1226:
1037:
836:
51:
711:
961:). This marked the beginning of Baku's rise as a major city, though it remains uncertain if Akhsitan later moved back to Shamakhi. Nevertheless, Baku is known to have later served as the capital of the Shirvanshahs. At the start of the 13th century, the Shirvanshahs conquered Darband, seemingly putting an end to its ruling dynasty, the
1178:
in
December. The victory was hailed as a "divine punishment" against the Shirvanshahs for the death of Ismail's grandfather and father. Farrukh Yassar was beheaded and his body burned, while the skulls of the dead Shirvanis were piled in pyramids, a common Turco-Mongol practice. Baku was subsequently
831:
argues that
Fariburz I must have used Byzantine or Seljuk coins to pay the tribute, as there is currently no proof of gold coin mints in the Caucasus around this period. Fariburz I managed to retain a considerable amount of power until his death in 1094, which was followed by a dynastic strife over
2518:
1315:. A substantial amount of the poets mentioned in the book were from a working-class background, something also reflected in the colloquial expressions in their poetry. This was the opposite of other places in Iran, where most poets were from a high-class background.
625:
in
Darband played a major role in the history of the Yazidids. They often intermarried, and the Yazidids also occasionally managed to gain control over Darband, sometimes through the appeal of rebels. By the time of the composition of the 10th-century geography book
677:), their names became almost completely Persian instead of Arabic, such as Manuchihr, Qubad and Faridun. The family now preferred to use names from national Iranian history and also claimed to be descended from pre-Islamic, Sasanian-era figures such as
1165:
was large enough to launch a large expedition against
Shirvan. Ismail was determined to avenge the death of his father by Farrukh Yassar, and justified this decision after having convinced his supporters that he had been told in a dream by one of the
1261:, as indicated by names such as Shirvan, Layzan, and Baylaqan. By the 10th century, the Shirvanshahs were speaking Iranian languages that had developed from Middle Persian dialects, such as Tati. Like the other regional dynasties of the
309:. At times they were independent, often they had to recognize the overlordship of neighbouring empires. The dynasty is known for its patronage of culture, such as during the 12th-century, when their realm served as the focal point for
1257:, which was commonly spoken in the Shirvanshah realm. It was not only spoken by Muslims, but also by Christians and Jews. The Iranians that settled in Southern Caucasus must have been mainly from southern Caspian areas like
1217:, who enlisted the help of the Ottoman Empire. However, none of these attempts had long-term success; the Ottomans managed to briefly occupy Shirvan between 1578 and 1607, until it was retaken by the Safavids.
1307:) demonstrates the broad distribution of the Persian language and Iranian culture in the northwestern Iranian regions of Arran, Azerbaijan and Shirvan. The anthology also displays the influence of
1374:
Information about the military of the
Shirvanshahs is sparse. Like Armenian and Georgian principalities, they mostly made use of mercenaries. When Shamakhi was besieged by the Shaddadid ruler
2281:
881:
Later on, the names and family ties of the
Shirvanshahs become exceedingly convoluted and uncertain in sources, with Munejjim-bashi providing an incomplete record of them, starting with
1225:
655:) onward, there is a moderately complete collection of coins minted by the Shirvanshahs. Due to the culturally Persian environment they lived in, the Yazidi family had slowly become
874:. The Shirvanshah and Bagrationi family also agreed to make political marriages to become allies. Due to these developments, the Shirvanshahs shifted their focus towards the
1104:) both had long reigns, overseeing a period where Shirvan was peaceful and thriving. Baku and Shamakhi both saw the construction of many well-made buildings, including the
862:), which the Georgians capitalized on by attacking Shamakhi and Darband. In the mid 12th-century, Shirvan was more or less a Georgian protectorate. For some time, Shakki,
246:
221:
659:. Intermarriage with the native families of the eastern part of the South Caucasus—which may have included the historic ruling line of the former Shirvani capital of
1209:
of the
Safavid realm, thus marking the end of Shirvanshah rule. A reconquest of Shirvan was attempted multiple times by members of the Shirvanshah family, including
1346:. The cultural and linguistic variety of the region is shown in their works. The Shirvanshahs adopted the names and regalia of pre-Islamic Persian kings. In his
618:
in 861, who was also the first Yazidi to specifically govern only
Shirvan. By using this title, the Yazidids showed their adherence to ancient Iranian ideals.
632:
in 982, the domain of the
Shirvanshahs had increased. It now comprised the minor principalities north of the Kur River, including Layzan and Khursan, whose
962:
50:
699:). The allure of a Sasanian heritage now outweighed memories of ancestry from the Banu Shayban. This process is comparable to how the originally Arab
2290:
1186:
Although the
Safavids and Shirvanshahs had a hostile relationship, Ismail I allowed them to continue their rule in Shirvan, albeit as vassals of
1036:
924:. Numismatic evidence demonstrates that the Shirvanshahs served as Seljuk vassals in the 12th century until the reign of the last Seljuk ruler,
1067:), a distant relative of the Yazidi/Kasranid family. This marked the start of the Darbandi line. Ibrahim initially served as a vassal of the
782:
In 1066/67, Shirvan was attacked twice by the Turkic commander Qarategin, who ravaged the environment of Baku and Maskat. The Shirvanshah
1001:
was not shown on their coins, but the name of the ruling Shirvanshah remained. The Shirvanshahs were later under the suzerainty of the
2652:
Gould, Rebecca Ruth (2019). "Dissidence from a Distance: Iranian Politics as Viewed from Colonial Daghestan". In Green, Nile (ed.).
