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104:
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81:
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58:
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through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants. These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates.
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93:
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the wave energy to be dispersed. In these areas, the wave energy breaking against the cliffs is higher, and air and water are compressed into cracks in the rock, forcing the rock apart, breaking it down. Sediment deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and is moved along the coastline by the waves. This forms an
2767:. If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from the 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by 1.0 m (
2714:
types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment.
1209:
Parts of a coastline can be categorised as high energy coast or low energy coast. The distinguishing characteristics of a high energy coast are that the average wave energy is relatively high so that erosion of small grained material tends to exceed deposition, and consequently landforms like cliffs,
706:
Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy; the larger the wave the more energy it releases and the more sediment it moves. Coastlines with longer shores have more room for the waves to disperse their energy, while coasts with cliffs and short shore faces give little room for
5026:
Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US,
1227:
down onto the shore slope expend much of their energy lifting the sediment. The weak swash does not carry it far up the slope, and the strong backwash carries it further down the slope, where it either settles in deeper water or is carried along the shore by a longshore current induced by an angled
1222:
Swash is the shoreward flow after the break, backwash is the water flow back down the beach. The relative strength of flow in the swash and backwash determines what size grains are deposited or eroded. This is dependent on how the wave breaks and the slope of the shore. Depending on the form of the
718:
Sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amount of sediment located in the case of coastlines that have estuaries. Today, riverine deposition at the coast is often blocked by dams and other human regulatory devices, which remove the sediment from the stream by causing it to be
2713:
Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches and surface waters as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other
2502:
significantly contributes as well. It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide. Since most inputs
2710:
A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go
1711:
The dynamic fluid nature of the ocean means that all components of the whole ocean system are ultimately connected, although certain regional classifications are useful and relevant. The waters of the continental shelves represent such a region. The term "coastal waters" has been used in a wide
619:. Since a landmass has features at all scales, from hundreds of kilometers in size to tiny fractions of a millimeter and below, there is no obvious size of the smallest feature that should be taken into consideration when measuring, and hence no single well-defined perimeter to the landmass.
663:
is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by
2795: ft) by 2100. In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2–3 m (7–10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19–22 metres (62–72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F).
1213:
High energy coasts are exposed to the direct impact of waves and storms, and are generally erosional environments. High energy storm events can make large changes to a coastline, and can move significant amounts of sediment over a short period, sometimes changing a shoreline configuration.
2736:
rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s. This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years. The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.
1498:
forms after erosion and retreat of a sea cliff has been occurring for a long time. Gently sloping wave-cut platforms develop early on in the first stages of cliff retreat. Later, the length of the platform decreases because the waves lose their energy as they break further
1472:
are made when certain rock beds are more susceptible to erosion than the surrounding rock beds because of different areas of weakness. These areas are eroded at a faster pace creating a hole or crevice that, through time, by means of wave action and erosion, becomes a
3424:
The left bank of the
Vistula, when measured with increased precision would furnish lengths ten, hundred and even thousand times as great as the length read off the school map. A statement nearly adequate to reality would be to call most arcs encountered in nature not
1490:
Wave-cut notches are caused by the undercutting of overhanging slopes which leads to increased stress on cliff material and a greater probability that the slope material will fall. The fallen debris accumulates at the bottom of the cliff and is eventually removed by
1210:
headlands and wave-cut terraces develop. Low energy coasts are generally sheltered from waves, or in regions where the average wind wave and swell conditions are relatively mild. Low energy coasts typically change slowly, and tend to be depositional environments.
4935:; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S. S.; Edwards, T. L.; Golledge, N. R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R. E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.).
914:
can be a challenge for coastal local authorities who often struggle to provide the infrastructure required by new residents, and poor management practices of construction often leave these communities and infrastructure vulnerable to processes like
4711:
Wiggin, K. J.; Holland, E. B. (June 2019). "Validation and application of cost and time effective methods for the detection of 3–500 μm sized microplastics in the urban marine and estuarine environments surrounding Long Beach, California".
1131:
According to one principle of classification, an emergent coastline is a coastline that has experienced a fall in sea level, because of either a global sea-level change, or local uplift. Emergent coastlines are identifiable by the coastal
957:
294:
lives within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea as of 2013. Due to its importance in society and its high population concentrations, the coast is important for major parts of the global food and economic system, and they provide many
1303:
As a result of the fame of the
Ligurian rivieras, the term came into English to refer to any shoreline, especially one that is sunny, topographically diverse and popular with tourists. Such places using the term include the
3339:
3188:
Waltham, Nathan J.; Elliott, Michael; Lee, Shing Yip; Lovelock, Catherine; Duarte, Carlos M.; Buelow, Christina; Simenstad, Charles; Nagelkerken, Ivan; Claassens, Louw; Wen, Colin K-C; Barletta, Mario (2020).
1459:
retreat landward because of the constant undercutting of slopes by waves. If the slope/cliff being undercut is made of unconsolidated sediment it will erode at a much faster rate than a cliff made of bedrock.
1223:
breaking wave, its energy can carry granular material up the beach and deposit it, or erode it by carrying more material down the slope than up it. Steep waves that are close together and break with the surf
534:, make up about 7 percent of the Earth's oceans, but at least 85% of commercially harvested fish depend on coastal environments during at least part of their life cycle. As of October 2010, about 2.86% of
2763:'s temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened. What happens after that depends on human
1692:"Coastal waters" (or "coastal seas") is a rather general term used differently in different contexts, ranging geographically from the waters within a few kilometers of the coast, through to the entire
1232:, expend more of their energy in the swash which carries particles up the beach, leaving less energy for the backwash to transport them downslope, with a net constrictive influence on the beach.
1173:
According to the second principle of classification, a concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. These rock types are usually of varying
1664:
1668:
Overview of different zones of coastal waters: Input, production, transport and storage pathway of carbon in marine waters, including movement across maritime zones of national jurisdiction:
1091:
creates a high level of biological activity, which has attracted human activity for thousands of years. Coasts also create essential material for organisms to live by, including estuaries,
4590:
560:
While there is general agreement in the scientific community regarding the definition of coast, in the political sphere, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to
553:(including seagrass, salt marsh etc.) whilst some terrestrial scientists might only think of coastal ecosystems as purely terrestrial plants that live close to the seashore (see also
1696:
which may stretch for more than a hundred kilometers from land. Thus the term coastal waters is used in a slightly different way in discussions of legal and economic boundaries (see
5087:
This corresponds to a mean sea-level rise of about 7.5 cm over the whole altimetry period. More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr.
2585:
formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Plastic pollution is harmful to
4975:
4171:
2396:. Once a fishing port, the harbor is now dedicated to tourism and pleasure boating. Observe that the sand and rocks have been darkened by oil slick up to the high-water line.
1813:). The locations of these beds show the extent of ancient seas at particular points in geological time, and provide clues to the magnitudes of tides in the distant past.
