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domain. Nariakira then decided it was time to make his bid for the lordship of
Satsuma. He relied on Date Munenari to report the situation for him and gain the sympathies of Abe. In a letter addressed to Date on August 27, 1848, Nariakira thanks him for obtaining Abe's assurance that he would overlook Nairoki and Zusho's transgressions and not take Satsuma to court as long as the Ryūkyū problem was resolved satisfactorily. Date's correspondence with Abe served to hasten Narioki's retirement and Nariakira's ascendancy as
607:, were disturbed by Nariakira's removal from responsibility over the Ryūkyū Western Trade Treaty crisis because their policy concerning the crisis was predicated on their trust in him, not in his father or Zusho Hirosato. Narioki and Zusho had already proven themselves untrustworthy by not being completely reliable on matters concerning Ryūkyū. Abe knew that the only way Nariakira could gain control of the Ryūkyū crisis was if his father and Zusho were removed; through Abe's intervention, this too was accomplished.
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359:(a vassal state under Satsuma) in 1846, Yura had used her charm to thoroughly convince Narioki to promote the interests of her son Hisamitsu over Narioki's legitimate son and heir-apparent (Nariakira). Zusho, Narioki, Yura, and Hisamitsu were the key members of the coalition which rallied other Satsuma bureaucrats who felt threatened by Nariakira's immense and highly intimidating intelligence, and tried to impede all attempts Nariakira made to retire his father as
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659:. Saigō and Ōkubo felt the death of all of Nariakira's viable heirs was caused by Yura and wanted retribution, but Nariakira would not allow it. On July 8, 1858, Nariakira was supervising the joint preparatory maneuvers in Tempozan for sending 3,000 Satsuma soldiers to Edo, and he succumbed to the heat. He was transported to Tsurumaru Castle, where he died on the 16th. A few years after his death, he was deified as a Shinto
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313:. He faced much opposition in Satsuma since he spent most of his life in Edo (and compulsory requirement as the heir of daimyo, set by the Shogunate); as such he was considered a stranger in his own domain. In his quest to prepare Satsuma for potential Western aggression, he also faced many opposing military schools of thought in Satsuma who disagreed with the Shimazu family's plan for strengthening coastal defense.
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subsequent deaths of his eldest children. This belief caused many of them to call for the assassination of Yura, her son
Hisamitsu, and Zusho, whom they felt also played a hand in the deaths of Nariakira's eldest children. Nariakira was able to restrain them; upon hearing of their plans for murder, Narioki began rooting out Nariakira's supporters and ordering their deaths by
370:, on June 25, 1846. A French ship had arrived in Ryūkyū in 1844, and two British ships the following year, demanding treaties of amity and commerce; as the kingdom was semi-independent and not generally regarded to be part of Japan proper, this presented a dilemma. Nariakira and Abe Masahiro decided in the end that, despite the shogunate's policies of
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quickly being shifted to his half brother, Hisamitsu
Hisamitsu was rapidly elevated through the ranks of his father's court soon after Nariakira's departure from Satsuma for Edo. He was placed in charge of the newly created office of military service of Satsuma in October 1847. In 1848, Narioki appointed Hisamitsu steward of
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apparently clear to Zusho that Abe, as well as the
Tokugawa shōgun, knew the truth of the illegal Satsuma-Ryūkyū-Western trade relations, which were being carried out against the shogunate's policy of seclusion. Zusho's devotion to Narioki pushed him to take full responsibility for the illicit trade by committing
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western items, which included clocks, musical instruments, telescopes, microscopes, and weapons. In the course of his education, he was also taught how to read and write Roman letters, and would later use Roman letters to write
Japanese words as a personal form of code. Shigehide also introduced Nariakira to
554:(also referred to as Shōkoku Shrine) after Shimazu's death, but it later went missing. Lost for a century, the daguerreotype was discovered in a warehouse in 1975 and was later determined to be the oldest daguerreotype in existence created by a Japanese photographer. For this reason, it was designated an
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camera ever imported into Japan, and ordered his retainers to study it and produce working photographs. Due to the limitations of the lens used and the lack of formal training, it took many years for a quality photograph to be created, but on
September 17, 1857, a portrait of Shimazu in formal attire
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heir, Nariakira was prepared for his future role, by receiving a well-rounded education in the martial and scholarly arts. As stated above, Nariakira shared his grandfather
Shigehide's fascination with Western culture and learning. The young Nariakira was fascinated by his grandfather's collection of
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The conflict had gotten so far out of hand that
Nariakira was left with no choice but to request aid from Abe Masahiro. Abe, seeing that Nariakira was being hindered in his proceeding with the Ryūkyū crisis by his own father and family retainers, aided in getting Narioki to retire and removing Zusho.