2271:
A Numismatic History of Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjan based on the Islamic Coinage of the 5th/11th to the 7th/13th Centuries
3033:
2487:
Tonoyan, Artyom (2019). "On the Caucasian Persian (Tat) Lexical Substratum in the Baku Dialect of Azerbaijani. Preliminary Notes".
1124:, died a similar death; on 9 July 1488 he was killed during a battle near Darband by the combined forces of Farrukh Yassar and the
835:
3038:
1005:(1256–1335), a period in which no coins from Shirvan have been found. The Shirvanshahs were also sometimes under the rule of the
2084:
2036:
1012:
Following the collapse of the Ilkhanate, the Shirvanshah kingdom was once again to able to rule autonomously, under the rule of
728:
Records regularly mention battles between the Shirvanshahs and the "infidel" inhabitants of the central Caucasus, including the
2682:
2434:
2407:
2120:
2072:
2017:
1990:
302:(also referred to as the Khaqanids). The second ruling line were the Darbandi, distant relatives of the Yazidids/Kasranids.
1425:
However, Layzan served as a district of Shirvan in the medieval Islamic period, and supposedly even before that, under the
993:) to pay a tribute identical to the one the Fariburz I had paid Malik-Shah I. The Shirvanshahs soon became subjects of the
808:), who at that time was near Arran following his Georgian campaign. Fariburz I had to pay a large yearly tribute of 70,000
1330:
and so on. The spread of the writings and popularity of Khaqani and Nizami Ganjavi is a testimony to the expansion of the
2106:
2058:
1276:
of the eastern part of the South Caucasus which began in the 11th–14th centuries, remaining the primary language of the
2606:
2527:
2364:
2254:
2211:
2189:
3028:
2331:
2139:
892:). Sources now start referring to the Yazidi family as the "Kasranids" or "Khaqanids". Besides using the title of
3013:
2224:(2016). "Wearing the Belt of Oppression: Khāqāni's Christian Qasida and the Prison Poetry of Medieval Shirvān".
545:('History of Darband') as source material. This book was comprehensively analyzed and translated by the Russian
1375:
1334:
sphere. The Caucasus had a rare amalgamation of ethnic cultures, as demonstrated by Khaqani's mother being a
1312:
582:
2519:
Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania
1366:(school of law) in Islam, as indicated by Nizami Ganjavi, who says that wine was legal for the Shirvanshah.
812:, which would later be lowered to 40,000. Soon after this event, the coins of Fariburz I cite not only the
570:
1143:, briefly became the new head of the order, but he was soon killed by the forces of the Aq Qoyunlu prince
428:
to the north. The Shirvanshahs, throughout their history, made persistent efforts to also control Layzan,
3023:
2924:
2547:"A donative dirham of the Shirwānshāh Muhammad ibn Ahmad (AH 370-81) struck in Barda'a in AH 373 (982/3)"
17:
2675:
2561:"The Heritage of Rulership in Early Islamic Iran and the Search for Dynastic Connections with the Past"
2323:
1109:
1105:
2204:
Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri
2093:
2045:
852:
538:
479:
2010:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XV/1: Joči–Judeopersian communities of Iran V. Qajar period (1786-1925)
2914:
2864:
2824:
2809:
2031:
1162:
882:
840:
1385:) in 1063, fifty cavalry soldiers of the Shirvanshah were killed, described as being composed of "
1154:). Shortly before his death, he had appointed his younger brother Ismail (later regnally known as
3018:
2799:
2744:
1254:
1175:
2769:
2734:
1339:
983:
667:
1020:. However, during the reign of the latter, the Shirvanshah kingdom came under the rule of the
935:). Following that, only the names of the caliphs are shown on their coins. During the rule of
3008:
2929:
2869:
2839:
2719:
2714:
2668:
2354:
2175:
1253:, which served as its official language. One of the successor languages of Middle Persian is
1013:
969:
1112:. It was also during this period that the Shirvanshahs made contact with the leaders of the
1028:, who was killed by his subjects in 1382, thus marking the end of the Yazidi/Kasranid line.
2899:
1057:
946:), the royal residence was moved from Shamakhi to Baku, after the former was seized by the
326:
8:
2944:
2500:
2457:
2418:
2374:
2280:
Lornejad, Siavash; Doostzadeh, Ali (2012). Arakelova, Victoria; Asatrian, Garnik (eds.).
1202:
1021:
622:
381:
164:
143:
2467:
2879:
2709:
2640:
2580:
2504:
2378:
2097:
2049:
1319:
1277:
1025:
867:
737:
615:
401:
310:
128:
760:. Not long afterwards, the eastern part of the Southern Caucasus became vulnerable to
2967:
2789:
2774:
2632:
2602:
2523:
2508:
2475:
2471:
2430:
2403:
2360:
2341:
2327:
2264:
2250:
2207:
2185:
2135:
2116:
2068:
2013:
1986:
1285:
1246:
1180:
1045:
828:
628:
607:
590:
549:
487:
226:
2461:
2150:
2101:
2053:
2972:
2939:
2889:
2779:
2739:
2724:
2572:
2496:
2445:
2309:
2233:
1348:
1167:
1140:
1129:
1082:), but became independent after the latter's death. The two following Shirvanshahs—
765:
757:
546:
421:
305:
The Shirvanshahs ruled from 861 to 1538, one of the most enduring dynasties of the
271:
84:
509:
The majority of known information about the early Shirvanshahs is recorded in the
2749:
2729:
2596:
2422:
2395:
2391:
2317:
2313:
2179:
2005:
1426:
1327:
1308:
1206:
753:
700:
645:
596:
456:
385:
322:
2617:
2163:
633:
339:
The Shirvanshah realm flourished in the 15th century, during the long reigns of
2987:
2934:
2089:
2041:
2027:
1323:
1258:
1250:
1214:
1191:
1183:, who had the body of the Khalilullah I dug up, burned and publicly scattered.