3038:
Nagelkerken, I.; Blaber, S.J.M.; Bouillon, S.; Green, P.; Haywood, M.; Kirton, L.G.; Meynecke, J.-O.; Pawlik, J.; Penrose, H.M.; Sasekumar, A.; Somerfield, P.J. (2008).
848:
3343:
3894:"Coastal Impact From High-Energy Events and the Importance of Concurrent Forcing Parameters: The Cases of Storm Ophelia (2017) and Storm Hector (2018) in NW Ireland"
4814:
De-la-Torre, Gabriel E.; Dioses-Salinas, Diana C.; Castro, Jasmin M.; Antay, Rosabel; Fernández, Naomy Y.; Espinoza-Morriberón, D.; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel (2020).
2940:
3111:
3375:
2646:
quickly, as would natural or organic materials. The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and
5017:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
4944:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
830:
5019:
4947:
4660:
3314:"Estuarine fish and shellfish species in US commercial and recreational fisheries: economic value as an incentive to protect and restore estuarine habitat"
1370:
2272:
and shoreline run off of nutrients. Some are partial residents that spawn in streams, estuaries and bays, but most complete their life cycles in the zone.
699:, and are characterized by funnel-shaped estuaries containing sand ridges aligned with tidal currents. Wave action is much more important for determining
691:
with a tidal range of less than 2 m (7 ft). The distinction between macrotidal and mesotidal coasts is more important. Macrotidal coasts lack
1228:
approach of the wave-front to the shore. These waves which erode the beach are called destructive waves. Low waves that are further apart and break by
5008:
2543:
and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans. Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff,
1366:
1359:
937:
4429:
3139:
1381:
1355:
4871:"Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters"
1377:
1717:
4594:
4115:
Ocean margin processes in global change: report of the Dahlem
Workshop on Ocean Margin Processes in Global Change, Berlin, 1990, March 18-23
4254:
103:
5211:
3753:
1177:, so the coastline forms distinctive landforms, such as coves. Discordant coastlines feature distinctive landforms because the rocks are
507:, on the other hand, may refer to parts of land adjoining any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore).
4971:
4771:
Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers".
3241:
1801:
The identification of bodies of rock formed from sediments deposited in shoreline and nearshore environments (shoreline and nearshore
2869:
5130:
3933:
2415:
occur when phosphorus and nitrogen from fertilizers cause excessive growth of microorganisms, which depletes oxygen and kills fauna.
2123:
live on rocky coasts and scavenge on food deposited by the sea. Some coastal animals are used to humans in developed areas, such as
2889:
1834:. Each records an episode of retreat of the ocean from the shoreline over a period of 10,000 to 1,000,000 years. These often show
435:"Life Below Water", which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving marine coastal ecosystems and supporting more
2684:
has caused serious negative effects such as discarded fishing nets capturing animals, concentration of plastic debris in massive
366:
6445:
3867:
4642:
991:
554:
423:) have led to the demise of coastal ecosystem around the globe. This has resulted in population collapse of fisheries stocks,
5167:
5124:
4541:
4483:
4189:
4122:
4038:
4004:
3833:
3707:
3587:
3019:
1358:
isone which is mainly undergoing early stage development by major long-term processes such as tectonism and climate change A
4099:
4078:
1704:) or when considering the geography of coastal landforms or the ecological systems operating through the continental shelf (
1300:, although the French use the term "Riviera" to refer to the Italian Riviera and call the French portion the "Côte d'Azur".
6455:
6061:
4689:
1059:
Coasts and their adjacent areas on and offshore are an important part of a local ecosystem. The mixture of fresh water and
267:, a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the
1807:) is extremely important to geologists. These provide vital clues for reconstructing the geography of ancient continents (
530:
has approximately 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats, which extend to the margins of the
3502:
5907:
3265:
3115:
2817:
440:
4430:"Globally Changing Nutrient Loads and Harmful Algal Blooms: Recent Advances, New Paradigms, and Continuing Challenges"
3364:
2610:, also known as marine litter, is human-created solid material that has deliberately or accidentally been released in
3675:
3645:
3612:
3092:
2544:
2090:
813:
620:
2072:
1140:. In contrast, a submergent coastline is one where the sea level has risen, due to a global sea-level change, local
564:. Government authorities in various countries may define coast differently for economic and social policy reasons.
3003:
2894:
2539:, and dust. These nonpoint sources are largely due to runoff that enters the ocean through rivers, but wind-blown
1480:
is formed when a headland is eroded away by wave and wind action or an arch collapses leaving an offshore remnant.
5912:
5204:
4936:
2805:
2703:
2324:
479:
475:
471:
432:
50:
6005:
5897:
5555:
2068:
1716:
environmental management it extends from the coast to just a few nautical miles while in the United States the
1362:
is one where the primary processes have mostly stabilised, and more localised processes have become prominent.
5767:
5694:
5599:
5562:
4591:"The Impacts of Atmospheric Deposition to the Ocean on Marine Ecosystems and Climate WMO Bulletin Vol 58 (1)"
80:
5005:
3787:
2498:
and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although
876:
Coasts, especially those with beaches and warm water, attract tourists often leading to the development of
4095:
The
Riviera, Or The Coast from Marseilles to Leghorn, Including Carrara, Lucca, Pisa, Pistoja and Florence
3486:
Richardson, L. F. (1961). "The problem of contiguity: An appendix to statistics of deadly quarrels".
5624:
2383:
2328:
2314:
1841:
Some of the best-studied shoreline deposits in the world are found along the former western shore of the
1009:. Together, these ecosystems perform the four categories of ecosystem services in a variety of ways: The
776:
616:
4536:. Vol. III, Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts (Second ed.). London: Academic Press.
1240:
6450:
6028:
5197:
3191:"UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021–2030—What Chance for Success in Restoring Coastal Ecosystems?"
2874:
466:
are often used to describe a geographic location or region located on a coastline (e.g., New
Zealand's
43:
4565:
4205:
793:
atlas, 44% of all people live within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea. Many major cities are on or near good
6074:
2528:
2393:
1026:
373:
362:
6054:
5712:
4324:
Maúre, Elígio de Raús; Terauchi, Genki; Ishizaka, Joji; Clinton, Nicholas; DeWitt, Michael (2021).
2809:
2764:
2318:
2053:
2021:
1705:
1002:
984:
535:
330:
2218:. Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres (660 ft) deep, it follows that
5393:
3168:
3039:
2813:
2057:
1944:
1842:
1673:
436:
85:
69:
3729:
2400:
615:
The measured length of the coastline depends on the method used to measure it and the degree of
458:
is used to refer to a region where interactions of sea and land processes occur. Both the terms
6356:
5854:
5609:
5105:
Climate
Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia
3996:
2577:, toxins and underwater noise. Plastic pollution in the ocean is a type of marine pollution by
2468:
2344:
2064:
1965:
1877:
1786:
539:
39:
32:
3761:
3365:""The Coast" is Complicated: A Model to Consistently Describe the Nation's Coastal Population"
1659:
6000:
4030:
3579:
3572:
2499:
2472:
1174:
1148:. Submergent coastlines are identifiable by their submerged, or "drowned" landforms, such as
812:
Nations defend their coasts against military invaders, smugglers and illegal migrants. Fixed
722:
Like the ocean which shapes them, coasts are a dynamic environment with constant change. The
719:
deposited inland. Coral reefs are a provider of sediment for coastlines of tropical islands.
