328:
488:
1712:
1700:
635:. On the surface, the literate Shigi Qutuqu, who had grown up in TemĂŒjin's household and had thus been personally involved in many important events, was one of the best-qualified Mongols to write such a history. The text itself is also very favourable to himâit discusses his successes very fully but dismisses his loss at Parwan in one sentence. The
101:, Genghis's successor. He conducted a census of North China in 1235â1236 which allowed the Mongol administration to overhaul its fiscal policies. While some contemporaries found his decrees and judgements oppressive and biased, others praised his honesty and judicial integrity. Having survived power struggles during the reigns of
185:
in MayâJune 1196, but Shigi Qutuqu was already prominent in Mongol society by 1206, which is implausible if he were a small child a decade earlier. He would also have been decades younger than his adoptive siblings. By depicting him as a noble at birth and later the adopted brother of TemĂŒjin, this
197:
was born in 1184 at the earliest. Rashid al-Din's explanation, which draws upon natural relationships, is considered more plausible by modern historians such as Paul
Ratchnevsky and Christopher Atwood. The comfort the adoption of Shigi Qutuqu brought Börte, who may have been depressed due to her
173:, TemĂŒjin's mother, adopted the boy as her sixth child, naming him Shigi Qutuqu. This account is however difficult to believe. The raid on Naratu Ć itĂŒâen can be dated fairly precisely to a campaign TemĂŒjin fought in alliance with the
377:, Genghis Khan personally dispatched Shigi Qutuqu to secure and confiscate the Jin dynasty's treasury. For his honest accounting and recording of the plunder, he was praised highly by Genghis Khanâan event not only recorded in the
271:
recording his words as follows: "Have Bo'orchu and Muqali rendered greater service than others? Have they given more of their strength than others? When it comes to distributing rewards I appear to have rendered less service !"
1587:
In 2023, a statue of
Shihihutug, the Ikh Zargach of Great Mongolia, was built outside the first building of Shihihutug University, adding a symbolic and historical presence to the campus. It was designed by Mongolian sculptur
615:
Shigi Qutuqu laid the foundations for legal procedures across the entire empire through his early judicial activities. Under the name Siri Qutug, he was a central figure in the legends surrounding
Genghis Khan until the
198:
difficulties conceiving, is sufficient to explain the honour and attention subsequently paid to him. It also clarifies a scene reported after Börte's death, in which Shigi Qutuqu beat his hands upon her grave, wailing
547:
such as the monk Haiyun, whom he consulted for advice on matters practical and personal; Haiyun took advantage of this connection to obtain concessions for the
Buddhist population during Mongol rule. Authors such as
455:
in early 1221 but was repulsed by his enemy after two days of hard fighting, narrowly escaping a painful death at the hands of Jalal al-Din's forces. News of the Mongol defeat triggered an uprising in the city of
315:
with subsequent appointments, when Shigi Qutuqu may have replaced
Belgutei. Nevertheless, Shigi Qutuqu was at some point charged with maintaining the laws of the Mongols, possibly by establishing a kind of
309:, seeking to demonstrate that Genghis Khan was influenced by those around him, "obviously exaggerates Shigi Qutuqu's authority", while Atwood believes that the chronicle conflated the events of the 1206
74:, TemĂŒjin's mother, chronological inconsistencies make this account improbable. The foundling was brought up in TemĂŒjin's household and was one of the first Mongols to become literate. The
502:
Upon Ăgedei's accession to the Mongol throne after
Genghis's death in 1227, he honoured his adopted sibling by naming him "elder brother" and placing him after his sons in the Mongol
78:
exaggerates his role in the years after the empire's foundation, but Shigi Qutuqu was nevertheless appointed to several high-ranking legal positions, in which he served during the
1616:
699:
At this point in time, the word "Mongols" only referred to the members of one tribe in northeast
Mongolia; because this tribe played a central role in the formation of the
539:
in 1235â1236. Medieval historians credit him with judicial integrity and administrative quality, and modern historians ascribe a good part of the success of Ăgedei's
279:, was to instruct Shigi Qutuqu to "punish the thieves and put right the lies" by documenting all legal details, including those concerning rewards distribution, in a
556:
assignments and a generally repressive economic atmosphere, while the Song dynasty ambassador Xu Ting termed high household taxes and financial excesses "dreadful".