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To further discredit and impede
Nariakira's rise to lord of Satsuma, Yura was rumored to have asked at least five spiritual leaders to cast spells on Nariakira's eldest sons as well as take other measures to curse Nariakira's children. Many of Nariakira's followers believed Yura was the source of the
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On March 8, 1847, Narioki arrived in
Satsuma, making Nariakira's position, something equivalent to deputy to his father, obsolete. After essentially having the reins of power wrenched from his hands by his own father, Nariakira left Satsuma for Edo. The authority formerly vested him was clearly and
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of Uwajima to explain his predicament to the Tokugawa shogunate and Abe. He instructed his associates Yamaguchi Sadayasu and Shimazu Hisataka to gather information in Satsuma for him as well as keep a close watch on Zusho's activities with special emphasis on goods and money being brought into the
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Abe first went about the task of removing Zusho, who was greatly relied upon by Narioki, by inviting him to Edo. Abe's stated purpose was a desire to discuss the Ryūkyū crisis and its current handling. In the process of the conversation, Abe began to ask Zusho a line of questioning that made it
507:. He carried his love of Western culture into the military of Satsuma where he implemented Western-style cavalry and demanded annual military field maneuvers. However, without the Satsuma budget that had been so carefully restored by his enemy Zusho, none of this would have been possible.
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annually to feed starving scholars, essentially a form of financial aid or scholarship. His goal in promoting education in Satsuma was to make sure the youths of Satsuma were “taught to master themselves, rule their homes wisely, preserve national peace, and trust the universal power.”
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councilor, a rank which, according to the instructions accompanying the appointment, placed him at the top of the social scale. At ceremonial occasions, Hisamitsu was ordered by his father to sit at a place higher than that of the deputy in charge of the
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on December 18, 1848. On December 3, 1850, Narioki was called to Edo by the shōgun and presented with a prized set of tea utensils, indicating the shōgun's desire for Narioki to retire. On February 3, 1851, Nairoki retired and Shimazu Nariakira was made
647:. Saigo and Ōkubo adopted many of Nariakira's views, which would later become the foundation of the new Meiji government. These views included centralizing the government around the emperor, and Westernizing the Japanese military.
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Since Narioki and Zusho together ceased the flow of information regarding Satsuma's officials or their dealings with Ryūkyū to Nariakira, Nariakira had to establish his own information-gathering network. He relied on
503:, one of the first Western-style ships built in Japan. It was based on Minayoshi's 6-foot-long (1.8 m), 3-foot-wide (0.91 m) model. Nariakira then built a shipyard for Western-style shipbuilding at
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Shortly before his death, Nariakira was left with only a two-year-old son (Tetsumaru) and eight-year-old daughter (Teruhime). He had been forced to ask Narioki to decide between Hisamitsu or Hisamitsu's son
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In the course of his life, Nariakira made many friends in high places. These connections came in handy during his efforts to force the retirement of his father. Abe Masahiro, who at the time was a
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was exiled by Narioki for supporting Nariakira, but once Nariakira came to power he was pardoned and rose rapidly through the ranks. Saigō and Ōkubo worked on Nariakira's behalf, speaking with
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Another formidable and dangerous obstacle for Nariakira in not only his plans to bolster the defenses of all of Japan but also his ascendancy to
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He also began enacting educational changes in Satsuma geared at bringing in Western science and technology. Nariakira established the
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chose to leave Satsuma for any reason, business or pleasure. It was apparent that Hisamitsu was being groomed to become the next
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in regards to Japan's national military defense and was the one who placed Nariakira in charge of Satsuma's dealing with the
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of the domain of Satsuma only after surviving a gruesome and arduous war within his own family and domain, known as the
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to convince him to back Nariakira's view that government should have greater focus on the emperor and less on the
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Nariakira arrived in Satsuma to attempt to resolve the Ryūkyū crisis, as per the orders of shogunal high official
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in all military matters in the area. At about the same time, Hisamitsu was given the highly respected post of
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In 1812, at age three, Nariakira was designated the heir to the Satsuma lordship by his father. As with any
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of Shimazu, the earliest surviving Japanese photograph. It was created by one of his retainers,
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Sakai, Robert K. "Shimazu Nariakira and the Emergence of National Leadership in Satsuma". in
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401:. Narioki even went so far as to place Hisamitsu in charge of all of Satsuma whenever the
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Origins of Japanese Wealth and Power: Reconciling Confucianism and Capitalism, 1830–1885
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The Shūseikan (集成館) industrial area established by Shimazu Nariakira in 1852 in Iso (
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Biography of Nariakira, including pictures of statues and locations related to him
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Yates, 120 Nariakira was not the only one who had these opinions; others, such as
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Challenging past and present: the metamorphosis of nineteenth-century Japanese art
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He was renowned as an intelligent and wise lord, and was greatly interested in
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Sengan-en, traditional garden and stately home where the Shuseikan was located
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Sakai, Robert. "The Satsuma-Ryukyu Trade and the Tokugawa Seclusion Policy".
