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factors were introduced into skin fibroblasts, few actually generated colonies that were remarkably similar to ES cells. Secondly, further experiments were conducted with smaller numbers of transcription factors added to identify the key factors, through a very simple and yet sensitive assay system. Lastly, he identified the four key genes. They found that 4 transcriptional factors (Myc, Oct3/4, Sox2 and Klf4) were sufficient to convert mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells (capable of producing teratomas
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800:(SCNT) as a method to understand reprogramming and how cells change in specialization. He concluded that differentiated somatic cell nuclei had the potential to revert to pluripotency. This was a paradigm shift at the time. It showed that a differentiated cell nucleus has retained the capacity to successfully revert to an undifferentiated state, with the potential to restart development (pluripotent capacity).
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In 2013, iPS cells were used to generate a human vascularized and functional liver in mice in Japan. Multiple stem cells were used to differentiate the component parts of the liver, which then self-organized into the complex structure. When placed into a mouse host, the liver vessels connected to the
837:
fabricating data, doctoring images, and plagiarizing the work of others, Yamanaka faced public scrutiny for his associated work lacking full documentation. Yamanaka denied manipulating images in his papers on embryonic mouse stem cells, but he could not find lab notes to confirm that the raw data was
823:
These pluripotent cells are called iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells; they appeared with very low frequency. iPS cells can be selected by inserting the b-geo gene into the Fbx15 locus. The Fbx15 promoter is active in pluripotent stem cells which induce b-geo expression, which in turn gives rise to
851:
The delivery mechanism of pluripotency factors has been improved. At first retroviral vectors, that integrate randomly in the genome and cause deregulation of genes that contribute to tumor formation, were used. However, now, non-integrating viruses, stabilised RNAs or proteins, or episomal plasmids
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Knowing that transcription factors were involved in the maintenance of the pluripotent state, he selected a set of 24 ES cell transcriptional factors as candidates to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells. First, he collected the 24 candidate factors. When all 24 genes encoding these transcription
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The fact that differentiated cell types had specific patterns of proteins suggested irreversible epigenetic modifications or genetic alterations to be the cause of unidirectional cell differentiation. So, cells progressively become more restricted in the differentiation potential and eventually lose
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Can medically use iPS cells from patients with genetic and other disorders to gain insights into the disease process. - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Rett syndrome, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), α1-antitrypsin deficiency, familial hypercholesterolemia and glycogen storage disease type 1A.
811:
Shinya
Yamanaka proved that introduction of a small set of transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to revert the cell to a pluripotent state. Yamanaka focused on factors that are important for maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem (ES) cells. This was the first time an
517:
there, and started the research that would later win him the 2012 Nobel Prize. He became a full professor and remained at the institute in that position from 2003 to 2005. Between 2004 and 2010, Yamanaka was a professor at the
Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University. Between 2010
871:
with iPS cells is a possibility. Stem cells can replace diseased or lost cells in degenerative disorders and they are less prone to immune rejection. However, there is a danger that it may introduce mutations or other genomic abnormalities that render it unsuitable for cell therapy. So, there are
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The prevalent view during the early 20th century was that mature cells were permanently locked into the differentiated state and cannot return to a fully immature, pluripotent stem cell state. It was thought that cellular differentiation can only be a unidirectional process. Therefore,
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experiments were carried out. They tried to change the cell fate without proceeding through a pluripotent state. They were able to systematically identify genes that carry out transdifferentiation using combinations of transcription factors that induce cell fate switches. They found
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iPS cells provide screening platforms for development and validation of therapeutic compounds. For example, kinetin was a novel compound found in iPS cells from familial dysautonomia and beta blockers & ion channel blockers for long QT syndrome were identified with iPS
1972:
Takebe, Takanori; Sekine, Keisuke; Enomura, Masahiro; Koike, Hiroyuki; Kimura, Masaki; Ogaeri, Takunori; Zhang, Ran-Ran; Ueno, Yasuharu; Zheng, Yun-Wen (July 25, 2013). "Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant".
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magazine on May 15, 2011. In June 2011, he was awarded the inaugural McEwen Award for
Innovation; he shared the $ 100,000 prize with Kazutoshi Takahashi, who was the lead author on the paper describing the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells.
545:, i.e. capable of generating all cell lineages of the body. Later he and his team generated iPS cells from human adult fibroblasts, again as the first group to do so. A key difference from previous attempts by the field was his team's use of multiple
846:
Since the original discovery by
Yamanaka, much further research has been done in this field, and many improvements have been made to the technology. Improvements made to Yamanaka's research as well as future prospects of his findings are as follows:
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in orthopedic surgery at the
National Osaka Hospital. His first operation was to remove a benign tumor from his friend Shuichi Hirata, a task he could not complete after one hour when a skilled surgeon would have taken ten minutes or so. Some
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and 2022, Yamanaka was the director and a professor at the Center for iPS Cell
Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University. In April 2022, he stepped down and took place of the director emeritus of CiRA keeping with professor position.
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non-differentiated egg/early embryo cells can only develop into specialized cells. However, stem cells with limited potency (adult stem cells) remain in bone marrow, intestine, skin etc. to act as a source of cell replacement.
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of
Cardiovascular Disease. Between 1996 and 1999, he was an assistant professor at Osaka City University Medical School, but found himself mostly looking after mice in the laboratory, not doing actual research.
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trandifferentiation within germ layer and between germ layers, e.g., exocrine cells to endocrine cells, fibroblast cells to myoblast cells, fibroblast cells to cardiomyocyte cells, fibroblast cells to neurons
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for reprogramming adult skin cells to pluripotential precursors. Yamanaka developed the method as an alternative to embryonic stem cells, thus circumventing an approach in which embryos would be destroyed.
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in Japan. Yamanaka is currently a professor and the director emeritus of Center for iPS Research and
Application (CiRA), Kyoto University. He is also a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes.
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Moreover, in 2007, Yamanaka and his colleagues found iPS cells with germline transmission (via selecting for Oct4 or Nanog gene). Also in 2007, they were the first to produce human iPS cells.
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one transcription factor per experiment. They started with 24 transcription factors known to be important in the early embryo, but could in the end reduce it to four transcription factors –
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Some issues that current methods of induced pluripotency face are the very low production rate of iPS cells and the fact that the 4 transcriptional factors are shown to be oncogenic.
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demonstrated that the nucleus from a differentiated frog intestinal epithelial cell can generate a fully functional tadpole via transplantation to an enucleated egg. Gurdon used
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Browder, K.C., Reddy, P., Yamamoto, M. et al. In vivo partial reprogramming alters age-associated molecular changes during physiological aging in mice. Nature Aging (2022).
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Can develop into all cell types (except those that form the amniotic sac and the placenta). For example, the early embryo consists mainly of pluripotent stem cells.
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Yamanaka's research has "opened a new door and the world's scientists have set forth on a long journey of exploration, hoping to find our cells’ true potential."