431:, and loss of healthy habitats. International attention to these issues has been captured in
404:
destruction, further complicate the human uses of the coast and threaten coastal ecosystems.
358:
264:
17:
6039:
3169:
Work of the
Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
2301:
are important coastal vegetation types in tropical and temperate environments respectively.
644:
5829:
5782:
5737:
5722:
5108:
5058:
4882:
4827:
4780:
4721:
4382:
4280:
3961:
3905:
3514:
3464:
3245:
3053:
2685:
2223:
2136:
1954:
1892:
1872:
The following articles describe the various geologic processes that affect a coastal zone:
1835:
1790:
1701:
1626:
1621:
1168:
1164:
1126:
1022:
606:
354:
241:
57:
8:
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6047:
5933:
5727:
5291:
5100:
5098:
3286:
2570:
2428:
2412:
2370:
2348:
1917:
970:
889:
739:
531:
408:
385:
111:
5062:
4886:
4831:
4784:
4725:
4284:
4230:
3909:
3809:
3518:
3503:"How Long is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension"
3057:
2935:
2404:
This stretch of coast in Tanzania's capital Dar es Salaam serves as a public waste dump.
900:. Coasts offer recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, surfing, boating, and
703:
of sediments deposited along mesotidal and microtidal coasts than in macrotidal coasts.
6361:
5902:
5889:
5742:
5702:
5413:
5316:
4903:
4870:
4851:
4753:
4358:
4325:
4306:
4146:
3607:. Walter E. Reed, Paul M. Davis (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
3538:
3468:
3144:
2962:
2642:, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not
2574:
2479:
2340:
2265:
2112:
1949:
1724:
1697:
1669:
1451:
Much of the sediment deposited along a coast is the result of erosion of a surrounding
1305:
1276:. Historically, the Ligurian Riviera extended from Capo Corvo (Punta Bianca) south of
1122:
1042:
911:
772:
205:
2131:
who eat food thrown for them by tourists. Since the coastal areas are all part of the
486:.) Coasts with a narrow continental shelf that are close to the open ocean are called
6404:
6204:
6172:
6164:
5958:
5864:
5777:
5483:
5321:
5311:
5271:
5236:
5220:
5163:
5120:
4908:
4855:
4843:
4796:
4757:
4745:
4737:
4616:
4547:
4537:
4479:
4410:
4402:
4363:
4345:
4310:
4298:
4185:
4128:
4118:
4034:
4000:
3681:
3671:
3641:
3618:
3608:
3583:
3567:
3530:
3472:
3313:
3222:
3088:
3015:
2993:
2750:
2578:
2512:
2491:
2215:
2032:
1693:
1677:
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or abrasion coast is one where marine action has produced steep declivities known as
1145:
924:
907:
743:
610:
598:
582:
574:
550:
467:
451:
424:
296:
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is a shortened sea stack that has been eroded away or fallen because of instability.
966:, Italy, attracts international tourists of all classes annually and is listed as a
5953:
5787:
5762:
5757:
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5682:
5508:
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5286:
5251:
5112:
5076:
5066:
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4898:
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4835:
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4788:
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4441:
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4353:
4337:
4288:
4177:
3913:
3522:
3450:
3413:
3212:
3202:
3061:
3007:
2905:
2884:
2859:
2837:
2808:"Life Below Water" which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving
2464:
2460:
2453:
2420:
1922:
1912:
1849:
1803:
1728:
1520:
1348:
1229:
1224:
1006:
840:
428:
401:
393:
389:
291:
194:
115:
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545:
The definition of coasts varies. Marine scientists think of the "wet" (aquatic or
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6414:
5990:
5772:
5717:
5584:
5493:
5488:
5373:
5256:
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3167:
United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
2967:
2900:
2879:
2816:
for coastal communities. Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the
2681:
2581:, ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to
2552:
2548:
2366:
2336:
2227:
2017:
1907:
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1550:
1484:
1477:
1313:
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1249:
1030:
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916:
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546:
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for coastal communities. Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021-2030 the
416:
381:
377:
272:
221:
217:
4478:(2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 436–437.
4255:
Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual, Estuarine and Coastal Marine Waters
1708:). The research on coastal waters often divides into these separate areas too.
597:–like properties of coastlines; i.e., the fact that a coastline typically has a
92:
6303:
6158:
6070:
5383:
5378:
5341:
5281:
5261:
5081:
4894:
4869:
Karlsson, Therese M.; Kärrman, Anna; Rotander, Anna; Hassellöv, Martin (2020).
4685:
4341:
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2738:
2725:
2659:
2643:
2532:
2487:
2362:
1809:
1736:
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1104:
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1038:
920:
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have long been erected in many nations, and coastal countries typically have a
790:
785:
The Coastal Hazard Wheel system published by UNEP for global coastal management
727:
708:
632:
602:
420:
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are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of
233:
171:
5071:
5046:
5032:
4551:
3455:
3438:
3040:"The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review"
3011:
2804:
International attention to address the threats of coasts has been captured in
1351:
is one where wind and water action has produced a flat and straight coastline.
515:
6434:
6209:
5995:
5978:
5928:
5869:
5844:
5707:
5634:
5306:
4932:
4741:
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4406:
4349:
4302:
4181:
3918:
3893:
3546:
3226:
3207:
3190:
2851:
2820:, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention.
2663:
2607:
2600:
2582:
2566:
2558:
2516:
2432:
2424:
2356:
2261:
2195:
2167:
2132:
1997:
1992:
1939:
1882:
1852:(about 100 to 66 million years ago). These are beautifully exposed along the
1755:
1560:
1405:
1330:
885:
881:
768:
712:
594:
483:
443:, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention.
397:
5160:
The Coastlines of the World with Google Earth: Understanding our Environment
4816:"Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru"
4132:
3685:
3622:
789:
More and more of the world's people live in coastal regions. According to a
6338:
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5859:
5747:
5619:
5614:
5513:
5503:
5448:
4912:
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4800:
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in which the upper part of the sandstone is coarser than the lower part (a
1748:
1732:
1555:
1535:
1463:
1265:
1245:
1137:
1088:
963:
561:
372:
However, the economic importance of coasts makes many of these communities
190:
65:
4643:"Euronews Living | Watch: Italy's answer to the problem with plastic"
4414:
2741:
due to human activities is the main cause. Between 1993 and 2018, melting
1264:("riverbank"). It came to be applied as a proper name to the coast of the
6409:
6320:
6194:
6120:
6010:
5824:
5797:
5792:
5672:
5654:
5644:
5639:
5594:
5589:
5579:
5528:
5518:
5241:
4293:
4268:
2669:
2586:
2257:
2144:
1982:
1853:
1608:
1598:
1515:
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1068:
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or when the coastal infrastructure is no longer financially sustainable,
901:
836:
821:
676:
412:
315:
for the majority of coastal human populations. Other coastal spaces like
308:
237:
5092:
4661:"Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report"
4456:
3640:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 656–659.
