34:
1473:
Chandra
Shiksha of Chandragomin (sutra form), Charayaniya Shiksha, Galadrka Shiksha, Kalanirnya Shiksha, Katyayani Shiksha, Kaundinya Shiksha, Keshavi Shiksha, Kramakarika Shiksha, Kramasandhaana Shiksha, Laghumoghanandini Shiksha, Lakshmikanta Shiksha, Lomashi Shiksha, Madhyandina Shiksha, Mandavya Shiksha, Mallasharmakrta Shiksha, Manasvaara Shiksha, Manduki Shiksha, Naradiya Shiksha, Paniniya Shiksha (versified), Paniniya Shiksha (in sutra form), Paniniya Shiksha (with accents), Parashari Shiksha, Padyaatmika Keshavi Shiksha, Pari Shiksha, Pratishakhyapradipa Shiksha, Sarvasammata Shiksha, Shaishiriya Shiksha, Shamaana Shiksha, Shambhu Shiksha, Shodashashloki Shiksha, Shikshasamgraha, Siddhanta Shiksha, Svaraankusha Shiksha, Svarashtaka Shiksha, Svaravyanjana Shiksha, Vasishtha Shiksha, Varnaratnapradipa Shiksha, Vyaali Shiksha, Vyasa Shiksha, Yajnavalkya Shiksha
3712:
5018:
5028:
5007:
1490:
3458:
5038:
1252:) around 800 BCE, deal with the manner in which the Vedas are to be enunciated. There are separate Pratishakhyas for each Veda. They complement the books called Shiksha written by various authorities. Several Pratishakhyas have survived into the modern era, and these texts refine the structure of sound at different levels of nuance, some adding many more letters to the basic set in the Sanskrit alphabet:
3450:
74:
1205:
emotional performance. The study of phonetics functioned to transform a Vedic text, which traditionally was composed as language-music, into a musical performance. Individual sounds in the
Sanskrit have independent personalities, and the reciter helps develop their character and their timbre, state Wilke and Moebus. Naradiya Siksa, a phonetics treatise on the
1065:, states Hartmut Scharfe, was the first branch of linguistics to develop as an independent Vedic field of study among the Vedangas. This is likely because Vedas were transmitted from one generation to the next by oral tradition, and the preservation and the techniques of preservation depended on phonetics, states Scharfe.
1200:
helped preserve the Vedas without the slightest variants in the most faithful way possible. It made the Vedas and embedded
Principal Upanishads the canonical scriptures of Hinduism. The rules and symmetric of Siksa helped the student to master enormous volumes of knowledge, and use the embedded codes
1164:
A strictly symmetrical alphabet definitely has practical advantages in language teaching, but this is almost certainly not the reason for its highly complex structure. (...) A better explanation of the structural density is the striving for perfect and beautifully formed representation of the object
1461:, which is one of the most systematic sound-to-writing mappings. Scholar Frits Staal has commented, "Like Mendelejev’s Periodic System of Elements, the varga system was the result of centuries of analysis. In the course of that development the basic concepts of phonology were discovered and defined.
1143:
The insights from this field, states
Scharfe, "without doubt was applied by Vedic scholars to the art of writing". It also impacted the development of Indic scripts and evolution of language in countries that sought Indian texts or were influenced by Indian religions. According to Scharfe, and other
1192:
These Mudras continue to be part of the classical Indian dance tradition. This interplay of the gesture and sound in
Sanskrit recital, state Wilke and Moebus, is similar to the gesture of a conductor and the sound produced by music players in any classical orchestra. In Sanskrit, the posture of the
1047:
Having intellectually determined the object to be communicated to others, the soul urges the mind in order to give expression, i.e., to vocalize the thought rising within. The mind so stimulated acts upon the physical fire which in its turn brings about a movement in the region of internal air. The
1180:
field of Vedic studies arranged the
Sanskrit alphabet in a rational order, state Wilke and Moebus, each mapped to the anatomical nature of human sounds, from the back to the front – throat (at the very back), palate, palatal ridge, teeth and lips. The letters of the Sanskrit alphabet were further
1472:
In addition, several
Shiksha texts exist, most of them in metrical verse form but a few in sutra form. The following list contains some of these surviving texts: Amoghanandini Shiksha, Apisali Shiksha (in sutra form), Aranya Shiksha, Atreya Shiksha, Avasananirnyaya Shiksha, Bharadvaja Shiksha,
1204:
However, state Wilke and Moebus, the
Shiksha methodology has been not just highly technical, it has strong aesthetic "sensuous, emotive" dimension, which foster thinking and intellectual skills in a participatory fashion. The reciter's mind and body are engaged, making language and sound as an
890:, maintained since the Vedic era. It aims at construction of sound and language for synthesis of ideas, in contrast to grammarians who developed rules for language deconstruction and understanding of ideas. This field helped preserve the Vedas and the Upanishads as the canons of
925:, included teaching proper articulation and pronunciation of Vedic texts. It was one of six fields of supplemental studies, others being grammar (Vyakarana), prosody (Chandas), ritual (Kalpa), etymology (Nirukta) and astrology (Jyotisha, calculating favorable time for rituals).
1193:
performer is an added dimension to those of pronunciation and gesture, together these empowered muscular memory with acoustic memory in the Hindu tradition of remembering and transmitting
Sanskrit texts from one generation to the next, state Wilke and Moebus.
978:
Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus date the
Shiksha text of the Taittiriya Vedic school to be from 600 BCE at the latest. Texts such as this established, among other things, a rational order of the Sanskrit alphabet, state Wilke and Moebus. Other texts, such as
1871:) of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) articulator (typically some part of the roof of the mouth).
990:
The ancient Vedic schools developed major treatises analyzing sound, vowels and consonants, rules of combination and pronunciation to assist clear understanding, to avoid mistakes and for resonance (pleasing to the listener). These texts include
863:
is the field of Vedic study of sound, focussing on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, accent, quantity, stress, melody and rules of euphonic combination of words during a Vedic recitation. Each ancient Vedic school developed this field of
1784:, which is approximately 0.2 seconds. It is approximately 0.2 seconds because 1 prana (1 respiration) is 10 long syllables or approximately 4 seconds and a long syllable is counted as two morae (mātra), thus 4÷(10×2) = 0.2.
