Arabic). Dar al Saqi.
2047:Cambridge University Press
1952:Edinburgh University Press
1811:The End of the Jihād State
1731:"al-Mukhtār b. Abī ʿUbayd"
1695:"al-Mukhtār b. Abī ʿUbayd"
1669:Edinburgh University Press
1430:Muhammad Mahdi al-Jawahiri
1361:, Twelver cleric (d. 2003)
1355:, Twelver Marja' (d. 1992)
1252:(d. 685), Kufan leader of
1130:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
901:
465:founded by the Iraqi-born
371:, the principal figure of
235:
5106:
5065:
5025:
4767:
4681:
4580:
4435:
4431:
4418:
4323:
4310:
4145:
4132:
4020:
4007:
3828:
3745:
3597:
3593:
3580:
3509:
3414:
3337:
3261:. Yale University Press.
2108:The New Islamic Dynasties
1376:, last Prime Minister of
947:Under the Baathist regime
447:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya
276:took place in 680, where
272:in present-day Iraq. The
89:
84:
68:
63:
59:~24,000,000 (68%) in 2015
58:
53:
34:
27:
4827:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
4239:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
4150:Administrative divisions
3276:Nakash, Yitzhak (2003).
2964:Sassoon, Joseph (2012).
2344:(2012) . "Ṣafawids". In
1944:Daftary, Farhad (1998).
1864:Bobrick, Benson (2012).
1436:Muhammad Saeed al-Sahhaf
1271:(680–743), Arab poet of
1080:Unrest renewed with the
992:Marad al-ras processions
780:(Aqra’, Budayyir, Afak,
716:which ruled the town of
363:, all disciples of Imam
5088:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3798:Mandate for Mesopotamia
3672:First Babylonian Empire
2989:Rayburn, Joel. (2014).
2600:. New York: Routledge.
2549:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2106:Bosworth, C.E. (1996).
1412:Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim
1367:, Twelver mujtahid and
1290:peripatetic philosopher
1024:Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim
959:is brought in front of
381:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
331:, the residence of the
3957:Insurgency (2011–2013)
3878:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
3682:Middle Assyrian Empire
3159:Cite journal requires
2873:Haddad, Fanar (2001).
2800:Kadhim, Abbas (2014).
2752:The tragedy of Karbala
1868:. Simon and Schuster.
1708:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1692:Haider, Najam (2021).
1480:Hussain al-Shahristani
1418:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
1211:Abu al-Aswad al-Du'ali
1134:Muhammad-Sadiq al-Sadr
1014:, Sadr and his sister
972:seized power in a coup
964:
941:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
831:Mirza Mahdi al-Shirazi
708:were converted by the
654:15th to 19th centuries
607:
556:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
523:
511:10th to 15th centuries
389:Alid revolt of 762–763
306:Battle of Ayn al-Warda
257:
4244:in post-invasion Iraq
3950:U.S. troop withdrawal
3712:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3491:Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati
3233:. Pew Research Center
3206:"CIA World Fact Book"
2939:Jabar, Faleh (2003).
2184:Margoliouth, David S.
1353:Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei
1317:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
1240:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar
1174:2003 invasion of Iraq
1132:after the killing of
1126:Human Rights Ministry
957:Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei
954:
920:which was founded by
918:Iraqi Communist Party
704:and al-Soudan in the
610:In central Iraq, the
605:
518:
493:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
398:The 7th Twelver Imam
314:Ibrahim ibn al-Ashtar
286:Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad
248:
241:7th to 10th centuries
228:, which involved the
173:Shia in Iraq are the
5002:United Arab Emirates
4193:Council of Ministers
4075:Mesopotamian Marshes
3331:Demographics of Iraq
1560:"Minorities in Iraq"
1326:al-Sharīf al-Murtaḍā
1299:Qarmatian Ismai'lism
1082:1991 Iraqi uprisings
996:Mourning of Muharram
730:Emirate of Muhammara
706:Mesopotamian Marshes
648:Safi al-Din al-Hilli
322:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr
251:Great Mosque of Kufa
5029:limited recognition
4455:Mesopotamian Arabic
4261:Freedom of religion
3707:Neo-Assyrian Empire
3677:Old Assyrian Period
3662:Neo-Sumerian Empire
3146:on 12 October 2010.
