Shia Islamism - Knowledge

3286:. This has been called the moment that turned agitation into revolution as "the entire opposition" from secular middle class to urban poor "rose in his defense". Khomeini "unleashed" his partisans, and the bazaars were closed down. Frustrated youth in Qom took to the streets, six were killed. On 40th day of deaths in Qom, Tabriz saw uprising and deaths. Mullahs who had hitherto withheld support from Khomeini and his doctrines "now fell in line", providing the resources of "over 20,000 properties and buildings throughout Iran", where Muslims "gathered to talk and receive orders". The chain-reaction started and led to uprisings in all cities, starting "a spiral of provocation, repression and polarization that rose steadily until the shah was forced to depart". Seizing the moment, Khomeini gave an interview to the French newspaper 2657: 2587: 3212:), according to which clerics may assume political leadership if the current government is found to rule against the interests of the public. Contrary to Khomeini, Shariatmadari adhered to the traditional Twelver Shiite view, according to which the clergy ought to serve society and remain aloof from politics. Furthermore, Shariatmadari strongly believed that no system of government can be coerced upon a people, no matter how morally correct it may be. Instead, people need to be able to freely elect a government. He believed a democratic government where the people administer their own affairs is perfectly compatible with the correct interpretation of the Leadership of the Jurists. Before the revolution, Shariatmadari wanted a return to the system of 1791:

served as a leader of Sunni fundamentalism, but Khomeini saw monarchy as unislamic and the House of Saud as "unpopular and corrupt"—dependent on American protection, and ripe for overthrow, just as the shah had been. Saudi's took this threat seriously because its oil fields lay in the eastern part of its large land mass, where the Shia lived and who traditionally made up the workforce there. Iran was close by, across the Persian Gulf. In 1979–80 the area was the scene of "riots and disturbances". But conservative Sunni fundamentalists were not only closer to the Sunni Saudis theologically, they were very often beneficiaries of Saudi funding of "petro-Islam", and didn't hesitate to take Saudis side against Khomeini.

2322:. 1946-Founded in 1946 by seminary student drop-out Safavi, was who sought to organize impoverished frustrated youth in his Fada'iyan-e Islam to kill and terrorize "the selfish pleasure seekers, who are hiding, each with a different name and in a different colour, behind black curtains of oppression, thievery and crime". He shared a number of traits with Khomeini and the Islamic Revolution and assassinated a number of important people. Despite his hatred of foreign oppressors, his hatred of secularist was worse. His group attempted to kill Iranian nationalist hero, Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. Leading Islamic Republic figures such as 3409:(Islam Governs Life), and declared that joining Ba'ath party was prohibited. Khomeini responding by issuing public statements supporting his cause, that resulted in an uprising in Iraq. Sadr told his followers to call off demonstrations as he sensed the Sunni dominated Ba'ath party's preparations for a crackdown. The crackdown began by his arrest, in response to which the demonstrations spread nation-wide and the government had to release him the next day. The Ba'athists started to arrest and execute the second layer of leadership and killed 258 members of the Dawa party. Dawa party responded by violence and threw a bomb at 2358:, Mosaddegh, prime minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, led the nationalization of the British owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company with wide popular support, but was overthrown by a coup in 1953. The 1953 coup was "widely seen as a rupture", and "turning point when imperialist domination, overcoming a defiant challenge, reestablished itself" using "an enfeebled monarch" who would go on to "assume an authoritarian and antidemocratic posture." Despite the fact that "the bulk" of the clerical establishment including Khomeini, had not supported Mosaddegh, his supporters were part of the coalition of the 1979 Revolution. 3146:"As for wilayah (guardianship) of omour al-hesbiah (non-litigious affairs) such as the maintenance of properties of the missing and the orphans, if they are not addressed to preservation by a wali (guardian) or so, it is proven for the faqih jame'a li-sharaet and likewise waqf properties that do not have a mutawalli (trustee) on behalf of waqif (donor of waqf) and continuance pleadings, the judgement regarding litigation is in his hand and similar authorities, but with regards to the excess of that (guardianship) the most popular (opinion) among the jurists is on absence of its evidence, Allah knows best." 1417:" whereby the leading Islamic jurist would enforce sharia law—law which "has absolute authority over all individuals and the Islamic government". The jurist would not be elected, and no legislature would be needed since divine law called for rule by jurist and "there is not a single topic in human life for which Islam has not provided instruction and established a norm". Without this system, injustice, corruption, waste, exploitation and sin would reign, and Islam would decay. This plan was disclosed to his students and the religious community but not widely publicized. 3427:(September 1980 – August 1988). A combination of fierce resistance by Iranians and military incompetence by Iraqi forces soon stalled the Iraqi advance and, despite Saddam's internationally condemned use of poison gas, Iran had by early 1982 regained almost all of the territory lost to the invasion. The invasion rallied Iranians behind the new regime, enhancing Khomeini's stature and allowing him to consolidate and stabilize his leadership. After this reversal, Khomeini refused an Iraqi offer of a truce, instead demanding reparations and the toppling of 2204:. The end of nineteenth century marked the end of the Islamic Middle Ages. Like most of the Muslim world, Iran suffered from foreign (European) intrusion and exploitation, military weakness, lack of cohesion, corruption. Cheap foreign (Western) mass-manufactured products undercut those of the bazaar, bankrupting sellers, cheap foreign wheat impoverish farmers. The lack of a standing army and inferior military technology, meant loss of land and indemnity to Russia. Lack of good governance meant "'large tracts of fertile land" went to waste. 1549:. Hezbollah's "martyrdom operations" killed approximately 600 Israeli soldiers in Southern Lebanon between 1982 and 1984, a relatively large number for Israel, a small country, and which "did much to help force Israel out" of Lebanon. This "rare victory" over Israel "lionized" the group among Arabs in the region and added to "the aura of Shia power still glimmering amid the afterglow of the Iranian revolution." Hezbollah suicide attacks also drove Western peacekeepers out of Lebanon, killing 243 U.S. Marines and 58 French troops; 3068: 2175: 3439:"At the religious seminaries, there are individuals who are engaged in activities against the revolution and the pure Islam (Persian: اسلام ناب محمدی). Today they are simply sanctimonious posers, some are undermining religion, revolution and system as if they have no other obligation. The menace of the foolish reactionaries and sanctimonious clerics at religious seminaries is not insignificant. . . . The first and most significant move is the induction of the slogan of separation of religion from politics." 20: 3162: 2743: 800: 2531: 2891:

theologians in criticizing the Husseinieh-i Ershad; by openly attacking the apolitical and the pro-regime `ulama; by stressing such themes as revolution, anti-imperialism, and the radical message of Muharram; and by incorporating into his public declarations such `Fanonist` terms as the `mostazafin will inherit the earth`, `the country needs a cultural revolution,` and the `people will dump the exploiters onto the garbage heap of history.`

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undisguised presence and influence of foreigners, arbitrary arrests and use of torture by the secret police, alienating the broad mass of Iranians against the regime. A trend that enraged clerics like Khomeini was the growth of a modern, educated, salaried middle class, who were drawn to writers who started criticizing traditional interpretations of religion, and whose heads Khomeini called on believers to smashed "with their iron fist’.

3080: 28: 61: 2823: 3264: 812: 8256: 2622:—who is perceived as a 'tyrant' by Shias and responsible for the death of Imam Ali—and the Shah, denouncing the Shah as a "wretched, miserable man," and warning him that if he did not change his ways the day would come when the people would no longer tolerate him. Two days later, Khomeini was arrested and transferred to Tehran. Following this action, there were three days of major riots throughout Iran, known as the 3256: 1595: 3405:, and to undermine Iranian Islamic revolutionary attempts to incite the Shi'a majority of his country. While Khomeini was in Paris, Baqir al-Sadr in Iraq had issued a long statement to the Iranians praising their uprising. After the 1979 revolution, he sent his students to Iran to show support and called on Arabs to support the newly born Islamist state. He published a collection of six essays titled 2512:

is their duty to develop their power and expel the colonialists . . . American Islam is consulted on the issued of birth control, the entry of women into Parliament, and on matters that impair ritual ablutions. However, it is jot consulted on the matter of our social and economic affairs and fiscal system, nor is it consulted on political and national affairs and our connections with colonialism.

3154: 2963: 2289:. Under his rule Iran was militarily united, a 100,000-man standing army created, uniform Persian culture emphasized, and ambitious development projects undertaken: 1300 km railway linking the Persian Gulf with the Caspian Sea was built, a university, and free, compulsory primary education for both boys and girls was established while private religious schools were shut down. 3029:, he was imprisoned on several occasions over the decades, "as a young preacher, as a mid-ranking cleric, and as a senior religious leader just before the revolution," and served a total of a dozen years in prison. In his time in prison he developed connections with leftist political prisoners and the influence of the left on his thinking was reflected in his famous book 3129:, the leading Shia ayatollah at the time the book was published rejected Khomeini's argument on the grounds that the authority of jurist in the age of occultation of the Infallible Imam, is limited to the guardianship of orphans and social welfare and most jurists believed there was an "absence of evidence" for extending it to the political sphere. 3420:, established firm control over the government. Those spared were given weapons and directed to execute their comrades. On 31 March 1980, the government passed a law sentencing all present and past members of the Dawa party to death. Sadr called on people to uprising. He and his vocal sister were arrested on 5 April 1980 and killed three days later. 1362:. Traditionally the approach was to wait patiently, as he would not return until "the world was overflowing with injustice and tyranny". Turning this belief inside out, Khomeini preached that it would not be injustice and suffering that would hasten his return, but the just rule of the Islamic State, this justice "surpassing" the "Golden Age" of 3548:"There are eleven things which are impure: urine, excrement, sperm, bones, blood, dogs, pigs, non-Moslem men and women, wine, beer, and the sweat of the excrement-eating camel." "Every part of the body of a non-Moslem individual is impure, even the hair on his hand and his body hair, his nails, and all the secretions of his body.") 3049:"Taleghani, you are the soul of the revolution! Down with the reactionaries!" Khomeini summoned Taleghani to Qom where he was given a severe criticism after which the press was called and told by Khomeini: "Mr. Taleghani is with us and he is sorry for what happened." Khomeini pointedly did not refer to him as Ayatollah Taleghani. 7783: 2343: 1243:, had supported their rulers, participated in government, and encouraged the faithful to pay taxes and cooperate with state authorities. If on rare occasions they had criticized their rulers, it was because they opposed specific monarchs, not the 'whole foundation of monarchy.' He also reminded his readers that Imam 1733:"God, Exalted and Almighty, by means of the Most Noble Messenger (peace and blessing be upon him), sent laws that astound us with their magnitude. He instituted laws and practices for all human affairs ... There is not a single topic in human life for which Islam has not provided instruction and established a norm." 2208:

of resources, and other public works in exchange for a fixed sum and 60% of net revenue. This concession was rolled back after bitter local opposition. Other concessions to the British included giving the new Imperial Bank of Persia exclusive rights to issue banknotes, and opening up the Karun River to navigation.

3140:أما الولاية على الأمور الحسبية كحفظ أموال الغائب واليتيم إذا لم يكن من يتصدى لحفظها كالولي أو نحوه، فهي ثابتة للفقيه الجامع للشرائط وكذا الموقوفات التي ليس لها متولي من قبل الواقف والمرافعات، فإن فصل الخصومة فيها بيد الفقيه وأمثال ذلك، وأما الزائد على ذلك فالمشهور بين الفقهاء على عدم الثبوت، والله العالم 3232:

Meanwhile, in Iraq, since 1972, The Ba'ath regime in Iraq had started arresting and killing members of the Dawa party. Ayatullah Khoei, Baqir al-Sadr and Khomeini condemned the act. Sadr issued a fatwa forbidding students of religious schools and clerics from joining any political party. In 1977, the

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While in exile, Khomeini gave a series of 19 lectures to a group of his students from January 21 to February 8, 1970, on Islamic Government, and elevated Naraqi's idea of Jurist's absolute authority over imitator's personal life to all aspects of social life. Notes of the lectures were soon made into

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The Islam that America and its allies desire in the Middle East does not resist colonialism and tyranny, but rather resists Communism only. They do not want Islam to govern and can not abide it to rule because when Islam governs, it will raise a different breed of humans and will teach people that it

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Olivier Roy speculates on what led Shiite minorities outside of Iran to "identify with the Islamic Revolution" and be subject to "Iranization". He includes the fact that when modernization and economic change compelled them to leave their Shi'i "ghettos" they embraced pan-Shiism (Shiite Universalism)

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Khomeini attacked the Shah not only for the White Revolution but for violating the constitution, the spread of moral corruption, submission to the United States and Israel, and in October 1964 for "capitulations" or diplomatic immunity granted by the Shah to American military personnel in Iran. The

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Perhaps worst of all the indignities Iran suffered from the superior militaries of European powers were "a series of commercial capitulations." In 1872, Nasir al-Din Shah negotiated a concession granting a British citizen control over Persian roads, telegraphs, mills, factories, extraction

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Meanwhile, in traditional Usuli seminaries, the Islamists were facing passive resistance. In an attempt to present themselves as sole representatives of Shi'ism, the Islamists launched defamation campaign against the traditional Usuli clergy. In his "Charter of the Clergy" (Persian: منشور روحانیت),

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Iran's education system was "substantially superior" to that of its neighbors, and by 1979 had about 175,000 students, 67, 000 studying abroad away from the supervision of its oppressive security force the SAVAK. The early 1970s saw a "blossoming of Marxist groups" around the world including among

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The newly emerged Islamic movement . . . had a pressing need for codified ideological foundations . . . Most writings on Islam at the time lacked any direct discussions of the ongoing struggles of the Muslim people . . . Few individuals who fought in the fiercest skirmishes of that battlefield made

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Other differences include the fact that Shia have had over 40 years of experience of actual rule by an Islamist state—the Islamic Republic of Iran ... "Sunni Islamist movements have regularly participated in elections, but rarely with the opportunity to actually win (except at the local level)." (

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In part this was an issue of Sunni revivalism/fundamentalism being "rooted in conservative religious impulses and the bazaars, mixing mercantile interests with religious values", while Shia—"the longtime outsiders"—were "more drawn to radical dreaming and scheming", such as revolution. Saudi Arabia