3418:
3401:
2650:
from the fishing industry. Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to
2210:, also called inshore fish or neritic fish, inhabit the sea between the
1384:
is usually on a substantial continental shelf or away from a plate edge.
859:
6419:
6268:
6231:
6133:
5938:
5874:
5834:
5752:
5677:
5468:
5326:
4492:
3217:
2742:
2689:
2635:
2524:
2298:
2253:
2241:
2116:
2108:
2004:
1987:
1887:
1779:
1641:
1603:
1588:
1341:
1317:
1309:
1289:
1141:
1100:
1084:
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also support a diversity of plants, animals and insects crucial to the
1072:
1050:
802:
665:
637:
280:
209:
155:
73:
5186:- organization dedicated to ocean research, exploration, and education
5158:
Scheffers, Anja M.; Scheffers, Sander R.; Kelletat, Dieter H. (2012).
5016:
4173:
Introduction to the Physical and Biological Oceanography of Shelf Seas
2845:
2388:
2240:
Coastal fish are the most abundant in the world. They can be found in
2135:, there is a profusion of marine life found just off-coast, including
283:
can often be found between depths of 1–50 m (3.3–164.0 ft).
6309:
6297:
6199:
6137:
6103:
6097:
5879:
5839:
5667:
5604:
5523:
5453:
3783:
2999:
2915:
2749:
accounted for 44% of sea level rise, with another 42% resulting from
2733:
2647:
2631:
2436:
2408:
2352:
2290:
2269:
2249:
2211:
2200:
2159:
1977:
1959:
1821:
1817:
1778:, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently
1681:
1456:
1438:
1412:. That between the cuspate foreland and the tombolo is a British bay.
1076:
944:
893:
863:
855:
586:
447:
229:
186:
163:
97:
5189:
4813:
4623:. Silver Spring, MD: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4074:
Winter havens in the sunny South, a complete handbook to the Riviera
3962:"Coastal processes - AQA, Wave types - constructive and destructive"
2042:
1723:"Coastal waters" has specific meanings in the context of commercial
623:
exist when specific assumptions are made about minimum feature size.
6371:
6366:
6242:
6189:
6124:
6092:
5807:
5802:
5629:
5544:
5403:
5228:
5116:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4972:"WMO annual report highlights continuous advance of climate change"
4930:
4926:
4924:
4922:
3700:"How is beach sand created? - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"
3084:
2677:
2673:
2622:
and on coastlines, frequently washing aground, when it is known as
2520:
2519:
is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid,
2439:; small oil spills created by large and small vessels, which flush
2302:
2294:
2264:
that feed on them. Forage fish thrive in inshore waters where high
2171:
2128:
2120:
1932:
1927:
1861:
1593:
1469:
1428:
1194:
1133:
1096:
1060:
700:
660:
590:
350:
346:
342:
253:
249:
213:
5099:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2011).
5044:
4476:
Sedimentology and sedimentary basins: from turbulence to tectonics
3340:"Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities"
3172:
1258:
is an Italian word for "shoreline", ultimately derived from Latin
948:
567:
361:, and as such can play a critical role in the near-future to help
6278:
6273:
6263:
6247:
6227:
6154:
6145:
6111:
5943:
5817:
5662:
5538:
5533:
5443:
5438:
5428:
5348:
3730:"Flocking to the Coast: World's Population Migrating into Danger"
3276:(1–6): 141–159. December 2000. doi: 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00107-7
2746:
2655:
2639:
2527:
or dust particles into the ocean. The pollution often comes from
2286:
2155:
2151:
2124:
1897:
1744:
1646:
1578:
1565:
1530:
1198:
1178:
1092:
1054:
998:
897:
781:
735:
731:
696:
669:
649:
519:
488:
338:
324:
312:
304:
276:
257:
201:
198:
182:
contains roughly 620,000 km (390,000 mi) of coastline.
167:
159:
107:
61:
4993:
4919:
4868:
4588:
4113:
Mantoura, R. F. C; Martin, Jean-Marie; Wollast, R, eds. (1991).
3885:
311:
are major economic activities and create jobs, livelihoods, and
299:
to humankind. For example, important human activities happen in
49:"Seacoast" redirects here. For the region of New Hampshire, see
6168:
6141:
6088:
5968:
5963:
5498:
5478:
5433:
5418:
5276:
2618:. Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of
2557:
The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from
2540:
2536:
2508:
2104:
1636:
1583:
1285:
1281:
967:
794:
450:
cannot be determined; this measurement challenge is called the
349:) and building material. Coastal ecosystems like mangroves and
245:
4946:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US.
3037:
2238:, which inhabit the deep seas beyond the continental shelves.
1845:, a shallow sea that flooded central North America during the
1774:. In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the
6399:
6376:
6107:
6069:
5849:
5812:
5571:
5473:
5423:
5408:
5398:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5296:
5246:
4269:"Patterns and variation of littoral habitat size among lakes"
2760:
2754:
2626:
or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called
2615:
2504:
2495:
2483:
2475:
2440:
2245:
2175:
2140:
1902:
1771:
1767:
1631:
1572:
1545:
1510:
1452:
1334:
1277:
1186:
1153:
1080:
923:. In many of these communities, management practices such as
806:
723:
687:
with a tidal range of 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13 ft); and
601:. Although the "paradox of length" was previously noted by
527:
504:
316:
268:
179:
147:
146:
or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the
4323:
3560:
2289:
that can grow up to half a meter a day in ideal conditions.
2256:
and on or above the continental shelf. Coastal fish include
992:
Ecosystem service § Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services
742:
and reshaping of coasts as well as flooding and creation of
593:
does not have a well-defined length. This results from the
5983:
5973:
5948:
5458:
5388:
5336:
5331:
4964:
3311:
2651:
2619:
2282:
2163:
1972:
1857:
1763:
1525:
1433:
1409:
1193:; the more resistant rocks erode more slowly, remaining as
1182:
817:
798:
764:
656:
496:
300:
225:
175:
151:
139:
38:"Shore" and "Shoreline" redirect here. For other uses, see
5157:
4326:"Globally consistent assessment of coastal eutrophication"
3636:
Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
3312:
Lellis-Dibble, K.A.; McGlynn, K.E.; Bigford, T.E. (2008).
2359:
that is contaminating coasts with plastic and other trash.