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513:. He stated that he could and would clarify the characteristics of embryonic stem cells, and this can-do attitude won him the job. From 1999 to 2003, he was an
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876:- For cardiovascular disease, Timothy syndrome, LEOPARD syndrome, type 1 and 2 long QT syndrome - Alzheimer’s, Spinocerebellar ataxia, Huntington’s etc.
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black belt) and played rugby as a university student. He also has a history of running marathons. After a 20-year gap, he competed in the inaugural
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1563:"Efficient and Scalable Purification of Cardiomyocytes from Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells by VCAM1 Surface Expression"
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Can develop into any of a family of closely related cell types. For example, blood multipotent cells can develop into various blood cells.
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still many challenges, but it is a very exciting and promising research area. Further work is required to guarantee safety for patients.
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Uosaki, H.; Fukushima, H.; Takeuchi, A.; Matsuoka, S.; Nakatsuji, N.; Yamanaka, S.; Yamashita, J. K. (2011). Prosper, Felipe (ed.).
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was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya
Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become
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Transcription factors required for inducing pluripotency in different cell types have been identified (e.g. neural stem cells).
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However, the question still remained whether an intact differentiated cell could be fully reprogrammed to become pluripotent.
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541:(the embryo a few days after fertilization) which grows to become the embryo proper. They could show that his iPS cells were
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Can give rise to all other cell types. Totipotency remains through the first few cell divisions, e.g. the fertilised egg.
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1388:(2006). "Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors".
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of
Medicine in 1993. After this, he went through a residency in orthopedic surgery at National Osaka Hospital and a
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Small substitutive molecules were identified, that can substitute for the function of the transcription factors.
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2297:"Meyenburg Cancer Research Award 2007 given to Dr. Shinya Yamanaka for the artificial generation of stem cells"
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hosts vessels and performed normal liver functions, including breaking down of drugs and liver secretions.
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His wife advised him to become a practicing doctor, but instead he applied for a position at the
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1450:(2007). "Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adult Human Fibroblasts by Defined Factors".
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2101:"Mount Sinai School of Medicine Commencement Honors Leaders in Genetics and Public Health"
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Cloning and Stem Cell Discoveries Earn Nobel in Medicine (New York Times, October 8, 2012)
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2511:"Rinunce e Nomine - Nomina di Membri Ordinari della Pontificia Accademia delle Scienze"
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2014:
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953:, the creator of the Linux kernel. In October 2012, he and fellow stem cell researcher
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2610:"Shinya Yamanaka 2010 Balzan Prize for Stem Cells: Biology and Potential Applications"
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1628:"Dept. of Life Science Frontiers Shinya Yamanaka (Director Emeritus & Professor)"
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2338:"Gladstone's Shinya Yamanaka Wins Prestigious Shaw Prize for Stem Cell Discoveries"
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In 2022, Yamanaka factors were shown to effect age related measures in aged mice.
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to raise money for iPS research since 2012. His personal best is 3:25:20 at 2018
961:"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent."
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intact differentiated somatic cell could be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.
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2010 – BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in the Biomedicine Category
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Scientific Background - Mature Cells can be Reprogrammed to Become Pluripotent
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laureate. He is a professor and the director emeritus of Center for iPS Cell (
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co-authored by Yamanaka. Isolating cells by cell type is an important step in
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After failure as a surgeon, Yamanaka rises to stem cell glory October 9, 2012
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Takahashi, K.; Tanabe, K.; Ohnuki, M.; Narita, M.; Ichisaka, T.; Tomoda, K.;
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G418 resistance; this resistance helps us identify the iPS cells in culture.
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These are some types of cells that will help in understanding the material.
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Afterwards, he worked at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, US, and
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Shinya Yamanaka, Recipient of the Canada Gairdner International Award, 2009
2462:"Lewis S. Rosenstiel Award for Distinguished Work in Basic Medical Science"
2010:
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1510:(2007). "Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells".
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2315:"Meyenburg Cancer Research Award 2007 for artificial stem cell production"
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1634:. Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University.
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referred to him as "Jamanaka", a pun on the Japanese word for obstacle.
446:, Japan, in 1962. After graduating from TennĹŤji High School attached to
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2599:, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University
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Yamanaka has been listed as one of the 15 Asian Scientists To Watch by
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In May 2010, Yamanaka was given "Doctor of Science honorary degree" by
833:
In July 2014, during a scandal involving Japanese stem cell researcher
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for his work in stem cells. He shared the 1.2 million euro prize with
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2513:(Press release) (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. November 9, 2013
2149:"The Ultimate List Of 15 Asian Scientists To Watch – Shinya Yamanaka"
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2176:"A Conversation with Shinya Yamanaka, Professor at Kyoto University"
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in 2011 as a charity runner with a time of 4:29:53. He took part in
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4977:
2800:
1886:"Japanese Nobel Winner Latest to Apologize over Stem-Cell Research"
910:
899:
In 2007, Yamanaka was recognized as a "Person Who Mattered" in the
1802:"Nobel laureate Yamanaka to retire as director of iPS cell center"
6729:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
6271:
5385:
2412:"Professor Shinya Granted Sixth Sankyo Takamine Memorial Award"
1560:
387:
in San Francisco, California; and as a professor of anatomy at
2440:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
2490:
2207:
566:
687:
6103:
3352:
1445:
1167:
1147:
562:
558:
554:
380:
6744:
Academic staff of Nara Institute of Science and Technology
1291:
The Discovery and Future of Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS)
711:
Theoretically patient-specific transplantations possible
2352:"Gladstone's Shinya Yamanaka wins prestigious Shaw Prize"
1658:"Shinya Yamanaka - Winner of Wolf Prize in Medicine 2011"
154:
2602:
1971:
1834:
Frisén, Jonas; Lendahl, Urban; Perlmann, Thomas (2012).
1250:
List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Kyoto University
841:
426:
for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to
326:
Shinya Yamanaka speaking at a lecture on 2010 January 14
6714:
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
2235:. BBC.co.uk (June 13, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-10-08.
1833:
1505:
2233:
Stem cell scientist wins millennium technology prize
1193:
573:
Yamanaka's Nobel Prize–winning research in iPS cells
2382:"Professor Shinya Yamanaka Awarded the Shaw Prize"
1060:for Stem Cells: Biology and potential applications
588:
2534:"UCSF 150th Anniversary Alumni Excellence Awards"
1383:
913:Finalist. In June 2010, Yamanaka was awarded the
773:Not as much differentiation potential as ES cell
706:Somatic cell replication Embryonic Stem (ES) cell
391:(UCSF). Yamanaka is also a past president of the
6645:
5860:
2249:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012"
2103:. Mount Sinai Hospital, New York. Archived from
1935:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012"
1750:
1748:
1695:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012"
1041:for Distinguished Work in Basic Medical Research
909:magazine. Yamanaka was also nominated as a 2008
6749:University of California, San Francisco faculty
2335:
2075:"Shinya Yamanaka – The 2008 Time 100 Finalists"
2045:"Junying Yu, James Thomson and Shinya Yamanaka"
1323:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
852:(integration-free delivery mechanism) are used.