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Qutb preached that the West has a centuries-long "enmity toward Islam" and a "well-thought-out scheme ... to demolish the structure of Muslim society", but at the same time knows its "civilization is unable to present any healthy values for the guidance of mankind"; Khomeini preached that Western

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argues that Khomeini and his Islamist movement not only created a new form of Shiism, but converted traditional Shi'ism "from a conservative quietist faith" into "a militant political ideology that challenged both the imperial powers and the country's upper class". Khomeini himself followed

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After one failed uprising, some of the young revolutionaries, realizing that the religious Iranian masses were not relating to Marxist concepts, began projecting "the Messianic expectations of communist and Third World peoples onto Revolutionary Shi'ism.", i.e. socialist Shi'ism. Ali Shariati was

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cultural identity, and a transformation of Iran into a passive market for Western goods and a pawn in Western geopolitics. Al-e-Ahmad "spearheaded" the search by Western educated/secular Iranians for "Islamic roots", and although he advocated a return to Islam his works "contained a strong Marxist

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Not as successful was Tehran's post-revolutionary "money and organizational help" in other countries, first to create Shia militias and revolutionary groups to spread Islamic revolution, and following that to encourage "armed conflicts, street protests and rebellion, and acts of terrorism" against

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accused him of widening the gap between rich and poor; favoring cronies, relatives ... wasting oil resources on the ever expanding army and bureaucracy ... condemning the working class to a life of poverty, misery, and drudgery ... neglecting low-income housing", dependency on the west, supporting

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In late 1969, Khomeini's view of society and politics changed dramatically. What prompted this change is unclear as he did not footnote his work or admit to drawing ideas from others, or for that matter even admit he had changed his views. In his 1970 lectures, Khomeini claimed Muslims "have the

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criticized Khomeini's system of government as not being compatible with Islam or representing the will of the Iranian people. He severely criticized the way in which a referendum was conducted to establish Khomeini's rule. In response, Khomeini put him under house arrest and imprisoned his family

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The "phenomenal popularity" of Shari'ati among the "young intelligentsia" helped open up the "modern middle class" to Khomeini. Shari'ati was often anticlerical but Khomeini was able to "win over his followers by being forthright in his denunciations of the monarchy; by refusing to join fellow

2883:), who he and other leftist Shia believed were standing in the way of the revolutionary potential of the masses, by focusing on mourning and lamentation for the martyrs, awaiting the return of the messiah, when they should have been fighting "against the state injustice begun by Ali and Hussein". 1988:

The practice of every Shi'i Muslim following a marja' or high cleric and paying them zakat/tithe directly meant that "since the eighteenth century... the Shiite clergy have played a social and educational role with no parallel among Sunni clergy", and have had autonomy from the state unlike Sunni

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The explanation for why these laws have not been in effect in recent Muslim history is that "in order to make the Muslims, especially the intellectuals and the younger generation, deviate from the path of Islam, foreign agents have constantly insinuated that Islam has nothing to offer, that Islam

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and scriptural justification of rule by the clergy, but the importance and virtue of the Shi'i clergy; that throughout the century before the revolution it was the clergy that had preserved national independence and "valiantly" protected Iran from "imperialism, feudalism and despotism", while the

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The announcement was attributed to having to deal with a deadlock between populists and conservatives in his government, where Khomeini was attempting to nudge conservatives in the guardian council to not veto an income tax and a "watered-down" labor law (which the council had hitherto opposed as

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in Tehran after the fall of Iran's interim government, In the late July 1979. He clashed with Khomeini in April 1979, warning the leadership against a 'return to despotism.'" After two of his sons were arrested by revolutionary Guards, thousands of his supporters marched in the streets chanting

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Where Iranians saw their revolution as righting of injustice, Sunnis saw mostly "Shia mischief" and a challenge to Sunni political and cultural dominance. There was a coup attempt in Bahrain in 1981, terrorist plots in Kuwait in 1983 and 1984. "What followed was a Sunni-versus-Shia contest for

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Throughout the rest of the 1970s, as he gained ground to become the leader of the revolution, Khomeini made no mention of his theory of Islamic government, little or no mention of any details of religious doctrinal or specific public policies. He did reassure the public his government would "be

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after 1970, it was agreed that only the rule of an Imam, i.e. the Twelfth Imam for the contemporary world), was legitimate or "fully legitimate". While waiting for his return and rule, Shia jurists have tended to stick to one of three approaches to the state, according to at least two historians

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On 16 January 1979, Shah left the country "on vacation", never to return and to die of cancer a year and a half later. By 11 February 1979, the monarchy was officially brought down and Khomeini assumed leadership over Iran while guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed Pahlavi loyalists in armed

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showed greater flexibility and tolerance than Islamists in accommodating modern values, for example he considered non-Muslims as equal citizens of the nation-state, stopped the harsh punishments like stoning and favored the use of holy books other than Quran for oaths taken from non-Muslims. In

2672:, who tried to convince him to apologize for his harsh rhetoric and going forward, cease his opposition to the Shah and his government. When Khomeini refused, Mansur slapped him in the face in a fit of rage. Two months later, Mansur was assassinated on his way to parliament. Four members of the 3118:(to deceive Iranian censors). This short treatise was smuggled into Iran and "widely distributed" to Khomeini supporters before the revolution. It was "the first time a leading Shiite cleric had thrown his full weight as a doctor of the law behind the ideas of modern Islamist intellectuals." 2361:

Demographic and social changes. Petroleum wealth and rapid population growth and urbanization in the mid 20th century, led to the migration of peasants and tribal peoples being torn from their ancestral ways; a growing the gap between the rich and the poor, rampant and well known corruption,

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argues that at least in Iran, (where its been the state religion since 1501), "Shi'i Islam appears to have been even more resistant to foreign influences than Sunni Islam". In Iran there has been a "revulsion to foreign influence" and a "long-held belief that Western nonbelievers were out to

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a branch of "that universal law which governs the entire universe ... as accurate and true as any of the laws known as the `laws of nature`", physics, biology, etc. Better than that, applying sharia law would bring "harmony between human life and the universe", with results approaching those

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hoping to stop revolutionary protests. After a series of severe crack downs on the people and the clerics and the killing and arrest of many, Shariatmadari criticized the Shah's government and declared it non-Islamic, tacitly giving support to the revolution hoping that a democracy would be

1381:. Foreign Shia hosts in Pakistan and elsewhere were often surprised by the disdain shown for Shia shrines by officials visiting from the Islamic Republic. At least one observer has explained it as a product of the belief of Khomeini and his followers that Islam was first and foremost about 1084:

Khomeini's form of Islamism was unique in the world for not only for being a powerful political movement, not only for having come to power, but for having completely swept away the old regime, created a new one with a new constitution, new institutions and a new concept of governance (the

2335: 1814:(1980–1988), Sunni–Shia strife saw a major upturn, particularly in Iraq and Pakistan, leading to thousands of deaths. Among the explanations for the increase are conspiracies by outside forces to divide Muslims, the recent Islamic revival and increased religious purity and consequent 6106: 1234:

against democracy, and martyred by "agents" of foreign powers because of it—argued against democracy not because it was clerics that Iranians should obey, but because they should obey their monarch and not limit his power with a constitution and parliament. Prior to 1970 Khomeini

2959:(Our Philosophy). Like the 1970-1980 version of Khomeini, he sought to combine populism with religious revival, claiming that "the call for return to Islam is a call for a return to God's dispensation, and necessitates a 'social revolution' against 'injustice' and 'exploitation.'" 2378: 1996:

if it was felt (as Khomeini did) that the state should be a theocracy, the question of who should be the head theocrat had a ready answer in Shi'i Islam—the top ranked cleric—since Shi'i clergy had an internal hierarchy based on the level of the learning not found among Sunni

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Shariati not only influenced young Iranians and young clerics, he influenced Khomeini. Shariati popularized a saying from the 19th century, 'Every place should be turned into Karbala, every month into Moharram, and every day into Ashara'. Later Khomeini used it as a slogan.

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a few years after the revolution. As secular and nationalists, the Baathists were in theory ideological enemies, while the Muslim Brotherhood were putatively comrade Islamists, but the Brotherhood were Sunni and the Syrian rulers a (not-very-close) relative of Twelver Shi'i

1288:, "thereby 'forcing women to naked into the streets'"; but "explicitly disavowed" advocating the overthrow of the shah and "repeatedly reaffirmed his allegiance to monarchies in general and to 'good monarchs' in particular, for 'bad order was better than no order at all.'" 969:

religious revivalism, which appears periodically in Islam to revive the faith, weakened also periodically by "foreign influence, political opportunism, moral laxity, and the forgetting of sacred texts" (it is said that every century a great figure will arrive, known as a

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mortmains and other properties), and generally in control of activities that in modern states are left to the government. The Usuli ulama were "frequently courted and even paid by rulers" but, as the nineteenth century progressed, also came into conflict with them.

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At least one historian (Ervand Abrahamian) speculates Al-e-Ahmad may have been an influence on Khomeini's turning away from traditional Shi'i thought towards populism, class struggle and revolution. Fighting Gharbzadegi became part of the ideology of the 1979

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Describing the Islamic system of Khomeini, the Islamic Revolution or the Islamic Republic and how it differed from traditional non-Islamist Shi'ism, is complicated by the fact that it evolved through several stages, especially before and after taking power.

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and demanded that the regime should be overthrown. He started giving interviews to western media in which he appeared as a changed man, spoke of a ‘progressive islam’ and did not mention the idea of ‘political guardianship of the jurist’. At the end of 1978,

2114:(and Ervand Abrahamian), insists it was a revolutionary advance developed by Imam Khomeini. Other theories are that the idea is not at all new, but has been accepted by knowledgeable Shia faqih since medieval times, but kept from the general public by 2250:. Starting as protest against more foreign indignities—a foreign director of customs (a Belgian) enforcing "with bureaucratic rigidity" the tariff collections to pay (in large part) for a loan to another foreign source (Russians) that financed the 1911:

undermine Iran and Islam", that intertwined "economic, political, and religious resentments". The Tobacco protest of 1890–92 "shared with later revolutionary and rebellious movements in Iran "a substantial anti-imperialist and antiforeign component".

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democratic as well as Islamic" and that "neither he nor his clerical supporters harbored any secret desire to `rule` the country", but mainly and stuck to attacking the Iranian monarch (shah) "on a host of highly sensitive socioeconomic issues". He

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According to one analysis (by the International Crisis Group in 2005) an explanation for the more cohesive, more clergy-led character of Shia Islamism can be traced to Shi'i Islam's "historical status as the minority form of Islam. This gave its

3097:, an ambitious cleric, used to deliver public speeches on gnosis and moral steadfastness. He had studied Ibn Arabi's gnosis and Mulla Sadra's theosophy, and taught and wrote books on it. His keen interest in Plato's ideas, especially those of a 1484:

He especially emphasized how (according to him) essential Shi'i clerics were to protecting Islam and Iran; how they had kept alive "National Consciousness" and stood as a "fortress of independence" against imperialism and royal despotism in the

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were to study the law based on the Quran, the Prophet's traditions, and the teachings of the Twelve Imams. They were also to use reason to update these laws; issue pronouncements on new problems; adjudicate in legal disputes; and distribute the

2310:, to help finance secular education, "build a modern hospital, improve the water supply of the city, and underwrite industrial enterprises." Khomeini focused his revolutionary campaign on the Pahlavi shah and all of his alleged shortcomings. 1778:

waned and Islam underwent a religious revival. As religion became important, so did differences in Islamic doctrine, not least between Sunnism and Shi'ism. Conflicts between the two movements, spelled out in the teachings of scholars such as

3566:"In offering an alternative, Khomeini did not publicly refer to his work on Islamic government; on the contrary, his entourage later disclaimed this work, arguing that it was either a SAVAK forgery or the rough notes of an student listener." 1900:("guardianship of the jurist"), held that the leading Shia Muslim cleric in society—which Khomeini's mass of followers believed and chose to be himself—should serve as the supervisor of the state in order to protect or "guard" Islam and 1476:

By 1982, having consolidated power, Khomeini also "toned down" his populist language, "watered down" his class rhetoric," took time to praise the bazaars and their merchants, no longer celebrating the righteous, angry poor. (The term

2849:"the most outspoken representative of this group", and a figure without equivalent in "fame or influence" in Sunni Islam. He had come from a "strictly religious family" but had studied in Paris and been influenced by the writings of 1944:

were outside the borders of the Iranian Empire); the right to interpretation, even to innovation on all questions; delegitimization of the state ... ; strong hierarchy and structure; all operated to make the clergy a political

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The Iranian revolution drew on the "millenarian expectations" of Shi'ism found in the "semi-divine" status accorded to "Imam" (no longer Ayatollah) Khomeini, and the rumours spread by his network that his face could be seen in the

2503:, the Shah's regime in Iran tolerated this literature for its anti-communist value, but an indication that the Western Cold War strategy for the Muslim world was not working out as planned was indicated by the coining the term " 1573:, "the general consensus" among religious historians was that "Sunni Islam(ism) was more activist, political, and revolutionary than the allegedly quietist and apolitical Shia Islam", who shunned politics while waiting for the 3299:

was chosen to help in the creation of a civilian government to replace the existing military one. He was appointed to the position of Prime Minister by the Shah, as a concession to his opposition. However his political party,

2575:(religious scholars). Khomeini denounced them as "an attack on Islam", and persuaded other senior marjas of Qom to decree a boycott of the referendum on the White Revolution. When Khomeini issued a declaration denouncing both 2259:. Like Khomeini and later Islamists who praised him he preached the idea of sharia as a complete code of social life; Unlike them he opposed modern learning, the "teaching of chemistry, physics and foreign languages", 1513:"I should state that the government, which is part of the absolute deputyship of the Prophet, is one of the primary injunctions of Islam and has priority over all other secondary injunctions, even prayers, fasting and hajj." 3220:. He encouraged peaceful demonstrations to avoid bloodshed. According to such a system, the Shah's power was limited and the ruling of the country was mostly in the hands of the people through a parliamentary system. 1210:

For many centuries prior to the spread of Khomeini's book, "no Shii writer ever explicitly contended that monarchies per se were illegitimate or that the senior clergy had the authority to control the state." Clergy

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came to power in Iraq, putting centers of religious learning, such as Najaf were al-Sadr worked under pressure from the Qasim regime's attempts to curb religion as an obstacle to modernity and progress. Ayatollah

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The one year exception of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt having little or no possibly of repeating itself.) While Shi'i "Islamist parties in Iraq, Lebanon and Iran ... do have meaningful prospects of victory."