1739:
have yet other takes. Coastal waters have a wide range of
1727:, and somewhat different meanings in the context of naval
446:
Since coasts are constantly changing, a coastline's exact
158:
of the surrounding landscape, as well as by water induced
5463:
5266:
5142:
Box SYN-1: Sustained warming could lead to severe impacts
4029:. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p.
3670:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
3439:"Lewis Fry Richardson: scientist, visionary and pacifist"
3187:
2995:
Ecological Connectivity Among Tropical Coastal Ecosystems
2611:
2463:
occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as
1759:
1540:
1423:
1401:
1190:
1149:
747:
500:
143:
5183:
5107:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p.
4518:
4516:
4266:
2941:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1720:
considers this region to extend much further offshore.
1393:
The following articles describe some coastal landforms:
5038:
4617:"What is the biggest source of pollution in the ocean?"
4267:
Seekell, D.; Cael, B.; Norman, S.; Byström, P. (2021).
2718:
2688:, and increasing concentrations of contaminants in the
753:
683:
with a tidal range greater than 4 m (13 ft);
605:, the first systematic study of this phenomenon was by
4027:
Nietzsche, Freud, Benn, and the Azure Spell of Liguria
3891:
1503:
1344:
is one where the land gradually descends into the sea.
4678:
4513:
4504:
4112:
4098:(Third ed.). Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black.
2680:
waste all contribute to this problem. This increased
1466:
is formed when a headland is eroded through by waves.
1217:
1049:
of coastal ecosystems include inspirational aspects,
204:, which are important for bird populations and other
4974:. World Meteorological Organization. 21 April 2023.
4525:
4498:
3926:
3635:
3605:
Exploring earth: an introduction to physical geology
2827:
2143:, sponges, starfish, mussels, seaweeds, fishes, and
1712:
variety of different ways in different contexts. In
1017:, raw materials, biochemical and genetic resources.
193:. On land, they harbor important ecosystems such as
4937:"Chapter 9: Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"
495:, while other coasts are more sheltered coast in a
380:and sea level rise, as well as related issues like
3571:
2103:Larger animals that live in coastal areas include
1185:. The less resistant rocks erode faster, creating
2668:Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into
2252:, near sandy shores and rocky coastlines, around
6432:
4653:
307:(commercial, recreational, and subsistence) and
4169:
2638:, are also present. With the increasing use of
1400:Coastal landforms. The feature shown here as a
1107:, sea turtles, marine mammals, and coral reefs.
636:Atlantic rocky coastline, showing a surf area.
568:Challenges of precisely measuring the coastline
4427:
4383:"Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Coastal Zone"
4206:"coastal waters — European Environment Agency"
3079:Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J. (1990).
1758:has no single definition. It is the part of a
1614:
1136:, which are above the high tide mark, such as
943:A passenger car ferry arrives at the coast of
345:are the primary source of wood for fuel (e.g.
271:is at the edge of the shore, representing the
6055:
5205:
4770:
4710:
4589:Duce, Robert; Galloway, J.; Liss, P. (2009).
4469:
4467:
4170:Simpson, John H.; Sharples, Jonathan (2012).
3826:
1404:would, in certain (mainly southern) parts of
1204:
1103:, and mangroves. Coasts provide habitats for
805:places have achieved port status by building
585:is the counterintuitive observation that the
4875:Environmental Science and Pollution Research
4428:Glibert, Patricia; Burford, Michele (2017).
3995:. New Delhi: Allied Chambers. 2004. p.
3892:Guisado-Pintado, E; Jackson, D.W.T. (2019).
3078:
2419:The pollution of coastlines is connected to
2170:to forage for fish and shellfish. There are
1380:is on the edge of a tectonic plate, while a
178:dictates the type of shore that is created.
5045:WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018).
4260:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3665:
2991:
2071:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1323:
1259:
1067:) in estuaries provides many nutrients for
675:Geologists classify coasts on the basis of
407:The interactive effects of climate change,
6062:
6048:
5212:
5198:
4464:
4176:(1 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3754:"Bay of Naples & Amalfi Coast History"
3566:
3500:
3485:
3106:
3104:
2759:Sea level rise lags behind changes in the
2551:, atmospheric pollution and, potentially,
2423:which can occur from a number of sources:
1838:reflecting various kinds of tidal cycles.
1573:Coastal features formed by another feature
1369:is on average undergoing erosion, while a
1013:include forest products, marine products,
668:can erode as the waves surge up the river
5080:
5070:
4902:
4455:
4445:
4357:
4292:
3917:
3454:
3417:
3399:
3216:
3206:
2870:Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation
2091:Learn how and when to remove this message
1033:and disease regulation and buffer zones.
4531:
4380:
4147:"Coastal waters Definition: 255 Samples"
3979:
3727:
3602:
3436:
3332:
3293:. National Park Service. 1 December 2016
2934:
2890:List of countries by length of coastline
2704:Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics
2407:
2399:
2387:
2281:Many coastal areas are famous for their
2194:
1663:
1395:
1292:. Today, this coast is divided into the
1239:
780:
643:
631:
514:
367:atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide
279:coasts with clear, nutrient-poor water,
102:
91:
79:
56:
4570:Education | National Geographic Society
4534:World seas: an Environmental Evaluation
4070:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3114:. CoastalChallenges.com. Archived from
3101:
2305:is another type of coastal vegetation.
1158:
208:. In wave-protected areas, they harbor
14:
6433:
5047:"Global sea-level budget 1993–present"
4640:
4473:
4257:, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
4228:
3956:
3954:
3807:
3776:
3342:. Iucn.org. 2010-11-23. Archived from
3239:
2630:. Naturally occurring debris, such as
2435:, increasing the probability of large
2335:Pollution which can be in the form of
2230:. Coastal fish can be contrasted with
286:According to an atlas prepared by the
185:Coasts are important zones in natural
27:Area where land meets the sea or ocean
6043:
5219:
5193:
4978:from the original on 17 December 2023
4692:from the original on 13 February 2009
4091:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3163:
3161:
2427:(garbage and industrial debris); the
1867:
1116:
1041:, biologically mediated habitats and
978:
931:to remove communities from the coast.
659:often determine the range over which
5184:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
4024:
4013:
3851:
3746:
3704:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
3183:
3181:
3134:
3132:
3033:
3031:
2987:
2985:
2719:Sea level rise due to climate change
2069:adding citations to reliable sources
2036:
1785:Coastal waters can be threatened by
1660:Eutrophication § Coastal waters
758:
754:Importance for humans and ecosystems
522:has the longest coastline in Africa.
333:can also provide protection against
4421:
4374:
3951:
3266:"The Indian Ocean Coast of Somalia"
2732:Between 1901 and 2018, the average
2446:
2325:human-induced environmental impacts
1504:Coastal features formed by sediment
726:'s natural processes, particularly
24:
5908:Integrated coastal zone management
5151:
4499:Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980
3654:
3381:from the original on June 14, 2023
3158:
2818:UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration
2666:, as well as to boats and coasts.
