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344:, Kikawa founded Shindo Renmei, and campaigned for the Japanese community to commit acts of sabotage. He distributed pamphlets urging Japanese-Brazilian farmers to cease producing silk (used at time to make parachutes) and peppermint (menthol was used in the production of explosives). As Pia's directors opposed this campaign, Kikawa left Pia in 1944.
461:(DOPS - State Department of Political and Social Order) investigated the case in the states of São Paulo and Paraná. According to the police of São Paulo, 31,380 Japanese-Brazilians were suspected of having connections to the organization. DOPS also investigated 376 Japanese-Brazilians. Ultimately, the leaders of Shindo Renmei and most of the
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Compounding the confusion, a number of deceivers produced fake
Japanese newspapers and magazines with news stories about the "great victory" and started selling land in the "conquered territories". Others sold yen, the Japanese currency nearly worthless at the time, to those who intended to return to
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At the time, almost 90% of the
Japanese immigrants were subscribers of Japanese language newspapers, which indicates a much higher literacy rate than the general populace at the time. Decree 383, which made bilingual editions obligatory, in effect required such newspapers to stop printing due to the
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When Brazil sided with the Allies in 1942, all communication with Japan was cut off and the entry of new
Japanese immigrants was forbidden. Letters from Japan would no longer reach their recipients. Japanese-Brazilians were unable to travel freely or live in certain regions, such as coastal areas,
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the
Japanese Brazilians, Italian Brazilians and German Brazilians. The decree 383 of April 18, 1938 mandated that foreigners were not allowed to take part in political activities or speak foreign languages in public. Additionally, the first language taught to children had to be Portuguese. Radio
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Not one of those who received such a letter complied with the request. Thus, they were killed with firearms or katanas. From 1946 to early 1947, Shindo Renmei killed 23 and wounded 147 Japanese-Brazilians, according to official data. The killers often surrendered to the police soon after their
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Shindo Renmei's members believed that the news regarding Japan's defeat was false, and they created a communication system to declare that Japan had actually won. Underground
Japanese-language newspapers and magazines were published and secret radio stations were established to push this view.
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With the end of World War II, Shindo Renmei refused to believe the official news of Japan's defeat. Believing it to be nothing but
American propaganda, Shindo Renmei's members established new goals: to punish the defeatists, to declare that Japan had won or was winning the war, and defend the
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The first
Japanese emigrated to Brazil in 1908, hoping to amass wealth and then return to Japan. They found themselves in a foreign country with different languages, religions, climate, food, and customs. As a result, they were relatively isolated from the culture around them, and few learned
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Shindo Renmei was not the only, nor the first, political organization founded by
Japanese-Brazilians. Most of these organizations provided mutual support for the community. None of them, except for Shindo Renmei, was ever involved in terrorism.
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Tales of murder, especially by katana sword, spread fear among
Japanese-Brazilians. The general Brazilian population was not directly affected, though it was left with the impression that all Japanese were nationalist fanatics.
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from the authorities. Radio receivers were also confiscated, making it almost impossible for
Japanese-Brazilians to listen to shortwave transmissions from Japan. Even bilingual newspapers were prohibited during this period.
379:, or "the defeated" pejoratively called "dirty hearts", who had accepted the news of Japan's defeat. They were usually the wealthier members of the community who were more informed and better adapted to Brazilian society.
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371:, or "the victorious", who believed the war was still going on, or that Japan had won. They were the majority mostly from the poorer members of the community and those who still intended to return to Japan.
419:– ritual suicide by sword – so that they could "regain their lost honor". The letters started by saying: "You have a dirty heart, so you must have the throat washed"; this essentially means to be cut by a
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Bursts of violence against Japanese immigrants, belonging to Shindo Renmei or not, occurred mostly in towns on the countryside where they had large communities, such as in the region of
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resulting high costs. As a significant number of Japanese immigrants could not understand Portuguese, it became exceedingly difficult for them to obtain any extra-communal information.
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founded the Pia ("pious"), a charity created with the approval of the church and the Brazilian government to help the poorer members of the diaspora. A former Japanese army colonel,
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406:, owner of a dry cleaner in São Paulo, coordinated the punitive actions. Many Japanese-owned boarding houses served as hideouts for the killers after their actions.
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crimes, explaining that they had nothing against Brazil or its people, and that they were not common criminals, for they killed only as part of their duty.
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668:, 1999. Portuguese edition: Negociando a Identidade Nacional: Imigrantes, Minorias e a Luta pela Etnicidade no Brasil (São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2001.
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Portuguese. As a result, the general public regarded them with suspicion. By the 1930s, Brazil had the world's largest Japanese immigrant community.
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About 155 Japanese immigrants were to be banished from Brazil in 1946, but this never happened, and the time for punishment elapsed. Only 14
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broadcast in foreign languages was also forbidden. Publishing in foreign languages was only allowed in bilingual editions.
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rioted and was willing to lynch any Japanese they found. The riot was contained only with the arrival of army troops.
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Shindo Renmei had its headquarters in São Paulo, with 64 local offices in the states of São Paulo and
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After many decades, Shindo Renmei is still somewhat of a taboo among Japanese-Brazilian immigrants.
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SUZUKI Jr, Matinas. História da discriminação brasileira contra os japoneses sai do limbo
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Sobral Pinto, "The Conscience of Brazil": Leading the Attack against Vargas (1930-1945)
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Japan. This drove many Kachigumis into bankruptcy and even to suicide in some cases.
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In Shindo Renmei's eyes, the Japanese-Brazilian community was divided in two groups:
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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Shindo Renmei em Campos do Jordão, SP. Crônica do historiador Pedro Paulo Filho
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DEZEM, Rogério. "Shindô Renmei: terrorismo e repressão". São Paulo: AESP, 2000.
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organization composed of Japanese immigrants. It was active in the state of
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Yami no Ichinichi - Documentary about the victorists-defeatists conflict
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550:"Japan, Brazil mark a century of settlement, family ties"
351:. It was sponsored by donations from its affiliates.
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689:(in Portuguese) (1 ed.). São Paulo: Benvirá.
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452:Departamento Estadual de Ordem Política e Social
625:IstoÉ Online (visitada em 17 de agosto de 2008)
716:Comciencia - Shindo Renmei: Lembranças Amargas
396:The group also wrote lists with the names of
726:Yamanaka - Nuvem Negra sobre o Sol Nascente
294:, aiming to promote Brazilian nationalism,
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
16:Terrorist organization in São Paulo, Brazil
593:. University of Texas Press. p. 113.
400:who should die for betraying the emperor.
252:, League of the Way of Emperors' Subjects)
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548:Nakamura, Akemi (15 January 2008).
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666:Duke University Press
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679:Companhia das Letras
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766:Terrorism in Brazil
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479:In popular culture
431:Repression and end
404:Kamegoro Ogasawara
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761:São Paulo (state)
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