193:
were still childless, they found a young boy and raised him as their son. If accurate, this incident would have occurred in the early 1180s as Börte's eldest son
1481:
658:
650:), a leading Mongol official whose career rivalled Shigi Qutuqu's, and deprecates Muqali's career. However, Atwood has noted significant irregularities in the
400:, notes that Shigi Qutuqu took administrative roles following the occupation of northern China, with his remit including the appointments of minor officials.
231:
as a tutor for his sons; Shigi Qutuqu took to this new avenue very adeptly, recording his adopted father's judgements and decrees in concert with his tutor.
1609:
573:
in 1248; he managed to avoid death in the subsequent power struggles, possibly due to his divided loyalties between the Ăgedeid and Toluid branches of the
463:
Upon hearing of his adopted son's defeat, Genghis Khan masked his private distress with anger and set out to avenge the loss with his three elder sonsâ
153:
named Naratu Ć itĂŒâen, his plundering troops found a boy abandoned in the camp. He was recognised to be of aristocratic descent as he was wearing a
1602:
415:, the first defeat of the campaign for the Mongols. This reverse was described in detail by Rashid al-Din and other Persian chroniclers such as
475:. He criticised Shigi Qutuqu's choice of battlefield, and noted that he thought his adopted son had been spoiled by constant victories. At the
189:
According to Rashid al-Din's account, Shigi Qutuqu's adoption took place more than a decade earlier. He records that when TemĂŒjin and his wife
654:
which Shigi Qutuqu would have been especially unlikely to make; he theorises that Shigi Qutuqu was instead one of the work's primary sources.
479:, during which Genghis comprehensively defeated Jalal al-Din, Shigi Qutuqu was appointed to guard the captured Khwarazmian soldiers.
408:
83:
665:
is named after Shigi Qutuqu; a statue of him, designed by the
Mongolian sculptor Ochirbold, was erected in 2023 at the main campus.
506:. Shigi Qutuqu participated in the 1231 campaign against the Jin under the command of Tolui and was involved in action along the
251:
assembly) of 1206, TemĂŒjin, newly entitled
Genghis Khan, appointed many of his leading commanders to high positions in the new
1574:
1556:
1523:
1458:
1433:
1406:
1351:
1325:
1290:
559:
The remainder of Shigi Qutuqu's life is uncertain. As a senior member of the Mongol imperial family, he probably returned to
342:
289:
blue book). He entrusted Shigi Qutuqu with legal jurisdiction throughout the entire Mongol nation, making him the first
354:
320:, as was later recorded by Rashid al-Din. He probably did not compile these records personally, and instead supervised
79:
1757:
1308:
305:, who was appointed Minister of State. Modern historians consider this account biased: Ratchnevsky suggests that the
211:
Two incidents in Shigi Qutuqu's childhood were transmitted by Rashid al-Din. In one, he managed to subdue a herd of
416:
1752:
1747:
1732:
264:
123:
59:
894:
57:, serving with distinction as an administrator in North China. He may also have been a major source for the
1742:
525:
As a leading Mongol scholar and official, Shigi Qutuqu was appointed in mid-1234 to the position of chief
137:
both provide details of the early life of Shigi Qutuqu, but the accounts differ greatly. According to the
182:
1690:
1450:
1398:
631:
A significant number of scholars have connected Shigi Qutuqu with some role in the authorship of the
690:
was composed between 1228 and 1260, while Rashid al-Din was writing in the early fourteenth century.