813:
764:
raids through northern Iran. Because of his fear of the Oghuz, the Shirvanshah
749:
534:
452:
370:
318:
295:
2319:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
2237:
1981:(2019). "Remembering the Persianate". In Amanat, Abbas; Ashraf, Assef (eds.).
3002:
2909:
2904:
2854:
2636:
2479:
2221:
1273:
1174:
and invaded Shirvan, defeating and capturing Farrukh Yassar at a battle near
1121:
1117:
1113:
1094:
1083:
1041:
994:
794:
362:
351:
340:
306:
2001:
1943:
2859:
2844:
2834:
2592:
2199:
1978:
1390:
1352:, Nizami Ganjavi praises the Shirvanshah Akhsitan I as the "king of Iran."
1335:
1290:
1266:
1205:
due to the latter's continuous disloyalty. Shirvan was subsequently made a
1187:
1068:
1006:
980:
951:
901:
817:
574:
471:
409:
405:
384:
due to the latter's continuous disloyalty. Shirvan was subsequently made a
239:
1399:
levies who served in the garrison of Mihyariya, rotating every month. The
2982:
2977:
2849:
2829:
2784:
1406:
1280:
and the Baku region until the mid-19th century. The 13th-century Persian
925:
875:
761:
656:
160:
104:
2644:
369:, who kept the Shirvanshahs as Safavid vassals. This ended in 1538 when
2962:
2819:
2814:
2794:
2584:
2427:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VIII/6: Eršād al-zerāʿa–Eʿteżād-al-Salṭana
1331:
1289:, written by Jamal al-Din Khalil Shirvani and dedicated to Shirvanshah
1262:
1210:
1144:
1125:
947:
936:
809:
798:
783:
741:
710:
578:
475:
460:
283:
2356:
The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric
1237:." Image taken from anthology of poems by various authors, created in
997:(1206–1368), whose rulers they mentioned on their coins. The title of
2919:
2804:
2759:
2429:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 628–636.
1389:
stalwarts and *Diduwanian (?) noblemen". The Shirvanshahs also had a
1343:
1281:
1171:
1002:
907:
689:
299:
2576:
1798:
1796:
1728:
361:). In 1500, the latter was defeated and killed by the forces of the
2699:
2598:
The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana
2269:
1832:
1808:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1238:
1155:
917:
913:
844:
776:
715:
678:
660:
586:
566:
483:
366:
287:
68:
56:
2560:
2546:
2132:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1024:(1335–1432). Kavus I died in 1372/73 and was succeeded by his son
851:
Another Seljuk invasion of Shirvan took place during the reign of
2874:
2012:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 3–5.
1844:
1793:
1386:
1361:
1234:
1049:
1017:
921:
474:
also mentions that a Shirvanshah, together with the neighbouring
437:
397:
314:
279:
2402:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 868.
1931:
1681:
1249:, which during the Sasanian era was linguistically dominated by
388:
of the Safavid realm, thus marking the end of Shirvanshah rule.
2660:
2654:
The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca
2283:
On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi
1467:
1443:
1401:
1356:
1355:
The Shirvanshahs and portions of Shirvan may have followed the
1318:
During the 12th century, Shirvan served as the focal point for
1230:
1170:
to deal with Farrukh Yassar. Ismail assembled a force of 7,000
863:
593:
510:
433:
425:
417:
267:
91:
2618:"Selections from Jalayirid Books In the Libraries of Istanbul"
1120:
during a raid by the latter on Shirvan in 1460. Junayd's son,
752:, who then advanced into Arran. There they sacked the city of
644:
respectively) the Shirvanshahs had assumed. From the reign of
1072:
733:
729:
704:
448:
413:
404:
and the terrain that descended from them to the banks of the
291:
1669:
610:, Shirvan and Darband. The first Yazidi to use the title of
2346:
A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries
1609:
1561:
878:, several times enlarging their borders as far as Darband.
745:
429:
73:
1856:
870:
kings of Georgia, who even occasionally used the title of
1752:
1272:
Tati was amongst the Iranian languages that survived the
1633:
1515:
1513:
1511:
447:
most likely dates back to the period before the rise of
2489:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
1955:
1895:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1704:
1657:
1597:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
793:) was soon forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of the
2289:. Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies. Archived from
1820:
1764:
1716:
1645:
1621:
1585:
1573:
1549:
1056:
The Shirvanshah throne was subsequently taken over by
606:). During his second tenure, his domain also included
2400:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/8: Alafrank–Alp Arslan
1740:
1394:
905:
1907:
1873:
1871:
1776:
1525:
1488:
1455:
1359:
325:, etc. In 1382, the Shirvanshah throne was taken by
2656:. University of California Press. pp. 259–278.