2840:Nakash, Y. (2003).
2778:, Routledge, 2008,
1541:Arab tribes in Iraq
1006:The success of the
891:Omar ibn al-Khattab
865:, led by Ayatollah
361:Muhammad bin Muslim
345:Burayd ibn Mu'awiya
337:Hisham ibn al-Hakam
175:Al-Kadhimiya Mosque
24:
5147:Shia Islam in Iraq
4762:Shia Islam in Asia
4386:Telecommunications
4361:Foreign Investment
4298:Wars and conflicts
4234:in pre-Saddam Iraq
4198:Presidency Council
3984:2019–2021 protests
3913:Invasion of Kuwait
3737:Sassanid Asorestan
3732:Parthian Babylonia
3727:Seleucid Babylonia
3722:Achaemenid Assyria
3637:Jemdet Nasr period
3279:The Shi'Is of Iraq
3079:The New York Times
2991:Iraq After America
2843:The Shi'is of Iraq
2231:Lévi-Provençal, E.
2049:. pp. 21–73.
1891:"Ma'mun (786-833)"
1698:. In Fleet, Kate;
1374:Abdul-Wahab Mirjan
1304:al-Shaykh Al-Mufid
1250:Sulayman ibn Surad
1227:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
1195:CIA World Factbook
1008:Iranian Revolution
988:Kurdish insurgency
980:Abd al-Karim Qasim
965:
904:Islamic Dawa Party
738:Khuzestan province
714:Muhammad ibn Falah
636:al-Allama al-Hilli
608:
524:
451:Abbasid Revolution
357:Abu Basir al-Asadi
310:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi
298:Sulayman ibn Surad
294:Yazid ibn Mu'awiya
260:After being named
258:
100:Shia Islam in Iraq
22:
5134:
5133:
5071:other territories
4729:
4728:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4672:
4663:Mandaean New Year
4414:
4413:
4306:
4305:
4288:Political parties
4183:Foreign relations
4128:
4127:
4035:Lower Mesopotamia
4030:Upper Mesopotamia
4003:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3763:Abbasid Caliphate
3758:Umayyad Caliphate
3667:Isin-Larsa period
3530:
3529:
3510:Foreign nationals
3379:Roman Catholicism
3374:Oriental Orthodox
3289:978-0-691-11575-7
3124:. The Independent
3098:Independent.co.uk
3000:978-0-8179-1694-7
2975:978-0-521-19301-6
2826:A History of Iraq
2738:A History of Iraq
2607:978-0-415-62396-4
2556:978-90-04-09419-2
2516:Luft, P. (1993).
2397:978-90-04-16121-4
2350:van Donzel, E. J.
2312:978-90-04-08112-3
2180:Amedroz, Henry F.
2092:978-0-933273-70-2
2071:Madelung, Wilferd
2056:978-0-521-00310-0
2031:Madelung, Wilferd
1976:Madelung, Wilferd
1875:978-1-4165-6806-3
1850:978-0-582-40525-7
1767:978-90-04-09419-2
1678:978-0-7486-4219-9
1505:Shia Islam portal
1460:Muzaffar Al-Nawab
1406:nuclear physicist
1335:al-Sharīf al-Raḍī
1254:Tawwabin uprising
1242:(d. 691), son of
1233:revolutionary in
1172:After the US-led
1077:earlier in 1982.
1036:Jama'at al-'Ulama
924:in 1934, and the
835:Mehdi Al-Khalissi
640:Muhaqqiq al-Hilli
564:Abbasid Caliphate
505:Fatimid Caliphate
341:Zurarah ibn A'yun
302:Tawwabin uprising
292:at the orders of
274:Battle of Karbala
266:Ali ibn Abi Talib
210:U.S.-led invasion
187:Muhammad al-Jawad
112:Ali ibn Abi Talib
97:
96:
5154:
5124:
5114:
5113:
5083:Christmas Island
4769:Sovereign states
4756:
4749:
4742:
4733:
4732:
4719:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4699:
4689:
4688:
4433:
4432:
4420:
4419:
4351:
4312:
4311:
4163:
4134:
4133:
4120:Sinjar Mountains
4110:Zagros Mountains
4050:Hamrin Mountains
4009:
4008:
3972:Mosul liberation
3945:Iraqi insurgency
3867:National Command
3856:
3692:Simurrum culture
3595:
3594:
3582:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3272:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3226:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3142:. Archived from
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3088:
3082:
3065:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3029:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2837:
2831:
2824:Tripp, Charles.