515:
358:
617:
536:
452:
128:
87:
1389:
Dunnell, Ruth W. (2023). "The Rise of
Chinggis Khan and the United Empire". In Biran, Michal;
186:
version may have intended to position Shigi Qutuqu as a more senior member of Mongol society.
1540:
In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-YĂŒan Period (1200-1300)
1366:"The Mongol Commanders in Afghanistan and India according to the Tabaqat-i Nasiri of Juzjani"
519:
1737:
1515:
1343:
974:
444:
133:
783:
8:
1594:
1548:
503:
476:
383:
150:
97:
Shigi Qutuqu continued his career as an official during the reign of his adopted brother
1534:
1490:
1468:
1464:
1421:
1416:
Hodous, Florence (2022). "Jarqu and Jarquchin". In May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.).
1377:
1313:
1276:
448:
435:. According to the Persian chroniclers, Shigi Qutuqu had sacked and burned the city of
263:
were honoured above all others, receiving legal protection and command of wings of the
27:
1552:
1519:
1454:
1429:
1402:
1361:
1347:
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621:
511:
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370:
332:
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212:
1444:
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914:
596:
544:
412:
337:
110:
91:
1538:
1504:
1476:
570:
487:
389:
170:
102:
71:
1716:
1511:
1335:
447:. He was subsequently dispatched with around 30,000 men to defeat the renegade
1677:
1479:(1986). "The 'Great "yÄsÄ" of Chingiz KhÄn' and Mongol Law in the ÄȘlkhÄnate".
599:. It is unknown what side he took in the dispute, fought between Tolui's sons
585:
532:
496:
106:
98:
1726:
1241:
1225:
1134:
700:
549:
468:
252:
154:
42:
1667:
1626:
1010:
507:
492:
1253:
600:
1637:
1390:
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994:
662:
604:
460:, which had previously submitted and which was subsequently annihilated.
260:
1381:
1365:
1026:
934:
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to Shigi Qutuqu's actions and policies. He was however known to favour
540:
292:
228:
1494:
1106:
866:
826:
146:
46:
1544:
1425:
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553:
472:
1280:
574:
440:
404:
317:
302:
242:
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41:â1260) was a high-ranking official during the early decades of the
190:
50:
1672:
1642:
640:
374:
366:
362:
224:
178:
1213:
535:, he executed a general census of the captured territories from
439:
with around 10,000 soldiers and been involved in the capture of
1657:
580:
531:
in Northern China. Acting in concert with the Chinese official
436:
321:
256:
174:
158:
142:
53:, Shigi Qutuqu played an important role in the codification of
1565:
1533:
Ratchnevsky, Paul (1993). "Sigi Qutuqu (c. 1180âc. 1260)". In
1259:
518:. He also briefly participated in a 1235 campaign against the
1652:
747:
625:
464:
457:
381:
and by Rashid al-Din but also in the late thirteenth-century
346:
216:
194:
162:
54:
1201:
1155:
1153:
1122:
842:
215:
in a winter blizzard; in the other, he had a role in saving
82:. He was the commander during the only Mongol defeat of the
1647:
816:
814:
628:; their son Mu-yen Temur became a renowned book collector.
1624:
854:
1306:
1247:
1165:
1150:
1082:
908:
882:
793:
267:. Shigi Qutuqu took offence to this generosity, with the
1482:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental & African Studies
811:
799:
771:
759:
620:. The daughter of his son San-la married a high-ranking
411:
in Central Asia, Shigi Qutuqu was in command during the
737:
735:
578:
564:
526:
310:
290:
280:
240:
199:
1688:
1189:
1177:
1094:
1054:
1042:
962:
950:
423:, and more laconically by the Mongol chronicles: the
149:(later titled Genghis Khan) had led a raid against a
732:
514:after her husband Tolui's death and was present at
1503:
373:on 31 May 1215. Although the city was thoroughly
1724:
522:under the command of KöchĂŒ, Ăgedei's third son.