732:Immune rejection reducible via stem cell bank
356:
6754:University of California, San Francisco alumni
5336:
2612:. International Balzan Prize Foundation. 2010.
1052:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
350:
6734:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
5846:
5581:
5322:
3779:
3338:
2694:
2243:
2241:
1745:
1727:Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease
1065:March of Dimes Prize in Developmental Biology
279:Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease
2603:International Society for Stem Cell Research
2491:BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
1100:King Faisal International Prize for Medicine
769:No immune rejection Safe (clinical trials)
400:BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
393:International Society for Stem Cell Research
216:BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award
6759:Members of the National Academy of Medicine
5853:
5839:
5588:
5574:
5329:
5315:
3786:
3772:
3345:
3331:
2701:
2687:
2631:
2238:
2033:https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-022-00183-2
1932:
1150:150th Anniversary Alumni Excellence Awards
579:2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
470:fellowship at the Gladstone Institute of
430:. In 2013, he was awarded the $ 3 million
340:50th All Japan Rugby Football Championship
201:Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award
93:
6719:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
6709:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
6238:The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
2187:
1596:
1586:
1471:
1409:
1353:
1343:
688:Background-different stem cell techniques
593:There are different types of stem cells.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Japanese stem cell researcher (born 1962)
2708:
2531:
932:for his work on biology and stem cells.
779:
627:by adding descriptive text and removing
511:Nara Institute of Science and Technology
479:Nara Institute of Science and Technology
329:
321:
293:
275:Nara Institute of Science and Technology
32:This article includes a list of general
2539:University of California, San Francisco
2137:Fondazione internazionale Premio Balzan
1904:
1883:
1862:
1733:from the original on September 17, 2023
1638:from the original on September 17, 2023
1501:
1499:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1270:
1073:in Biotechnology and medical technology
1046:Gairdner Foundation International Award
838:consistent with the published results.
389:University of California, San Francisco
283:University of California, San Francisco
196:Gairdner Foundation International Award
6764:Kyoto laureates in Advanced Technology
6646:
1799:
928:In September 2010, he was awarded the
806:
489:Between 1987 and 1989, Yamanaka was a
484:
464:Osaka City University, Graduate School
424:Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine
402:in the biomedicine category, the 2011
5834:
5569:
5310:
3799:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
3767:
3326:
2682:
2173:
1829:
1827:
1311:
1309:
1271:Fackler, Martin (December 11, 2007).
1161:
1153:2016 – Honorable Emeritus Professor,
1124:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
1014:2008 – Sankyo Takamine Memorial Award
959:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
842:Further research and future prospects
338:participating in the ceremony of the
242:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
2500:. Fbbva.es. Retrieved on 2012-10-08.
1800:Nonaka, Ryosuke (December 8, 2021).
1689:
1687:
1685:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1496:
1434:
1370:
1315:
820:and contributing to chimeric mice).
747:Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) Cell
595:
18:
2321:. November 23, 2007. Archived from
2051:. December 19, 2007. Archived from
1808:. The Asahi Shinbun. Archived from
1136:Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
990:Biological Science & Technology
521:In 2006, he and his team generated
432:Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences
13:
6724:Recipients of the Order of Culture
6674:Academic staff of Kyoto University
1824:
1306:
379:; as a senior investigator at the
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
6775:
2561:
2336:Tucker, Valerie (June 11, 2008).
2251:. NobelPrize.org. October 8, 2012
1933:Danielsson, Ola (December 2012).
1884:Landers, Peter (April 28, 2014).
1682:
1613:
1031:2008 - Golden Plate Award of the
1027:University of Southern California
945:In June 2012, he was awarded the
501:From 1993 to 1996, he was at the
6699:Wolf Prize in Medicine laureates
6664:21st-century Japanese biologists
5669:
5597:
2568:
1905:McNeill, David (July 10, 2014).
1245:List of Japanese Nobel laureates
1224:
1210:
1196:
719:Ethical issue: Can clone humans
600:
23:
6704:Laureates of the Imperial Prize
2525:
2503:
2484:
2472:
2454:
2448:American Academy of Achievement
2432:
2421:. July 15, 2008. Archived from
2404:
2388:. June 17, 2008. Archived from
2374:
2358:. June 11, 2008. Archived from
2344:
2329:
2307:
2289:
2263:
2226:
2196:
2167:
2141:
2119:
2093:
2077:. April 1, 2008. Archived from
2067:
2037:
2025:
1965:
1926:
1898:
1877:
1865:"Academic Scandal Shakes Japan"
1863:McNeill, David (July 6, 2014).
1856:
1793:
1771:
1033:American Academy of Achievement
980:Meyenburg Cancer Research Award
742:(can't use for clinical trial)
589:Background-different cell types
1715:
1650:
1554:
1142:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1011:in Life Science & Medicine
969:2007 – Inoue Prize for Science
923:Mount Sinai School of Medicine
894:
537:equivalent of the part of the
523:induced pluripotent stem cells
1:
2319:German Cancer Research Center
2301:German Cancer Research Center
2204:"McEwen Award for Innovation"
1273:"Risk Taking Is in His Genes"
1260:
798:somatic cell nuclear transfer
529:. iPS cells closely resemble
525:(iPS cells) from adult mouse
373:induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
166:Induced pluripotent stem cell
6146:Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
2126:Balzan Prize winners in 2010
1588:10.1371/journal.pone.0023657
1318:"Profile of Shinya Yamanaka"
1118:National Academy of Sciences
437:
375:) Research and Application,
232:National Academy of Sciences
7:
6070:Supernova Cosmology Project
4891:Christiane NĂĽsslein-Volhard
2660:Millennium Technology Prize
1189:
1112:Millennium Technology Prize
1106:McEwen Award for Innovation
1087:Albany Medical Center Prize
947:Millennium Technology Prize
717:Many human egg cells needed
412:Millennium Technology Prize
357:
237:Millennium Technology Prize
226:McEwen Award for Innovation
10:
6780:
2135:, from the website of the
1779:"Shinya Yamanaka MD., PhD"
1723:"Shinya Yamanaka, MD, PhD"
1464:10.1016/j.cell.2007.11.019
1402:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
966:2007 – Osaka Science Prize
303:Video of a single beating
6309:
5962:
5869:
5785:
5722:
5703:
5678:
5667:
5610:
5493:
5468:
5443:
5418:
5395:
5371:
5346:
4964:
4629:
4290:
4088:Charles Scott Sherrington
4064:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
4026:
3805:
3710:
3627:
3558:
3491:
3400:
3361:
3137:
2918:
2717:
2667:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2180:Nature Reports Stem Cells
1765:October 12, 2012, at the
1506:Okita, K.; Ichisaka, T.;
361:, born September 4, 1962)
351:
288:
266:
255:
248:
171:
161:
137:
129:
104:
92:
85:
6679:People from HigashiĹŤsaka
6669:Japanese Nobel laureates
5604:Japanese Nobel laureates
5078:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
2189:10.1038/stemcells.2007.9
1729:. Gladstone Institutes.