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extravagant tour of Europe—the revolution set up a parliament to control the power of the shah. The constitutional government was eventually undermined, and the leader of that effort was a conservative cleric,

2507:", in 1952, by one of the authors—Sayyid Qutb—that were being translated with Saudi and Western funding. The term was later adapted by Ayatullah Khomeini after the Islamist revolution in Iran, who proclaimed: 2991:. Ayatullah Mohsin al-Hakim called Shias to protest. This helped Baqir al-Sadr's rise to prominence as he visited Lebanon and sent telegrams to different international figures, including Abul A'la Maududi. 8188:

1980 April 8 – Broadcast call by Khomeini for the pious of Iraq to overthrow Saddam Hussein and his regime. Al-Dawa al-Islamiya party in Iraqi is the hoped for catalyst to start rebellion. From: Mackey,

2109:

There are different theories as to when the ruling concept of the Ayatollah Khomeini and Islamic Republic of Iran—that Islamic jurists ought to govern until the return of the Imam Mahdi—first appeared.

1449:

With this message discipline, Khomeini united a broad coalition movement (moderates, secular liberals and leftists) that hated the shah but had little else in common with Khomeini and his core followers.

2809:

of industry, "self-sufficiency" in economics, independence in all areas of life from both the Western (and Soviet) world. He was also one of the main influences of the later Islamic Republic president

1319:(oppressed), was used in the "Quranic sense" of "'humble' and passive 'meek' believers, especially orphans, widows, and the mentally impaired." Khomeini rarely spoke of them in his pre-1970 writings. 3522:

Islamist movements. ... the majority of studies concern various forms of Sunni Islamism, whereas the "Other Islamists"—different kinds of Shia Islamist groups—have received far less attention ..."

2909:

during the 1970s, had issued a fatwa prohibiting his followers from reading Ali Shariati's books and Islamist literature produced by young clerics. This fatwa was followed by similar fatwas from

1502:

In late 1987 and early 1988, Khomeini startled many by declaring that the Islamic Republic had "absolute authority" over everything, including "secondary ordinances", i.e. sharia law such as the

1473:). Eventually, "one faction", one "social group" was left—"bazaar merchants and business operators linked to the political–religious hierarchy"—and they benefited financially from the revolution. 2626:. Although they were crushed within days by the police and military, the Shah's regime was taken by surprise by the size of the demonstrations, and they established the importance and power of ( 2052:"historical autonomy vis-à-vis the state", which allowed it to escape cooptation by Sunni rulers and thus "able to engage with contemporary problems and stay relevant", through the practice of 1970:

often had students from other countries, and these seminary cities could serve as a refuge when a cleric felt political pressure at home. (Khomeini operated his anti-shah network in Iran out of

1985:

making a hybrid of Islam and Marxism, or making cooperation with them or Marxists possible.) "The distinction between mullahs and intellectuals was not as sharp in Iran as in the Sunni world."

3188:, Ayatullah Khoei's representative Syed Abul Hasan Shamsabadi gave sermons criticizing the Islamist interpretation of Shi'i theology, he was abducted and killed by the notorious group called 1147:

ritual purity; this prohibits physical contact with impure substances such as dogs, pigs, excrement, nonbelievers; and prohibits impurities from entering "mosques, and shrines, and the like".

3367:

was a moderate Islamist and believed that a jurist only had a supervisory role and was not supposed to govern. In a 1978 treatise on modern Islamic movements, he warned against the ideas of

1434:

often sounding not just populist but leftist ("Oppressed of the world, unite", "The problems of the East come from the West—especially from American imperialism"), including an emphasis on

1304:. Hierarchy in society was natural, "the poor should accept their lot and not envy the rich; and the rich should thank God, avoid conspicuous consumption, and give generously to the poor." 2841:

One element of Iran's revolution not found in Sunni Islamist movements was what came to be called "Socialist Shi'ism", (also "red Shiism" as opposed to the "black Shiism" of the clerics).

2231: 2073:

Shi'i Islamists often saw no contradiction between "extolling Shiism and pan-Islamic solidarity." Shi'a were not to be privileged or supreme, but were held "in the way Marx thought of the

835: 4192: 1930:, specifically his theory of a ruling Islamic jurist being necessary for the preservation of Islam, a theory embraced only by Shia Islamists (followers of Khomeini), not by any Sunni. 1689:

along with other Pakistani and Indian Islamists. "These books became the main source of nourishment for Iranian militant clerics’ sermons and writings during the pre-revolution era."

3557:

Abrahamian offers three slightly different options: shunning the authorities as usurpers, accepting them grudgingly, accepting them wholeheartedly—especially if the state was Shi'i.

2416:

of poor, recently decolonialized countries were socialist economic development models, and anti-imperialism was popular. In the Muslim world this led to an effort to compete with

1794:

An incident that closed the door on any alliance between Khomeini's Islamic Republic and the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood was Khomeini's refusal to support the Brotherhood when it

1524:

In the post-Khomeini 1990s, the line of the Islamic Republic—as found in forced confessions of political opponents, children's history textbooks, and other sources—emphasized not

3401:

leader, was eager to take advantage of Iran's weakened military and (what he assumed was) revolutionary chaos, and in particular to occupy Iran's adjacent oil-rich province of

2571:

in industry, and a literacy campaign in the nation's schools. Some of these initiatives were regarded as Westernizing trends by traditionalists and as a challenge to the Shi'a

2277:. Combatting Iran's backwardness with secular modernizing authoritarianism were the two Pahlavi shahs, whose rule stretched from Reza Shah's seizure of power in 1921, to his 1358:

Some other differences between traditional Shi'i doctrine and that of Ruhollah Khomeini and his followers was on how to wait for the return the reemergence of the hidden Imam,

7148: 2979:, located in Iraq and one of the leading Shi'i clerics at the time, issued fatwa against communism. Ayatullah Mohsin al-Hakim disapproved of al-Sadr's activities and ideas. 2044:

where Iranian influence intensified; that so many Shiite students were Iranian that as clergy they ended up serving many non-Iranian Shi'a and exposed them to Iranian ways.

1977:

Openness by the Shi'i clergy to non-Islamic writings and thought not found in Sunni Islam, "combining clear philosophical syncretism with an exacting casuistic legalism." (

1783:, intensified. Whatever early cooperation there had been between Sunni and Shi'i Islamism ended, as did an era of tolerance in general between the Sunni and Shi'i schools. 1918:

notes that unlike Sunni Islam, where clergy were largely if not entirely opponents of Islamism, in Shi'ism, clergy were often the leaders—not only Ruhollah Khomeini, but

6869: 3316:". On 10 and 11 December 1978, the days of Tasu'a and Ashura, millions marched on the streets of Tehran, chanting ‘Death to Shah’, a display that political scientist 6528:

Homa Katouzian (2004). "1, "Mosaddeq's Government in Iranian History, Arbitrary Rule, Democracy and the 1953 Coup"". In Gasiorowski, Mark J.; Byrne, Malcolm (eds.).

1393:

was martyred. (For example, in May 2005, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's stated that "the Iranian revolution was of the same `essence` as Imam Husayn's movement.")

3224:, the then Shah of Iran, and his allies, however, took the pacifism of clerics such as Shariatmadari as a sign of weakness. The Shah's government declared a ban on 2643:", stipulating that U.S. servicemen facing criminal charges stemming from a deployment in Iran, were to be tried before a U.S. court martial, not an Iranian court. 2153:. The latter change made the ulama "the primary educators" of society, dispensers most of the justice, overseers social welfare, and collectors of its funding (the 1089:). An historical event, it changed militant Islam from a topic of limited impact and interest, to one that few inside or outside the Muslim world were unaware of. 6464: 7000: 4648: 2784:

Al-e-Ahmad "was the only contemporary writer ever to obtain favorable comments from Khomeini", who wrote in a 1971 message to Iranian pilgrims on going on Hajj,

2222:. This led to unprecedented nationwide protest climaxing with a fatwa by Iran's leading cleric declaring the use of tobacco to be tantamount to war against the 1355:, by the 1970s Khomeini began to embrace the idea that martyrdom was "not a saintly act, but a revolutionary sacrifice to overthrow a despotic political order". 7155:), the Shah did not ask France to expel Khomeini for fear that the cleric should move to Syria or Libya. (source: Christine Ockrent et Alexandre de Marenches, 2668:

In November 1964, after his latest denunciation, Khomeini was arrested and held for half a year. Upon his release, Khomeini was brought before Prime Minister

3584:

Nasr argues there was an era of tolerance between Sunni and Shia earlier in the 20th century from the end of the Ottoman Empire until the Iranian Revolution.

3575:

Khomeini did not "commit himself to precise proposals and specific plans; as one journalist later observed, `imprecision was a way of life` for the entourage.

3975: 948:

movement for a return to the original texts and the inspiration of the original believers of Islam, but one which requires Islam to be a "political system".

1315:(an Imam). Disorder in society (such as overthrowing monarchs) was wrong because (as Khomeini put it) "bad order was better than no order at all". The term 1641:" during 1922–1923. In this highly influential treatise, Rida advocated for the restoration of the Caliphate ruled by Muslim jurists and proposed Islamic 2441: 1545:

suicide attacks as part of the "cult of martyrdom" that had started with suicidal human wave attacks by the Islamic Republic of Iran against Iraq in the

5794: 2058:

in divine law. Some exceptions to this pattern are found in Iraq, where Shi'i Islamist paramilitary groups are fragmented, and the Shi'i Islamist group

2012:, capital punishment for an offense against God—but it is to this code and not "directly to the sharia" that Judges in the Islamic Republic must refer. 8944: 5733: 5715: 1554: 3621: 6596:

Fakhreddin Azimi (2004). "2. "Unseating Mosaddeq, the Configuration and Role of Domestic Forces"". In Gasiorowski, Mark J.; Byrne, Malcolm (eds.).

6581:

Fakhreddin Azimi (2004). "2. "Unseating Mosaddeq, the Configuration and Role of Domestic Forces"". In Gasiorowski, Mark J.; Byrne, Malcolm (eds.).

3036:

Taleghani was instrumental in "shaping the groundswell movement" that led to the Iranian Revolution and served as the chair of powerful and secret

3416:

Saddam Hussain had become the fifth president of Iraq on 16 July 1979, and after publicly killing 22 members of Ba'ath party during the televised

2647: 1803:), and Iran's ally against Saddam Hussein's Iraq. This was seen as a test where Khomeini had chosen "a nominal Shia ally" in the form of such as 1265:(the father of the shah he overthrew), for many offenses against traditional Islam—"closing down seminaries, expropriating religious endowments ( 764: 8782: 3683: 3806: 3325: 2226:. Bazaars shut down, Iranians stopped smoking tobacco, in what has been described as a "dress rehearsal for the ... Constitutional Revolution." 842: 6212: 2032:, were promoted over neighboring Sunni Muslims in Afghanistan, who though fighting invading atheist Russians, were politically conservative. 1328:

sacred duty to oppose all monarchies. ... that monarchy was a 'pagan' institution that the 'despotic' Umayyads had adopted from the Roman and

8335: 7607: 3025:

ideals in order to compete with leftist movements for youthful supporters" during the 1960s and 1970s. a veteran in the struggle against the

562: 5275: 5247: 2330:, have indicated what an "important formative impact of Nawwāb's charismatic appeal in their early careers and anti-government activities". 2281:'s overthrow in 1979. Reza Shah, leader of the Iranian Cossack Brigade before his coup, was a secular, nationalist dictator in the vein of 2066:) is known not only for its inspiration from the Sunni Muslim Brotherhood but also for the "strong presence of laymen rather than clerics". 1140:); the last of the Imams who never died but has lived for over 1000 years somewhere on Earth in "Occultation"; who prophesies tell us will 1577:. After the Iranian revolution there was a reversal, and with a new consensus that Shia Islam was a "religion of protest", looking to the 1550: 8277: 6967: 5819: 3340: 1557:

the survivors of the US embassy had retreated to. Hamas used suicide attacks as a model for in its fight in the Palestinian Territories.

4919:"Khomeini's Concept of Governance of the Jurisconsult ( Wilayat al-Faqih) Revisited: The Aftermath of Iran's 2009 Presidential Election" 1291:

As "the most vocal antiregime cleric", Khomeini did not call for the overthrow of the shah even after he was deported from Iran by him.

9330: 7260:"Message to the Pilgrims" (Message sent to Iranian pilgrims on Hajj in Saudi Arabia from Khomeini in exile in Najaf) February 6, 1971, 5922: 3339:

In the early days after the revolution it was praised as "a completion" of the 1905–1911 Constitutional Revolution, "a fulfillment" of

2760:): A Plague from the West. Al-e-Ahmad, who was from a deeply religious family but had had a Western education and been a member of the 1982: 1348: 8576: 5863: 2987:

party, but the crackdown on Shi'i religious centers continued, closing periodicals and seminaries, expelling non-Iraqi students from

2872:), and his killer, the Sunni Umayyad Caliphate, the "analog" of the modern Iranian people's "oppression by the shah". His killing at 2451:

The effort did not have the desired effect but helped to shape the ideology of Shi'i Islamists. Prominent figures such as current

2000:

The importance of the state in Shia Iran is reflected in the legislated criminal code which includes traditional sharia punishments—"

1713:

law, and a belief that Non-Muslims are involved in an aggressive, unprovoked undermining of Islam and Muslims (sometimes called the "

6176:

Mackey, Sandra, The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation by Sandra Mackey, New York : Dutton, c1996, p.150-55

4742:

source: Committee to End U.S. Intervention in Iran, Excerpts from Ayatollah Khomeini's Interviews, (Mountview, CA, 1978); quoted in

4158: 2142: 2104: 2084:

uprisings, a "sectarian wave ... washed over large parts of the Middle East", dividing the two branches of Islam, often violently.