109:, Shigi Qutuqu died at the age of 81 during the
703:, their name was later used for all the tribes.
1282:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
223:bandit. In around 1204, TemĂŒjin appointed the
1610:
355:first Mongol campaign against the Jin dynasty
301:judge) alongside Genghis's own half-brother
275:Genghis Khan's response, as recorded in the
219:, TemĂŒjin's youngest legitimate son, from a
1532:
1501:
1235:
1219:
1207:
1171:
1159:
1144:
1128:
1112:
1088:
1076:
1032:
1020:
1016:
1000:
984:
920:
900:
888:
872:
848:
836:
820:
805:
789:
765:
298:
286:
248:
205:
49:(later entitled Genghis Khan) and his wife
1617:
1603:
1395:The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
45:. The adopted son of the empire's founder
577:imperial family. Having survived the new
409:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
1334:
1072:
595:), Shigi Qutuqu died in 1260 during the
486:
326:
70:states that Shigi Qutuqu was adopted by
1388:
1060:
988:
956:
928:
1725:
1475:
1415:
1275:
1231:
1195:
1183:
1140:
1116:
1100:
1048:
1004:
980:
968:
944:
924:
904:
876:
860:
832:
777:
753:
741:
639:also completely ignores the career of
63:, which portrays him very favourably.
1598:
1360:
1340:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
1036:
624:who established a private academy in
234:
510:; he was assigned to the service of
482:
1442:
940:
84:western campaign against Khwarazmia
13:
1260:Shihihutug University introduction
80:Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
14:
1769:
1506:Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy
1309:The Secret History of the Mongols
353:Shigi Qutuqu participated in the
18:Mongolian official (c. 1178â1260)
1710:
1698:
1577:from the original on 24 May 2024
343:BibliothĂšque nationale de France
706:
693:
680:
31:
1:
1342:(Third ed.). New Delhi:
1248:Secret History, trans. Atwood
909:Secret History, trans. Atwood
794:Secret History, trans. Atwood
712:GĂŒyĂŒk was the son of Ăgedei (
668:
644:
633:Secret History of the Mongols
394:
324:also taught by Tatar Tong'a.
124:Secret History of the Mongols
116:
60:Secret History of the Mongols
35:
726:
714:
590:
7:
1285:. New York: Facts on File.
579:
565:
527:
311:
291:
281:
241:
200:
10:
1774:
1625:Generals and ministers of
1502:Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991).
1451:Edinburgh University Press
1399:Cambridge University Press
1268:
369:fell to the Mongols after
1633:
610:
1758:13th-century politicians
947:, pp. 165, 174â175.
756:, pp. 465, 492â493.
673:
657:In modern-day Mongolia,
157:made of gold and a silk
1469:10.3366/j.ctv1kz4g68.11
569:following the death of
1277:Atwood, Christopher P.
563:to participate in the
499:
453:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
357:in North China. After
350:
208:Oh, my good mother!).
1571:www.shihihutug.edu.mn
1443:May, Timothy (2018).
1238:, pp. 90â91, 93.
1222:, pp. 90, 93â94.
983:, pp. 464, 499;
659:Shihihutug University
520:Southern Song dynasty
490:
403:Leading the imperial
330:
1753:13th-century Mongols
1748:12th-century Mongols
1733:Mongol Empire people
1516:Blackwell Publishing
1428:. pp. 331â340.
1344:Munshiram Manoharlal
1250:, pp. lixâlxii.
1143:, pp. 78, 464;
907:, pp. 331â332;
863:, pp. 386, 464.
443:, before helping to
86:, being overcome by
1743:12th-century births
1549:Harrassowitz Verlag
1535:de Rachewiltz, Igor
1401:. pp. 19â106.
1314:Atwood, Christopher
780:, pp. 389â391.
552:blame him for high
516:the fall of Kaifeng
504:order of precedence
477:Battle of the Indus
429:Shengwu qinzheng lu
384:Shengwu qinzheng lu
183:Chinese Jin dynasty
1551:. pp. 75â94.