1232:
textbooks of each branch of the Vedas. Later Shiksha texts are more specialized and systematic, and often titled with suffix "Shiksha", such as the Naradiya-Shiksha, Vyasa-Shiksha, Pari-Shiksha and Sarvasammata-Shiksha.
33:
2663:, A DkSanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages, Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Motilal Banarsidass),
1181:
organized by the Vedic scholars into a magic square, making symmetrical and resonant alternate readings of the letters possible, such as top to bottom in addition to left to right. Further, the
1213:
Just as a tigress takes her cubs tightly in her teeth without hurting them, whilst fearing that she might drop them and injure them, so one should approach the individual syllables.
1189:(hand signs) to go with each sound, thereby providing a visual confirmation and an alternate means to check the reading integrity by the audience, in addition to the audible means.
1290:
The Shiksha Texts and the Pratishakhyas led to great clarity in understanding the surface structure of language. For clarity of pronunciation, they broke up the large Vedic
936:
which dedicates two hymns 10.125 and 10.71 to revere sound as a goddess, and links the development of thought to the development of speech. The mid 1st-millennium BCE text
1441:
The alphabet is designed such that the difference between sounds is preserved whether you recite it horizontally or vertically. It was extended and completed with
1464:
The Varga system and the Pratishakshyas, contributions of the Shiksha texts, are elaborate systems which deal with the generation and classification of sound.
1315:
involved switching syllables, repeating the last word of a line at the beginning of the next, and other permutations. In the process, a considerable amount of
2145:
Articulation of consonants will be a logical combination of components in the two prayatnas. The below table gives a view upon articulation of consonants.
803:
1144:
scholars, the insights developed in this field, over time, likely also influenced phonetic scripts in parts of East Asia, as well as Arabic grammarian
1812:
Each vowel can also be classified into three types, that is, pronounced in three ways, based on accent of articulation. This feature was lost in
27:
1112:). The field was fundamental to the ancient study of linguistics, and it developed as an interest and inquiry into sounds rather than letters.
909:
literally means "instruction, lesson, study, knowledge, learning, study of skill, training in an art". It also refers to one of the six
796:
3439:
3372:
3351:
3164:
3137:
2937:
2898:
2803:
2722:
789:
1780:
We see that each vowel can be pronounced in three ways according to the duration of articulation. The unit of time is a
2957:
2847:
2668:
1552:, meaning "imperishable (entity)": "atoms" of speech, as it were. These aksharas are classified mainly into two types:
4103:
558:
3221:
2749:
1529:
4935:
841:) is a Sanskrit word, which means "instruction, lesson, learning, study of skill". It also refers to one of the six
5082:
5077:
4923:
4454:
1145:
5041:
4752:
2744:
James Lochtefeld (2002), "Shiksha" in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z, Rosen Publishing,
1511:
526:
4881:
1319:
is discussed, particularly regarding the combination of sequential sounds, which leads to the modalities of
4930:
4945:
514:
4972:
4464:
4041:
3497:
3470:
752:
553:
4992:
3918:
3432:
1096:
layer of the Vedas were being composed. The alphabet had been categorized by this time, into vowels (
3571:
1476:
Although many of these Shiksha texts are attached to specific Vedic schools, others are late texts.
4786:
4444:
4368:
4074:
3856:
3831:
1507:
1316:
677:
672:
237:
217:
20:
3606:
4622:
4482:
4153:
3693:
3636:
3280:"Translation of the Sûrya-Siddhânta, A Text-Book of Hindu Astronomy; with Notes, and an Appendix"
3265:
3234:
1500:
775:
657:
608:
4517:
3316:
4965:
4918:
4128:
3851:
3383:
2660:
2114:
2033:
1860:
583:
377:
242:
3417:
3127:
2927:
2793:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
4987:
4940:
4913:
4876:
4133:
3362:
2888:
2229:
1864:
588:
489:
4449:
5067:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4871:
4348:
3841:
3826:
3478:
3425:
3213:
2858:
2856:
2674:
1283:-Pratishakhya (Rig-tantra): 57 letters (Pushpasutra is the second Pratishakhya of Samaveda)
937:
662:
227:
184:
57:
2842:
Paul Deussen (1997 Reprint), Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
1787:
Each vowel can be further classified into two types based on the manner of pronunciation:
964:
Balancing (Saman) and connection (of sounds), So much about the study of Shiksha. || 1 ||
8:
5010:
4977:
4856:
4747:
4682:
4532:
4391:
4271:
4143:
3971:
3908:
3861:
2195:
2005:
1908:
598:
198:
94:
3660:
3520:
2853:
284:
5072:
4812:
4771:
4063:
3876:
3821:
3299:
1813:
568:
294:
261:
179:
4036:
4011:
1731:
Each vowel can be classified into three types based on the duration of pronunciation (
5062:
5027:
5021:
4901:
4891:
4757:
4692:
4085:
4026:
3881:
3871:
3368:
3347:
3261:
3217:
3160:
3133:
2953:
2933:
2894:
2843:
2799:
2745:
2718:
2664:
2515:
2178:
1899:
822:
667:
637:
603:
541:
382:
266:
256:
4492:
3542:
4762:
4672:
4563:
4163:
4158:
4123:
4098:
3984:
3941:
3628:
3488:
3411:
3291:
2488:
2432:
2238:
2212:
2026:
2009:
2001:
1975:
1926:
1917:
1262:
742:
692:
613:
578:
406:
387:
372:
324:
3946:
1615:
means embellishment, i.e., consonants are used as embellishment in order to yield
329:
5031:
4896:
4849:
4831:
4781:
4715:
4697:
4640:
4590:
4409:
4313:
4186:
4148:
4118:
3956:
3846:
3685:
3678:
3525:
3393:
3341:
3154:
2712:
2161:
1890:
1458:
962:
Sounds and accentuation, Quantity (of vowels) and the expression (of consonants),
732:
712:
687:
411:
339:
232:
3611:
1932:
Apart from that, other articulations are combinations of the above five places:
917:), and the science of making language pleasant and understood without mistakes.
4866:
4802:
4645:
3989:
3866:
3836:
3671:
2760:
2758:
1653:
1324:
722:
502:
222:
203:
3535:
1593:; i.e., they are main sounds in speech, without which speech is not possible.