352: 5962:

Shah Ismail pursued a relentless campaign of forced conversion of the majority Sunni population in Iran to (Twelver) Shia Islam...

1166:". Prior to the 1970s, this was also the way Khomeini used the term—and not rank and file fighters who "had died for the cause". 8945:""They Were Going Together with the Ikhwan": The Influence of Muslim Brotherhood Thinkers on Shi'i Islamists during the Cold War" 8075: 7903: 6046:

Mackey, Sandra, The Iranians : Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation by Sandra Mackey, New York : Dutton, c1996, p.143

1458: 3343:'s attempt to establish an Iranian "sense of independence and self-direction", "a vindication" of the insurrection against the " 3259:

Sayyid Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari (Persian: سید محمد کاظم شریعتمداری), 5 January 1906 – 3 April 1986, died under house arrest.

2201: 2093: 1207:): cooperated with it, trying to influence policies by becoming active in politics, or most commonly, remaining aloof from it. 6867: 2708:

gave him access to the Persian broadcast of Radio Baghdad to address Iranians and made it easier for him to receive visitors.

2412:

of countries ruled by communist parties (now including China), had become, and the potential for its further expansion in the

9220: 8827: 8590: 7829: 7487: 6828: 6671: 6622: 6375: 6222: 5536: 4818: 3363:

which were quashed toward the end of January 1980, when under the orders of Khomeini tanks and the army moved into the city.

2894:

Shariati was also influenced by anti-democratic Islamist ideas of Muslim Brotherhood thinkers in Egypt and he tried to meet

2772:) technology, culture, products, and so had become a victim of the West's "toxins" or disease. The adoption and imitation of 2656: 1746:

Observers (such as Morten Valbjørn) have noted the similarities between Sunni and Shia Islamist movements, such as the Sunni

1141: 1067: 1051: 552: 3312:

he reminded the nation of the dangers of clerical despotism, and of how the fascism of the mullahs would be darker than any

2530: 2294:

While his modernization efforts were significant, he was the bete noire of the clergy and pious Iranians, (not least of all

9310: 7854: 3037: 2651: 7477: 5793:

Mesbah-Yazdi, Mohammad-Taqi (2010). "1: Wilayat al-Faqih, Exigency and Presuppositions". In Husayni, Sayyid ‘Abbas (ed.).

5448: 3393:, including Iran's Arab neighbor Iraq, the one large state besides Iran with a Shia majority population. At the same time 2516:

In 1984 the Iranian authorities honoured Sayyid Qutb by issuing a postage stamp showing him behind the bars during trial.

2192:; 1781–1864) was an Usuli Shia jurist who was the first scholar universally recognized as supreme authority in matters of 1457:

Khomeini and his core group commenced establishing Islamic government of a ruling Jurist (Khomeini being the jurist) and

567: 8488: 7193: 6461: 8764: 8624: 8009: 7625: 6997: 4003: 3474: 3062: 1883: 1525: 1481:

no longerreferred to a social class but became political term, covering all those who supported the Islamic Republic.)

1106:

traditional Shi'i Islamic attitudes in his writings during the 1940, 50s and 60s, only changing during the late 1960s.

1086: 277: 9340: 8804: 8716: 8691: 8672: 8646: 8565: 8527: 8502: 8138: 7164: 7087: 6477: 6444: 6409: 5984: 5955: 5230: 4668: 4168: 3782: 3126: 2898:

while visiting Saudi Arabia in 1969. A chain smoker, Shariati died of a heart attack while in self-imposed exile in

2586: 2243: 1915: 1721:

unbelievers want "to keep us backward, to keep us in our present miserable state so they can exploit our riches ..."

1574: 1490: 647: 1162:

in Shi'ism referred to "the famous Shi'i saints who in obeying God's will, had gone to their deaths", such as the "

2910: 8305: 7678:"A Comparison Between Khumainī's "Government of the Jurist" and "The Commentary on Plato's Republic" of Ibn Rushd" 2496: 6899:"Organization, Leadership and Revolution: Religiously-Oriented Opposition in the Iranian Revolution of 1978–1979" 428: 215: 6710:

Unal, Yusuf (November 2016). "Sayyid Quṭb in Iran: Translating the Islamist Ideologue in the Islamic Republic".

5191: 5163: 1647:

movement revival measures across the globe to reform education and purify Islam. Ayatullah Khomeini's manifesto

8741: 8470: 5930: 2408:, Western capitalist and other anti-communist leaders were alarmed at how large, centralized and powerful the 2020:

solidarity took precedence over Muslim fraternity in an utter departure from all other Islamic movements". The

1876:, but about establishing a state where the guardianship of the political system was performed by Shia jurists ( 683: 107: 2355: 2263:, and preached that "obedience to the monarchy was a divine obligation", and calling the monarch to account 2118:(precautionary dissimulation) (Ahmed Vaezi); that it was "occasionally" interpreted during the reign of the 1729:

otherwise "postponed for the next life", i.e. heaven. Khomeini doesn't compare Sharia to heaven but does say

1446:) made up of the shah's government, the wealthy and well-connected, who would be deposed come the revolution. 1274: 340: 9315: 2137:

Developments that might be called steps easing the path to theocratic rule were the 16th century rise of the

1470: 828: 42: 9305: 2579:

and his reform plan, the Shah took an armored column to Qom, and delivered a speech harshly attacking the

75: 9335: 9201:"Tehran, the Scene of Modernity in the Pahlavi Dynasty: Modernisation and Urbanisation Processes 1925–1979" 8702: 7045: 6396: 3444: 3355: 3217: 3205: 2792:

penetrating to the depths of towns and villages throughout the Muslim world, displacing the culture of the

1352: 547: 9150: 5430: 2711:

By the time Khomeini was expelled from Najaf, discontent with the Shah had intensified. Khomeini visited

2466:, etc. translated Qutb's works into Persian. Hadi Khosroshahi was the first person to identify himself as 1926:. Roy also posits several features of Shi'i Islam that made it amendable to Khomeini's theory of Islamist 1222:

contributions to worthy widows, orphans, seminary students, and indigent male descendants of the Prophet."

1006:"the ideology that guides society as a whole and that law must be in conformity with the Islamic sharia". 991:

focused on Islam rather than socialism, (this movement was much stronger in Iran than in Sunni countries).

235: 6462:

Islamic Values and World View: Farhang Khomeyni on Man, the State and International Politics, Volume XIII

2525: 2036:

rather than nationalism; that Iranian students for many years were banished from Iraqi and so studied in

8230: 7511: 6898: 2630:) religious opposition to the Shah, and the importance of Khomeini as a political and religious leader. 2491:

up their minds to compensate for this deficiency . . . This text was translated with this goal in mind.

1758:

was "a voice of Pan-Islamism rather than of a distinct kind of Shia-Islamism" during his time in power.

9320: 6817:

Keddie, Nikki R.; Matthee, Rudolph P.; Matthee, Unidel Distinguished Professor of History Rudi (2002).

6401: 3622:"Bringing the 'Other Islamists' back in: Sunni and Shia Islamism(s) in a sectarianized new Middle East" 3417: 2640: 2602:

After his arrest in Iran following the 1963 riots, leading Ayatullahs had issued a statement declaring

2251: 2111: 1462: 1270: 1163: 7218: 5341: 5339: 5337: 3255: 2876:

was not just an "eternal manifestation of the truth but a revolutionary act by a revolutionary hero".

2298:). His government required all non-clerical men to wear Western clothes, encouraged women to abandon 9345: 8519: 8366: 5497: 2025: 1114: 9242: 5848: 2218:

granted a British citizen control over growth, sale and export of tobacco, in the so-called tobacco

1307:

The "Golden Age of Islam" to be looked back on "longingly" according to tradition, was the Mecca of

9061: 8788: 6975: 5752: 5334: 3665: 3014: 2482:

were translated to Persian and widely circulated in the 1960s. Reflecting on this import of ideas,

2471: 2327: 1714: 1401:

Khomeini's evolution was not just from traditionalist to revolutionary. There were several stages.

1000: 594: 423: 177: 8343: 7611: 2282: 9325: 8582: 7119: 6243: 4617: 3213: 2880: 1278: 769: 557: 9200: 8845: 8269: 4020:

Sayyid Qutb and Islamic Activism: A Translation and Critical Analysis of Social Justice in Islam

3747: 3009:

cleric and contemporary of Khomeini and a leader in his own right of the movement against Shah

1269:), propagating anticlerical sentiments, replacing religious courts with state ones", permitting 8727: 7144: 3532: 3452: 3448: 3333: 3072: 2932: 2926: 2914: 2623: 2563:

of the forests, the sale of state-owned enterprises to private interests, electoral changes to

2452: 2234: 1919: 1670: 1240: 1227: 988: 609: 97: 6143:

Gilman, Sander, and Zhou Xun. Smoke: A Global History of Smoking. Reaktion Books, 2004, p. 60.

5889: 3033:

which argued in support of collective ownership "as if it were an article of faith in Islam."

2712: 1681:. Other Sunni Islamists/revivalist who were translated into Persian include Sayyid's brother, 8796: 6932: 6365: 5974: 5945: 3993: 3969: 3301: 3221: 3180: 3058: 3010: 2697: 2591: 2576: 2535: 2307: 2278: 2219: 2029: 1503: 614: 483: 478: 418: 172: 85: 7279:

Winning Revolutions: The Psychosocial Dynamics of Revolts for Freedom, Fairness, and Rights

5919: 2016:

At least the Khomeini Islamist movement in its early years in power before Khomeini died, "

1904:

law from "innovation" and "anti-Islamic laws" passed by dictators or democratic parliaments.

4052: 3234: 3225: 3017:, he has been described as a representative of the tendency of many "Shia clerics to blend 2433: 2417: 2315: 1686: 1125:; how his virtue and his suffering in martyrdom inspires and unites Shia community (Ummah). 938: 870:

Islamist movements. Shia Islamism, a previously very small ideology, was boosted after the

468: 117: 9021:"Third Wave Shi'ism: Sayyid Arif Husain al-Husaini and the Islamic Revolution in Pakistan" 8871:"The Role of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr in Shi'i Political Activism in Iraq from 1958 to 1980" 3208:

was at odds with Khomeini's interpretation of the concept of the "Leadership of Jurists" (

1818:, upheaval, destruction and loss of power of Sunni caused by the US invasion of Iraq, and 8: 8986:"A Direct Flight to Revolution: Maududi, Divine Sovereignty, and the 1979-Moment in Iran" 8664: 5047:"Debating the Caliphate: Islam and Nation in the Work of Rashid Rida and Abul Kalam Azad" 4086:

Soage, Ana Belén. "Introduction to Political Islam." Religion Compass 3.5 (2009): 887–96.

3332:; several months later voters approved the new constitution and Khomeini emerged as the 2761: 2437: 1466: 1344: 804: 711: 624: 604: 413: 297: 242: 8818:

America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East

3389:

Shortly after assuming power, Khomeini began calling for Islamic revolutions across the

1608:

Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the

1144:

some time before Judgement Day to vanquish tyranny and rule Earth in justice and peace.

754: 9279: 9230: 9187: 9130: 9097: 9089: 9048: 9040: 9007: 8972: 8931: 8898: 8890: 8816: 8555: 8430: 8235: 7705: 6731: 6727: 6658:

Adams, Charles J. (1983). "Maududi and the Islamic State". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).

5836: 5082: 5074: 4946: 4938: 4246: 3957: 3890: 3800: 3536: 3402: 3379: 3351: 3320:

has dubbed the "climax" of "general submission to Islamist cultural hegemony" in Iran.

3272: 3106: 3087: 3041: 2980: 2971: 2940: 2936: 2802: 2397: 2351: 2181: 2127: 2059: 1795: 1705: 1649: 1609: 1570: 1414: 1406: 1194: 886: 871: 522: 433: 330: 272: 80: 8545:

Malcolm Byrne (2004). "Introduction". In Gasiorowski, Mark J.; Byrne, Malcolm (eds.).

8255: 7392: 6756: 3705: 9300: 9271: 9216: 9101: 9081: 9052: 9011: 8976: 8964: 8902: 8823: 8800: 8760: 8753: 8737: 8712: 8687: 8668: 8642: 8620: 8586: 8561: 8533: 8523: 8498: 8494: 8466: 8459: 8434: 8422: 8417: 8134: 8005: 7862: 7835: 7825: 7697: 7483: 7356: 7354: 7327: 7325: 7160: 7083: 7053: 7019: 6936: 6824: 6667: 6660: 6628: 6618: 6473: 6440: 6415: 6405: 6391: 6371: 6218: 5980: 5951: 5532: 5226: 5086: 5066: 4664: 4164: 3999: 3961: 3882: 3843: 3788: 3778: 3424: 3364: 3283: 3246: 3165: 3094: 3083: 3071:

Sayyid Abul Qasim al-Khoei (Persian: سید ابوالقاسم خویی), 1992-1899 was a student of

3000: 2950: 2669: 2603: 2459: 2295: 2264: 2223: 2215: 1923: 1887: 1873: 1755: 1699: 1578: 1386: 1359: 1333: 1257:(1943), written before his embrace of political Islam, Khomeini denounced the first 1204: 1137: 1102: 1063: 875: 463: 453: 8393:"Religionization of politics in Iran: Shi'i seminaries as the bastion of resistance" 6556: 4950: 3894: 2648:

Iranian Revolution § 1970s: Pre-revolutionary conditions and events inside Iran

1239:"emphasized that no cleric had ever claimed the right to rule; that many, including 230: 9263: 9208: 9179: 9122: 9073: 9032: 8997: 8956: 8923: 8882: 8857: 8792: 8412: 8404: 7689: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7274: 6719: 5058: 4930: 4656: 4238: 4067: 3949: 3874: 3833: 3822:"The Totalitarianism of Jihadist Islamism and its Challenge to Europe and to Islam" 3484: 3344: 3329: 3296: 3292: 3209: 3193: 3169: 3098: 2850: 2830: 2776:

models and Western criteria in education, the arts, and culture led to the loss of

2751: 2552: 2463: 2425: 2303: 2260: 2185: 2174: 1967: 1775: 1655: 1553:

in 1983, killing the Middle East experts in the CIA, and then several months later

1378: 1174: 1059: 996:"the belief that Islam should guide social and political as well as personal life", 779: 744: 642: 584: 380: 370: 345: 292: 220: 8912:"Islamic Utopia in Pre-Revolutionary Iran: Navvab Safavi and the Fada'ian-e Eslam" 8408: 7629: 7351: 7322: 2037: 9077: 8309: 8281: 8128: 7004: 6873: 6818: 6468: 6434: 5926: 5062: 4717:

cited by J. Cockroft, `Iran's Khomeini,` Seven Days, 23 February 1979, quoted in

4660: 3479: 3135: 2976: 2806: 2796:, recruiting our youth en masse to the service of foreigners and imperialists..." 2773: 2701: 2673: 2560: 2385: 2274: 2256: 2247: 2211: 1896: 1822:

generated by Arab regimes defending themselves against the mass uprisings of the

1804: 1486: 1377:, never presided over any Ashura observances, nor visited the enormously popular 1329: 1300: 1258: 945: 697: 652: 619: 599: 589: 498: 390: 335: 90: 9212: 8392: 7300: 5890:"Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)" 3455:

were among the most prominent clerics to face the wrath of the Islamist regime.