1078:Person of Cultural Merit
869:Cell replacement therapy
6564:Shankar Balasubramanian
6300:Alexander Zamolodchikov
6232:Peter van Nieuwenhuizen
3205:Demetrios Christodoulou
3046:Everett Peter Greenberg
2532:Minihane, Aine (2014).
1891:The Wall Street Journal
1632:Principal Investigators
1345:10.1073/pnas.1121498109
1023:Keck School of Medicine
1002:Medals of Honor (Japan)
901:Time Person of the Year
629:less pertinent examples
448:Osaka Kyoiku University
53:more precise citations.
6739:Kobe University alumni
6578:Clifford P. Brangwynne
6411:Emmanuelle Charpentier
5787:Physiology or Medicine
5499:Nobel Prize recipients
5445:Physiology or Medicine
3859:Santiago RamĂłn y Cajal
3732:Lynne Elizabeth Maquat
3718:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3355:Wolf Prize in Medicine
2131:July 19, 2011, at the
1953:Cite journal requires
1666:. 2011. Archived from
1094:Wolf Prize in Medicine
986:Yamazaki-Teiichi Prize
724:Fertilized egg ES cell
472:Cardiovascular Disease
404:Wolf Prize in Medicine
342:
327:
319:
6689:Stem cell researchers
6082:High-Z Supernova Team
4360:Dickinson W. Richards
4044:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
2909:Shrinivas R. Kulkarni
2496:July 3, 2011, at the
2392:on September 27, 2011
2362:on September 30, 2020
1812:on September 17, 2023
1789:on February 10, 2008.
1140:2013 – Member of the
1116:2012 – Fellow of the
780:Historical background
547:transcription factors
442:Yamanaka was born in
398:He received the 2010
333:
325:
302:
151:Osaka City University
6521:Virginia Man-Yee Lee
6385:Alexander Varshavsky
6204:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
6102:and contributors to
5738:Shin'ichirĹŤ Tomonaga
4783:Rita Levi-Montalcini
4144:Albert Szent-Györgyi
3570:Alexander Varshavsky
3472:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
3432:Jean-Pierre Changeux
3426:Stanley Norman Cohen
2968:Keith H. S. Campbell
2928:Stanley Norman Cohen
2428:on October 28, 2008.
2303:. November 23, 2007.
2107:on December 13, 2013
2055:on September 7, 2008
1302:Specific citations:
1265:General references:
1240:Catherine Verfaillie
1155:Hiroshima University
1004:(with purple ribbon)
862:Transdifferentiation
756:Oncogenic potential
736:Fertilized egg usage
709:No immune rejection
531:embryonic stem cells
385:Gladstone Institutes
6505:Jeffrey M. Friedman
6395:Charles David Allis
6080:and members of the
6068:and members of the
5175:William C. Campbell
5086:Elizabeth Blackburn
4923:Robert F. Furchgott
4915:Stanley B. Prusiner
4907:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
4807:George H. Hitchings
4771:Joseph L. Goldstein
4731:Bengt I. Samuelsson
4560:Earl Sutherland Jr.
3701:Jeffrey M. Friedman
3527:Stanley B. Prusiner
3271:Alexander Beilinson
3209:Richard S. Hamilton
2879:Chryssa Kouveliotou
2444:www.achievement.org
2277:on October 29, 2016
2271:"Honors and Awards"
1995:10.1038/nature12271
1987:2013Natur.499..481T
1670:on December 1, 2020
1579:2011PLoSO...623657U
1532:10.1038/nature05934
1524:2007Natur.448..313O
1336:2012PNAS..109.9223N
1184:Beppu-ĹŚita Marathon
1166:Yamanaka practiced
807:Yamanaka's research
740:Oncogenic potential
729:Much research done
625:improve the article
515:associate professor
503:Gladstone Institute
485:Professional career
122:HigashiĹŤsaka, Osaka
6598:Masashi Yanagisawa
6509:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
6439:Stephen J. Elledge
6391:Alim Louis Benabid
6278:Charles H. Bennett
6228:Daniel Z. Freedman
6178:Charles L. Bennett
6142:Arthur B. McDonald
6130:KĹŤichirĹŤ Nishikawa
6060:John Henry Schwarz
6050:Alexander Polyakov
6028:Michel Della Negra
5947:Daniel A. Spielman
5862:Breakthrough Prize
5235:William Kaelin Jr.
5231:Peter J. Ratcliffe
4974:Leland H. Hartwell
4863:Richard J. Roberts
4743:Barbara McClintock
4687:Godfrey Hounsfield
4588:Nikolaas Tinbergen
4520:Marshall Nirenberg
4488:Charles B. Huggins
4277:Tadeusz Reichstein
4265:AntĂłnio Egas Moniz
4060:Christiaan Eijkman
3679:Jeffrey V. Ravetch
3600:Alexander Levitzki
3521:Yasutomi Nishizuka
3422:Barbara McClintock
3281:Jean-Michel Bismut
3008:Franz-Ulrich Hartl
2831:William J. Borucki
2630:on Nobelprize.org
2325:on March 27, 2013.
2214:on October 8, 2012
2174:Baker, M. (2007).
2153:AsianScientist.com
1870:The New York Times
1277:The New York Times
1162:Interest in sports
715:No case of success
450:, he received his
418:. In 2012, he and
343:
328:
320:
6694:Biogerontologists
6641:
6640:
6620:Fredrick Van Goor
6513:Arthur L. Horwich
6487:Adrian R. Krainer
6381:Richard P. Lifton
6339:Napoleone Ferrara
6319:Cornelia Bargmann
6168:Andrew Strominger
6164:Joseph Polchinski
5974:Nima Arkani-Hamed
5923:Vincent Lafforgue
5913:Christopher Hacon
5828:
5827:
5760:Toshihide Maskawa
5750:Masatoshi Koshiba
5688:Yasunari Kawabata
5563:
5562:
5470:Economic Sciences
5434:David J. Wineland
5304:
5303:
5269:Ardem Patapoutian
5118:Ralph M. Steinman
5114:Jules A. Hoffmann
5102:Robert G. Edwards
5070:Harald zur Hausen
4994:H. Robert Horvitz
4895:Eric F. Wieschaus
4831:E. Donnall Thomas
4815:J. Michael Bishop
4803:Gertrude B. Elion
4675:Hamilton O. Smith
4600:Christian de Duve
4336:Frederick Robbins
4213:Alexander Fleming
4152:Corneille Heymans
3998:Frederick Banting
3903:Allvar Gullstrand
3761:
3760:
3742:Daniel J. Drucker
3604:Anthony R. Hunter
3576:Ralph L. Brinster
3458:Pedro Cuatrecasas
3446:Donald F. Steiner
3436:Solomon H. Snyder
3391:Oleh Hornykiewicz
3353:Laureates of the
3320:
3319:
3301:Vladimir Drinfeld
3147:Shiing-Shen Chern
3104:Paul A. Negulescu
3012:Arthur L. Horwich
2885:Lennart Lindegren
2817:Daniel Eisenstein
2677:
2676:
2668:Succeeded by
2419:CiRA News Release
1981:(7459): 481–484.