5056:
4982:
4886:
4665:
4439:
4177:
4068:
3979:
3913:
3186:
3098:
3062:
3005:
2993:
2952:
Hans Jensen (1969), Sign, Symbol and Script, 3rd Edition, Putnam Publishers,
2868:
1291:
737:
727:
702:
697:
652:
465:
441:
431:
426:
416:
401:
367:
289:
3052:
3050:
3037:
3035:
3022:
3020:
2971:
2969:
2755:
1594:
4537:
4502:
4399:
4016:
3398:
3343:
Sound and Communication: An Aesthetic Cultural History of Sanskrit Hinduism
1940:
1726:
971:
880:
are examples of extant ancient manuscripts of this field of Vedic studies.
707:
642:
563:
460:
455:
436:
421:
2962:
On the influence of Sanskrit upon phonetic studies in Chinese and Japanese
2564:
2544:
2531:
2480:
2451:
2441:
2395:
2356:
2317:
2278:
2247:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2213:
2204:
2196:
2187:
2179:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2038:
2015:
1883:
1770:
1762:
1308:
1300:
1246:
835:
4844:
4677:
4605:
4595:
4507:
4497:
4472:
4113:
4108:
3999:
3793:
3777:
3720:
3655:
3591:
3209:
3086:
3074:
3047:
3032:
3017:
2981:
2966:
2633:
2628:
2592:
2543:
2479:
2423:
2384:
2345:
2306:
2267:
2105:
2075:
1805:
1745:
1662:
1560:
1274:
1237:
1165:
of study. The rule of the grammarians show a similar striving for order.
1048:
internal air thus moved gets upward till it reaches the vocal apparatus.
913:, which studies sound, Sanskrit phonetics, laws of euphonic combination (
593:
573:
521:
475:
470:
127:
65:
4742:
4710:
4655:
4512:
4221:
4058:
4031:
3813:
3586:
2638:
2428:
1795:
1755:
1514: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1450:
1268:
747:
169:
156:
3303:
3279:
4861:
4650:
4600:
4573:
4522:
4487:
4477:
4429:
4328:
4296:
4241:
4138:
4093:
3767:
2596:
2551:
2492:
2436:
2088:
2022:
1950:
1821:
1580:
1543:
1442:
1295:
1241:
1218:
Naradiya Siksa 2.8.31, Translated by Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus,
1206:
1093:
1069:
984:
850:
846:
717:
647:
548:
122:
3394:
The Tâittirîya-Prâtiçâkhya: With Its Commentary, the Tribhâshyaratna
1489:
4906:
4725:
4720:
4610:
4547:
4527:
4358:
4194:
4021:
3994:
3961:
3903:
3803:
3798:
3772:
3697:
3581:
3453:
3295:
2539:
2302:
2263:
2123:
1671:
1616:
1446:
1280:
1089:
891:
854:
509:
344:
151:
146:
117:
73:
3735:
1209:
explains this aspects of phonology with various similes, such as,
83:
4807:
4660:
4578:
4568:
4343:
4333:
4306:
4301:
4291:
4246:
4231:
4226:
4006:
3951:
3928:
3895:
3762:
3665:
3640:
3616:
3515:
3505:
2583:
2556:
2530:
2506:
2470:
2414:
2375:
2336:
2297:
2258:
2062:
1992:
1988:
1256:
933:
910:
842:
682:
626:
357:
334:
312:
141:
112:
3601:
3457:
1323:. The Samaveda Pratishakhya, one of the earliest, organizes the
4839:
4817:
4630:
4583:
4542:
4424:
4414:
4353:
4261:
4204:
4199:
4053:
3740:
3576:
3562:
3547:
3447:
2588:
2475:
2419:
2380:
2341:
2132:
1828:
1547:
1320:
757:
88:
16:
Vedic era study of phonetics and phonology, one of six Vedangas
4735:
4730:
4434:
4404:
4338:
4318:
4256:
4236:
4209:
4048:
3750:
3650:
3596:
3552:
3530:
1979:
1874:
But according to Indian linguistic tradition, there are five
1817:
1769:
1733:
1685:; they are 25 in number. Antastha aksharas include syllables
1567:
1454:
1073:
922:
895:
887:
630:
105:
1076:, include some terms of art in the Vedic phonetics, such as
41:
manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari). This text is also called
4776:
4705:
4687:
4635:
4419:
4363:
4323:
4283:
4266:
4251:
4216:
3645:
3557:
2824:
2812:
1824:
830:
3339:
3192:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3068:
3056:
3041:
3026:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2874:
2862:
2764:
2687:
1116:, as described in these ancient texts, had six chapters –
3449:
3181:
The Fidelity of Oral Tradition and the Origins of Science
2907:
1298:, prefixes, and suffixes. Certain styles of recitation (
886:
is the oldest and the first auxiliary discipline to the
3510:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2734:
999:, and partially or fully surviving manuscripts include
3414:, WD Whitney, Journal of the American Oriental Society
970:
Taittiriya Upanishad 1.2, Shikshavalli, Translated by
868:, and the oldest surviving phonetic textbooks are the
2710:
1140:(connection between preceding and following sounds).
2731:
3711:
3327:"Telugulo Chandovisheshaalu", Page 127 (In Telugu).
3156:The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay
2890:The Veda and Indian Culture: An Introductory Essay
1240:, which evolved from the more ancient Vedic Texts
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2696:
5054:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
1623:; that is, they are like a body to which life (
2925:
2791:
1850:: descending pitch (usually follows high pitch)
1196:The methodical phonetic procedure developed by
894:since the ancient times, and shared by various
2919:
2693:
949:
3433:
3256:
3254:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
2770:
2140:
1808:(all vowels are considered phonemically oral)
797:
3152:
2932:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 79–80.
2886:
2798:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 78–79.
2655:
2653:
1271:(Krishna Yajurveda) Pratishakhya: 52 letters
1088:field was likely well developed by the time
940:contains one of the earliest description of
3360:
2913:
2830:
2818:
3440:
3426:
3251:
3110:
1335:The magic square within Sanskrit alphabet
955:साम सन्तानः । इत्युक्तः शीक्षाध्यायः ॥ १ ॥
804:
790:
3364:Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound
3183:. North-Holland Publishing Company, 1986.
3132:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 152–154.
2717:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 323–324.
2650:
1530:Learn how and when to remove this message
3284:Journal of the American Oriental Society
32:
3277:
2893:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 96–97.