2267:, a capital crime. He was hanged for "the murder of leading constitutionalists". 1960:, meant most clerics were now Usuli and high Usuli clerics assumed the right of 1581:

as an example of "standing up against injustice even if it required martyrdom".

50: 8578:

Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909

8248: 7979: 7977: 7908: 5456: 3531:

Shia Islamist groups exist outside of the ideology of the Islamic Republic—the

3428: 3394: 3375: 3313: 3268: 3067: 2705: 2693: 2568: 2131: 1847: 1438:. In his telling, the classes locked in struggle were just two: the oppressed ( 1435: 1390: 1294:

Khomeini also accepted the traditional Shi'i view of society described in Imam

1253: 1186: 984: 718: 503: 458: 385: 312: 137: 31: 9267: 9183: 9036: 9002: 8985: 8927: 8886: 8861: 8155: 8018: 5449:"Rafsanjani & Al-Qaradawi call upon nation to unite & reject fighting" 3953: 3878: 3838: 3821: 3423:

In September 1980, Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Iran, beginning the

2676:, a Shia militia sympathetic to Khomeini, were later executed for the murder. 2342: 9294: 9275: 9085: 8968: 8537: 8426: 7866: 7701: 7379: 7338: 7057: 6928: 6820:

Iran and the Surrounding World: Interactions in Culture and Cultural Politics

6632: 5976:

Conversion and Islam in the Early Modern Mediterranean: The Lure of the Other

5070: 3886: 3847: 3792: 3494: 3390: 3371: 3328:, in which Iranian voters overwhelmingly approved the country's becoming an 3201: 3045: 2895: 2479: 2372: 2319: 1811: 1780: 1682: 1546: 1374: 1285: 1170: 1118: 1047: 1039: 1011: 784: 759: 493: 488: 443: 307: 257: 19: 8613: 7974: 7839: 4072: 3862: 3684:"Will new Azerbaijani Islamist movement share the fate of its predecessors?" 3447:

and his televised forced confessions, other Usuli sources of emulation like

2606:

a legitimate Marja. This is widely thought to have prevented his execution.

8656: 7997: 7899: 6419: 3317: 3305: 3279: 3161: 2865: 2854: 2826: 2814:. The Islamic Republic issued a postage stamp honoring Al-e-Ahmad in 1981. 2720: 2500: 2483: 2455: 2409: 2405: 2323: 2138: 2119: 1978: 1907: 1819: 1666: 1340: 1200: 1133: 1055: 1035: 1015: 934: 749: 448: 438: 375: 225: 192: 147: 142: 8515:

Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani

7822:

Tortured Confessions : Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran

6940: 6612: 3772: 2077:: a particular group that brings about the emancipation of all humanity." 1738:

consists of a few ordinances concerning menstruation and parturition ..."

1429:

the US and Israel, undermining Islam and Iran with "cultural imperialism",

1332:". Khomeini saw Islam as a political system that until the return of the 8733: 8513: 7693: 5225:. Translated by Algar, Hamid. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press. pp. 29–30. 3989: 3518:"The study of Islamist movements has often implicitly meant the study of 3398: 3368: 3026: 2955: 2899: 2858: 2811: 2789: 2756: 2742: 2737: 2564: 2556: 2475: 2429: 2413: 2381: 2230: 2123: 2081: 2074: 2041: 2021: 2017: 1891: 1823: 1678: 1630: 1529:

left (the other declared enemy of imperialism) had "betrayed" the nation.

1373:

Khomeini showed little interest in the rituals of Shia Islam such as the

980: 910: 816: 774: 572: 197: 167: 9252:"The Constitutional Ideas of a Shi'ite Mujtahid: Muhammad Husayn Na'ini" 9093: 9044: 9020: 8846:"Contending discourses in Shi'i law on the doctrine of Wilayat Al-faqih" 7709: 7677: 6723: 5818:

Vaezi, Ahmed (2004). "What Is Wilayat al-Faqih. Historical background".

5078: 5046: 4942: 4918: 2879:

Shariati was also a harsh critic of traditional Usuli clergy (including

2692:(from October 1965 to 1978, when he was expelled by then-Vice President 9283: 9251: 9191: 9167: 9134: 9110: 8935: 8911: 8293: 4250: 4226: 3499: 3410: 2945: 2595: 1673:, was an early champion and translator of the works of the Brotherhood 1079: 1023: 902: 879: 859: 395: 247: 187: 182: 112: 8894: 8870: 3005:

Mahmoud Taleghani (1911–1979) was another politically active Iranian

8708: 8639:

Islam and Revolution : Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini

7007: 5223:

Islam and Revolution : Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini

2984: 2793: 2393: 2270: 2178: 1927: 1866: 1771: 1751: 1643: 1542: 1538: 1494: 1262: 1019: 725: 473: 267: 202: 152: 9126: 8960: 6657: 4934: 4242: 8002:

Eminent Persians: The Men and Women Who Made Modern Iran, 1941–1979

3489: 3309: 3287: 3079: 3006: 2615: 1851: 1800: 1796:

rose up against the Baathist Arab Nationalist regime in Hama, Syria

1674: 1363: 1308: 1027: 972: 957: 922: 863: 704: 302: 252: 8130:

Religious Secularity: A Theological Challenge to the Islamic State

8004:. Syracuse University Press and Persian World Press. p. 109. 3263: 2822: 2614:

In June of that year Khomeini delivered a speech at the Feyziyeh

1173:, lamentation of the death of Hussein, visiting shrines like the 1066:, involving "support for (Muslim) identity, authenticity, broader 4746:

by Ervand Abrahamian, (Princeton University Press, 1982), p.14-15

4733:

by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, pp.17–18]

3940:

Berman, Sheri (2003). "Islamism, Revolution, and Civil Society".

3469: 3250: 3185: 3022: 2906: 2873: 2619: 2421: 2150: 2054: 1961: 1957: 1941: 1122: 1054:

economic, military, political, social, or cultural nature—in the

906: 898: 162: 60: 27: 7262:

Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini

4721:

by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, pp.17–18

2334: 1594: 1385:, and that the revolution itself was of "equal significance" to 979:

the more recent movement against imperialism/colonialism in the

9168:"The Anti-Constitutionalist Arguments of Shaikh Fazlallah Nuri" 7273:

Avideh Mayville, "The Religious Ideology of Reform in Iran" in

7194:"'Westoxification' and Worse: Probing Iran's Turbulent History" 7080:

The great war for civilisation: the conquest of the Middle East

7038: 3360: 2754:

published a book or pamphlet called of the book Occidentosis (

2684:

Khomeini spent more than 14 years in exile, mostly in the holy

2286: 2115: 1859: 1815: 1725: 1710: 1497:'s reign, rising up against his son Muhammad Reza Shah in 1963. 1382: 1282: 1231: 1178: 1158: 1117:; how he refused to bow to worldliness and power of the tyrant 1031: 918: 690: 262: 8661:

Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891–92

7168: 6091:

Religion and Rebellion in Iran: The Tobacco Protest of 1891–92

2931:

In Iraq, another cleric from a distinguished clerical family,

2377: 8117:, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, pp. 221–222 7946:, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, pp. 194–195 7933:, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, pp. 194–202 7784:"صراط النجاة – التبريزي، الميرزا جواد – کتابخانه مدرسه فقاهت" 7430:

by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, p.534

4184: 3464: 3153: 2988: 2716: 2689: 2661: 2580: 2572: 2445: 2299: 2158: 2154: 2146: 2049: 1990: 1971: 1953: 1937: 1878: 1870: 1747: 1561:

secular and pro-American regimes such as Egypt and Pakistan.

1410: 1336:, presides over an Islamist state or works for its creation. 1218: 1129: 1043: 930: 926: 914: 867: 676: 657: 8601: 6837: 6101: 6099: 6037:

by Ervand Abrahamian, Princeton University Press, 1982, p.59

5811: 4368: 4366: 2935:(1935–1980), became the ideological founder of the Islamist 2428:

ideas by promoting works by the original Islamist thinkers,

1230:—celebrated in the Islamic Republic for defending Islam and 1121:

whose malicious servants outnumbered and killed Hussien at

8729:

An Islamic Utopian - A Political Biography of Ali Shari'ati

8213: 8211: 7457: 7367: 7152: 6614:

Revolutionary Iran : a history of the Islamic republic

4160:

The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern

3157:

Syed Abulhassan Shamsabadi was killed by Islamists in 1976.

3018: 2962: 2868:

was not just a holy figure but the original oppressed one (

2777: 2685: 2627: 2396:

Sunni Islamist author and a leading member of the Egyptian

2193: 2169: 2162: 1855: 1839: 1266: 1182: 1018:

society through exercise of state power, or alternately a "

894: 890: 157: 9062:"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement" 4320: 4318: 4316: 3121:

The response from high-level Shi'a clerics to his idea of

2781:

flavor and analyzed society through a class perspective."

2519: 8641:. Translated by Algar, Hamid. Berkeley, CA: Mizan Press. 8127:

Ghobadzadeh, Naser; Qubādzādah, Nāṣir (1 December 2014).

8031: 7657: 7584: 7582: 7423: 7421: 6096: 6054: 6052: 6029: 6027: 5014: 5012: 4363: 3086:(Persian: سید روح الله خمینی), anti-secularist leader of 2539: 1843: 1662:) and by his analysis of the post-colonial Muslim world. 1367: 1312: 1295: 1244: 8208: 7949: 7889:, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, p. 154 7554: 7542: 7530: 6367:

The Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran

6326: 6302: 6278: 6058:(Iran Between Two Revolutions by Ervand Abrahamian, p.51 4996: 3176:; 31 January 1919 – 1 May 1979) was a moderate Islamist. 2143:

Twelver Shi'ism the state religion and belief compulsory

1850:

Imam as models and providers of hadith, but not Caliphs

889:

form the majority of the population in the countries of

8076:"October 14th, 2019 | Vol. 194, No. 15 | International" 8055: 7445: 7101: 7099: 6158: 6067:

Iran Between Two Revolutions by Ervand Abrahamian, p.14

5864:"VELAYAT-E FAQIH Theory of governance in Shiʿite Islam" 5558: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5216: 5214: 4627: 4313: 3090:

was a student of mystic Sheikh Muhammad Ali Shah-Abadi.

2302:. He expropriated land and real estate from shrines at 1584: 1109:

Some major tenants of Twelver Shīʿa Muslim belief are

987:), that in the Muslim world morphed into a more simple 8781:

Sayej, Caroleen Marji (2018). "Patriotic Ayatollahs".

8391:

Ghobadzadeh, Naser; Akbarzadeh, Shahram (2020-07-03).

8170: 8043: 7579: 7433: 7418: 6798: 6786: 6774: 6692: 6680: 6639: 6314: 6290: 6266: 6192: 6134:. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292769007. p.248 6080:. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292769007, p.223 6049: 6024: 5308: 5110: 5108: 5025: 5009: 4695:

Khomeini, Islamic Government, 1981: p.29-30, also p.44

3933: 2905:

Ayatullah Hadi Milani, the influential Usuli Marja in

1070:, revivalism, (and) revitalization of the community." 8784:

Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq

8390: 8126: 7801: 6849: 6536: 6240:

Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic

5943: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5093: 4819:"The Difference Between A Marja And A Supreme Leader" 4599: 4587: 2943:), and author of several influential works including 2105:

Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist § Early_Islam

1181:, were important part of popular Shia piety. Iranian 8196: 7628:. Islamic Revolution Document Center. Archived from 7149:

External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service

7120:"Ruhollah Khomeini – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 7096: 6878: 6816: 6516:

The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation

6495: 5352: 5211: 3278:

On 6 January 1978, an article appeared in the daily

2970:

After a military coup in 1958, a pro-soviet General

1247:

had accepted 'even the worst of the early caliphs'".

1151: 962:

Some definitions, descriptions of Islamism include:

16:

Political Islam in the Twelver Shi'a branch of Islam

7117: 6737: 6370:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 48–49. 5662: 5660: 5105: 5038: 4150: 3105:a book that appeared under three different titles: 2917:and others. Ayatullah Khomeini refused to comment. 2726: 1606:

about cooperation between Sunni and Shia Islamists.