2515:are more vulnerable to pollution.
1280:, north and west into what is now
1218:Destructive and constructive waves
441:UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration
126: – also called the
25:
6467:
5177:
3578:. W. H. Freeman and Co. pp.
3178:
3129:
3081:Descriptive Physical Oceanography
3028:
2982:
2511:or the atmosphere, it means that
2154:on various coasts. These include
1828:). Geologists refer to these are
1653:
898:tourism is central to the economy
6024:
6023:
5561:
5554:
4102:from the original on 2017-02-02.
4081:from the original on 2017-02-02.
3728:Goudarzi, Sara (July 18, 2006).
3490:. Vol. 6. pp. 139–187.
2895:List of U.S. states by coastline
2844:
2830:
2724:This section is an excerpt from
2702:This section is an excerpt from
2696:
2599:This section is an excerpt from
2593:
2452:This section is an excerpt from
2331:. The most important ones are:
2187:This section is an excerpt from
2041:
1445:
990:This section is an excerpt from
956:
936:
858:as viewed from Port Fòrum, with
847:
829:
734:phenomena, have resulted in the
573:This section is an excerpt from
555:estuaries and coastal ecosystems
392:. Other coastal issues, such as
353:have a much higher capacity for
323:generate large revenues through
189:, often home to a wide range of
5133:from the original on 2023-06-30
4988:Press Release Number: 21042023.
4953:from the original on 2022-10-24
4862:
4840:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877
4807:
4793:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025
4764:
4734:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.060
4704:
4641:Graham, Rachel (10 July 2019).
4634:
4609:
4582:
4558:
4532:Sheppard, Charles, ed. (2019).
4317:
4247:
4222:
4198:
4163:
4139:
4117:. Chichester, New York: Wiley.
4106:
4085:
4064:
4047:
3934:"Method for high energy coasts"
3801:
3721:
3710:from the original on 2021-06-28
3692:
3668:Surface processes and landforms
3629:
3596:
3494:
3479:
3430:
3393:
3357:
3305:
3279:
3259:
3233:
3140:"Climate change and the coasts"
2992:Nagelkerken, Ivan, ed. (2009).
2806:Sustainable Development Goal 14
2799:
2503:come from land, either via the
2181:
433:Sustainable Development Goal 14
154:. Coasts are influenced by the
51:Seacoast Region (New Hampshire)
6326:Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves
6006:Region of freshwater influence
4522:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 572
4510:Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 585
3574:The Fractal Geometry of Nature
3291:Oceans, Coasts & Seashores
3083:(5th (illustrated) ed.).
3072:
2968:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2955:
2928:
2814:sustainable economic practices
2781: ft) or even 1.6 m (
1037:of coastal ecosystems include
609:, and it was expanded upon by
549:) vegetated habitats as being
437:sustainable economic practices
13:
1:
6446:Coastal and oceanic landforms
6334:Aciculifolious, needle-leaved
5768:Large-scale coastal behaviour
5600:Beaches in estuaries and bays
3938:www.field-studies-council.org
3838:www.field-studies-council.org
3066:10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007
2944:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
2921:
2365:, and associated issues like
2285:beds. Kelp is a fast-growing
1796:
1751:of the continental shelf.
4399:10.1126/science.281.5374.217
4273:Geophysical Research Letters
3788:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
3666:Easterbrook, Don J. (1999).
3527:10.1126/science.156.3775.636
2377:
1684:(international waters), and
1388:
627:
376:, which causes increases in
374:vulnerable to climate change
7:
6456:Oceanographical terminology
4686:"Facts about marine debris"
4621:National Ocean Service (US)
3993:Chambers Concise Dictionary
3638:Origin of sedimentary rocks
3240:Nelson, Stephen A. (2007).
3195:Frontiers in Marine Science
2823:
2429:transportation of petroleum
2384:Human impact on marine life
2329:coastal development hazards
2315:Coastal development hazards
2222:coastal fish are generally
2011:
1826:coarsening upwards sequence
1820:are preserved as lenses of
1816:Sediments deposited in the
1615:Other features on the coast
1235:
777:Coastal development hazards
746:and drowned river valleys (
617:cartographic generalization
400:, coastal development, and
220:, all of which can provide
10:
6472:
6163:Scarcely vegetated areas,
4895:10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5
4342:10.1038/s41467-021-26391-9
4229:US EPA, ORD (2017-11-02).
4092:Black, Charles B. (1887).
3868:"Classification of Coasts"
3808:US EPA, ORD (2017-11-02).
2875:European Atlas of the Seas
2723:
2701:
2598:
2451:
2381:
2312:
2308:
2186:
2030:
2026:
2015:
1657:
1205:High and low energy coasts
1162:
1120:
1057:, science and education.
989:
982:
871:
762:
572:
275:where there is one. Along
44:Shoreline (disambiguation)
29:
6387:
6349:
6287:
6256:
6218:
6182:
6081:
6075:Vegetation classification
6019:
5921:
5888:
5693:
5653:
5570:
5552:
5227:
5072:10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018
5051:Earth System Science Data
5033:10.1017/9781009157896.001
4820:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4773:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4714:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4053:The more common ones are
3603:Davidson, Jon P. (2002).
3456:10.1007/s40329-014-0063-z
3437:Vulpiani, Angelo (2014).
3270:Marine Pollution Bulletin
3012:10.1007/978-90-481-2406-0
2810:marine coastal ecosystems
2394:Marblehead, Massachusetts
2276:
1706:marine coastal ecosystems
1373:is accumulating material.
1027:climate change mitigation
1003:marine coastal ecosystems
429:invasion of alien species
331:Marine coastal ecosystems
138: – is the
5713:Coastal biogeomorphology
5006:Summary for Policymakers
4447:10.5670/oceanog.2017.110
4381:Jickells, T. D. (1998).
4182:10.1017/CBO9781139034098
3919:10.3389/feart.2019.00190
3488:General Systems Yearbook
3402:"Length, shape and area"
3400:Steinhaus, Hugo (1954).
3208:10.3389/fmars.2020.00071
3112:"UN Atlas of the Oceans"
2765:greenhouse gas emissions
2319:marine coastal ecosystem
2226:, inhabiting the sunlit
2150:There are many kinds of
2022:Marine coastal ecosystem
1324:Other coastal categories
1288:and sometimes as far as
1111:
985:Marine coastal ecosystem
640:, west coast of Portugal
536:exclusive economic zones
84:Rugged coastline of the
3501:Mandelbrot, B. (1967).
3406:Colloquium Mathematicum
2392:A settled coastline in
2297:, macroalgal beds, and
1945:Coastal sediment supply
1843:Western Interior Seaway
1674:Exclusive Economic Zone
510:
363:mitigate climate change
256:) and various kinds of
6357:Terrestrial vegetation
6134:Herbaceous communities
5610:Coastal morphodynamics
5162:. New York: Springer.