1677:Sparsa aksharas include syllables from
1457:, and was eventually codified into the
5055:
3212:, The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism
3193:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
3105:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
3093:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
3081:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
3069:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
3057:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
3042:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
3027:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
3012:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
3000:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
2988:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
2976:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
2875:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
2863:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
2765:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
2688:Annette Wilke & Oliver Moebus 2011
1467:
3421:
3381:
3340:Annette Wilke; Oliver Moebus (2011).
2149:Samskrita Vyanjana Ucchārana Pattika
1546:(not letters) in Sanskrit are called
1479:
3159:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 103.
1512:adding citations to reliable sources
1483:
1201:and rules to self check his memory.
5037:
13:
2714:A Companion to Sanskrit Literature
2690:, pp. 492–493 with footnotes.
2044:) is of two types for consonants,
1959:: labial-velar (E.g.: Diphthong o)
1635:, which were later referred to as
1286:Paniniya-Shiksha: 63 or 64 letters
14:
5094:
3405:
1277:-Pratishakhya (Shaunakiya shakha)
1159:Shiksha and the Sanskrit alphabet
960:Om! We will explain the Shiksha.
5036:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5005:
3710:
3456:
3448:
1488:
1223:
1171:—Annette Wilke and Oliver Moebus
921:as a supplemental branch of the
845:, or limbs of Vedic studies, on
72:
5006:
3333:
3321:
3310:
3271:
3227:
3198:
3173:
3146:
2946:
2880:
1854:
1627:) is added. Pāṇini's name for
1619:vowels. They are also known as
1499:needs additional citations for
1333:
4931:Relations with other religions
2836:
2711:Sures Chandra Banerji (1989).
1768:: Prolonged vowel, Tri-mātra (
1645:are divided into three types:
1:
3317:Sanskrit prosody#Nomenclature
2865:, p. 477 with footnotes.
2644:
1605:. Later they became known as
1151:
1072:– a layer of text within the
2659:Sir Monier Monier-Williams,
1228:Pratisakhyas are the oldest
901:
7:
3264:" by Bhattoji Diksita and "
2622:
2565:
2545:
2532:
2481:
2452:
2442:
2396:
2357:
2318:
2279:
2248:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2214:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2180:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2082:
2069:
2056:
2039:
2016:
1884:
1771:
1763:
1309:
1301:
1247:
953:वर्णः स्वरः । मात्रा बलम् ।
836:
10:
5099:
3278:Burgess, Ebenezer (1858).
2141:Articulation of consonants
1724:
1132:(strength, articulation),
1034:
951:ॐ शीक्षां व्याख्यास्यामः ।
66:Hindu scriptures and texts
25:
18:
5003:
4830:
4795:
4621:
4556:
4463:
4390:
4383:
4282:
4185:
4176:
4084:
3970:
3927:
3894:
3812:
3786:
3758:
3749:
3728:
3719:
3708:
3627:
3496:
3487:
3466:
3388:. University of Calcutta.
1720:
1701:. Usman aksharas include
1265:-Pratishakhya: 65 letters
950:
826:
4075:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
3401:, William Whitney (1871)
3382:Ghosh, Manmohan (1938).
3129:Introduction to Sanskrit
2926:Hartmut Scharfe (1977).
2792:Hartmut Scharfe (1977).
1967:places of articulation:
1878:places of articulation:
1259:-Pratishakya: 47 letters
26:Not to be confused with
21:Shiksha (disambiguation)
4154:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
3367:. Motilal Banarsidass.
3266:Laghu Siddhanta Kaumudi
3206:The science of language
1816:, but used in reciting
987:, were composed later.
776:Timeline of Hindu texts
609:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
5083:Language and mysticism
5078:History of linguistics
4129:Eighteen Greater Texts
3412:Taittiriya-Pratisakhya
3126:Thomas Egenes (1996).
2929:Grammatical Literature
2795:Grammatical Literature
1861:articulatory phonetics
1221:
1168:
1051:
976:
584:Eighteen Greater Texts
50:
4882:Hindu gurus and sants
4134:Eighteen Lesser Texts
3346:. Walter de Gruyter.
3153:Kireet Joshi (1991).
2887:Kireet Joshi (1991).
1869:point of articulation
1865:place of articulation
1211:
1156:
1039:
946:
932:can be traced to the
589:Eighteen Lesser Texts
36:
4872:Anti-Hindu sentiment
3361:Guy L. Beck (1995).
3239:vedicreserve.miu.edu
3214:Blackwell Publishing
1508:improve this article
938:Taittiriya Upanishad
19:For other uses, see
4978:Hinduism by country
4144:Iraiyanar Akapporul
4104:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
3195:, pp. 477–479.
3107:, pp. 492–493.
3071:, pp. 500–501.
3014:, pp. 479–480.
3002:, pp. 478–479.
2877:, pp. 477–493.
2767:, pp. 477–495.
2156:Prayatna Niyamāvalī
2150:
2096:Abhyantara Prayatna
2036:) of articulation (
1468:Other Shiksha texts
1336:
1148:in 8th-century CE.
1013:Yajnavalkya Shiksha
599:Iraiyanar Akapporul
559:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
305:Related Hindu texts
47:Traisvarya Lakshana
39:Yajnavalkya Shiksha
3216:, 2003, 599 pages
2148:
2098:: Internal effort
2051:: External effort
1814:Classical Sanskrit
1589:are also known as
1480:Sound and alphabet
1334:
1327:sounds into a 5x5
1009:Bharadvaja Shiksha
51:
43:Vajasaneyi Shiksha
5050:
5049:
4826:
4825:
4379:
4378:
4172:
4171:
4086:Sangam literature
4042:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
3890:
3889:
3706:
3705:
3374:978-81-208-1261-1
3353:978-3-11-018159-3
3268:", by Varadaraja.
3262:Siddhanta Kaumudi
3166:978-81-208-0889-8
3139:978-81-208-1693-0
2939:978-3-447-01706-0
2900:978-81-208-0889-8
2833:, pp. 35–39.
2821:, pp. 35–36.