1883:
286:) from 861 to 1538. The first ruling line were the
2545:
2279:
2268:
2083:
2035:
1949:
1937:
1919:
1850:
1838:
1802:
1322:, attracting distinguished poets such as Khaqani,
494:is also transliterated in other variants, such as
470:), granted the title to a local ruler of Shirvan.
2416:
2081:
2026:
1868:
1734:
1698:
1537:
1482:
1449:
3000:
2543:
1983:The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere
1116:. Khalilullah I's men killed the Safavid leader
827:) as his overlords. Armenian-American historian
336:), thus marking the start of the Darbandi line.
2312:(1975). "Minor dynasties of northern Iran". In
2456:
1567:
707:due to the Kurdish environment they lived in.
569:(also known as the Mazyadids), descended from
59:in 1311, with Shirvan located on the far right
2676:
2615:
2417:Savory, R. M.; Karamustafa, Ahmet T. (1998).
2174:
1615:
1265:and Rawadids, their court also started using
478:, were encountered by the Arabs during their
400:proper included the easternmost peaks of the
2544:Akopyan, Alexander; Vardanyan, Aram (2009).
1179:captured and almost completely destroyed by
565:The first line of the Shirvanshahs were the
2082:Barthold, W. & Bosworth, C.E. (1997b).
1405:(slave-soldiers) most likely served as the
518:
2683:
2669:
2443:
2107:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2059:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1651:
1031:
944: after 1160 – 1197–1203/04
866:and Muqan was under direct control by the
541:(died 1702), who used the now lost Arabic
49:
2263:
2181:The Rise of Islam: The Idea of Iran Vol 4
2161:
2148:
2115:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 487–488.
2067:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 488–489.
1675:
1639:
1519:
1461:
904:"), which was the inspiration behind the
779:with iron gates and a robust stone wall.
775:) had in 1045 to surround his capital of
744:. In 1030, Manuchihr I was defeated near
585:. He was twice appointed the governor of
577:tribe that was dominant in the region of
313:, attracting distinguished poets such as
2558:
2352:
2340:
2308:
2129:
1961:
1901:
1826:
1770:
1758:
1710:
1663:
1627:
1603:
1591:
1579:
1555:
1531:
1224:
1035:
834:
709:
560:
2486:
1999:
1862:
1814:
1722:
896:, Manuchihr III also used the title of
440:) to the north, and Baku to the south.
14:
3001:
2616:Cagman, Fílíz; Tanindi, Zeren (2011).
2389:
1977:
1913:
1746:
1338:, Nizami Ganjavi's mother a Kurd, and
486:, and submitted to the Arab commander
2664:
2651:
2591:
2515:
2463:The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia
2373:
2244:
2220:
2198:
1925:
1889:
1877:
1787:
1543:
1044:in battle with the King of Shirvan",
977: after 1203 – 1233/34
2501:10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.169.2.0367
455:(died 913) mentions that the first
275:
24:
2537:
890: 1120 – after 1160
25:
3050:
298:dynasty, who became known as the
2690:
2444:Soucek, S.; Suny, R. G. (1988).
244:
219:
3034:Sasanian administrative offices
2571:. Taylor & Francis: 51–62.
1380:
1295:
1245:Shirvan was originally part of
1196:
1149:
1134:
1099:
1088:
1077:
1062:
988:
974:
956:
941:
930:
887:
857:
822:
803:
788:
770:
694:
683:
672:
663:—probably contributed to this.
650:
601:
465:
412:. Shirvan proper thus bordered
375:
356:
345:
331:
3039:Medieval history of Azerbaijan
2522:. Cambridge University Press.
2249:. Edinburgh University Press.
1950:Lornejad & Doostzadeh 2012
1938:Lornejad & Doostzadeh 2012
1851:Lornejad & Doostzadeh 2012
1839:Lornejad & Doostzadeh 2012
1803:Lornejad & Doostzadeh 2012
1419:
666:Starting with the Shirvanshah
451:. The early Muslim geographer
13:
1:
2452:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2385:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2226:Journal of Persianate Studies
2170:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2157:. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
2134:. Columbia University Press.
1735:Savory & Karamustafa 1998
1699:Barthold & Bosworth 1997a
1483:Barthold & Bosworth 1997a
1450:Barthold & Bosworth 1997b
1436:
1313:northwestern Iranian language
1299:
719:
391:
88:(court, literature, dynastic)
2348:. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd.
2245:Gould, Rebecca Ruth (2022).
816:, but also the Seljuk ruler
573:(died 801), a member of the
571:Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani
380:) dismissed the Shirvanshah
114:Governorship, later monarchy
7:
2353:Mitchell, Colin P. (2009).
1817:, p. 367 (see note 2).
1395:
1376:Abu'l-Aswar Shavur ibn Fadl
1369:
1360:
906:
488:Salman ibn Rab'ia al-Bahili
396:The territory that made up
29:State in Shirvan (861–1538)
10:
3055:
2324:Cambridge University Press
1971:
1220:
1190:. This ended in 1538 when
1110:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1106:Palace of the Shirvanshahs
555:
2953:
2888:
2758:
2698:
2238:10.1163/18747167-12341296
2178:; Stewart, Sarah (2009).
2162:Bosworth, C. E. (2011b).
2149:Bosworth, C. E. (2011a).
2000:Babayan, Kathryn (2009).
1985:. Brill. pp. 15–62.