2822:
2816:
2815:
2797:
2791:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2747:
2741:
2736:Tripp, Charles.
2734:
2728:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2703:
2692:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2532:Heinrichs, W. P.
2521:
2519:"Mus̲h̲aʿs̲h̲aʿ"
2513:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2380:Brill Publishers
2354:Heinrichs, W. P.
2338:
2332:
2331:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2220:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2079:Yarshater, Ehsan
2067:
2061:
2060:
2027:
2021:
2020:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1743:Heinrichs, W. P.
1726:
1720:
1719:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1602:
1596:
1595:, Vol 10, p. 738
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1564:
1556:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1466:Nazik Al-Malaika
1402:Jafar Dhia Jafar
1397:Social scientist
1344:Allamah Al-Hilli
1229:(d. 687), a pro-
976:Abdul Salam Arif
922:Husain al-Rahhal
814:, then issued a
732:, an autonomous
583:Salih ibn Mirdas
528:Hamdanid dynasty
482:
476:
353:Aban ibn Taghlib
318:Battle of Khazir
280:was martyred by
203:Hasan al-‘Askarī
191:Al-Askari Mosque
109:
108:الشيعة في العراق
54:Total population
39:
25:
21:
5162:
5161:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5102:
5070:
5061:
5042:Northern Cyprus
5028:
5021:
4763:
4760:
4730:
4725:
4669:
4653:Public holidays
4576:
4427:
4410:
4349:
4319:
4302:
4161:
4141:
4124:
4055:Iraqi Kurdistan
4045:Euphrates river
4016:
3995:
3962:War (2014–2017)
3908:Operation Opera
3854:
3824:
3820:Arab Federation
3808:Kingdom of Iraq
3741:
3717:Fall of Babylon
3652:Akkadian Empire
3627:Samarra culture
3612:Hassuna culture
3589:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3531:
3526:
3505:
3410:
3333:
3328:
3297:
3290:
3269:
3250:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3160:
3158:
3149:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3075:Wayback Machine
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2987:
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2695:
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2653:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2576:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2524:Bosworth, C. E.
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2370:. Vol. 8.
2346:Bosworth, C. E.
2339:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2313:
2284:Bosworth, C. E.
2276:Bosworth, C. E.
2273:
2269:
2210:
2206:
2186:, eds. (1921).
2177:
2173:
2122:
2118:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2075:"ḤAMDĀN QARMAṬ"
2068:
2064:
2057:
2039:Daftary, Farhad
2028:
2024:
1998:Bosworth, C. E.
1973:
1969:
1962:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1803:
1799:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1735:Bosworth, C. E.
1727:
1723:
1704:Rowson, Everett
1690:
1686:
1679:
1661:Suleiman, Yasir
1653:
1649:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1475:Nouri al-Maliki
1454:Muqtada al-Sadr
1445:Muhsin al-Hakim
1378:Kingdom of Iraq
1339:Nahj al-Balagha
1244:Malik al-Ashtar
1207:
1205:Notable figures
1190:
1170:
1073:in the town of
1038:(groups of pro-
949:
914:leftist parties
906:
900:
887:Harun al-Rashid
846:Kingdom of Iraq
790:
710:Musha'sha'iyyah
660:Safavid dynasty
656:
513:
436:Ali ibn Yaqteen
424:Harun al-Rashid
365:Ja'far al-Sadiq
255:Muslim ibn Aqil
243:
238:
222:Iraqi civil war
132:early caliphate
49:
42:Imam Ali Mosque
30:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5160:
5150:
5149:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5074:
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5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
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4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4751:
4744:
4736:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4703:
4693:
4682:
4679:
4678:
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4605:
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4462:
4457:
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4441:
4439:
4429:
4428:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Transportation
4388:
4383:
4381:Stock Exchange
4378:
4376:Reconstruction
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Infrastructure
4353:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4236:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4222:
4215:Prime Minister
4212:
4211:
4210:
4200:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4157:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4005:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3987:
3986:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3923:1991 uprisings
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:Saddam Hussein
3870:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3803:Mandatory Iraq
3800:
3795:
3792:Mamluk dynasty
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3657:Gutian dynasty
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3578:
3577:
3560:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3273:
3267:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3218:
3194:
3170:
3161:|journal=
3126:
3083:
3081:, June 5, 2006
3057:
3045:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2999:
2981:
2974:
2956:
2949:
2931:
2916:
2904:
2892:
2885:
2865:
2852:
2832:
2817:
2810:
2792:
2767:
2760:
2742:
2729:
2717:
2707:
2693:
2684:
2672:
2663:
2651:
2632:(1): 277–315.