1756:The Asahi Shimbun
1703:. October 8, 2012
1518:(7151): 313–317.
1330:(24): 9223–9225.
1316:Nair, P. (2012).
996:Robert Koch Prize
957:were awarded the
777:
776:
750:No ethical issue
685:
684:
678:Multipotent cells
670:Pluripotent cells
646:
645:
474:, San Francisco.
422:were awarded the
367:researcher and a
316:stem cell therapy
300:
292:
291:
250:Scientific career
186:Robert Koch Prize
115:September 4, 1962
79:
78:
71:
6771:
6632:Andrew Singleton
6582:Anthony A. Hyman
6552:Jeffery W. Kelly
6547:
6539:Richard J. Youle
6483:C. Frank Bennett
6477:Don W. Cleveland
6451:Yoshinori Ohsumi
6377:Robert S. Langer
6365:James P. Allison
6327:Lewis C. Cantley
6268:Hidetoshi Katori
6248:Jens H. Gundlach
6158:Super-Kamiokande
6040:Joseph Incandela
6024:Fabiola Gianotti
5986:Maxim Kontsevich
5941:Takuro Mochizuki
5883:Maxim Kontsevich
5855:
5848:
5841:
5832:
5831:
5813:Yoshinori Ohsumi
5756:Makoto Kobayashi
5673:
5672:
5626:Hideki Shirakawa
5602:
5601:
5600:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5567:
5566:
5501:
5455:(United Kingdom)
5356:Robert Lefkowitz
5331:
5324:
5317:
5308:
5307:
5297:
5282:
5271:
5256:
5250:Michael Houghton
5237:
5227:Gregg L. Semenza
5221:
5215:James P. Allison
5209:
5207:Michael W. Young
5193:
5191:Yoshinori Ohsumi
5185:
5169:
5153:
5151:Thomas C. SĂĽdhof
5137:
5125:
5104:
5096:
5090:Carol W. Greider
5080:
5064:
5048:
5036:
5024:
5012:
5000:
4984:
4957:
4941:
4933:
4917:
4909:
4903:Peter C. Doherty
4897:
4881:
4875:Alfred G. Gilman
4869:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4821:
4819:Harold E. Varmus
4809:
4793:
4785:
4773:
4761:
4745:
4737:
4721:
4705:
4695:Baruj Benacerraf
4689:
4677:
4661:
4645:
4622:
4606:
4590:
4574:
4562:
4554:
4538:
4522:
4512:Robert W. Holley
4506:
4490:
4478:
4462:
4450:
4434:
4418:
4416:Georg von Békésy
4410:
4398:
4386:
4384:Joshua Lederberg
4370:
4362:
4356:Werner Forssmann
4346:
4338:
4322:
4310:
4302:
4283:
4267:
4255:
4247:
4245:Bernardo Houssay
4231:
4223:
4207:
4195:
4183:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4162:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4126:
4118:
4102:
4094:
4082:
4074:
4072:Karl Landsteiner
4066:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4036:Johannes Fibiger
4019:
4018:
4012:
4010:Willem Einthoven
4004:
3992:
3980:
3979:
3973:
3965:
3957:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3897:
3889:
3881:
3875:Élie Metchnikoff
3869:
3867:Alphonse Laveran
3861:
3849:
3841:
3833:
3825:
3817:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3752:José-Alain Sahel
3695:James P. Allison
3685:Lewis C. Cantley
3675:Philippa Marrack
3517:Michael Berridge
3347:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3323:
3265:Michel Talagrand
3215:Maxim Kontsevich
3169:Robert Langlands
3108:Michael J. Welsh
3072:Mary-Claire King
3026:Michael W. Young
2998:Ruslan Medzhitov
2982:Jeffrey Friedman
2958:Robert Lefkowitz
2946:Michael Berridge
2903:Maura McLaughlin
2889:Michael Perryman
2703:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2650:Preceded by
2642:
2641:
2635:
2613:
2572:
2571:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2546:on June 12, 2021
2542:. Archived from
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2507:
2501:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2468:on May 15, 2014.
2464:. Archived from
2458:
2452:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2416:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2386:Kyoto University
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2356:Bio-Medicine.org
2348:
2342:
2341:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2273:. Archived from
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2210:. Archived from
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2139:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2081:on April 7, 2008
2071:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1939:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1902:
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6351:Robert Weinberg
6347:Charles Sawyers
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6282:Gilles Brassard
6262:Steven Weinberg
6244:Eric Adelberger
6154:YĹŤichirĹŤ Suzuki
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6032:Tejinder Virdee
6016:Stephen Hawking
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2972:Shinya Yamanaka
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2857:Jean-Loup Puget
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158:
139:
135:
134:
131:
127:
126:
120:
106:
102:
101:
98:
90:
89:
86:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6776:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6659:Living people
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6624:Thomas Gasser
6621:
6617:
6613:
6612:Sabine Hadida
6609:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6561:
6560:Drew Weissman
6557:
6553:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6492:
6491:Angelika Amon
6488:
6484:
6481:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6447:Roeland Nusse
6444:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6417:Edward Boyden
6415:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6399:Victor Ambros
6396:
6392:
6389:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6369:Mahlon DeLong
6366:
6363:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6317:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6311:Life sciences
6308:
6301:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6290:Peter W. Shor
6287:
6286:David Deutsch
6283:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6253:
6252:Blayne Heckel
6249:
6245:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6195:
6194:David Spergel
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6122:Atsuto Suzuki
6119:
6118:Daya Bay team
6115:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6092:Ronald Drever
6089:
6086:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6074:Brian Schmidt
6071:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6056:Michael Green
6054:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6036:Guido Tonelli
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6006:Edward Witten
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5982:Alexei Kitaev
5979:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5967:
5961:
5954:
5953:Simon Brendle
5951:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5935:Martin Hairer
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5921:
5918:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5907:Jean Bourgain
5905:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5863:
5856:
5851:
5849:
5844:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5807:Satoshi ĹŚmura
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5770:Hiroshi Amano
5767:
5766:Isamu Akasaki
5764:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5739:
5736:
5733:
5732:Hideki Yukawa
5730:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5702:
5695:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5661:
5660:Akira Yoshino
5658:
5655:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5638:Koichi Tanaka
5636:
5633:
5630:
5627:
5624:
5621:
5620:Kenichi Fukui
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5591:
5586:
5584:
5579:
5577:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5485:
5484:Lloyd Shapley
5482:
5479:
5478:Alvin E. Roth
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5428:Serge Haroche
5426:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5362:Brian Kobilka
5360:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5332:
5327:
5325:
5320:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5309:
5296:
5295:Drew Weissman
5292:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5192:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5179:Satoshi ĹŚmura
5176:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5143:James Rothman
5139:
5136:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5110:Bruce Beutler
5106:
5103:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5023:
5022:Linda B. Buck
5019:
5014:
5011:
5007:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4940:
4939:GĂĽnter Blobel
4935:
4932:
4928:
4927:Louis Ignarro
4924:
4919:
4916:
4911:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4871:
4868:
4867:Phillip Sharp
4864:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4827:Joseph Murray