1952:, p. 167 (note 573).
1616:Curtis & Stewart 2009
968:In 1225, the Shirvanshah
528:The Compendium of Nations
198:
194:
184:
174:
170:
156:
152:
137:
122:
118:
110:
100:
80:
64:
48:
43:
36:
3029:Iranian Muslim dynasties
2559:Bosworth, C. E. (1973).
2130:Bosworth, C. E. (1996).
1412:
1139:). Haydar's eldest son,
839:Coin of the Shirvanshah
2247:The Persian Prison Poem
1032:Second line (1382–1538)
1016:and then later his son
402:Caucasus mountain range
3014:Positions of authority
2516:Vacca, Alison (2017).
2390:Savory, R. M. (1985).
2275:. Columbia University.
2176:Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh
1652:Soucek & Suny 1988
1340:Mujir al-Din Baylaqani
1242:
1053:
984:Jalal al-Din Mangburni
848:
756:and then left for the
725:
533:) of the 17th-century
408:and its confluent the
186:• Disestablished
2930:Ibrahim II Shaykhshah
2450:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2383:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2168:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2155:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1228:
1039:
979:) was ordered by the
847:between 1120 and 1160
838:
714:Political map of the
713:
703:in Azerbaijan became
614:was Yazid's grandson
561:First line (861–1382)
278:) were the rulers of
81:Common languages
2552:Numismatic Chronicle
2458:Ter-Ghewondyan, Aram
2375:Riahi, Mohammad Amin
2326:. pp. 198–250.
2296:on 14 September 2022
1409:of the Shirvanshah.
1158:) as his successor.
736:, and the Christian
690:Khosrow I Anushirvan
543:Ta'rikh Bab al-Abwab
95:(initially dynastic)
2379:"Nozhat al-majāles"
2222:Gould, Rebecca Ruth
2206:. Mage Publishers.
1865:, pp. 368–369.
1737:, pp. 628–636.
1678:, pp. 152–153.
1568:Ter-Ghewondyan 1976
1336:Nestorian Christian
1052:, late 17th-century
1022:Jalayirid Sultanate
176:• Established
165:Early modern period
3024:Monarchs of Persia
2419:"Esmāʿīl I Ṣafawī"
2342:Minorsky, Vladimir
2265:Kouymjian, Dickran
2037:"S̲h̲īrwān S̲h̲āh"
1320:Persian literature
1278:Absheron peninsula
1243:
1054:
849:
726:
616:Haytham ibn Khalid
436:and Bab al-Abwab (
420:to the northwest,
311:Persian literature
129:Haytham ibn Khalid
2996:
2995:
2472:Livraria Bertrand
2436:978-1-56859-055-4
2409:978-0-71009-097-3
2310:Madelung, Wilferd
2122:978-90-04-10422-8
2074:978-90-04-10422-8
2019:978-1-934283-14-1
1992:978-90-04-38728-7
1841:, pp. 34–35.
1761:, pp. 22–23.
1305: – 1255
1286:Nozhat al-Majales
1247:Caucasian Albania
1181:Khadem Beg Talish
963:Maliks of Darband
829:Dickran Kouymjian
777:Shamakhi/Yazidiya
550:Vladimir Minorsky
482:into the eastern
424:to the west, and
260:
259:
256:
255:
252:
251:
232:
231:
227:Abbasid Caliphate
148:
139:• 1535–1538
133:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
3046:
2973:Qorban Ali Mirza
2940:Farrukh Yasar II
2685:
2678:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2648:
2622:
2612:
2588:
2555:
2549:
2533:
2512:
2483:
2468:Nina G. Garsoïan
2466:. Translated by
2453:
2440:
2423:Yarshater, Ehsan
2413:
2396:Yarshater, Ehsan
2386:
2370:
2349:
2337:
2314:Frye, Richard N.
2305:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2288:
2276:
2274:
2260:
2241:
2217:
2200:Floor, Willem M.
2195:
2171:
2158:
2145:
2126:
2098:Heinrichs, W. P.
2087:
2078:
2050:Heinrichs, W. P.
2039:
2023:
2006:Yarshater, Ehsan
1996:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1486:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1430:
1423:
1398:
1384:
1383: 1022–1067
1382:
1365:
1349:Layla and Majnun
1306:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1200:
1199: 1524–1576
1198:
1153:
1152: 1492–1497
1151:
1141:Ali Mirza Safavi
1138:
1137: 1478–1490
1136:
1103:
1102: 1463–1500
1101:
1092:
1091: 1417–1463
1090:
1081:
1080: 1370–1405
1079:
1066:
1065: 1382–1417
1064:
992:
991: 1220–1231
990:
978:
976:
960:
959: 1186–1191
958:
945:
943:
934:
933: 1176–1194
932:
911:
891:
889:
861:
860: 1118–1131
859:
826:
825: 1072–1092
824:
807:
806: 1063–1072
805:
792:
791: 1063–1096
790:
774:
773: 1043–1049
772:
758:Byzantine Empire
732:, the people of
724:
721:
698:
696:
687:
685:
676:
675: 1027–1034
674:
654:
652:
605:
603:
581:in the northern
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
469:
467:
379:
378: 1524–1576
377:
360:
359: 1463–1500
358:
349:
348: 1417–1463
347:
335:
334: 1382–1417
333:
290:, an originally
282:(in present-day
277:
248:
247:
236:
235:
223:
222:
216:
215:
200:
199:
146:
131:
94:
87:
53:
34:
33:
21:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3043:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2955:
2949:
2892:
2884:
2762:
2754:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2631:: 243, Fig.24.