2613:
2606:
2588:
2574:
2562:
2555:
2528:van Donzel, E.
2508:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2438:, pp. 5, 27–28
2428:
2422:978-1137013408
2421:
2403:
2396:
2333:
2318:
2311:
2288:van Donzel, E.
2267:
2227:Kramers, J. H.
2223:Gibb, H. A. R.
2213:Canard, Marius
2204:
2171:
2125:Canard, Marius
2116:
2098:
2091:
2062:
2055:
2022:
1986:van Donzel, E.
1967:
1960:
1936:
1922:
1918:Bihar al-Anwar
1910:
1903:
1881:
1874:
1856:
1849:
1826:
1819:
1797:
1773:
1766:
1739:van Donzel, E.
1721:
1700:Krämer, Gudrun
1684:
1677:
1647:
1597:
1580:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1522:
1508:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1440:Ba'athist Iraq
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1399:
1390:
1384:Fuad al-Rikabi
1381:
1371:
1365:Ali al-Sistani
1362:
1359:Ahmed Al-Waeli
1356:
1350:
1341:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1301:
1292:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1247:
1237:
1224:
1206:
1203:
1189:
1186:
1169:
1166:
1063:Persian Empire
1001:Safar Intifada
961:Saddam Hussein
948:
945:
930:Fuad al-Rikabi
902:Main article:
899:
896:
872:correligonists
808:British Empire
794:Mandatory Iraq
789:
786:
764:, some of the
683:Ottoman Empire
655:
652:
595:, ruling from
512:
509:
463:Isma'ili Shias
387:witnessed the
278:Husayn ibn Ali
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:terror group.
183:Mūsā al-Kādhim
167:Husayn ibn Ali
95:
94:
87:
86:
82:
81:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
40:
32:
31:
28:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5159:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5117:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:South Ossetia
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4766:
4757:
4752:
4750:
4745:
4743:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4722:
4714:
4712:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4527:Iraqi Turkmen
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4162:(legislative)
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:Syrian Desert
4093:
4091:
4090:Shatt al-Arab
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:Faw peninsula
4023:
4022:
4019:
4015:
4010:
4006:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Fall of Mosul
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:U.S. invasion
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3903:Iran–Iraq War
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:Buyid dynasty
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Halaf culture
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:Ethnic groups
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3255:Momen, Moojan
3252:
3251:
3232:
3225:
3223:
3207:
3201:
3199:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3166:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3115:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3069:
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3062:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3035:
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3022:
3015:
3010:
3002:
2996:
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2985:
2977:
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2967:
2960:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2888:
2886:9780199327386
2882:
2878:
2877:
2869:
2855:
2853:9780691115757
2849:
2845:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2821:
2813:
2811:9780292756892
2807:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2763:
2761:9786144253144
2757:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2711:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2688:
2681:
2676:
2667:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2622:Floor, Willem
2617:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2533:
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2407:
2399:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2356:; Lewis, B.;
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2342:Savory, Roger
2337:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2255:
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2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:Ménage, V. L.
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1963:
1961:0-7486-0904-0
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1904:9780691134840
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1835:Kennedy, Hugh
1830:
1822:
1820:9780791418277
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1794:(2): 181–193.
1793:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1782:Inloes, Amina
1777:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
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1680:
1674:
1670:
1667:. Edinburgh:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:Ménage, V. L.