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of Satsuma, Nariakira had Minayoshi Hotoku, a Satsuma physician, build the
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Norihime (1852–1908) married Shimazu Uzuhiko of Shimazu-Echizen family
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was produced. This photograph became an object of worship in the
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Through the Looking Glass: How Japanese Photography Came of Age
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Shimazu Nariakira was born at the Satsuma domain's estate in
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1233:. London: Kegan Paul International Limited, 1995. 34–120.
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The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori
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1040:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. p. 160.
1226:. Berkeley: University of California P, 1964. 26–190.
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in 1999, the first photograph ever given this honor.
382:, with the responsibility of acting on behalf of the
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of Satsuma was Yura, the mother of his half-brother,
1219:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. 43–72.
934:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 306.
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The Columbia anthology of modern Japanese literature
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and technology. He was enshrined after death as the
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1247:島津斉彬. Tokyo: Yoshikawa Kōbunkan 吉川弘文館.
452:Love of education and Western culture
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530:In 1848, Shimazu obtained the first
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1212:23:3, (May 1964). pp391–403.
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193:. A "foreigner's building" (
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151:(1858-07-16)
106:Succeeded by
85:
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28:
1329:1858 deaths
1324:1809 births
816:Ansei Purge
214:Shōhei Maru
96:Preceded by
1318:Categories
1300:1851–1858
1296:of Satsuma
1196:References
1180:Ravina, 72
1150:Ravina, 61
1132:Ravina, 43
1106:24 January
961:Ravina, 44
902:Ravina, 49
723:Morinoshin
708:Hironosuke
699:Children:
505:Sakurajima
501:Iroha-maru
307:Oyura Sōdō
241:Edo period
132:1809-04-28
78:of Satsuma
1189:Yates, 62
1004:Iwata, 26
988:Iwata, 33
838:Iwata, 29
821:Sengan-en
753:Tenshō-in
705:Tetsumaru
653:Tadayoshi
372:seclusion
353:Hisamitsu
342:Shigehide
320:Marquess
247:lords of
239:) of the
211:The 1854
90:1851–1858
86:In office
1141:Iwata 33
1080:Archived
780:See also
729:Kunihime
726:Sumihime
672:Father:
481:daimyō’s
468:in 1857.
19:In this
1086:, 2002.
767:Honours
637:Nariaki
576:Ō-yoroi
558:by the
441:seppuku
428:seppuku
309:or the
201:E. Home
141:, Japan
29:Shimazu
25:surname
1294:Daimyō
1167:, and
1044:
1021:
938:
681:Wife:
667:Family
657:daimyō
645:shōgun
625:daimyō
618:daimyō
605:shōgun
594:shōgun
497:daimyō
474:daimyō
446:daimyō
407:daimyō
403:daimyō
395:daimyō
384:daimyō
361:daimyō
349:daimyō
303:daimyō
260:Shinto
236:daimyō
166:Awards
158:Spouse
76:Daimyō
23:, the
827:Notes
272:照国大明神
228:島津 斉彬
52:島津 斉彬
1108:2017
1042:ISBN
1019:ISBN
936:ISBN
661:kami
641:Mito
589:rōjū
543:照国神社
523:koku
297:and
263:kami
146:Died
126:Born
397:of
389:han
287:Edo
196:異人館
189:),
139:Edo
27:is
1320::
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269:(
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186:磯
134:)
130:(
31:.
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