2620:
2609:
2577:10.2307/4300484
2540:
2538:Further reading
2530:
2437:
2410:
2367:
2334:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2257:
2214:
2192:
2184:. I.B. Tauris.
2142:
2123:
2090:Bosworth, C. E.
2075:
2042:Bosworth, C. E.
2020:
1993:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1729:
1725:, pp. 3–5.
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1518:
1489:
1481:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1427:Sasanian Empire
1424:
1420:
1415:
1379:
1372:
1328:Falaki Shirvani
1302:
1294:
1223:
1195:
1148:
1133:
1098:
1087:
1076:
1061:
1034:
987:
973:
955:
940:
929:
886:
856:
821:
802:
787:
769:
722:
701:Rawadid dynasty
693:
682:
671:
653: 991–1027
649:
646:Yazid ibn Ahmad
623:Hashimid family
600:
597:Harun al-Rashid
563:
558:
530:
527:
524:
521:
480:first incursion
464:
394:
374:
355:
344:
330:
323:Falaki Shirvani
245:
220:
187:
177:
140:
125:
90:
72:
60:
39:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3019:Arab dynasties
3016:
3011:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2988:Abu Bakr Mirza
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2935:Khalilullah II
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2613:
2608:978-9004259577
2607:
2589:
2556:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2529:978-1107188518
2528:
2513:
2495:(2): 367–378.
2484:
2454:
2441:
2435:
2414:
2408:
2387:
2371:
2366:978-0857715883
2365:
2359:. I.B.Tauris.
2350:
2338:
2332:
2306:
2277:
2261:
2256:978-1474484015
2255:
2242:
2218:
2213:978-1933823232
2212:
2196:
2191:978-1845116910
2190:
2172:
2159:
2146:
2140:
2127:
2121:
2094:van Donzel, E.
2079:
2073:
2046:van Donzel, E.
2032:Bosworth, C.E.
2024:
2018:
1997:
1991:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:, p. 121.
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1904:, p. 136.
1894:
1882:
1867:
1855:
1853:, p. 153.
1843:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1805:, p. 144.
1792:
1790:, p. 284.
1775:
1763:
1751:
1749:, p. 868.
1739:
1727:
1715:
1713:, p. 130.
1703:
1701:, p. 489.
1680:
1676:Kouymjian 1969
1668:
1666:, p. 144.
1656:
1644:
1642:, p. 187.
1640:Kouymjian 1969
1632:
1620:
1608:
1606:, p. 141.
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1558:, p. 243.
1548:
1536:
1524:
1520:Bosworth 2011a
1487:
1485:, p. 488.
1466:
1462:Bosworth 2011b
1454:
1452:, p. 487.
1441:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1371:
1368:
1324:Nizami Ganjavi
1251:Middle Persian
1222:
1219:
1215:Abu Bakr Mirza
1192:Shah Tahmasp I
1046:Mo'en Mosavver
1033:
1030:
898:Khāqān-e Kabir
814:Abbasid caliph
697: 531–579
686: 420–438
629:Hudud al-'Alam
604: 786–809
562:
559:
557:
554:
539:Munejjim-bashi
515:Jamiʿ al-Duwal
468: 224–242
453:Ibn Khordadbeh
416:to the south,
393:
390:
371:Shah Tahmasp I
319:Nizami Ganjavi
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
242:
233:
230:
229:
224:
212:
211:
206:
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
158:
157:Historical era
154:
153:
150:
149:
141:
138:
135:
134:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
82:
78:
77:
66:
62:
61:
54:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3051:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:Sultan Mahmud
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Farrukh Yasar
2908:
2906:
2905:Khalilullah I
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2855:Farrukhzad II
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Manuchihr III
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2593:Blair, Sheila
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2333:0-521-20093-8
2329:
2325:
2322:. Cambridge:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2292:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2141:0-231-10714-5
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2080:
2076:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:Amanat, Abbas
1976:
1975:
1963:
1962:Minorsky 1958
1958:
1951:
1946:
1940:, p. 13.
1939:
1934:
1927:
1922:
1916:, p. 37.
1915:
1910:
1903:
1902:Minorsky 1958
1898:
1892:, p. 25.
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1829:, p. 14.
1828:
1827:Minorsky 1958
1823:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1773:, p. 23.
1772:
1771:Mitchell 2009
1767:
1760:
1759:Mitchell 2009
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1711:Minorsky 1958
1707:
1700:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1664:Bosworth 1996
1660:
1653:
1648:
1641:
1636:
1630:, p. 85.
1629:
1628:Minorsky 1958
1624:
1618:, p. 16.
1617:
1612:
1605:
1604:Bosworth 1996
1600:
1594:, p. 26.
1593:
1592:Minorsky 1958
1588:
1582:, p. 22.
1581:
1580:Minorsky 1958
1576:
1570:, p. 27.