4474:Leeder, M. R. (2011).
4077:. London: The Bazaar.
4071:Baughan, Rosa (1880).
4025:Kolb, Martina (2013).
2686:marine garbage patches
2443:water into the ocean.
2416:
2405:
2397:
2345:coastal eutrophication
2323:Coasts also face many
2204:
1787:coastal eutrophication
1689:
1413:
1260:
1252:
1152:(drowned valleys) and
786:
653:
641:
621:Various approximations
540:marine protected areas
523:
359:terrestrial ecosystems
119:
100:
89:
77:
40:Shore (disambiguation)
33:Coast (disambiguation)
6001:Physical oceanography
4330:Nature Communications
4279:(20): e2021GL095046.
3784:"Costiera Amalfitana"
2531:such as agricultural
2500:marine transportation
2411:
2403:
2391:
2198:
2178:and other countries.
2119:and various kinds of
2115:, among many others.
1770:that is close to the
1667:
1399:
1243:
1163:Further information:
1121:Further information:
1011:provisioning services
884:such as those of the
880:communities. In many
784:
763:Further information:
664:themselves; however,
647:
635:
518:
365:effects by uptake of
341:. In many countries,
265:physical oceanography
106:
95:
83:
60:
6395:Biogeographic realms
5830:Submergent coastline
5783:Marine transgression
5738:Discordant coastline
5723:Concordant coastline
4294:10.1029/2021GL095046
3834:"High energy coasts"
3004:Springer Netherlands
2812:and supporting more
2349:harmful algal blooms
2214:and the edge of the
2065:improve this section
1791:harmful algal blooms
1754:Similarly, the term
1702:international waters
1627:Discordant coastline
1622:Concordant coastline
1272:, then shortened to
1169:Discordant coastline
1165:Concordant coastline
1159:Concordant coastline
1127:Submergent coastline
1087:. The high level of
1023:carbon sequestration
730:, waves and various
607:Lewis Fry Richardson
425:loss of biodiversity
355:carbon sequestration
31:For other uses, see
6306:, semicaducifolious
5934:Coastal engineering
5082:20.500.11850/287786
5063:2018ESSD...10.1551W
4887:2020ESPR...27.5559K
4832:2020MarPB.15110877D
4785:2009MarPB..58.1225F
4726:2019MarPB.143..152W
4597:on 18 December 2023
4501:, pp. 673–674.
4285:2021GeoRL..4895046S
3910:2019FrEaS...7..190G
3519:1967Sci...156..636M
3419:10.4064/cm-3-1-1-13
3318:NOAA Technical Memo
3058:2008AqBot..89..155N
2571:ocean acidification
2523:, silicon, sulfur,
2513:continental shelves
2371:saltwater intrusion
2203:, a coastal species
2162:, who join up with
2113:rockhopper penguins
1035:Supporting services
1019:Regulating services
971:World Heritage Site
890:South Pacific Ocean
744:continental shelves
532:continental shelves
409:habitat destruction
386:saltwater intrusion
290:, about 44% of the
206:terrestrial animals
112:Serra de Tramuntana
96:Southeast coast of
6405:Floristic kingdoms
6362:Aquatic vegetation
5903:Coastal management
5743:Emergent coastline
5414:Intertidal wetland
5317:Continental margin
5022:2023-05-26 at the
5011:2021-08-11 at the
4566:"Marine Pollution"
3764:on 31 October 2011
3568:Mandelbrot, Benoit
3443:Lettera Matematica
3145:World Ocean Review
3118:on 2 November 2013
2575:nutrient pollution
2492:invasive organisms
2417:
2406:
2398:
2341:nutrient pollution
2205:
1950:sediment transport
1868:Geologic processes
1698:territorial waters
1690:
1414:
1371:depositional coast
1306:Australian Riviera
1253:
1123:Emergent coastline
1117:Emergent coastline
1043:primary production
979:Ecosystem services
912:coastal management
787:
773:Coastal management
654:
642:
551:coastal ecosystems
524:
297:ecosystem services
120:
101:
90:
78:
6451:Coastal geography
6428:
6427:
6173:Barren vegetation
6165:desert vegetation
6037:
6036:
5865:Wave-cut platform
5778:Marine regression
5322:Continental shelf
5312:Coastal waterfall
5221:Coastal geography
5169:978-94-007-0737-5
5126:978-0-309-15176-4
4933:Hewitt, Helene T.
4543:978-0-12-805204-4
4485:978-1-4051-7783-2
4393:(5374): 217–222.
4210:www.eea.europa.eu
4191:978-0-521-87762-6
4124:978-0-471-92673-3
4040:978-1-4426-4329-1
4006:978-81-86062-36-4
3589:978-0-7167-1186-5
3513:(3775): 636–638.
3021:978-90-481-2405-3
2971:. Merriam-Webster
2751:thermal expansion
2563:plastic pollution
2216:continental shelf
2101:
2100:
2093:
2033:Seashore wildlife
1737:marine biologists
1694:continental shelf
1678:continental shelf
1496:wave-cut platform
1146:isostatic rebound
1047:Cultural services
1025:(contributing to
1007:marine ecosystems
925:beach nourishment
908:Growth management
866:can also be seen.
820:and some form of
801:facilities. Some
759:Human settlements
689:microtidal coasts
681:macrotidal coasts
611:Benoit Mandelbrot
599:fractal dimension
583:coastline paradox
575:Coastline paradox
452:coastline paradox
86:West Coast Region
16:(Redirected from
6463:
6415:Plant life-forms
6312:, perennifolious
6127:, dwarf-scrubs,
6064:
6057:
6050:
6041:
6040:
6027:
6026:
5788:Raised shoreline
5763:Ingression coast
5758:Graded shoreline
5733:Cuspate foreland
5565:
5558:
5509:Submarine canyon
5369:Freshwater marsh
5214:
5207:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5173:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5096:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5074:
5057:(3): 1551–1590.
5042:
5036:
5002:
4991:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4968:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4941:
4931:Fox-Kemper, B.;
4928:
4917:
4916:
4906:
4881:(5): 5559–5571.
4866:
4860:
4859:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4779:(8): 1225–1228.
4768:
4762:
4761:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4593:. Archived from
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4562:
4556:
4555:
4529:
4523:
4520:
4511:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4471:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4449:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4361:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4296:
4264:
4258:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4231:"Coastal Waters"
4226:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4068:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4022:
4011:
4010:
3988:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3898:Front. Earth Sci
3889:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3864:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3810:"Coastal Waters"
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3760:. Archived from
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3725:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3663:
3652:
3651:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3577:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3545:. Archived from
3498:
3492:
3491:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3458:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3380:
3369:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3287:"Ocean Habitats"
3283:
3277:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3244:. Archived from
3237:
3231:
3230:
3220:
3210:
3185:
3176:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3087:. pp. 7–8.