4823:
4820:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4784:
4780:
4779:Stanley Cohen
4775:
4772:
4768:
4767:Michael Brown
4763:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4683:Allan Cormack
4679:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4659:Rosalyn Yalow
4656:
4652:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4605:
4604:George Palade
4601:
4597:
4596:Albert Claude
4592:
4589:
4585:
4584:Konrad Lorenz
4581:
4576:
4573:
4572:Rodney Porter
4569:
4564:
4561:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4548:Ulf von Euler
4545:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4496:Ragnar Granit
4492:
4489:
4485:
4480:
4477:
4476:Jacques Monod
4473:
4469:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4449:
4448:Andrew Huxley
4445:
4441:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4424:Francis Crick
4420:
4417:
4412:
4409:
4408:Peter Medawar
4405:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4376:George Beadle
4372:
4369:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4344:Hugo Theorell
4340:
4337:
4333:
4332:Thomas Weller
4329:
4324:
4321:
4320:Fritz Lipmann
4317:
4312:
4309:
4304:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4221:Howard Florey
4218:
4214:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4164:
4161:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4100:Thomas Morgan
4096:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4073:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4048:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4014:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3990:Otto Meyerhof
3987:
3982:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3927:Róbert Bárány
3923:
3920:
3915:
3912:
3911:Alexis Carrel
3907:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3868:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3855:Camillo Golgi
3851:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3770:
3769:
3766:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3665:Victor Ambros
3662:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3566:Avram Hershko
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3511:Judah Folkman
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3468:Henri G. Hers
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3275:David Kazhdan
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3253:Claire Voisin
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:Nigel Hitchin
3241:
3238:
3234:
3233:Gerd Faltings
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:Jean Bourgain
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3159:David Mumford
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3136:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:Bruce Beutler
2999:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:Xiaodong Wang
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2932:Herbert Boyer
2929:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:Ronald Drever
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:Steven Balbus
2805:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:David Spergel
2778:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2749:Brian Schmidt
2746:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2711:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2672:
2671:Stuart Parkin
2663:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2634:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2577:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2528:
2512:
2506:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2407:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2250:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2122:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1947:
1936:
1929:
1914:
1913:
1912:The Economist
1908:
1907:"Bad Science"
1901:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1816:September 17,
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1737:September 17,
1732:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1642:September 17,
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1573:(8): e23657.
1572:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1396:(4): 663–76.
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
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801:
799:
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790:
786:
772:
770:
766:
763:
762:
759:
755:
753:
752:Pluripotent
749:
746:
745:
735:
733:
730:
726:
723:
722:
714:
712:
708:
705:
704:
700:
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660:
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640:
630:
626:
620:
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614:
609:This article
607:
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417:
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394:
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386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
359:
347:
341:
337:
334:Yamanaka and
332:
324:
317:
313:
310:
306:
305:cardiomyocyte
287:
284:
280:
276:
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140:
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117:(age 62)
107:
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70:
62:
52:
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42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
6572:Pascal Mayer
6517:David Julius
6499:Zhijian Chen
6465:Peter Walter
6461:Joanne Chory
6433:Svante Pääbo
6354:
6331:Hans Clevers
6257:
6219:
6210:Charles Kane
6199:
6182:Gary Hinshaw
6100:Rainer Weiss
6087:
6046:(LHC) (2013)
6011:
5990:Andrei Linde
5819:Tasuku Honjo
5800:
5694:KenzaburĹŤ ĹŚe
5654:Akira Suzuki
5632:RyĹŤji Noyori
5529:
5458:
5280:Svante Pääbo
5265:David Julius
5219:Tasuku Honjo
5167:Edvard Moser
5159:John O'Keefe
5134:
5122:posthumously
5121:
5058:Martin Evans
5034:Robin Warren
5018:Richard Axel
4965:2001–present
4843:Bert Sakmann
4711:Roger Sperry
4703:George Snell
4699:Jean Dausset
4667:Werner Arber
4620:Howard Temin
4544:Bernard Katz
4528:Max DelbrĂĽck
4484:Francis Rous
4460:Feodor Lynen
4456:Konrad Bloch
4444:Alan Hodgkin
4428:James Watson
4404:Frank Burnet
4392:Severo Ochoa
4380:Edward Tatum
4368:Daniel Bovet
4281:Philip Hench
4193:Edward Doisy
4124:Hans Spemann
4112:George Minot
4092:Edgar Adrian
4080:Otto Warburg
4002:John Macleod
3971:August Krogh
3963:Jules Bordet
3879:Paul Ehrlich
3831:Niels Finsen
3815:Emil Behring
3748:Botond Roska
3671:John Kappler
3640:
3635:Axel Ullrich
3618:Aharon Razin
3614:Howard Cedar
3539:Michael Sela
3533:Mary F. Lyon
3462:Meir Wilchek
3383:Roger Sperry
3373:Jean Dausset
3369:George Snell
3311:Peter Sarnak
3285:Jeff Cheeger
3249:János Kollár
3221:David Donoho
3153:Andrew Wiles
3138:Mathematical
3098:Scott D. Emr
3036:Peter Walter
2988:David Julius
2971:
2940:Richard Doll
2936:Yuet-Wai Kan
2921:and medicine
2919:Life science
2845:Rainer Weiss
2787:Enrico Costa
2735:Michel Mayor
2658:
2638:
2622:Charlie Rose
2621:
2584:
2583:
2582:profile for
2579:
2548:. Retrieved
2544:the original
2537:
2527:
2517:November 12,
2515:. Retrieved
2505:
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2466:the original
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2423:the original
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2385:
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2360:the original
2355:
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2300:
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2275:the original
2265:
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2228:
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2212:the original
2198:
2179:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2152:
2143:
2136:
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:the original
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2079:the original
2069:
2057:. Retrieved
2053:the original
2048:
2039:
2027:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1946:cite journal
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1910:
1900:
1889:
1879:
1868:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1805:
1795:
1787:the original
1782:
1773:
1754:
1735:. Retrieved
1726:
1717:
1705:. Retrieved
1698:
1672:. Retrieved
1668:the original
1661:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1631:
1570:
1566:
1556:
1515:
1511:
1508:Yamanaka, S.
1507:
1455:
1451:
1448:Yamanaka, S.
1447:
1393:
1389:
1386:Yamanaka, S.