1096: 951: 8815: 8752: 8612: 8458: 6659: 5796:A Cursory Glance at the Theory of Wilayat al-Faqih 5567: 5383: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 3101:, had an impact on his political thought as well. 2764:, argued that Iran was intoxicated or infatuated ( 2618:drawing parallels between the Sunni Muslim caliph 2436:(known to be deeply anti-communist), through the 2145:; and in the late 18th century the triumph of the 1709:), are an extremely high regard for the powers of 1697:Some ideas shared by both Qutb in his manifesto ( 7479:Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History 7025: 6357: 5997: 5995: 5753:"Introduction: Shi'a Politics in the Middle East" 5595: 5593: 5531:(illustrated ed.). I.B.Tauris. p. 200. 5409: 5396: 5239: 4640: 3974:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3052: 2551:In January 1963, the Shah of Iran announced the " 2094:Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist § History 885:Though a minority of the world Muslim community, 9292: 9111:"Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective" 8101:Iran : From Religious Dispute to Revolution 7503: 6595: 6580: 6343: 6341: 5934:, (2003). Found in Oxford Islamic Studies Online 5855: 5657: 4227:"Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective" 4136: 4134: 4046: 4044: 3626:POMEPS, Project on Middle East Political Science 2134:(~1781–1864 C.E.) (according to John Esposito). 1774:argues that as the Muslim world decolonialised, 1030:. Islamists may emphasize the implementation of 8637:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). Algar, Hamid (ed.). 8490:Sayyid Qutb and the Origins of Radical Islamism 7732: 6823:. University of Washington Press. p. 281. 6617:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 48. 6589: 5740:(37). International Crisis Group. 2 March 2005. 5722:(37). International Crisis Group. 2 March 2005. 5441: 5267: 5221:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981). Algar, Hamid (ed.). 4646: 4209: 4012: 3748:"Islamism – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3675: 3240: 2555:", a six-point programme of reform calling for 2338:Sayyid Mojtaba Mir-Lohi, known as Navvab Safavi 1754:"Islamist national resistance" groups, and how 878:, whose Shia Islamist policies became known as 8465:. California: University of California Press. 7716: 7240: 7238: 6527: 5992: 5770: 5692: 5676: 5641: 5625: 5609: 5590: 5476: 5463: 4655:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–68, 4347: 3919: 3917: 3867:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 3826:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 3598: 999:an Islamic form of "religionized politics" or 8544: 7772:. St. Martin's Publishing Group. p. 158. 7111: 6574: 6521: 6338: 5881: 5786: 5489: 5422: 4894: 4816: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4497: 4495: 4399: 4397: 4378: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4197:. Al-Islam.org and M. Feroz-ud-Din & Sons 4131: 4060:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters 4041: 4022:. Leiden, New York: E.J. Brill. (1996). p. 40 3774:International encyclopedia of human geography 3724: 3645: 3643: 2696:). In Najaf, Khomeini took advantage of the 2130:(1771–1829 C.E.) (Yasuyuki Matsunaga), or by 1533: 1058:. In the 21st century, some analysts such as 836: 563:Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution 8875:International Journal of Middle East Studies 7824:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 7602: 7600: 7598: 7512:"The Significance of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr" 7219:"Progress Is Not the Same as Westernization" 7082:. New York, NY: Vintage Books. p. 162. 6237: 6210: 5792: 5277:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist 5249:Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist 4980: 4025: 3659: 2567:women and allow non-Muslims to hold office, 1685:, and South Asian Islamic revivalist writer 1189:often presided over any Ashura observances. 1022:" strategy to re-Islamizing society through 9207:. The Urban Book Series. pp. 103–119. 8547:Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran 7855:"A Mystery in Iran: Who Killed the Mullah?" 7284: 7235: 6917: 6600:. Syracuse University Press. pp. 25–6. 6598:Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran 6583:Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran 6530:Mohammad Mosaddeq and the 1953 Coup in Iran 6250: 5744: 4910: 3988: 3914: 3619: 3359:members. This resulted in mass protests in 1564: 1277:', forcing men to wear Western style hats, 1010:Ideologies dubbed Islamist may advocate a " 9198: 8461:Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic 8367:"The Iran–Iraq War: Strategy of Stalemate" 8115:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution 8073: 7944:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution 7931:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution 7887:Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution 7819: 6896: 6390: 5950:, Cambridge University Press, p. 40, 5526: 5428: 4964: 4878: 4862: 4846: 4781: 4765: 4749: 4611: 4571: 4527: 4511: 4492: 4413: 4394: 4331: 4290: 3805:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3640: 3304:, expelled him. In the words of historian 2499:of Iran's powerful northern neighbor the 2196:law, because of the modern printing press. 1761: 1654:, was greatly influenced by Rida's book ( 1407:January–February 1970 lectures to students 944:Islamism in general has been defined as a 843: 829: 9001: 8549:. Syracuse University Press. p. xiv. 8416: 7595: 7013: 6554: 5887: 5861: 5726: 4550: 4481:, (Tehran, n.p, 1943) 185–188, quoted in 4115: 4071: 4053:"Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism" 3837: 3706:"Sunnis and Shia: Islam's ancient schism" 3628:. Elliott School of International Affairs 2497:post-World War II geo-political expansion 1956:school of thought in Shia Islam over the 1442:) that he supported, and the oppressors ( 966:a combination of two pre-existing trends 862:in politics. Most study and reporting on 8511: 8300:. 27 September 1990, citing Fuad Matar. 8103:. Harvard University Press. p. 183. 7614:on 16 October 2007 – via time.com. 6585:. Syracuse University Press. p. 27. 6532:. Syracuse University Press. p. 14. 6364:Arjomand, Said Amir (16 November 1989). 6363: 6332: 6308: 6284: 5799:. Ahlul Bayt World Assembly/Al-Islam.org 5183: 5152:Khomeini, Islamic Government, 1981: p.34 4460:, (Tehran, n.p, 1943), 1–66, quoted in 4050: 3777:. N. J. Thrift, Rob Kitchin. Amsterdam. 3262: 3254: 3160: 3152: 3116:A Letter from Imam Musavi Kashef al-Gita 3078: 3066: 3031:Islam and Ownership (Islam va Malekiyat) 2961: 2821: 2741: 2655: 2585: 2529: 2376: 2341: 2333: 2229: 2173: 2170:Era of colonialism and industrialization 2161:religious taxes, managers of the "huge" 2098: 1865:Khomeini talked not about restoring the 1073: 26: 18: 9249: 9148: 9059: 8813: 8725: 8700: 8681: 8599: 8512:Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (March 2015). 8486: 8098: 8061: 8037: 7663: 7510:Batatu, Hanna (January–February 1982). 7463: 7451: 7373: 7216: 6890: 6855: 6843: 6686: 6645: 6610: 6198: 6164: 5495: 5273: 5245: 5155: 5114: 5099: 4593: 3770: 3681: 2520:Khomeini's early opposition to the shah 1936:Financial and geographic independence ( 1629:Arguably the first prominent Islamist, 1192:Prior to the spread of Khomeini's book 983:embraced by leftists and nationalists ( 9293: 9165: 9108: 8942: 8909: 8843: 8797:10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001 8655: 8574: 8553: 8386: 8384: 8176: 8049: 7996: 7675: 7509: 7439: 7046:"IRAN: The Unknown Ayatullah Khomeini" 6804: 6792: 6780: 6743: 6698: 6542: 6432: 6320: 6296: 6272: 5044: 4916: 4605: 4372: 4224: 4190: 4156: 3939: 3326:March 1979 Islamic Republic referendum 2366: 1465:), then leftist Shi'a (like president 1311:(a prophet) and the caliphate of Imam 9018: 8984:Fuchs, Simon Wolfgang (24 May 2021). 8983: 8780: 8364: 8333: 8153: 7898: 7807: 7469: 7191: 6712:Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies 6093:. Frank Cass. ISBN 9780714619712. p.5 5817: 5750: 3998:. Yale University Press. p. 22. 2472:National Library and Archives of Iran 1741: 1633:, published a series of articles in 1322: 553:Front of Islamic Revolution Stability 9199:Mashayekhi, Azadeh (December 2015). 9149:Khalaji, Mehdi (November 27, 2009). 9025:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 8990:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 8868: 8631:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. 8217: 8202: 8074:Sadjadpour, Karim (3 October 2019). 7955: 7852: 7767: 7560: 7548: 7536: 7475: 7105: 7077: 7020:Khomeini's speech against capitalism 6965: 6884: 6472:(PDF), University Press of America. 3860: 3819: 2994: 2939:(which had similar goals to that of 2817: 2700:and launched a campaign against the 2420:and the revolutionary enthusiasm of 1692: 1639:The Caliphate or the Supreme Imamate 1588: 1585:Similarities, influence, cooperation 1413:, Khomeini spelled out a system of " 9155:Current Trends in Islamist Ideology 9151:"The Dilemmas of Pan-Islamic Unity" 9019:Fuchs, Simon Wolfgang (July 2014). 8615:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam 8606:(in Persian). تہران: انتشارات کویر. 8381: 8223: 8157:سخنان شهید مطهری در مورد ولایت فقیه 7610:. 24 September 1979. Archived from 6749: 6548: 4653:A Critical Introduction to Khomeini 4099:, Palgrave MacMillan, (2003), p. 21 3771:Megoran, Nick (2009). "Theocracy". 3308:: "more than once in the tone of a 3233:Iraqi government banned the annual 3197: 3173: 3139: 2834: 2389: 2189: 1659: 1461:: liberals, moderate Muslims (the 1454:Having overthrow the shah in 1979, 568:Society of Seminary Teachers of Qom 13: 8684:The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran 8334:Smith, William E. (14 June 1982). 7618: 4817:Abbas Djavadi (25 February 2010). 4163:. University of Washington Press. 3698: 3475:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 3397:, Iraq's secular Arab nationalist 3382:, he was killed by a rival group, 3063:Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist 3044:. he was also the first Imam for 1279:establishing coeducational schools 1271:consumption of alcoholic beverages 14: 9357: 9331:Persian Constitutional Revolution 8701:Rahnema, Ali (November 1, 2005). 6897:Vakili Zad, Cyrus (Spring 1990). 6518:, New York: Dutton, c1996. p. 180 6433:Amanat, Abbas (24 October 2017). 6214:Khomeini's Ghost: Iran since 1979 6211:Con Coughlin (20 February 2009). 5274:al-Khomeini, Ruhullah al-Musawi. 5246:al-Khomeini, Ruhullah al-Musawi. 4287:#107, Najaf, 1961 (Arabic), p.51 3267:Ruhollah Khomeini in Tehran with 3127:Grand Ayatollah Abul-Qassim Khoei 2845:Iranian post-secondary students. 2652:Ruhollah Khomeini's life in exile 2444:patronage, translating them into 2244:Persian Constitutional Revolution 1807:, over the Islamist Brotherhood. 1787:dominance, and it grew intense." 1491:Persian Constitutional Revolution 1226:Even the revivalist Shi'i cleric 1152:Pre-Islamist, traditional Shi'ism 1042:, and/or the outright removal of 1038:political unity, the creation of 648:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 8358: 8327: 8314: 8286: 8262: 8254: 8182: 8147: 8120: 8107: 8092: 8067: 7990: 7961: 7936: 7923: 7892: 7879: 7846: 7813: 7776: 7761: 7748: 7669: 7644: 7566: 7405: 7267: 7254: 7210: 7185: 7172: 7137: 7071: 6990: 6959: 6946: 6861: 6810: 6704: 6651: 6604: 6508: 6482: 6453: 6426: 6384: 6231: 6204: 6189:. ISBN 90-04-09738-4. p. 285-286 6179: 6170: 6146: 6137: 6124: 6083: 6070: 6061: 6040: 6011: 5967: 5937: 5912: 5708: 5545: 5520: 5496:Ruthven, Malise (23 June 2016). 5189: 5161: 5051:The International History Review 3682:Samadov, Bahruz (18 July 2022). 3451:, Ayatollah Muhammad Rohani and 3354:, the major Iranian Usuli Marja 2920: 2727:Non-Khomeini sources of Islamism 2202:Conditions under the Qajar Shahs 2141:over modern day Iran which made 1593: 1339:Following "in the footsteps" of 1097:Traditional and Islamist Shi'ism 952:Islamism—definitions, variations 909:, and substantial minorities in 810: 798: 353:Safavid conversion to Shia Islam 59: 8943:Bohdan, Siarhei (Summer 2020). 8610: 8445: 7770:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 7738: 7626:"Demise of Ayatollah Taleghani" 6019:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, 5979:, Routledge, 2017, p. 92, 5529:Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah 5370: 5321: 5295: 5146: 5133: 5120: 4833: 4810: 4797: 4736: 4724: 4711: 4698: 4689: 4676: 4471: 4450: 4429: 4353: 4277: 4274:#83, Najaf, 1961 (Arabic), p.48 4264: 4191:Ali, Abdullah Yusef (c. 1931). 4102: 4089: 4080: 3982: 3901: 3861:Bale, Jeffrey M. (2009-06-01). 3854: 3813: 3764: 3578: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3123:absolute guardianship of jurist 2664:, Turkey without clerical dress 1665:Before the Islamic Revolution, 9115:The American Historical Review 9109:Keddie, Nikki R. (June 1983). 8755:The Failure of Political Islam 8750: 8099:Fischer, Michael M.J. (1980). 7722: 6998:"Ayatollah Khomeini Biography" 6925:Khomeini, Life of an Ayatollah 6001: 5944:Arshin Adib-Moghaddam (2017), 5931:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam 5862:Algar, Hamid; Hooglund, Eric. 5776: 5698: 5682: 5666: 5647: 5631: 5615: 5599: 5580: 4231:The American Historical Review 4225:Keddie, Nikki R. (June 1983). 4031: 3923: 3863:"Islamism and Totalitarianism" 3740: 3730: 3649: 3525: 3512: 3053:Usuli-Islamist clash in 1970's 2913:, Ayatullah Muhammad Rouhani, 2731: 2534:Khomeini's speech against the 1829: 1251:In his first political tract, 1: 9250:Nouraie, Fereshte M. (1975). 9060:Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). 8409:10.1080/00263206.2020.1748013 8231:"Iraq executes coup plotters" 7402:, Norton, (2006), pp. 129–130 7217:Gershon, Livia (2019-09-05). 4917:Mavani, Hamid (Spring 2013). 4194:Imam Husayn and His Martyrdom 4097:The Future of Political Islam 3591: 2212:The 1891–1892 Tobacco protest 1113:the sorrowful tragedy of the 9166:Martin, V. A. (April 1986). 9078:10.1080/00263206.2013.783828 8759:. Harvard University Press. 8686:. Harvard University Press. 8636: 8619:. Harvard University Press. 8600:Kadivar, محسن کدیور (2008). 8456: 8336:"The $ 150 Billion Question" 8274:U.S. News & World Report 8239:. August 8, 1979. p. 12 8154:مطهری, مرتضی (23 May 2012), 7476:Nasr, Seyyed Husain (1989). 7428:Iran Between Two Revolutions 7290: 7244: 6714:. Indiana University Press. 6397:Iran Between Two Revolutions 6347: 6256: 6185:Donzel, Emeri "van" (1994). 6153:Iran Between Two Revolutions 6035:Iran Between Two Revolutions 5888:Matsunaga, Yasuyuki (2009). 