1362:Boyle, John Andrew
1035:, pp. 83â85;
1003:, pp. 82â83;
987:, pp. 80â82;
545:Buddhist adherents
500:
351:
335:, depicted in the
333:capture of Zhongdu
235:Under Genghis Khan
201:O, sayin eke minu!
169:also records that
1686:
1685:
1558:978-3-4470-3339-8
1525:978-0-6311-6785-3
1460:978-0-7486-4237-3
1446:The Mongol Empire
1435:978-1-3151-6517-2
1408:978-1-3163-3742-4
1353:978-8-1215-0544-4
1327:978-0-2411-9791-2
1292:978-0-8160-4671-3
1210:, pp. 89â90.
1147:, pp. 86â88.
1131:, pp. 88â89.
851:, pp. 76â77.
622:military engineer
512:Sorghaghtani Beki
483:Under Ăgedei Khan
421:Ata-Malik Juvayni
239:During the great
134:Jami' al-tawarikh
1765:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1562:
1529:
1510:. Translated by
1509:
1498:
1477:Morgan, David O.
1472:
1439:
1418:The Mongol World
1412:
1385:
1357:
1336:Barthold, Vasily
1331:
1318:Penguin Classics
1312:. Translated by
1303:
1301:
1299:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1236:Ratchnevsky 1993
1229:
1223:
1220:Ratchnevsky 1993
1217:
1211:
1208:Ratchnevsky 1993
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1172:Ratchnevsky 1993
1169:
1163:
1160:Ratchnevsky 1993
1157:
1148:
1145:Ratchnevsky 1993
1138:
1132:
1129:Ratchnevsky 1993
1126:
1120:
1113:Ratchnevsky 1993
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1089:Ratchnevsky 1993
1086:
1080:
1077:Ratchnevsky 1991
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1033:Ratchnevsky 1993
1030:
1024:
1021:Ratchnevsky 1993
1017:Ratchnevsky 1991
1014:
1008:
1001:Ratchnevsky 1993
998:
992:
985:Ratchnevsky 1993
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
938:
932:
921:Ratchnevsky 1993
918:
912:
901:Ratchnevsky 1991
898:
892:
889:Ratchnevsky 1991
886:
880:
873:Ratchnevsky 1991
870:
864:
858:
852:
849:Ratchnevsky 1993
846:
840:
837:Ratchnevsky 1993
830:
824:
821:Ratchnevsky 1993
818:
809:
806:Ratchnevsky 1993
803:
797:
790:Ratchnevsky 1993
787:
781:
775:
769:
766:Ratchnevsky 1993
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
720:
718:
716:
710:
704:
697:
691:
684:
649:
648: 1169â1252
646:
618:late Middle Ages
597:Toluid Civil War
594:
592:
584:
568:
530:
413:Battle of Parwan
399:
396:
359:Emperor Xuanzong
338:Jami al-tawarikh
314:
300:
296:
288:
284:
250:
246:
207:
203:
111:Toluid Civil War
92:Battle of Parwan
40:
37:
33:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1764:
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1762:
1723:
1722:
1721:
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1709:
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1682:
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1623:
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1580:
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1559:
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1436:
1409:
1370:Islamic Studies
1354:
1328:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:, p. 492;
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1127:
1123:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:, p. 443;
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1031:
1027:
1019:, p. 133;
1015:
1011:
999:
995:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
951:
939:
935:
927:, p. 464;
919:
915:
899:
895:
887:
883:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:, p. 464;
831:
827:
819:
812:
804:
800:
788:
784:
776:
772:
764:
760:
752:
748:
740:
733:
729:
724:
723:
713:
711:
707:
698:
694:
685:
681:
676:
671:
647:
613:
589:
485:
433:History of Yuan
397:
390:History of Yuan
237:
119:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1771:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
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1707:
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1622:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1599:
1592:
1591:
1563:
1557:
1530:
1524:
1512:Thomas Haining
1499:
1489:(1): 163â176.