2805:978-3-447-01706-0
2724:978-81-208-0063-2
2620:
2619:
2040:Uccāraṇa Prayatna
1643:Vyanjana aksharas
1540:
1539:
1532:
1439:
1438:
1025:Katyayani Shiksha
1021:Parashari Shiksha
1017:Vasishthi Shiksha
814:
813:
604:Abhirami Anthadhi
542:Sangam literature
395:Vaishnava puranas
5090:
5040:
5039:
5030:
5020:
5019:
5009:
5008:
4919:Pilgrimage sites
4673:Ganesh Chaturthi
4388:
4387:
4183:
4182:
4164:Vedarthasamgraha
4159:Vinayagar Agaval
4124:Five Great Epics
4099:Divya Prabandham
4012:Minor Upanishads
3756:
3755:
3726:
3725:
3714:
3713:
3494:
3493:
3460:
3452:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3389:
3378:
3357:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3275:
3269:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3231:
3225:
3208:, Chapter 16 in
3202:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3045:
3039:
3030:
3024:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2964:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2923:
2917:
2914:Guy L. Beck 1995
2911:
2905:
2904:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2851:
2840:
2834:
2831:Guy L. Beck 1995
2828:
2822:
2819:Guy L. Beck 1995
2816:
2810:
2809:
2789:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2742:
2729:
2728:
2708:
2691:
2685:
2672:
2657:
2568:
2548:
2535:
2484:
2455:
2445:
2399:
2360:
2321:
2282:
2251:
2243:
2234:
2225:
2217:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2183:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2147:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2042:
2019:
1963:There are three
1887:
1774:
1766:
1535:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1492:
1484:
1337:
1312:
1304:
1263:Shukla Yajurveda
1250:
1219:
1172:
1108:) and spirants (
1058:
1042:Speech and soul?
1005:Naradiya Shiksha
1001:Paniniya Shiksha
974:
957:
956:
878:Naradiya-Shiksha
874:Paniniya-Shiksha
839:
828:
806:
799:
792:
743:Gheranda Samhita
693:Sushruta Samhita
614:Vinayagar Agaval
579:Five Great Epics
554:Divya Prabandham
485:
451:
397:
279:Other scriptures
252:
213:
194:
137:
76:
53:
52:
37:A page from the
5098:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5013:
4999:
4822:
4791:
4782:Vasant Panchami
4716:Pahela Baishakh
4698:Makar Sankranti
4617:
4552:
4459:
4375:
4278:
4168:
4149:Abhirami Antati
4119:Kamba Ramayanam
4080:
3966:
3923:
3886:
3808:
3782:
3745:
3715:
3702:
3686:Vishishtadvaita
3623:
3483:
3462:
3446:
3408:
3375:
3354:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3315:
3311:
3276:
3272:
3259:
3252:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3203:
3199:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3124:
3111:
3103:
3099:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3033:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2854:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2790:
2771:
2763:
2756:
2743:
2732:
2725:
2709:
2694:
2686:
2675:
2658:
2651:
2647:
2625:
2513:
2504:
2487:
2427:
2245:
2219:
2202:
2185:
2168:
2143:
1857:
1729:
1723:
1536:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1505:
1493:
1482:
1470:
1459:Brahmi alphabet
1306:), such as the
1226:
1220:
1217:
1185:scholars added
1174:
1170:
1167:
1154:
1104:), semivowels (
1060:
1053:
1050:
1037:
1029:Manduki Shiksha
983:of the Krishna
975:
969:
966:
963:
961:
959:
958:
954:
952:
904:
810:
781:
780:
771:
763:
762:
713:Divya Prabandha
688:Charaka Samhita
673:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
633:
619:
618:
574:Kamba Ramayanam
549:Saiva Tirumurai
544:
534:
533:
505:
495:
494:
481:
447:
393:
360:
350:
349:
315:
300:
299:
280:
272:
271:
248:
209:
190:
172:
162:
161:
133:
108:
91:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5096:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5034:
5024:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4910:
4909:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4847:
4836:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4648:
4646:Raksha Bandhan
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4191:
4189:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Shvetashvatara
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3832:Brihadaranyaka
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
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3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3729:Classification
3723:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3568:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3407:
3406:External links
3404:
3403:
3402:
3390:
3385:Pāņinīya-Śikṣā
3379:
3373:
3358:
3352:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3320:
3309:
3296:10.2307/592174
3270:
3250:
3226:
3197:
3185:
3179:Staal, J. F.,
3172:
3165:
3145:
3138:
3109:
3097:
3095:, p. 492.
3085:
3083:, p. 500.
3073:
3061:
3059:, p. 499.
3046:
3044:, p. 495.
3031:
3029:, p. 480.
3016:
3004:
2992:
2990:, p. 478.
2980:
2978:, p. 479.
2965:
2958:978-0044000211
2945:
2938:
2918:
2906:
2899:
2879:
2867:
2852:
2848:978-8120814684
2835:
2823:
2811:
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2769:
2754:
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2723:
2692:
2673:
2669:978-8120831056
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2049:Bāhya Prayatna
2030:
2029:
2012:
1995:
1982:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1944:
1930:
1929:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1859:Generally, in
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1853:
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1845:
1839:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1778:
1777:
1759:
1749:
1725:Main article:
1722:
1719:
1675:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1633:Hal Pratyahara
1587:Svara aksharas
1584:
1583:
1570:
1542:Traditionally
1538:
1537:
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1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1325:stop consonant
1288:
1287:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1162:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1136:(recital) and
1056:Pāninīya-śikṣā
1045:
1038:
1036:
1033:
993:Samhita-pathas
967:
947:
903:
900:
812:
811:
809:
808:
801:
794:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
772:
769:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
723:Ramcharitmanas
720:
715:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
683:Pramana Sutras
680:
675:
670:
665:
663:Mimamsa Sutras
660:
658:Samkhya Sutras
655:
650:
645:
640:
638:Dharma Shastra
634:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
611:
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601:
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586:
581:
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531:
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519:
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501:
500:
497:
496:
493:
492:
490:Devi Bhagavata
483:Shakta puranas
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
449:Shaiva puranas
445:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
391:
390:
385:
380:
378:Brahmavaivarta
375:
370:
363:Brahma puranas
361:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
316:
311:
310:
307:
306:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
287:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
264:
259:
246:
245:
240:
238:Shvetashvatara
235:
230:
225:
220:
218:Brihadaranyaka
207:
206:
201:
188:
187:
182:
173:
168:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
154:
149:
144:
131:
130:
125:
120:
115:
109:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
86:
78:
77:
69:
68:
62:
61:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5095:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5043:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5023:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5002:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4984:
4983:Hindu temples
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4887:Hindu studies
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4857:Denominations
4855:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4741:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4667:
4666:Vijayadashami
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Simantonayana
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4069:Yoga Vasistha
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:Bhagavad Gita
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3919:Sthapatyaveda
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
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3519:
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3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
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3503:
3501:
3499:
3495:
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3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3459:
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3443:
3438:
3436:
3431:
3429:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3380:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3324:
3318:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3223:
3222:0-631-21535-2
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:Frits Staal,
3201:
3194:
3189:
3182:
3176:
3168:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3036:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2916:, p. 38.