1612:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1593:0-85229-663-0
1590:
1584:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1523:
1520:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1464:
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1458:
1455:
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1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:, founder of
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1295:Hamdan Qarmat
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:mathematician
1279:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
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1216:
1212:
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1208:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1115:Badr Brigades
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Iran–Iraq War
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
983:
981:
977:
973:
970:
962:
958:
953:
944:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
905:
895:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:Ghazi of Iraq
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
795:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
745:
743:
742:Iranian Arabs
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:Buyid dynasty
625:
621:
617:
613:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
522:
521:Sayf al-Dawla
517:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
481:
475:
474:
468:
467:Hamdan Qarmat
464:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
400:Musa al-Kazim
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:Mu'min al-Taq
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Umar ibn Sa'd
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
264:in 657, Imam
263:
256:
252:
247:
233:
231:
230:Islamic State
227:
226:2013–2017 war
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
105:
101:
92:
88:
83:
79:
78:Iraqi Turkmen
75:
74:Feyli Kurdish
71:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
26:
5067:Dependencies
4997:Turkmenistan
4962:Saudi Arabia
4856:
4555:Christianity
4437:Demographics
4371:Oil reserves
4366:Oil Industry
4333:Central Bank
4229:Human rights
4155:Constitution
4100:Tigris river
4080:Persian Gulf
3788:Ottoman Iraq
3773:Qara Qoyunlu
3607:Ubaid period
3517:Palestinians
3364:Christianity
3356:
3296:
3278:
3258:
3248:Bibliography
3235:. Retrieved
3210:. Retrieved
3208:. 2021-04-21
3186:. Retrieved
3182:
3173:
3152:cite journal
3144:the original
3139:
3129:
3103:. Retrieved
3096:
3086:
3078:
3048:
3028:, pp. 208-13
3021:
3016:, pp 206-207
3009:
2990:
2984:
2965:
2959:
2940:
2934:
2907:
2895:
2875:
2868:
2857:. Retrieved
2842:
2835:
2825:
2820:
2801:
2795:
2775:
2770:
2751:
2745:
2737:
2732:
2720:
2710:
2687:
2675:
2666:
2654:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2597:
2591:
2565:
2546:
2539:
2511:
2502:
2490:
2485:, pp. 25, 42
2478:
2467:
2455:
2431:
2412:
2406:
2365:
2336:
2327:
2321:
2302:
2295:
2270:
2253:
2246:
2207:
2188:
2174:
2157:
2150:
2119:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2082:
2065:
2042:
2025:
2008:
2001:
1970:
1946:
1939:
1925:
1913:
1894:
1884:
1865:
1859:
1839:
1829:
1810:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1757:
1750:
1724:
1707:
1687:
1664:
1650:
1633:
1626:
1600:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1554:
1519:Islam portal
1393:Ali Al-Wardi
1218:
1199:Pew Research
1191:
1188:Demographics
1171:
1119:
1079:
1044:
1035:
1016:Bint al-Huda
1005:
984:
969:Ba'ath Party
966:
934:
907:
880:
863:al-Diwaniyah
843:
820:
797:
791:
778:Al Diwaniyah
762:Shammar Toga
746:
699:
687:semi-nomadic
672:
657:
644:Shahid Awwal
609:
586:
568:
525:
461:, a sect of
456:
440:
397:
369:Zayd ibn Ali
333:Twelve Imams
326:
259:
207:
164:
114:, the first
99:
98:
72:(majority),
19:Ethnic group
5126:Asia portal
5027:States with
4947:Philippines
4887:South Korea
4882:North Korea
4777:Afghanistan
4711:WikiProject
4512:Marsh Arabs
4497:Circassians
4178:Foreign aid
4070:Mesopotamia
3632:Uruk period
3454:Circassians
3437:Marsh Arabs
3422:Afro-Iraqis
3369:Evangelical
2661:, pp. 42–43
2545:Volume VII:
2536:Pellat, Ch.
2362:Schacht, J.
2358:Pellat, Ch.
2292:Pellat, Ch.
2243:Pellat, Ch.
2235:Schacht, J.
2156:Volume III:
2147:Schacht, J.
2143:Pellat, Ch.
2130:"Ḥamdānids"
1994:Pellat, Ch.
1756:Volume VII:
1747:Pellat, Ch.
1632:Volume III:
1623:Schacht, J.
1619:Pellat, Ch.