1569:
1564:
1557:
1556:Madelung 1975
1552:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1532:Minorsky 1958
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1393:, as well as
1392:
1388:
1377:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1342:'s mother an
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:Turkification
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:By 1500, the
1159:
1157:
1146:
1142:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:Shaykh Haydar
1119:
1118:Shaykh Junayd
1115:
1114:Safavid order
1111:
1107:
1096:
1095:Farrukh Yasar
1085:
1084:Khalilullah I
1074:
1070:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Shah Ismail I
1038:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
995:Mongol Empire
985:
982:
971:
966:
964:
953:
949:
938:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
909:
903:
899:
895:
884:
883:Manuchihr III
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
854:
846:
842:
841:Manuchihr III
837:
833:
830:
819:
815:
811:
800:
796:
785:
780:
778:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
717:
712:
708:
706:
702:
691:
680:
669:
664:
662:
658:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
630:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
598:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
553:
551:
548:
544:
540:
536:
516:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
389:
387:
383:
372:
368:
364:
353:
352:Farrukh Yasar
342:
341:Khalilullah I
337:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:Islamic world
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
269:
265:
243:
241:
238:
237:
234:
228:
225:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
197:
193:
189:
183:
179:
173:
169:
166:
162:
159:
155:
151:
145:
142:
136:
130:
127:
124:• 861–?
121:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
93:
86:
83:
79:
75:
70:
67:
63:
58:
52:
47:
42:
35:
32:
27:
19:
3009:Shirvanshahs
2860:Akhsitan III
2845:Fariburz III
2835:Farrukhzad I
2800:Manuchihr II
2745:Muhammad III
2692:Shirvanshahs
2691:
2653:
2628:
2624:
2597:
2568:
2564:
2551:
2517:
2492:
2488:
2462:
2449:
2426:
2399:
2392:"ʿAlī Mīrzā"
2382:
2355:
2345:
2318:
2298:. Retrieved
2291:the original
2282:
2270:
2246:
2232:(1): 19–44.
2229:
2225:
2203:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2151:"Šervānšāhs"
2131:
2112:
2105:
2064:
2057:
2028:Barthold, W.
2009:
1982:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1928:, p. 7.
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1863:Tonoyan 2019
1858:
1846:
1834:
1822:
1815:Tonoyan 2019
1810:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1723:Babayan 2009
1718:
1706:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1546:, p. 7.
1539:
1534:, p. 2.
1527:
1457:
1445:
1421:
1400:
1391:regular army
1373:
1354:
1347:
1317:
1291:Fariburz III
1284:
1271:
1267:Dari Persian
1255:Tati Persian
1244:
1241:, dated 1468
1231:River Tigris
1213:and his son
1201:) dismissed
1188:Safavid Iran
1185:
1168:Twelve Imams
1163:Safavid army
1160:
1069:Turco-Mongol
1055:
1011:
1007:Golden Horde
998:
981:Khwarazmshah
967:
952:Qizil Arslan
897:
893:
880:
871:
850:
843:, minted at
832:the throne.
818:Malik-Shah I
781:
748:by invading
727:
665:
641:
637:
627:
620:
611:
575:Banu Shayban
564:
542:
514:
508:
503:
499:
496:Shirwan Shah
495:
491:
490:(died 650).
472:Al-Baladhuri
444:
442:
410:Araxes River
395:
338:
304:
264:Shirvanshahs
263:
261:
240:Safavid Iran
209:Succeeded by
208:
203:
38:Shirvanshahs
31:
26:
2983:Kavus Mirza
2978:Qasem Mirza
2956:(1544–1602)
2954:Pretenders
2893:(1382–1538)
2850:Akhsitan II
2830:Fariburz II
2785:Bukhtnassar
2770:Manuchihr I
2763:(1027–1382)
2735:Muhammad II
2102:Lecomte, G.
2085:"S̲h̲īrwān"
2054:Lecomte, G.
1914:Amanat 2019
1747:Savory 1985
1407:royal guard
1303: 1225
999:Shirvanshah
926:Toghrul III
894:Shirvanshah
876:Caspian Sea
872:Shirvanshah
810:gold dinars
723: 1060
668:Manuchihr I
657:Persianized
642:Khursanshah
612:Shirvanshah
547:orientalist
504:Sharwanshah
500:Sharvanshah
492:Shirvanshah
445:Shirvanshah
296:Persianized
204:Preceded by
161:Middle Ages
105:Sunni Islam
71:(initially)
55:Map of the
18:Shirvanshah
3003:Categories
2963:Burhan Ali
2915:Bahram Beg
2890:Darbandids
2870:Kayqubad I
2865:Keykavus I
2840:Garshasp I
2825:Shahanshah
2820:Akhsitan I
2815:Afridun II
2795:Fariburz I
2720:Haytham II
2715:Muhammad I
2703:(861–1027)
2554:: 261–267.
2470:. Lisbon:
2300:12 January
2111:Volume IX:
2063:Volume IX:
1926:Gould 2022
1890:Gould 2016
1878:Riahi 2008
1788:Floor 2008
1544:Vacca 2017
1437:References
1429:(224–651).
1332:Persianate
1263:Shaddadids
1211:Burhan Ali
1145:Rustam Beg
1130:Ya'qub Beg
1126:Aq Qoyunlu
1071:conqueror
1014:Kayqubad I
970:Garshasp I
937:Akhsitan I
868:Bagrationi
799:Alp Arslan
784:Fariburz I
742:Abkhazians
679:Bahram Gur
638:Layzanshah
634:titulature
608:Azerbaijan
579:Diyar Bakr
537:historian
513:-language
476:Layzanshah
461:Ardashir I
443:The title
392:Background
294:and later
284:Azerbaijan
111:Government
2920:Ghazi Beg
2900:Ibrahim I
2805:Afridun I
2760:Kasranids
2710:Haytham I
2637:0732-2992
2601:. Brill.