2915:
2910:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2751:
2750:0-8239-2287-1
2747:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2726:
2720:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2649:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
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2444:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2152:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2084:
2083:Īshat Saṃvṛta
2079:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:tip of tongue
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:Kanthatālavya
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:Prani akshara
1618:
1614:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:ac pratyahara
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:prana akshara
1588:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1534:
1531:
1523:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1497:This section
1495:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1474:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
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1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
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1339:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1238:Pratishakhyas
1234:
1231:
1224:Pratishakhyas
1214:
1210:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1068:The earliest
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
986:
982:
973:
965:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
928:The roots of
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
838:
832:
824:
820:
819:
807:
802:
800:
795:
793:
788:
787:
785:
784:
777:
774:
773:
767:
766:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
738:Shiva Samhita
736:
734:
731:
729:
728:Yoga Vasistha
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
703:Vastu Shastra
701:
699:
698:Natya Shastra
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
653:Brahma Sutras
651:
649:
646:
644:
643:Artha Shastra
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:
628:
623:
622:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
543:
538:
537:
528:
525:
524:
523:
520:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
504:
499:
498:
491:
488:
487:
486:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
450:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:Varaha Purana
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
398:
396:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
353:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
314:
309:
308:
304:
303:
296:
293:
291:
290:Bhagavad Gita
288:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
251:
250:Atharva vedic
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
214:
212:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
193:
186:
183:
181:
178:
177:
176:
171:
166:
165:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
136:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
110:
107:
102:
101:
96:
93:
90:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
54:
48:
44:
40:
35:
29:
28:Shiksa (slur)
22:
4993:Architecture
4596:Brahmacharya
4538:Samavartanam
4503:Annaprashana
4369:
4272:
4073:
4027:Dharmaśāstra
4017:Arthashastra
3936:
3852:Maitrayaniya
3684:
3677:
3670:
3592:Brahmacharya
3399:Google Books
3392:
3384:
3363:
3342:
3334:Bibliography
3323:
3312:
3287:
3283:
3273:
3242:. Retrieved
3238:
3229:
3205:
3200:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3155:
3148:
3128:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2961:
2960:, Chapter:
2948:
2928:
2921:
2909:
2889:
2882:
2870:
2838:
2826:
2814:
2794:
2713:
2582:
2529:
2469:
2413:
2374:
2335:
2296:
2257:
2144:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2080:
2070:Īshat Spṛṣṭa
2067:
2054:
2048:
2037:
2031:
2014:
1997:
1984:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1946:
1941:Labio-dental
1936:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1882:
1875:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1855:Articulation
1847:
1841:
1838:: high pitch
1835:
1811:
1801:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1727:Vedic accent
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1658:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:referred to
1590:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1575:(pratyahara
1572:
1563:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1526:
1517:
1506:Please help
1501:verification
1498:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1440:
1328:
1307:
1299:
1289:
1245:
1235:
1229:
1227:
1212:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:(quantity),
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
980:
977:
972:Paul Deussen
948:
944:as follows,
941:
929:
927:
918:
914:
906:
905:
898:traditions.
883:
882:
877:
873:
870:Pratishakyas
869:
865:
860:
859:
834:
817:
816:
815:
708:Panchatantra
668:Nyāya Sūtras
564:Thiruppugazh
482:
480:
448:
446:
394:
392:
362:
319:
249:
247:
210:
208:
191:
189:
174:
134:
132:
46:
42:
38:
5068:Hindu texts
5042:WikiProject
4914:Persecution
4902:Nationalism
4892:Iconography
4772:Ratha Yatra
4683:Janmashtami
4678:Rama Navami
4606:Vanaprastha
4557:Varnashrama
4533:Ritushuddhi
4518:Vidyarambha
4508:Chudakarana
4498:Nishkramana
4473:Garbhadhana
4114:Thirukkural
4109:Thiruppugal
4037:Nāradasmṛti
4000:Mahabharata
3778:Atharvaveda
3656:Vaisheshika
3543:Puruṣārthas
3210:Gavin Flood
2671:, page 1070
2634:Nandinagari
2629:Shiva Sutra
2189:jihvāmadhya
2106:Unaspirated
2076:Approximant
2032:Effort (or
1989:tongue body
1985:Jihvāmadhya
1976:tongue root
1957:Kaṇṭhōṣṭhya
1937:Dant'oṣṭhya
1844:: low pitch
1822:Upanishadic
1758:, Dvi-mātra
1748:, Eka-mātra
1746:Short vowel
1663:Approximant
1637:Hal akshara
1451:semi-vowels
1331:or square:
1275:Atharvaveda
997:Pada-pathas
981:Vyasa-Siksa
753:Vedantasara
678:Yoga Sutras
594:Aathichoodi
527:Historicity
522:Mahabharata
515:Historicity
211:Yajur vedic
128:Atharvaveda
5057:Categories
4743:Kumbh Mela
4711:Gudi Padwa
4656:Durga Puja
4641:Shivaratri
4513:Karnavedha
4493:Namakarana
4455:Tirthatana
4222:Dattatreya
4059:Subhashita
4032:Manusmriti
3909:Dhanurveda
3842:Taittiriya
3827:Kaushitaki
3814:Upanishads
3587:Aparigraha
3489:Philosophy
3290:. p. 149.