1533:Iraq portal
1456:(born 1973)
1426:(1943–1999)
1380:from 1957–8
1330:Shaykh Tusi
1280:(801–873),
1260:al-Farazdaq
1122:mass graves
1055:Zoroastrian
994:during the
827:Al-Rumaitha
560:tax farming
538:in 890 and
485:Ibn Hawshab
432:Ali al-Rida
199:Ali al-Hadi
128:Sunni Islam
122:and fourth
29:شيعة العراق
23:Iraqi Shias
5007:Uzbekistan
4982:Tajikistan
4897:Kyrgyzstan
4877:Kazakhstan
4797:Bangladesh
4787:Azerbaijan
4628:Television
4608:Literature
4570:Irreligion
4545:Secularism
4482:Minorities
4350:(currency)
4343:Corruption
4188:Government
3979:Insurgency
3778:Aq Qoyunlu
3599:Chronology
3268:0300035314
3237:2021-04-15
3212:2021-04-25
3188:2024-01-30
3105:2010-10-23
2950:0863569889
2859:2015-05-14
2784:0415400783
2301:Volume VI:
2007:Volume IV:
1547:References
1485:Salih Jabr
1470:Free verse
1312:mutakallim
1308:theologian
1213:(d. 689),
1144:cities of
1032:Mujahideen
955:Ayatollah
937:Dawa party
916:, such as
910:ayatollahs
844:Under the
774:Al-Hindiya
770:Bani Malik
758:Banu Tamim
459:Qarmatians
284:forces of
208:After the
189:) and the
120:Shia Islam
91:Shia Islam
80:(minority)
5093:Hong Kong
5047:Palestine
4972:Sri Lanka
4967:Singapore
4847:Indonesia
4648:Squatting
4613:Education
4560:Mandaeism
4529:/Turkoman
4507:Mandaeans
4492:Assyrians
4487:Armenians
4450:Languages
4338:Companies
4293:Judiciary
4203:President
4173:Elections
4168:Democracy
4014:Geography
3930:Sanctions
3848:2003–2011
3843:1968–2003
3838:1958–1968
3697:Babylonia
3449:Assyrians
3444:Armenians
3406:Shabakism
3401:Mandaeism
3396:Yarsanism
3339:Religions
2646:192691234
2262:495469456
2252:Volume I:
2239:Lewis, B.
2218:"Badjkam"
2199:557740738
2166:495469525
2135:Lewis, B.
2017:758278456
1990:Lewis, B.
1981:"Ḳarmaṭī"
1716:1873-9830
1642:495469525
1611:Lewis, B.
1273:Banu Asad
1264:ahlulbayt
1150:Nasiriyah
1107:Nasiriyah
1059:Qādisiyya
850:Euphrates
726:Banu Kaab
722:Khuzestan
675:Euphrates
668:Khuzestan
658:When the
612:Mazyadids
575:Mirdasids
443:Kaysanite
428:Al-Ma'mun
426:. During
412:al-Mansur
375:, led an
93:(Twelver)
64:Languages
5141:Category
5116:Category
5037:Abkhazia
4987:Thailand
4942:Pakistan
4922:Mongolia
4917:Maldives
4912:Malaysia
4812:Cambodia
4691:Category
4540:Religion
4517:Persians
4401:Railways
4396:Airlines
4278:Military
4139:Politics
4115:Wildlife
4105:Umm Qasr
3935:Iraq War
3918:Gulf War
3830:Republic
3783:Safavids
3746:638–1958
3522:Sudanese
3459:Persians
3432:Bedouins
3391:Yazidism
3257:(1985).
3114:cite web
3071:Archived
3055:, p. 264
3043:, p. 263
2929:, p. 262
2914:, pp. 41
2902:, pp. 38
2538:(eds.).
2364:(eds.).
2303:Mahk–Mid
2294:(eds.).
2280:"Mazyad"
2278:(1991).
2245:(eds.).
2215:(1960).
2149:(eds.).
2127:(1971).
2073:(2003).
2033:(1996).
2009:Iran–Kha
2000:(eds.).
1978:(1978).
1837:(2004).
1749:(eds.).
1706:(eds.).
1625:(eds.).