1473:
1459:
1440:
1434:
1413:
1407:
1386:
1376:(2): 235â247.
1358:
1352:
1332:
1326:
1304:
1291:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1198:, p. 362.
1188:
1186:, p. 418.
1176:
1164:
1149:
1133:
1121:
1119:, p. 464.
1115:, p. 85;
1105:
1103:, p. 100.
1093:
1081:
1079:, p. 133.
1065:
1053:
1051:, p. 436.
1041:
1039:, p. 241.
1025:
1009:
1007:, p. 612.
993:
973:
971:, p. 620.
961:
949:
943:, p. 77;
933:
923:, p. 80;
913:
903:, p. 95;
893:
881:
879:, p. 393.
875:, p. 90;
865:
853:
841:
825:
810:
798:
792:, p. 75;
782:
770:
758:
746:
744:, p. 464.
730:
728:
725:
722:
721:
705:
692:
688:Secret History
678:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
652:Secret History
637:Secret History
612:
609:
541:fiscal reforms
484:
481:
425:Secret History
379:Secret History
365:, the city of
361:fled south to
307:Secret History
277:Secret History
269:Secret History
255:. Among them,
236:
233:
167:Secret History
139:Secret History
118:
115:
76:Secret History
68:Secret History
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1770:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
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1734:
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1730:
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1718:
1708:
1706:
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1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
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1601:
1600:
1597:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:"Our History"
1564:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1513:
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1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
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1452:
1449:. Edinburgh:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1397:. Cambridge:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1341:
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1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1174:, p. 87.
1173:
1168:
1162:, p. 88.
1161:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1091:, p. 85.
1090:
1085:
1078:
1074:
1073:Barthold 1992
1069:
1063:, p. 46.
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1023:, p. 83.
1022:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1002:
997:
991:, p. 36.
990:
986:
982:
977:
970:
965:
959:, p. 30.
958:
953:
946:
942:
937:
931:, p. 30.
930:
926:
922:
917:
910:
906:
902:
897:
891:, p. 95.
890:
885:
878:
874:
869:
862:
857:
850:
845:
839:, p. 76.
838:
834:
829:
823:, p. 77.
822:
817:
815:
808:, p. 76.
807:
802:
795:
791:
786:
779:
774:
768:, p. 75.
767:
762:
755:
750:
743:
738:
736:
731:
709:
702:
701:Mongol Empire
696:
689:
683:
679:
666:
664:
660:
655:
653:
642:
638:
634:
629:
627:
623:
619:
608:
606:
602:
598:
587:
583:
582:
576:
572:
567:
562:
557:
555:
554:corvée labour
551:
550:Liu Bingzhong
546:
542:
538:
534:
529:
523:
521:
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513:
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498:
494:
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176:
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168:
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156:
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148:
144:
140:
136:
135:
130:
129:Rashid al-Din
126:
125:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:Although the
64:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:Mongol Empire
29:
25:
21:
16:
1668:Sorqan Shira
1663:Shigi Qutuqu
1662:
1627:Genghis Khan
1586:
1579:. Retrieved
1570:
1539:
1505:
1486:
1480:
1445:
1417:
1394:
1373:
1369:
1339:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1281:
1255:
1243:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1136:
1124:
1108:
1096:
1084:
1068:
1061:Dunnell 2023
1056:
1044:
1028:
1012:
996:
989:Dunnell 2023
976:
964:
957:Dunnell 2023
952:
936:
929:Dunnell 2023
916:
896:
884:
868:
856:
844:
828:
801:
785:
773:
761:
749:
708:
695:
687:
682:
656:
651:
636:
632:
630:
614:
558:
524:
508:Yellow River
501:
495:portrait of
493:Yuan dynasty
462:
445:besiege Merv
432:
428:
424:
402:
388:
382:
378:
371:a long siege
352:
336:
306:
276:
274:
268:
253:Mongol state
238:
229:Tatar Tong'a
210:
188:
166:
141:, after the
138:
132:
122:
120:
96:
88:Jalal al-Din
75:
67:
65:
58:
24:Shigi Qutuqu
23:
22:
20:
15:
1738:1250 deaths
1678:YelĂŒ Chucai
1391:Kim, Hodong
1232:Atwood 2004
1196:Atwood 2004
1184:Atwood 2004
1141:Atwood 2004
1117:Atwood 2004
1101:Atwood 2004
1049:Atwood 2004
1005:Atwood 2004
981:Atwood 2004
969:Atwood 2004
945:Morgan 1986
925:Atwood 2004
905:Hodous 2022
877:Atwood 2004
861:Atwood 2004
833:Atwood 2004
778:Atwood 2004
754:Atwood 2004
742:Atwood 2004
717: 1241
663:Ulaanbaatar
593: 1259
533:YelĂŒ Chucai
497:Ăgedei Khan
449:Khwarazmian
407:during the
398: 1370
393:, composed
282:köke debter
265:Mongol army
161:lined with
99:Ăgedei Khan
39: 1178
1727:Categories
1588:Ochirbold.
1514:. Oxford:
1316:. London:
1037:Boyle 1963
669:References
431:, and the
177:chieftain
151:Tatar camp
117:Early life
55:Mongol law
1705:Biography
1545:Wiesbaden
1426:Routledge
1338:(1992) .
727:Citations
601:Ariq Böke
561:Karakorum
528:jarghuchi
417:al-Nasawi
375:plundered
293:jarghuchi
221:Tayici'ut
155:nose ring
32:á °á ąá á ąá Źá €á Čá €á
28:Mongolian
1638:Bo'orchu
1575:Archived
1422:Abingdon
1393:(eds.).
1382:20832685
1364:(1963).
1320:. 2023.
1279:(2004).
941:May 2018
911:, § 203.
796:, § 135.
575:Borjigin
566:kurultai
469:Chagatai
441:Nishapur
405:vanguard
318:case law
312:kurultai
303:Belgutei
261:Bo'orchu
243:kurultai
213:gazelles
181:and the
1717:History
1691:Portals
1673:Subutai
1643:Boroqul
1537:(ed.).
1298:2 March
1269:Sources
641:Chinqai
537:Yanjing
451:prince
367:Zhongdu
363:Kaifeng
322:scribes
227:scribe
179:Toghrul
171:Hö'elĂŒn
147:TemĂŒjin
145:leader
90:at the
72:Hö'elĂŒn
47:TemĂŒjin
1658:Muqali
1581:24 May
1555:
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1495:617678
1493:
1467:
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1432:
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1380:
1350:
1324:
1289:
611:Legacy
605:Kublai
586:Möngke
581:khagan
473:Ăgedei
471:, and
437:Ghazni
427:, the
387:. The
257:Muqali
225:Uighur
175:Kereit
165:. The
159:jerkin
143:Mongol
107:Möngke
1653:Jelme
1491:JSTOR
1465:JSTOR
1378:JSTOR
674:Notes
626:Honan
571:GĂŒyĂŒk
465:Jochi
458:Herat
347:Paris
217:Tolui
195:Jochi
191:Börte
163:sable
103:GĂŒyĂŒk
51:Börte
1648:Jebe
1583:2024
1553:ISBN
1520:ISBN
1455:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1348:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1300:2022
1287:ISBN
686:The
603:and
419:and
331:The
299:lit.
287:lit.
259:and
249:lit.
206:lit.
127:and
121:The
105:and
661:in
131:'s
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1585:.
1573:.
1569:.
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1543:.
1518:.
1487:49
1485:.
1463:.
1453:.
1424::
1420:.
1372:.
1368:.
1346:.
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813:^
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715:d.
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607:.
591:d.
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1356:.
1330:.
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643:(
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