5486:, Norton, (2006), pp. 148–50 5220: 5063:10.1080/07075332.2010.534609 4986: 4970: 4900: 4884: 4868: 4852: 4787: 4771: 4755: 4744:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4731:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4719:Iran Between Two Revolutions 4706:Iran between two revolutions 4661:10.1017/CBO9780511998485.005 4577: 4561: 4540: 4517: 4501: 4482: 4461: 4440: 4419: 4403: 4384: 4337: 4303: 4157:Aghaie, Kamran Scot (2004). 4140: 4121: 3620:Valbjørn, Morten (c. 2017). 3356:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 3241:The 1979 Islamist Revolution 3218:Iranian Constitution of 1906 3206:Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari 2981:Qasim was overthrown in 1963 2478:and 17 works of his brother 2149:school of doctrine over the 1652:, Guardianship of the jurist 1551:blew up the American embassy 1396: 1353:Nimatollah Salahi-Najafabadi 548:Combatant Clergy Association 7: 9311:Islam-related controversies 9213:10.1007/978-3-319-26115-7_9 8910:Behdad, Sohrab (Jan 1997). 8837: 8704:Pioneers of Islamic Revival 8557:Iran, the Illusion of Power 8487:Calvert, John (July 2010). 8457:Abrahamian, Ervand (1993). 8302:Saddam Hussein: A Biography 8133:. Oxford University Press. 7820:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). 7608:"Milestones, Sep. 24, 1979" 7576:, Norton, (2006), pp. 126–7 6972:The Iranian History Article 6666:. Oxford University Press. 6130:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1987). 6076:Lambton, Ann K. S. (1987). 5429:Dilip Hiro (6 March 2007). 4356:Introduction to Shi'i Islam 3909:Introduction to Shi'i Islam 3820:Tibi, Bassam (2007-03-01). 3458: 3013:. A founding member of the 2526:1963 demonstrations in Iran 1571:Islamist Revolution in Iran 1046:influences—particularly of 10: 9362: 8844:Akhavi, Shahrough (1996). 7682:Journal of Islamic Studies 7192:Ajayi, Akin (2016-04-05). 7157:Dans le secret des princes 6402:Princeton University Press 6155:by Ervand Abrahamian, p.73 6004:Failure of Political Islam 5779:Failure of Political Islam 5701:Failure of Political Islam 5685:Failure of Political Islam 5669:Failure of Political Islam 5650:Failure of Political Islam 5634:Failure of Political Islam 5618:Failure of Political Islam 5602:Failure of Political Islam 5583:Failure of Political Islam 5473:, Norton, 2006, pp. 106–07 5255:. Feedbooks. pp. 24–5 4034:Failure of Political Islam 3926:Failure of Political Islam 3733:Failure of Political Islam 3668:Failure of Political Islam 3652:Failure of Political Islam 3413:, killing his bodyguards. 3244: 3204:. At Qom, the major Marja 3088:Islamic Revolution of Iran 3056: 2998: 2924: 2788:"The poisonous culture of 2735: 2645: 2641:status-of-forces agreement 2634:Opposition to capitulation 2523: 2370: 2112:Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi 2102: 2091: 2087: 1766: 1534:Shia Islamism outside Iran 1077: 955: 9268:10.1080/00210867508701501 9184:10.1080/00263208608700658 9037:10.1017/S1356186314000200 9003:10.1017/S135618632100033X 8928:10.1080/00263209708701141 8887:10.1017/S0020743800058499 8862:10.1080/00210869608701850 8682:Kurzman, Charles (2004). 8520:Syracuse University Press 8270:When Saddam ruled the day 7853:Pace, Eric (1976-05-12). 7364:, Norton, (2006), pp. 128 7335:, Norton, (2006), pp. 129 7281:, ABC-CLIO (2013), p. 311 7118:Encyclopædia Britannica. 6968:"The 15 Khordad Uprising" 6662:Voices of Resurgent Islam 6611:Axworth, Michael (2013). 6439:. Yale University Press. 6400:. Princeton, New Jersey: 6089:Keddie, Nikki R. (1966). 4649:"2. The Rise of Khomeini" 4285:Resaleh Towzih al-Masa'el 4272:Resaleh Towzih al-Masa'el 3954:10.1017/S1537592703000197 3879:10.1080/14690760903371313 3839:10.1080/14690760601121630 3435:Ayatollah Khomeini wrote: 3350:After the success of the 3145: 2911:Ayatullah Mar'ashi Najafi 2182:Sheikh Murtadha al-Ansari 2080:Unfortunately, with the 2026:African National Congress 1669:, the man who is today's 1115:martyrdom of Imam Hussien 1062:describe it as a form of 34:, symbol of Shia islamism 9341:20th-century revolutions 8869:Aziz, T. M. (May 1993). 8789:Cornell University Press 8450: 8298:New York Review of Books 7676:Martin, Vanessa (1996). 7592:, Norton, (2006), p. 127 6872:24 December 2007 at the 6763:(in Persian). 2020-03-01 5734:"Understanding Islamism" 5716:"Understanding Islamism" 5502:New York Review of Books 5498:"How to Understand ISIS" 5367:(Norton), 2006), p.148-9 5331:(Norton), 2006), p.143-4 5006:, Norton, 2006, p. 132-3 4647:Mojtaba Mahdavi (2014), 3942:Perspectives on Politics 3505: 3216:that was enacted in the 3015:Freedom Movement of Iran 2881:Ayatullah Hadi al-Milani 2864:Socialist Shia believed 2590:Khomeini denouncing the 2356:1953 Iranian coup d'état 2328:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 1703:) and Khomeini in his ( 1565:Sunni and Shi'i Islamism 1156:Traditionally, the term 1001:religious fundamentalism 595:Islamic Republican Party 341:1953 Iranian coup d'état 8949:The Middle East Journal 8583:Oxford University Press 8554:Graham, Robert (1980). 8280:16 January 2014 at the 8113:Michael M. J. Fischer, 7942:Michael M. J. Fischer, 7929:Michael M. J. Fischer, 7885:Michael M. J. Fischer, 7010:Retrieved June 3, 2012. 6244:Oxford University Press 6107:"Tobacco Protest, Iran" 5431:"The enemy of my enemy" 5283:. Feedbooks. p. 25 4637:, Norton, (2006), p.136 4560:, pp.185–88; quoted in 4328:, Norton, (2006), p.135 4073:10.55540/0031-1723.2340 4051:Eikmeier, Dale (2007). 3956:(inactive 2024-09-22). 3539:in Iraqi, for example). 3445:Ayatollah Shariatmadari 3418:1979 Ba'ath Party Purge 3407:al-Islam Yaqud al-Hayat 3352:1979 Islamic Revolution 3226:Muharram commemorations 3214:constitutional monarchy 3111:Authority of the Jurist 3108:The Islamic Government, 2902:, UK on June 18, 1977. 2762:Tudeh (Communist) party 2400:in the 1950s and 1960s. 1882:) as the successors of 1762:Differences and clashes 1459:purging unwanted allies 805:Conservatism portal 770:Nuclear program of Iran 558:Islamic Coalition Party 9172:Middle Eastern Studies 9066:Middle Eastern Studies 8916:Middle Eastern Studies 8814:Wilford, Hugh (2013). 8611:Kepel, Gilles (2002). 8575:Mangol, Bayat (1991). 8560:. St. Martin's Press. 8397:Middle Eastern Studies 7725:Theology of Discontent 7145:Alexandre de Marenches 6734:157443230 – via JSTOR. 6503:History of Modern Iran 6436:Iran: A Modern History 6187:Islamic Desk Reference 5821:Shia Political Thought 5738:ICG Middle East Report 5720:ICG Middle East Report 5564:Khomeini (1981), p. 54 5555:, Norton, 2006, 130-32 5419:(Norton), 2006), p.154 5406:(Norton), 2006), p.153 5393:(Norton), 2006), p.147 5380:(Norton), 2006), p.150 5318:, Norton, 2006, p. 106 5035:, Norton, 2006, p. 142 5022:, Norton, 2006, p. 143 3533:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 3453:Ayatollah Sadiq Rohani 3441: 3334:Supreme Leader of Iran 3324:combat. Following the 3275: 3260: 3235:Azadari commemorations 3177: 3158: 3091: 3076: 2983:, by the pan-Arabist 2967: 2966:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 2933:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 2927:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 2838: 2798: 2747: 2665: 2639:"capitulations" aka " 2624:Movement of 15 Khordad 2599: 2543: 2514: 2493: 2453:Iranian Supreme Leader 2401: 2347: 2339: 2238: 2235:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri 2197: 1947: 1920:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr 1735: 1671:Supreme Leader of Iran 1604:is missing information 1515: 1463:Provisional Government 1431: 1281:, and banning women's 1249: 1228:Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri 1224: 905:, half the Muslims in 35: 24: 8751:Roy, Olivier (1994). 8726:Rahnema, Ali (2000). 8418:10536/DRO/DU:30139113 8160:(in Persian), YouTube 7078:Fisk, Robert (2005). 7022:, IRIB World Service. 6923:Moin, Baqer (2000). 6730:10.2979/jims.1.2.04. 6467:26 March 2009 at the 5459:on 29 September 2007. 5305:, Norton, 2006, 106–7 5045:Willis, John (2010). 4439:, pp.1–66; quoted in 3752:www.sciencedirect.com 3437: 3282:newspaper, insulting 3266: 3258: 3229:established in Iran. 3222:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 3164: 3156: 3082: 3070: 3059:Shatt al-Arab dispute 3038:Revolutionary Council 3011:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 2999:Further information: 2965: 2925:Further information: 2825: 2786: 2745: 2660:Khomeini in exile at 2659: 2646:Further information: 2589: 2533: 2509: 2488: 2448:and other languages. 2380: 2345: 2337: 2283:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2233: 2177: 2126:), argued by scholar 2103:Further information: 2099:Pre-modern background 2092:Further information: 2030:Irish Republican Army 1934: 1731: 1575:12th Imam to reappear 1541:notes the success of 1511: 1504:Five Pillars of Islam 1426: 1237: 1213: 1138:Hujjat Allah al-Mahdi 1074:Islamism and Khomeini 1026:social and political 30: 23:Khomeini in the 1970s 22: 9316:Political ideologies 9205:Urban Change in Iran 8581:. Oxford, New York: 8369:. Globalsecurity.org 8308:23 July 2008 at the 8294:The Thief of Baghdad 7902:(18 December 1978). 7768:Moin, Baqer (1999). 6846:, pp. 165, 166. 6561:Encyclopedia Iranica 6404:. pp. 123–163. 6033:Abrahamian, Ervand, 5925:7 April 2014 at the 5751:Lynch, Marc (2017). 4477:Khomeini, Ruhollah, 4456:Khomeini, Ruhollah, 3449:Ayatollah Hasan Qomi 3443:After the arrest of 2915:Ayatullah Hasan Qomi 2495:Concerned about the 2434:Abul A'la Al-Maududi 2418:communist propaganda 2392:; 1906–1966) was an 2390:سيد إبراهيم حسين قطب 1273:and the playing of ' 1169:Rituals such as the 976:to renew the faith), 946:religious revivalist 939:United Arab Emirates 866:has been focused on 52:Conservatism in Iran 9336:Revolutions in Iran 8304:. Highlight. 1990. 8220:, pp. 217–218. 7958:, pp. 212–214. 7563:, pp. 211–212. 7551:, pp. 209–210. 7539:, pp. 208–209. 7466:, pp. 274–276. 7376:, pp. 123–124. 6978:on October 18, 2012 6724:10.2979/jims.1.2.04 6505:, (2008), pp. 93–94 5527:Baqer Moin (1999). 5349:, Norton, 2006, 139 4923:Middle East Journal 4375:, pp. 250–251. 4283:Ruhollah Khomeini, 4270:Ruhollah Khomeini, 4095:Fuller, Graham E., 2723:on 6 October 1978. 2713:Neauphle-le-Château 2610:15 Khordad Uprising 2470:. According to the 2438:Muslim World League 2367:Cold War literature 2265:apostasy from Islam 2190:مرتضی انصاری شوشتری 1952:The victory of the 1467:Abolhassan Banisadr 610:Nationalists' Party 605:National Will Party 298:Iranian nationalism 8603:سیاست نامه خراسانی 8346:on 15 October 2007 8322:In the Name of God 8292:Edward Mortimer. " 8236:The Salina Journal 7904:"Letter from Iran" 7859:The New York Times 7694:10.1093/jis/7.1.16 7516:Middle East Report 7151:(now known as the 7003:2007-05-09 at the 6996:Staff (undated). 6933:St. Martin's Press 6903:Conflict Quarterly 6757:"اخوانی گوشه‌نشین" 6557:"FEDĀʾĪĀN-E ESLĀM" 6392:Abrahamian, Ervand 6238:Michael Axworthy. 5947:Psycho-nationalism 5920:"Ansari, Murtada." 4807:, 2002, pp.112–118 4684:Islamic Government 3995:Islamism and Islam 3537:Islamic Dawa Party 3336:in December 1979. 3284:Ayatullah Khomeini 3276: 3273:Mohammad-Ali Rajai 3261: 3178: 3159: 3092: 3077: 3042:Islamic Revolution 2972:Abd al-Karim Qasim 2968: 2941:Muslim Brotherhood 2937:Islamic Dawa Party 2839: 2835:علی شریعتی مزینانی 2803:Iranian Revolution 2748: 2698:Iraq-Iran conflict 2666: 2604:Ayatullah Khomeini 2600: 2544: 2402: 2398:Muslim Brotherhood 2352:Mohammad Mosaddegh 2348: 2346:Mohammad Mosaddegh 2340: 2239: 2198: 2128:Molla Ahmad Naraqi 2122:(1501–1702 C.E.) ( 2060:Islamic Dawa Party 1964:or interpretation. 1846:ibn Abī Tālib and 1742:Other similarities 1706:Islamic Government 1650:Islamic Government 1569:Prior to the 1979 1415:Islamic Government 1351:, Hojjat al-Islam 1323:Post 1970 Khomeini 1195:Islamic Government 1128:the return of the 872:Iranian Revolution 684:Islamic Republican 523:Islamic Government 331:Iranian Revolution 210:Principlist groups 36: 25: 9321:Iranian Islamists 9222:978-3-319-26113-3 8829:978-0-465-01965-6 8592:978-0-19-506822-1 8040:, pp. 89–90. 7831:978-0-520-92290-7 7666:, pp. 69–70. 7489:978-0-88706-843-0 6966:Hosseini, Mir M. 6956:, (2000), p. 112. 6830:978-0-295-98206-9 6673:978-0-19-503340-3 6624:978-0-19-932227-5 6459:Rajaee, Farhang, 6377:978-0-19-504258-0 6224:978-0-230-74310-6 6217:. Pan MacMillan. 5538:978-1-85043-128-2 3378:. Soon after the 3365:Murtaza Mutahhari 3166:Murtaza Mutahhari 3151: 3150: 3095:Ruhollah Khomeini 3084:Ruhollah Khomeini 3001:Mahmoud Taleghani 2995:Mahmoud Taleghani 2951:Islamic economics 2818:Socialist Shi'ism 2805:—the emphasis on 2768:) with Western ( 2670:Hassan Ali Mansur 2460:Muhammad Khamenei 2316:Fada'iyan-e Islam 2296:Ruhollah Khomeini 2216:Nasir al-Din Shah 1983:Mojahedin-e-Khalq 1924:Mahmoud Taleghani 1894:. His concept of 1874:Islamic democracy 1756:Ruhollah Khomeini 1693:Khomeini and Qutb 1687:Abul A'la Maududi 1627: 1626: 1579:Battle of Karbala 1555:blew up the annex 1387:Battle of Karbala 1360:Muhammad al-Mahdi 1205:Ervand Abrahamian 1103:Ervand Abrahamian 1064:identity politics 876:Ruhollah Khomeini 853: 852: 287:Monarchist groups 9353: 9346:Anti-monarchists 9306:Islamist Shi'ism 9287: 9246: 9240: 9236: 9234: 9226: 9195: 9162: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9105: 9056: 9015: 9005: 8980: 8939: 8906: 8865: 8856:(3–4): 229–268. 8833: 8821: 8810: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8758: 8747: 8722: 8697: 8678: 8657:Keddie, Nikki R. 8652: 8633: 8618: 8607: 8596: 8571: 8550: 8541: 8518:. Syracuse, NY: 8508: 8495:Hurst Publishers 8483: 8481: 8479: 8464: 8439: 8438: 8420: 8388: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8342:. 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Harold Ellens 7271: 7265: 7258: 7252: 7242: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7189: 7183: 7176: 7170: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7094: 7093: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7052:. 16 July 1979. 7042: 7036: 7033:Know Thine Enemy 7029: 7023: 7017: 7011: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6974:. 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Fuller 858:is the usage of 845: 838: 831: 815: 814: 813: 803: 802: 801: 780:Politics of Iran 755:Holocaust denial 745:Death to America 643:Hojjatie Society 625:Reformers' Party 585:Iran Novin Party 528: 346:White Revolution 293:Anti-clericalism 221:Anti-imperialism 216:Anti-Americanism 63: 53: 38: 37: 9361: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9291: 9290: 9256:Iranian Studies 9238: 9237: 9228: 9227: 9223: 9139: 9137: 9127:10.2307/1864588 8961:10.3751/74.2.14 8850:Iranian Studies 8840: 8830: 8822:. 