3244:2024-09-12
2850:, page 222
2752:, page 629
2645:References
2639:Devanagari
1756:Long vowel
1607:ac Akshara
1561:pratyahara
1520:March 2016
1443:fricatives
1380:Retroflex
1340:Gutturals
1317:morphology
1296:word stems
1269:Taittiriya
1242:padapathas
1152:Discussion
1124:(accent),
1100:), stops (
1094:Upanishads
748:Panchadasi
733:Swara yoga
569:Tirukkuṟaḷ
383:Markandeya
228:Taittiriya
192:Sama vedic
185:Kaushitaki
170:Upanishads
157:Upanishads
5073:Phonetics
4966:Theosophy
4897:Mythology
4877:Criticism
4845:Etymology
4803:Svādhyāya
4702:New Year
4651:Navaratri
4623:Festivals
4601:Grihastha
4574:Kshatriya
4548:Antyeshti
4523:Upanayana
4488:Jatakarma
4478:Pumsavana
4465:Sanskaras
4430:Naivedhya
4384:Practices
4329:Mahavidya
4297:Saraswati
4284:Goddesses
4242:Kartikeya
4139:Athichudi
4094:Tirumurai
3947:Vyākaraṇa
3914:Natyaveda
3862:Chandogya
3787:Divisions
3768:Yajurveda
3235:"Shiksha"
3224:, p. 352.
2593:Mahāprāṇa
2546:Mahāprāṇa
2482:Alpaprāṇa
2429:Anunāsika
2424:Alpaprāṇa
2385:Mahāprāṇa
2346:Alpaprāṇa
2307:Mahāprāṇa
2268:Alpaprāṇa
2232:Dantoṣṭya
2198:Mūrdhanya
2172:jihvāmūla
2115:Aspirated
2111:Mahāprāṇa
2102:Alpaprāṇa
2089:Fricative
2023:lower lip
1972:Jihvāmūla
1951:Diphthong
1943:(E.g.: v)
1909:Retroflex
1905:Mūrdhanya
1581:Consonant
1544:syllables
1447:sibilants
1360:Palatals
1310:jaṭāpāṭha
1292:compounds
1248:padapāṭha
1207:Sama Veda
1120:(sound),
1090:Aranyakas
1070:Brahmanas
985:Yajurveda
902:Etymology
851:phonology
847:phonetics
718:Tirumurai
648:Kamasutra
407:Bhagavata
388:Bhavishya
373:Brahmānda
330:Vyakarana
199:Chandogya
175:Rig vedic
135:Divisions
123:Yajurveda
5063:Vedangas
5022:Category
4973:Glossary
4941:Buddhism
4907:Hindutva
4867:Calendar
4748:Haridwar
4726:Vaisakhi
4721:Puthandu
4611:Sannyasa
4528:Keshanta
4359:Shashthi
4195:Trimurti
4022:Nitisara
3995:Ramayana
3990:Itihasas
3962:Jyotisha
3904:Ayurveda
3896:Upavedas
3877:Mandukya
3822:Aitareya
3804:Aranyaka
3799:Brahmana
3773:Samaveda
3698:Charvaka
3498:Concepts
3479:Timeline
3471:Glossary
3454:Hinduism
2623:See also
2597:Avyāhata
2552:Avyāhata
2516:Pārśvika
2507:Lunthita
2493:Avyāhata
2471:Antastha
2437:Avyāhata
2223:jihvāgra
2206:jihvāgra
2124:Unvoiced
2017:Adhōṣṭha
2006:cerebral
1998:Jihvāgra
1949:: e.g.:
1842:Anudātta
1672:Sibilant
1659:Antastha
1629:vyanjana
1617:sonorant
1613:Vyanjana
1573:Vyanjana
1420:Labials
1400:Dentals
1281:Samaveda
1216:—
1106:antastha
968:—
911:Vedangas
892:Hinduism
855:Sanskrit
843:Vedangas
823:Sanskrit
770:Timeline
627:Shastras
510:Ramayana
412:Naradiya
345:Jyotisha
313:Vedangas
262:Mandukya
180:Aitareya
152:Aranyaka
147:Brahmana
118:Samaveda
58:a series
56:Part of
5011:Outline
4961:Sikhism
4956:Judaism
4951:Jainism
4832:Related
4808:Namaste
4661:Ramlila
4591:Ashrama
4579:Vaishya
4569:Brahmin
4392:Worship
4344:Rukmini
4334:Matrika
4307:Parvati
4302:Lakshmi
4292:Tridevi
4247:Krishna
4232:Hanuman
4227:Ganesha
4178:Deities
4064:Tantras
4054:Stotras
4007:Puranas
3952:Nirukta
3942:Chandas
3937:Shiksha
3929:Vedanga
3882:Prashna
3872:Mundaka
3794:Samhita
3763:Rigveda
3694:Nāstika
3679:Advaita
3666:Vedanta
3661:Mīmāṃsā
3641:Samkhya
3629:Schools
3617:Akrodha
3536:Saṃsāra
3516:Ishvara
3506:Brahman
2557:Visarga
2249:adhosta
2181:Tālavya
2164:Kanthya
2063:Plosive
1993:palatal
1923:Ōṣṭhya
1914:Dantya
1900:Palatal
1896:Tālavya
1885:Kaṇṭhya
1876:passive
1848:Svarita
1829:mantras
1549:Akshara
1257:Rigveda
1230:Shiksha
1198:Shiksha
1183:Shiksha
1178:Shiksha
1138:samtana
1114:Shiksha
1102:sparsha
1086:Shiksha
1082:Avasana
1063:Shiksha
1035:History
942:Shiksha
934:Rigveda
930:Shiksha
919:Shiksha
907:Shiksha
884:Shiksha
866:Vedanga
861:Shiksha
818:Shiksha
503:Itihasa
358:Puranas
335:Nirukta
325:Chandas
320:Shiksha
295:Tantras
267:Prashna
257:Mundaka
142:Samhita
113:Rigveda
5032:Portal
4936:Baháʼí
4840:Hindus
4818:Tilaka
4787:Others
4763:Ujjain
4758:Prayag
4753:Nashik
4693:Pongal
4631:Diwali
4584:Shudra
4543:Vivaha
4450:Dhyāna
4425:Bhajan
4415:Bhakti
4400:Temple
4354:Shakti
4262:Varuna
4205:Vishnu
4200:Brahma
4049:Sutras
3985:Agamas
3741:Smriti
3672:Dvaita
3637:Āstika
3582:Asteya
3577:Ahimsa
3563:Moksha
3548:Dharma