1491:See also
1404:, Iraqi
1395:, Iraqi
1348:mujtahid
1321:Fatimids
1286:polymath
1278:Al-Kindi
1223:of Basra
1091:Diwaniya
1053:and the
1042:ulama).
1040:Khomeini
750:Banu Lam
718:Hoveyzeh
579:Fatimids
571:Uqaylids
530:of Banu
501:Ifriqiya
487:(to the
420:al-Mahdi
410:caliphs
300:led the
224:and the
148:Muhammad
85:Religion
5012:Vietnam
4927:Myanmar
4907:Lebanon
4837:Georgia
4792:Bahrain
4782:Armenia
4721:Commons
4638:Smoking
4603:Culture
4598:Cuisine
4581:General
4565:Yazidis
4522:Solluba
4475:Persian
4465:Kurdish
4460:Aramaic
4425:Society
4406:Tourism
4317:Economy
4065:Islands
4040:Borders
3865: (
3855:present
3790:(incl.
3702:Assyria
3647:Subartu
3587:History
3496:Solluba
3479:Yazidis
3474:Shabaks
2788:page 15
2727:, p. 42
2715:1917,6.
2572:, p. 27
2547:Mif–Naz
2497:, p. 25
2081:(ed.).
2041:(ed.).
1758:Mif–Naz
1663:(ed.).
1573:19 June
1146:Karbala
1138:Baghdad
1111:Samawah
1099:Karbala
1067:Karbala
883:Saladin
876:Lebanon
823:Baghdad
804:British
740:, many
734:emirate
695:Karbala
593:Lebanon
548:Baghdad
532:Taghlib
491:), and
416:al-Hadi
408:Abbasid
404:Baghdad
373:Zaydism
282:Umayyad
236:History
195:Sāmarrā
179:Baghdad
171:Twelver
160:Karbala
5057:Taiwan
4992:Turkey
4957:Russia
4892:Kuwait
4872:Jordan
4862:Israel
4822:Cyprus
4807:Brunei
4802:Bhutan
4701:Portal
4643:Sports
4618:Health
4593:Cinema
4445:Iraqis
4348:Dinar
4283:Police
4085:Places
3575:topics
3469:Feylis
3286:
3265:
2997:
2972:
2947:
2912:Haddad
2900:Haddad
2883:
2850:
2808:
2782:
2758:
2725:Nakash
2682:, p. 4
2680:Nakash
2659:Nakash
2644:
2604:
2570:Nakash
2553:
2534:&
2495:Nakash
2483:Nakash
2460:Nakash
2436:Nakash
2419:
2394:
2376:Boston
2372:Leiden
2309:
2290:&
2260:
2241:&
2197:
2164:
2158:H–Iram
2145:&
2089:
2053:
2015:
1996:&
1958:
1901:
1872:
1847:
1817:
1764:
1745:&
1714:
1675:
1640:
1634:H–Iram
1621:&
1591:
1369:marja'
1256:in 685
1160:, and
1142:Shiite
1087:Amarah
1075:Dujail
1034:) and
1028:Peykar
766:Dulaim
754:Rabiah
679:Tigris
632:Hillah
624:Hillah
597:Aleppo
581:under
552:Buyids
536:Mardin
497:Kutama
329:Medina
262:caliph
218:Sunnis
136:Medina
124:caliph
104:Arabic
70:Arabic
5098:Macau
5017:Yemen
4977:Syria
4952:Qatar
4932:Nepal
4867:Japan
4842:India
4832:Egypt
4817:China
4633:Music
4623:Media
4550:Islam
4502:Kurds
4328:Banks
4266:Women
4060:Lakes
3853:2011–
3813:Kings
3642:Sumer
3464:Kurds
3427:Arabs
3352:Sunni
3347:Islam
3053:Momen
3041:Momen
3026:Jabar
3014:Jabar
2927:Momen
2642:S2CID
2522:. In
2282:. In
2221:. In
2133:. In
2077:. In
2037:. In
1984:. In
1733:. In
1659:. In
1609:. In
1563:(PDF)
1215:Hejaz
1162:Basra
1158:Najaf
1095:Hilla
1051:Arabs
816:fatwa
799:ulama
782:Jubur
691:Najaf
588:emirs
544:Syria
540:Mosul
489:Yemen
473:sawād
385:Basra
214:Shias
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