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1422: 1418: 1398: 1395: 1324: 1321: 1275:sensuous music 1254:Kashf al-Asrar 1187:Awadh's nawabs 1153: 1150: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1126: 1098: 1095: 1078:Main article: 1075: 1072: 1040:Islamic states 1014:" strategy of 1008: 1007: 1004: 997: 994: 993: 992: 985:Third-Worldism 977: 953: 950: 851: 850: 848: 847: 840: 833: 825: 822: 821: 820: 819: 807: 792: 791: 788: 787: 782: 777: 772: 767: 762: 757: 752: 747: 741: 739:Related topics 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 722: 719:Vatan-e-Emrooz 715: 708: 701: 694: 687: 680: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 639: 636: 635: 632: 631: 628: 627: 622: 617: 615:Progress Party 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 576: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 507: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 410: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 350: 349: 348: 343: 333: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 316: 315: 313:Westernization 310: 305: 300: 295: 283: 282: 281: 280: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 239: 238: 228: 223: 218: 206: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 138:Anti-communism 134: 131: 130: 127: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 115: 110: 108:Fundamentalism 100: 95: 94: 93: 83: 78: 72: 69: 68: 65: 64: 56: 55: 47: 46: 32:Emblem of Iran 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9358: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9248: 9244: 9232: 9224: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9197: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9164: 9160: 9156: 9152: 9147: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8847: 8842: 8841: 8831: 8825: 8820: 8819: 8812: 8808: 8806:9781501714856 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8785: 8779: 8768: 8762: 8757: 8756: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8730: 8724: 8720: 8718:9781842776155 8714: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8699: 8695: 8693:0-674-01328-X 8689: 8685: 8680: 8676: 8674:9780714619712 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8648:9781483547541 8644: 8640: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8617: 8616: 8609: 8605: 8604: 8598: 8594: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8573: 8569: 8567:0-312-43588-6 8563: 8559: 8558: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8529:9780815633884 8525: 8521: 8517: 8516: 8510: 8506: 8504:9781849040068 8500: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8485: 8474: 8468: 8463: 8462: 8455: 8454: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8387: 8385: 8368: 8361: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8324:(1989), p.126 8323: 8317: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8289: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8265: 8257: 8250: 8238: 8237: 8232: 8226: 8219: 8214: 8212: 8204: 8199: 8192: 8185: 8178: 8173: 8159: 8158: 8150: 8142: 8140:9780199391172 8136: 8132: 8131: 8123: 8116: 8110: 8102: 8095: 8081: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8058: 8051: 8050:Graham (1980) 8046: 8039: 8034: 8028:, 2002, p.112 8027: 8021: 8013: 8007: 8003: 7999: 7998:Milani, Abbas 7993: 7986: 7980: 7978: 7971:, 2002, p.111 7970: 7964: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7939: 7932: 7926: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7901: 7900:Kraft, Joseph 7895: 7888: 7882: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7804: 7789: 7785: 7779: 7771: 7764: 7758:, 2002, p.l37 7757: 7751: 7744: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7726: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7660: 7653: 7647: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7613: 7609: 7603: 7601: 7599: 7591: 7585: 7583: 7575: 7569: 7562: 7557: 7550: 7545: 7538: 7533: 7517: 7513: 7506: 7491: 7485: 7481: 7480: 7472: 7465: 7460: 7453: 7448: 7441: 7436: 7429: 7424: 7422: 7414: 7408: 7401: 7395: 7388: 7382: 7375: 7370: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7347: 7341: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7318: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7296: 7294: 7287: 7280: 7276: 7270: 7263: 7257: 7250: 7248: 7241: 7239: 7224: 7220: 7213: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7166: 7165:2-234-01879-X 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7143:According to 7140: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7100: 7091: 7089:1-4000-7517-3 7085: 7081: 7074: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7006: 7002: 6999: 6993: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6955: 6949: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6929:New York City 6926: 6920: 6904: 6900: 6893: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6832: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6813: 6806: 6801: 6794: 6789: 6782: 6777: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6745: 6740: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6689:, p. 71. 6688: 6683: 6675: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6654: 6648:, p. 80. 6647: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6607: 6599: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6562: 6558: 6551: 6545:, p. 46. 6544: 6539: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6478:0-8191-3578-X 6475: 6471: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6456: 6448: 6446:9780300231465 6442: 6438: 6437: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6413: 6411:9780691053424 6407: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6379: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6360: 6353: 6351: 6344: 6342: 6334: 6333:Farzaneh 2015 6329: 6322: 6317: 6310: 6309:Farzaneh 2015 6305: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6285:Farzaneh 2015 6281: 6274: 6269: 6262: 6260: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6234: 6226: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6182: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6154: 6149: 6140: 6133: 6127: 6112: 6108: 6102: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6064: 6055: 6053: 6043: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6005: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5986:9781317159780 5982: 5978: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5959: 5957:9781108423076 5953: 5949: 5948: 5940: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5915: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5884: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5838: 5823: 5822: 5814: 5798: 5797: 5789: 5782: 5780: 5773: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5704: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5663: 5661: 5653: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5619: 5612: 5605: 5603: 5596: 5594: 5586: 5584: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5561: 5554: 5548: 5540: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5479: 5472: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5304: 5298: 5279: 5278: 5270: 5251: 5250: 5242: 5234: 5232:9781483547541 5228: 5224: 5217: 5215: 5199:. p. 104 5195: 5194: 5186: 5171:. p. 101 5167: 5166: 5158: 5149: 5142: 5136: 5130:, 1982, p.116 5129: 5123: 5116: 5111: 5109: 5102:, p. 72. 5101: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5028: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5005: 4999: 4992: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4967: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4888: 4881: 4874: 4872: 4865: 4858: 4856: 4849: 4842: 4836: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4800: 4793: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4759: 4752: 4745: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4701: 4692: 4685: 4679: 4672: 4670:9781107012677 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4602: 4596:, p. 64. 4595: 4590: 4583: 4581: 4574: 4567: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4546: 4544: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4521: 4514: 4507: 4505: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4486: 4480: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4446: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4425: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4400: 4398: 4390: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4359: 4357: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4309: 4307: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4286: 4280: 4273: 4267: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4196: 4195: 4187: 4172: 4170:9780295984483 4166: 4162: 4161: 4153: 4146: 4144: 4137: 4135: 4127: 4125: 4118: 4112:, 2002, p.106 4111: 4105: 4098: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4045: 4037: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4015: 4007: 4001: 3997: 3996: 3991: 3985: 3977: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3929: 3927: 3920: 3918: 3911:, 1985, 205–6 3910: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3808: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3784:9780080449104 3780: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3727: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3686:. Eurasia Net 3685: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3653: 3646: 3644: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3597: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3554: 3545: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3495:Islamofascism 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3425:Iran–Iraq War 3421: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3270: 3265: 3257: 3252: 3248: 3247:Iran–Iraq War 3238: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3050: 3047: 3046:Friday Prayer 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2964: 2960: 2958: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2928: 2921:Baqir al-Sadr 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2896:Muhammad Qutb 2892: 2888: 2884: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2753: 2744: 2739: 2724: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2598:(3 June 1963) 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2480:Muhammad Qutb 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2373:Arab Cold War 2360: 2357: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2344: 2336: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320:Navvab Safavi 2317: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2106: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1893: 1890:returns from 1889: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1827: 1826:(2010–2012). 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:Iran-Iraq War 1808: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1782: 1781:Ibn Taymiyyah 1777: 1773: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1683:Muhammad Qutb 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1621: 1611: 1605: 1602:This section 1600: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547:Iran-Iraq War 1544: 1540: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1489:of 1891, the 1488: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1471:MeK guerillas 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1405:In his famed 1404: 1403: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375:Day of Ashura 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171:Day of Ashura 1167: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1146: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1094: 1090: 1088: 1081: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012:revolutionary 1005: 1002: 998: 995: 990: 986: 982: 978: 975: 974: 968: 967: 965: 964: 963: 959: 949: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887:Twelver Shias 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 856:Shia Islamism 846: 841: 839: 834: 832: 827: 826: 824: 823: 818: 808: 806: 796: 795: 794: 793: 786: 785:Shia crescent 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 761: 760:Islam in Iran 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 736: 735: 728: 727: 723: 721: 720: 716: 714: 713: 709: 707: 706: 702: 700: 699: 695: 693: 692: 688: 686: 685: 681: 679: 678: 674: 673: 667: 666: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 637:Organisations 634: 633: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 581: 580: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 545: 544: 536: 535: 525: 524: 520: 519: 513: 512: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 484:Pourmohammadi 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 469:Mojtahedzadeh 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 405: 404: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 365:Intellectuals 362: 361: 354: 351: 347: 344: 342: 339: 338: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 322: 321: 314: 311: 309: 308:Secular state 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 290: 289: 288: 279: 278:Vilayat Faqih 276: 275: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 258:Republicanism 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 237: 234: 233: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 213: 212: 211: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 178:Law and order 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 135: 129: 128: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 104: 103:Shia Islamism 101: 99: 96: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 76:Authoritarian 74: 73: 67: 66: 62: 58: 57: 54: 49: 48: 44: 40: 39: 33: 29: 21: 9259: 9255: 9204: 9175: 9171: 9158: 9154: 9138:. 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Retrieved 7630:the original 7620: 7612:the original 7589: 7588:Nasr, Vali, 7573: 7572:Nasr, Vali, 7568: 7556: 7544: 7532: 7520:. Retrieved 7515: 7505: 7493:. Retrieved 7478: 7471: 7464:Rahnema 2000 7459: 7452:Rahnema 2000 7447: 7435: 7427: 7415:, 1993, p.29 7412: 7411:Abrahamian, 7407: 7399: 7398:Nasr, Vali, 7394: 7389:, 2002, p.38 7386: 7381: 7374:Rahnema 2000 7369: 7361: 7360:Nasr, Vali, 7348:, 2002, p.37 7345: 7340: 7332: 7331:Nasr, Vali, 7316: 7292: 7291:Abrahamian, 7286: 7278: 7269: 7261: 7256: 7246: 7245:Abrahamian, 7226:. Retrieved 7222: 7212: 7201:. Retrieved 7197: 7187: 7182:, 1994, p.23 7179: 7178:Abrahamian, 7174: 7156: 7139: 7127:. Retrieved 7123: 7113: 7079: 7073: 7061:. Retrieved 7049: 7040: 7032: 7027: 7015: 6992: 6980:. Retrieved 6976:the original 6971: 6961: 6953: 6948: 6924: 6919: 6907:. Retrieved 6902: 6892: 6880: 6863: 6858:, p. 3. 6856:Calvert 2010 6851: 6844:Calvert 2010 6839: 6819: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6776: 6765:. 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