3461:topics
3371:
3350:
3304:592174
3302:
3220:
3163:
3136:
2956:
2936:
2897:
2846:
2802:
2748:
2721:
2667:
2661:Siksha
2415:Sparśa
2376:Sparśa
2337:Sparśa
2298:Sparśa
2259:Sparśa
2215:Dantya
2133:Voiced
2057:Spṛṣṭa
2034:manner
2027:labial
2025:, for
2010:dental
2004:, for
1991:, for
1978:, for
1965:active
1927:Labial
1918:Dental
1863:, the
1836:Udātta
1802:Nāsika
1798:(open)
1752:Dīrgha
1742:Hrasva
1721:Vowels
1650:Sparśa
1595:Pāṇini
1455:vowels
1453:, and
1321:sandhi
1146:Khalil
1110:ushman
1084:. The
915:sandhi
872:. The
827:शिक्षा
758:Stotra
631:sutras
466:Skanda
442:Matsya
427:Vamana
417:Garuda
402:Vishnu
368:Brahma
285:Agamas
243:Maitri
89:Smriti
84:Shruti
4946:Islam
4924:India
4813:Bindi
4796:Other
4736:Ugadi
4731:Vishu
4564:Varna
4445:Tapas
4435:Yajna
4405:Murti
4339:Radha
4319:Durga
4314:Bhumi
4257:Surya
4237:Indra
4210:Shiva
3972:Other
3957:Kalpa
3847:Katha
3751:Vedas
3736:Śruti
3721:Texts
3651:Nyaya
3607:Damah
3597:Satya
3553:Artha
3531:Karma
3521:Atman
3475:Index
3300:JSTOR
2584:Ūṣman
2540:Śvāsa
2533:Ūṣman
2489:Drava
2433:Drava
2303:Śvāsa
2264:Śvāsa
2241:Oṣṭya
2120:Śvāsa
1980:velar
1891:Velar
1825:hymns
1818:Vedic
1806:Nasal
1792:Mukha
1782:mātra
1772:pluti
1764:Pluta
1734:morae
1668:Uṣman
1625:svara
1599:svara
1568:Vowel
1557:Svara
1329:varga
1302:pāṭha
1294:into
1187:Mudra
1134:saman
1126:matra
1122:svara
1118:varna
1098:svara
1078:Varna
1074:Vedas
923:Vedas
896:Hindu
888:Vedas
837:śikṣā
461:Linga
456:Shiva
437:Kurma
422:Padma
340:Kalpa
233:Katha
106:Vedas
4988:List
4850:List
4777:Teej
4706:Bihu
4688:Onam
4636:Holi
4440:Homa
4420:Japa
4410:Puja
4370:more
4364:Sita
4349:Sati
4324:Kali
4273:more
4267:Vayu
4252:Rama
4217:Agni
4187:Gods
3867:Kena
3837:Isha
3646:Yoga
3612:Dayā
3602:Dāna
3572:Niti
3558:Kama
3526:Maya
3369:ISBN
3348:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3161:ISBN
3134:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2934:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2844:ISBN
2800:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2589:Nāda
2476:Nāda
2420:Nāda
2408:bha
2402:dha
2392:jha
2389:gha
2381:Nāda
2342:Nāda
2330:pha
2324:tha
2314:cha
2311:kha
2129:Nāda
2008:and
1867:(or
1827:and
1820:and
1796:Oral
1713:and
1697:and
1654:Stop
1631:was
1445:and
1236:The
1176:The
1130:bala
1092:and
1080:and
1027:and
995:and
876:and
849:and
831:IAST
629:and
476:Agni
471:Vayu
223:Isha
204:Kena
95:List
45:and
4862:Law
3397:at
3292:doi
2601:ha
2571:sa
2561:śa
2521:va
2512:la
2503:ra
2500:ya
2464:ma
2458:na
2448:ña
2397:ḍha
2369:ba
2363:da
2353:ja
2350:ga
2319:ṭha
2291:pa
2285:ta
2275:ca
2272:ka
1737:):
1681:to
1601:as
1579:):
1577:hal
1566:):
1564:ach
1510:by
1435:ma
1432:bha
1426:pha
1415:na
1412:dha
1406:tha
1395:ṇa
1392:ḍha
1386:ṭha
1375:ña
1372:jha
1366:cha
1355:ṅa
1352:gha
1346:kha
853:in
5059::
3696::
3639::
3511:Om
3298:.
3286:.
3282:.
3253:^
3237:.
3112:^
3049:^
3034:^
3019:^
2968:^
2855:^
2772:^
2757:^
2733:^
2695:^
2676:^
2652:^
2616:—
2613:—
2610:—
2607:—
2604:—
2595:,
2591:,
2587:,
2577:—
2574:—
2566:ṣa
2550:,
2542:,
2538:,
2524:—
2518:)
2509:)
2497:—
2491:,
2478:,
2474:,
2461:—
2453:ṇa
2443:ṅa
2435:,
2431:,
2422:,
2418:,
2405:—
2383:,
2379:,
2366:—
2358:ḍa
2344:,
2340:,
2327:—
2305:,
2301:,
2288:—
2280:ṭa
2266:,
2262:,
2252:)
2226:)
2209:)
2192:)
2175:)
2131::
2122::
2113::
2104::
2087::
2074::
2061::
2021::
2000::
1987::
1974::
1939::
1925::
1916::
1907::
1898::
1889::
1831:.
1804::
1794::
1754::
1744::
1717:.
1715:ha
1711:sa
1709:,
1707:ṣa
1705:,
1703:śa
1699:va
1695:la
1693:,
1691:ra
1689:,
1687:ya
1683:ma
1679:ka
1670::
1661::
1652::
1639:.
1609:.
1449:,
1429:ba
1423:pa
1409:da
1403:ta
1389:ḍa
1383:ṭa
1369:ja
1363:ca
1349:ga
1343:ka
1031:.
1023:,
1019:,
1015:,
1011:,
1007:,
1003:,
857:.
833::
829:,
825::
60:on
3441:e
3434:t
3427:v
3377:.
3356:.
3306:.
3294::
3288:6
3260:"
3247:.
3169:.
3142:.
2942:.
2903:.
2808:.
2727:.
2514:(
2505:(
2486:,
2426:,
2246:(
2220:(
2203:(
2186:(
2169:(
1953:e
1776:)
1559:(
1533:)
1527:(
1522:)
1518:(
1504:.
1313:,
1244:(
1054:—
821:(
805:e
798:t
791:v
49:.
30:.
23:.
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