1385:
1327:
1321:
1301:
1282:December 11,
1280:. Retrieved
1276:
1264:
1255:Tasuku Honjo
1204:Japan portal
1165:
1058:Balzan Prize
1019:Massry Prize
944:
936:
934:
930:Balzan Prize
927:
920:
904:
898:
890:
886:
883:
845:
832:
829:
826:
822:
817:
814:
810:
802:
791:
787:
783:
768:
757:
751:
731:
728:
727:Pluripotent
710:
647:
634:
623:Please help
611:may contain
610:
592:
578:
576:
551:transfecting
534:
520:
508:
500:
488:
476:
468:postdoctoral
444:HigashiĹŤsaka
441:
397:
383:-affiliated
345:
344:
336:RyĹŤji Noyori
267:Institutions
249:
206:Balzan Prize
181:Massry Prize
80:
65:
59:January 2015
56:
37:
6654:1962 births
6590:John Jumper
6542: [
6527:David Baker
6473:Kim Nasmyth
6455:Huda Zoghbi
6429:Helen Hobbs
6403:Gary Ruvkun
6343:Eric Lander
6214:Eugene Mele
6172:Cumrun Vafa
6160:team (2016)
6114:Kam-Biu Luk
6110:Yifang Wang
6020:Peter Jenni
5964:Fundamental
5891:Terence Tao
5887:Jacob Lurie
5871:Mathematics
5713:Eisaku SatĹŤ
5453:John Gurdon
5339:Nobel Prize
5131:John Gurdon
5046:Craig Mello
5042:Andrew Fire
4955:Eric Kandel
4931:Ferid Murad
4839:Erwin Neher
4751:Niels Jerne
4516:Har Khorana
4504:George Wald
4472:André Lwoff
4440:John Eccles
4328:John Enders
4300:Max Theiler
4261:Walter Hess
4253:Paul MĂĽller
4217:Ernst Chain
3887:Emil Kocher
3847:Robert Koch
3839:Ivan Pavlov
3823:Ronald Ross
3728:Joan Steitz
3661:Gary Ruvkun
3608:Tony Pawson
3549:Eric Kandel
3478:John Gurdon
3118:Eva Nogales
3092:Georg Nagel
3078:Maria Jasin
3066:Ronald Vale
3056:Huda Zoghbi
3052:Adrian Bird
2851:Simon White
2725:Jim Peebles
2550:January 18,
2281:October 27,
1918:January 18,
1848:January 18,
1843:Nobel Prize
1707:January 18,
1700:Nobel Prize
1674:January 18,
1411:2433/159777
1071:Kyoto Prize
974:Asahi Prize
955:John Gurdon
915:Kyoto Prize
903:edition of
895:Recognition
583:pluripotent
543:pluripotent
527:fibroblasts
420:John Gurdon
369:Nobel Prize
309:open-access
211:Kyoto Prize
130:Nationality
51:introducing
6648:Categories
6425:John Hardy
6296:John Cardy
6096:Kip Thorne
6078:Adam Riess
6042:(CMS) and
6002:Ashoke Sen
5929:Alex Eskin
5680:Literature
5373:Literature
4982:Paul Nurse
4316:Hans Krebs
4241:Gerty Cori
4189:Henrik Dam
4136:Otto Loewi
4132:Henry Dale
3543:Ruth Arnon
3163:Wentsun Wu
2964:Ian Wilmut
2841:Kip Thorne
2821:Shaun Cole
2777:Lyman Page
2745:Adam Riess
2710:Shaw Prize
2255:October 8,
2218:October 9,
2111:August 16,
1841:(Report).
1473:2433/49782
1261:References
1009:Shaw Prize
654:Cell types
617:irrelevant
539:blastocyst
462:degree at
454:degree at
428:stem cells
221:Wolf Prize
191:Shaw Prize
111:1962-09-04
34:references
6604:Carl June
6535:Dennis Lo
6044:Lyn Evans
6026:(ATLAS),
5978:Alan Guth
5864:laureates
5744:Leo Esaki
5612:Chemistry
5348:Chemistry
5341:laureates
5183:Tu Youyou
4735:John Vane
4630:1976–2000
4291:1951–1975
4237:Carl Cori
4027:1926–1950
3806:1901–1925
3795:Laureates
3412:Leo Sachs
3291:Noga Alon
2767:Frank Shu
2718:Astronomy
2712:laureates
2003:0028-0836
1021:from the
792:In 1962,
613:excessive
438:Education
395:(ISSCR).
365:stem cell
260:Stem cell
6156:and the
6144:and the
6132:and the
6124:and the
6116:and the
5901:Ian Agol
5430:(France)
4978:Tim Hunt
3586:(2002/3)
3535:(1996/7)
3529:(1995/6)
3523:(1994/5)
3448:(1984/5)
2801:Jane Luu
2494:Archived
2396:July 31,
2366:July 31,
2129:Archived
2011:23823721
1763:Archived
1731:Archived
1636:Archived
1607:21876760
1567:PLOS ONE
1540:17554338
1482:18035408
1420:16904174
1364:22619323
1190:See also
911:Time 100
637:May 2016
619:examples
535:in vitro
491:resident
262:research
133:Japanese
6258:Special
6220:Special
6200:Special
6126:KamLAND
6088:Special
6012:Special
5966:physics
5724:Physics
5461:(Japan)
5420:Physics
5388:(China)
3797:of the
3140:science
2662:winner
2645:Awards
2605:(ISSCR)
2578:has an
2576:Scholia
2159:June 6,
2085:May 23,
2059:May 23,
2019:4423004
1983:Bibcode
1598:3158088
1575:Bibcode
1520:Bibcode
1490:8531539
1428:1565219
1355:3386100
1332:Bibcode
1172:2nd Dan
1146:2014 –
1134:2013 –
1128:2012 –
1122:2012 –
1110:2012 –
1104:2011 –
1098:2011 –
1092:2011 –
1085:2011 –
1076:2010 –
1069:2010 –
1063:2010 –
1056:2010 –
1050:2009 –
1044:2009 –
1017:2008 –
1007:2008 –
1000:2008 –
994:2008 –
984:2008 –
978:2007 –
972:2007 –
818:in vivo
496:seniors
312:article
213:(2010)
208:(2010)
203:(2009)
124:, Japan
47:improve
6634:(2024)
6600:(2023)
6574:(2022)
6548:(2021)
6523:(2020)
6501:(2019)
6479:(2018)
6457:(2017)
6435:(2016)
6413:(2015)
6387:(2014)
6361:(2013)
6302:(2024)
6292:(2023)
6274:(2022)
6272:Jun Ye
6264:(2021)
6254:(2021)
6240:(2020)
6234:(2019)
6216:(2019)
6206:(2018)
6196:(2018)
6174:(2017)
6148:team,
6140:team,
6128:team,
6084:(2015)
6062:(2014)
6052:(2013)
6008:(2012)
5955:(2024)
5949:(2023)
5943:(2022)
5937:(2021)
5931:(2020)
5925:(2019)
5919:(2018)
5909:(2017)
5903:(2016)
5897:(2015)
5821:(2018)
5815:(2016)
5809:(2015)