2509:211660063
2480:490638192
2460:(1976) .
2034:(1997a).
1396:naulatiya
1282:anthology
1172:Qizilbash
1058:Ibrahim I
1003:Ilkhanate
948:Eldiguzid
916:) of his
908:takhallus
853:Mahmud II
738:Georgians
621:The Arab
406:Kur River
327:Ibrahim I
300:Kasranids
101:Religion
2945:Shahrukh
2750:Yazid II
2700:Yazidids
2645:23350289
2625:Muqarnas
2595:(1992).
2377:(2008).
2344:(1958).
2267:(1969).
2202:(2008).
2164:"Šervān"
2104:(eds.).
2056:(eds.).
2002:"Jonayd"
1370:Military
1344:Armenian
1239:Shamakhi
1207:province
1203:Shahrukh
1176:Golestan
1156:Ismail I
918:eulogist
914:pen name
900:("Great
845:Shamakhi
754:Baylaqan
716:Caucasus
661:Shabaran
587:Arminiya
567:Yazidids
484:Caucasus
457:Sasanian
386:province
382:Shahrukh
367:Ismail I
288:Yazidids
276:شروانشاه
163:and the
144:Shahrukh
69:Shamakhi
57:Caucasus
44:861–1538
2880:Hushang
2875:Kavus I
2740:Ahmad I
2730:Yazid I
2585:4300484
2425:(ed.).
2398:(ed.).
2316:(ed.).
2113:San–Sze
2065:San–Sze
2008:(ed.).
1972:Sources
1402:ghulams
1387:Lakzian
1362:madhhab
1309:Pahlavi
1298:
1235:Baghdad
1221:Culture
1050:Isfahan
1026:Hushang
1018:Kavus I
922:Khaqani
705:Kurdish
591:Abbasid
589:by the
556:History
535:Ottoman
522:
459:ruler,
438:Darband
398:Shirvan
365:leader
363:Safavid
315:Khaqani
280:Shirvan
272:Persian
132:(first)
85:Persian
76:(later)
65:Capital
2968:Mehrab
2790:Sallar
2775:Ali II
2643:
2635:
2605:
2583:
2526:
2507:
2478:
2446:"Baku"
2433:
2406:
2363:
2330:
2253:
2210:
2188:
2138:
2119:
2100:&
2071:
2052:&
2030:&
2016:
1989:
1357:Hanafi
1128:ruler
1093:) and
950:ruler
864:Qabala
797:ruler
795:Seljuk
594:caliph
583:Jazira
511:Arabic
434:Maskat
426:Layzan
418:Shakki
350:) and
268:Arabic
147:(last)
92:Arabic
2780:Qubad
2725:Ali I
2641:JSTOR
2621:(PDF)
2581:JSTOR
2505:S2CID
2421:. In
2394:. In
2294:(PDF)
2287:(PDF)
2088:. In
2040:. In
2004:. In
1413:Notes
1259:Gilan
1073:Timur
766:Qubad
762:Oghuz
734:Sarir
730:Alans
688:) or
449:Islam
422:Arran
414:Muqan
2633:ISSN
2603:ISBN
2565:Iran
2524:ISBN
2476:OCLC
2431:ISBN
2404:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2328:ISBN
2302:2023
2251:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2186:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2117:ISBN
2069:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1311:, a
1108:, a
902:Khan
746:Baku
740:and
640:and
519:lit.
502:and
430:Quba
292:Arab
262:The
190:1538
74:Baku
2573:doi
2497:doi
2493:169
2234:doi
1233:in
750:Rus
718:in
180:861
3005::
2639:.
2629:28
2627:.
2623:.
2579:.
2569:11
2567:.
2563:.
2550:.
2503:.
2491:.
2474:.
2448:.
2381:.
2228:.
2166:.
2153:.
2109:.
2096:;
2092:;
2061:.
2048:;
2044:;
1870:^
1795:^
1778:^
1683:^
1490:^
1469:^
1381:r.
1326:,
1300:c.
1296:r.
1269:.
1197:r.
1150:r.
1135:r.
1100:r.
1089:r.
1078:r.
1063:r.
1048:,
1009:.
989:r.
975:r.
965:.
957:r.
942:r.
931:r.
920:,
888:r.
858:r.
823:r.
804:r.
789:r.
771:r.
720:c.
695:r.
684:r.
673:r.
651:r.
602:r.
552:.
506:.
498:,
466:r.
432:,
376:r.
357:r.
346:r.
332:r.
321:,
317:,
274::
2684:e
2677:t
2670:v
2647:.
2611:.
2587:.
2575::
2532:.
2511:.
2499::
2482:.
2439:.
2412:.
2369:.
2336:.
2304:.
2259:.
2240:.
2236::
2230:9
2216:.
2194:.
2144:.
2125:.
2077:.
2022:.
1995:.
1880:.
1654:.
1522:.
1464:.
1378:(
1293:(
1229:"
1194:(
1147:(
1132:(
1097:(
1086:(
1075:(
1060:(
1040:"
986:(
972:(
954:(
939:(
928:(
912:(
885:(
855:(
820:(
801:(
786:(
768:(
692:(
681:(
670:(
648:(
636:(
599:(
531:'
525:'
517:(
463:(
373:(
354:(
343:(
329:(
270:/
266:(
20:)
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