5803:(2012)
5797:(1987)
5778:(2015)
5772:(2014)
5762:(2008)
5752:(2002)
5746:(1973)
5740:(1965)
5734:(1949)
5715:(1974)
5696:(1994)
5690:(1968)
5662:(2019)
5656:(2010)
5646:(2008)
5640:(2002)
5634:(2001)
5628:(2000)
5622:(1981)
5386:Mo Yan
5225:2019:
5213:2018:
5197:2017:
5189:2016:
5173:2015:
5157:2014:
5141:2013:
5129:2012:
5108:2011:
5100:2010:
5084:2009:
5068:2008:
5052:2007:
5040:2006:
5028:2005:
5016:2004:
5004:2003:
4988:2002:
4972:2001:
4945:2000:
4937:1999:
4921:1998:
4913:1997:
4901:1996:
4885:1995:
4873:1994:
4861:1993:
4849:1992:
4837:1991:
4825:1990:
4813:1989:
4797:1988:
4789:1987:
4777:1986:
4765:1985:
4749:1984:
4741:1983:
4725:1982:
4709:1981:
4693:1980:
4681:1979:
4665:1978:
4649:1977:
4637:1976:
4610:1975:
4594:1974:
4578:1973:
4566:1972:
4558:1971:
4542:1970:
4526:1969:
4510:1968:
4494:1967:
4482:1966:
4466:1965:
4454:1964:
4438:1963:
4422:1962:
4414:1961:
4402:1960:
4390:1959:
4374:1958:
4366:1957:
4350:1956:
4342:1955:
4326:1954:
4314:1953:
4306:1952:
4298:1951:
4271:1950:
4259:1949:
4251:1948:
4235:1947:
4227:1946:
4211:1945:
4199:1944:
4187:1943:
4158:1939:
4150:1938:
4142:1937:
4130:1936:
4122:1935:
4106:1934:
4098:1933:
4086:1932:
4078:1931:
4070:1930:
4058:1929:
4050:1928:
4042:1927:
4034:1926:
4008:1924:
3996:1923:
3984:1922:
3969:1920:
3961:1919:
3925:1914:
3917:1913:
3909:1912:
3901:1911:
3893:1910:
3885:1909:
3873:1908:
3865:1907:
3853:1906:
3845:1905:
3837:1904:
3829:1903:
3821:1902:
3813:1901:
3754:(2024)
3744:(2023)
3738:(2021)
3724:(2020)
3703:(2019)
3697:(2017)
3691:(2016)
3681:(2015)
3667:(2014)
3653:(2012)
3647:(2011)
3637:(2010)
3620:(2008)
3610:(2005)
3596:(2004)
3572:(2001)
3551:(1999)
3545:(1998)
3513:(1992)
3507:(1991)
3501:(1990)
3484:(1989)
3474:(1988)
3464:(1987)
3454:(1986)
3442:(1982)
3428:(1981)
3418:(1980)
3393:(1979)
3379:(1978)
3313:(2024)
3307:(2023)
3297:(2022)
3287:(2021)
3277:(2020)
3267:(2019)
3261:(2018)
3255:(2017)
3245:(2016)
3239:(2015)
3229:(2014)
3223:(2013)
3217:(2012)
3211:(2011)
3201:(2010)
3195:(2009)
3185:(2008)
3175:(2007)
3165:(2006)
3155:(2005)
3149:(2004)
3130:(2024)
3120:(2023)
3110:(2022)
3100:(2021)
3094:(2020)
3080:(2019)
3074:(2018)
3068:(2017)
3058:(2016)
3048:(2015)
3038:(2014)
3028:(2013)
3014:(2012)
3004:(2011)
2990:(2010)
2984:(2009)
2974:(2008)
2960:(2007)
2954:(2006)
2948:(2005)
2942:(2004)
2911:(2024)
2905:(2023)
2891:(2022)
2881:(2021)
2871:(2020)
2865:(2019)
2859:(2018)
2853:(2017)
2847:(2016)
2833:(2015)
2827:(2014)
2813:(2013)
2803:(2012)
2793:(2011)
2783:(2010)
2769:(2009)
2763:(2008)
2757:(2007)
2751:(2006)
2737:(2005)
2727:(2004)
2580:author
2017:
2009:
2001:
1975:Nature
1605:
1595:
1548:459050
1546:
1538:
1512:Nature
1488:
1480:
1426:
1418:
1362:
1352:
880:cells.
533:, the
256:Fields
244:(2012)
239:(2012)
234:(2012)
228:(2011)
223:(2011)
218:(2010)
198:(2009)
193:(2008)
188:(2008)
183:(2008)
178:(2007)
172:Awards
36:, but
6546:]
5705:Peace
5530:2012
5397:Peace
5337:2012
3711:2020s
3628:2010s
3559:2000s
3492:1990s
3401:1980s
3362:1970s
2665:2012
2426:(PDF)
2415:(PDF)
2208:ISSCR
2182:: 1.
2015:S2CID
1938:(PDF)
1839:(PDF)
1544:S2CID
1486:S2CID
1424:S2CID
701:Cons
567:c-Myc
460:Ph.D.
406:with
352:ĺ±±ä¸ äĽ¸ĺĽĄ
6630:and
6570:and
6485:and
6431:and
6409:and
6383:and
6357:and
6298:and
6270:and
6250:and
6212:and
6152:and
6104:LIGO
6058:and
5893:and
5555:2017
5550:2016
5545:2015
5540:2014
5535:2013
5525:2011
5520:2010
5515:2009
5510:2008
5505:2007
5401:2012
5377:2012
5287:2023
5276:2022
5261:2021
5242:2020
4181:1942
4174:1941
4167:1940
4017:1925
3978:1921
3955:1918
3948:1917
3941:1916
3934:1915
3303:and
3293:and
3283:and
3273:and
3251:and
3235:and
3207:and
3191:and
3181:and
3171:and
3161:and
3126:and
3116:and
3106:and
3090:and
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3054:and
3044:and
3034:and
3024:and
3010:and
3000:and
2980:and
2970:and
2938:and
2901:and
2887:and
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2843:and
2823:and
2809:and
2799:and
2789:and
2779:and
2747:and
2733:and
2552:2023
2519:2013
2398:2008
2368:2008
2283:2016
2257:2012
2220:2012
2161:2011
2113:2013
2087:2010
2061:2010
2049:Time
2007:PMID
1999:ISSN
1959:help
1940:: 7.
1920:2023
1850:2023
1818:2023
1739:2023
1709:2023
1676:2023
1644:2023
1603:PMID
1536:PMID
1478:PMID
1452:Cell
1416:PMID
1390:Cell
1360:PMID
1284:2007
1168:judo
1148:UCSF
906:Time
698:Pros
695:Type
577:The
565:and
563:Klf4
559:Oct4
555:Sox2
452:M.D.
381:UCSF
105:Born
6138:T2K
6134:K2K
2619:on
2184:doi
1991:doi
1979:499
1593:PMC
1583:doi
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1468:hdl
1460:doi
1456:131
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1398:doi
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1350:PMC
1340:doi
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988:in
615:or
585:."
155:PhD
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