3076:
3070:
3069:
3035:
3026:
3025:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2932:
2906:Ballantine Scale
2885:Land reclamation
2860:Bank (geography)
2854:
2849:
2848:
2840:
2838:Geography portal
2835:
2834:
2833:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2529:nonpoint sources
2461:Marine pollution
2454:Marine pollution
2447:Marine pollution
2421:marine pollution
2174:on the coast of
2139:animals such as
2096:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2076:
2045:
2037:
1923:Sea level change
1913:Marine sediments
1729:littoral warfare
1725:coastal shipping
1594:Mangrove forests
1521:Cuspate foreland
1349:graded shoreline
1263:
1039:nutrient cycling
960:
940:
851:
841:Fengbin, Hualien
839:by the coast of
833:
814:coastal defenses
685:mesotidal coasts
672:from the ocean.
402:marine ecosystem
394:marine pollution
390:coastal flooding
303:cities. Coastal
292:human population
116:Balearic Islands
54:
47:
36:
21:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6460:
6431:
6430:
6429:
6424:
6383:
6345:
6300:, caducifolious
6294:Loss of leaves
6283:
6252:
6220:
6214:
6178:
6121:Dwarf-shrubland
6077:
6068:
6038:
6033:
6015:
5991:Intertidal zone
5917:
5884:
5773:Longshore drift
5718:Coastal erosion
5689:
5649:
5585:Beach evolution
5566:
5560:
5559:
5550:
5237:Anchialine pool
5223:
5218:
5180:
5170:
5154:
5152:Further reading
5149:
5148:
5136:
5134:
5127:
5097:
5093:
5043:
5039:
5024:Wayback Machine
5013:Wayback Machine
5003:
4994:
4981:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4939:
4929:
4920:
4867:
4863:
4812:
4808:
4769:
4765:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4670:
4668:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4639:
4635:
4626:
4624:
4615:
4614:
4610:
4600:
4598:
4587:
4583:
4574:
4572:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4544:
4530:
4526:
4521:
4514:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4493:
4486:
4472:
4465:
4426:
4422:
4379:
4375:
4322:
4318:
4265:
4261:
4252:
4248:
4239:
4237:
4227:
4223:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4168:
4164:
4155:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4125:
4111:
4107:
4090:
4086:
4069:
4065:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4023:
4014:
4007:
3990:
3989:
3980:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3890:
3886:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3865:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3818:
3816:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3758:Unique Costiera
3752:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3736:
3726:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3678:
3664:
3655:
3648:
3634:
3630:
3615:
3601:
3597:
3590:
3565:
3561:
3552:
3550:
3499:
3495:
3484:
3480:
3435:
3431:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3367:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3321:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3242:"Coastal Zones"
3238:
3234:
3186:
3179:
3166:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3130:
3121:
3119:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3077:
3073:
3036:
3029:
3022:
2990:
2983:
2974:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2947:
2945:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2901:Intertidal zone
2880:Intertidal zone
2850:
2843:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2694:
2693:
2682:water pollution
2676:and wind-blown
2660:marine reptiles
2604:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2553:deep sea mining
2549:bilge pollution
2457:
2449:
2386:
2380:
2367:coastal erosion
2337:water pollution
2321:
2311:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2228:epipelagic zone
2224:epipelagic fish
2192:
2184:
2097:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2062:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2018:Coastal ecology
2014:
2009:
1908:Longshore drift
1870:
1847:late Cretaceous
1799:
1776:high water mark
1741:marine habitats
1670:territorial sea
1662:
1656:
1651:
1617:
1575:
1570:
1506:
1448:
1443:
1391:
1367:erosional coast
1360:secondary coast
1326:
1314:Turkish Riviera
1294:Italian Riviera
1284:territory past
1250:Italian Riviera
1238:
1220:
1207:
1171:
1161:
1129:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1105:migratory birds
1031:waste treatment
995:
987:
981:
974:
961:
952:
941:
929:managed retreat
917:coastal erosion
874:
867:
852:
843:
834:
779:
761:
756:
728:sea level rises
693:barrier islands
630:
625:
624:
578:
570:
513:
417:water pollution
382:coastal erosion
378:extreme weather
321:seaside resorts
273:intertidal zone
242:sessile animals
234:aquatic animals
222:nursery habitat
170:composition of
55:
48:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6469:
6459:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6391:
6389:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6359:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:, stiff leaves
6317:Leaf hardness
6315:
6314:
6313:
6307:
6304:Semi-deciduous
6301:
6291:
6289:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6260:
6258:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6234:, ombrophilous
6224:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6176:
6161:
6152:
6131:
6118:
6101:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6078:
6071:Phytogeography
6067:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6044:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5936:
5931:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5894:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5821:
5820:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5282:Brackish marsh
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5262:Barrier island
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5178:External links
5176:
5175:
5174:
5168:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5125:
5117:10.17226/12877
5091:
5037:
4992:
4963:
4918:
4861:
4806:
4763:
4703:
4677:
4652:
4633:
4608:
4581:
4557:
4542:
4524:
4512:
4503:
4491:
4484:
4463:
4420:
4373:
4316:
4259:
4246:
4221:
4197:
4190:
4162:
4138:
4123:
4105:
4084:
4063:
4046:
4039:
4012:
4005:
3978:
3950:
3925:
3884:
3850:
3825:
3800:
3775:
3745:
3720:
3691:
3676:
3653:
3646:
3628:
3613:
3595:
3588:
3559:
3493:
3478:
3449:(3): 121–128.
3429:
3392:
3356:
3331:
3304:
3278:
3258:
3232:
3177:
3157:
3128:
3100:
3093:
3071:
3052:(2): 155–185.
3045:Aquatic Botany
3027:
3020:
2981:
2954:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Beach cleaning
2862:
2856:
2855:
2841:
2825:
2822:
2801:
2798:
2739:Climate change
2730:
2726:Sea level rise
2722:
2720:
2717:
2708:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2664:marine mammals
2605:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2545:ship pollution
2488:carbon dioxide
2458:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2363:Sea level rise
2360:
2310:
2307:
2278:
2275:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2168:oystercatchers
2099:
2098:
2049:
2047:
2040:
2028:
2025:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1866:
1810:paleogeography
1798:
1795:
1743:from enclosed
1733:Oceanographers
1714:European Union
1655:
1654:Coastal waters
1652:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1419:Barrier island
1415:
1408:, be called a
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1374:
1363:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1325:
1322:
1298:French Riviera
1270:riviera ligure
1268:, in the form
1237:
1234:
1219:
1216:
1206:
1203:
1160:
1157:
1138:raised beaches
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1065:brackish water
996:
988:
980:
977:
976:
975:
962:
955:
953:
942:
935:
921:sea level rise
882:island nations
878:seaside resort
873:
870:
869:
868:
853:
846:
844:
835:
828:
791:United Nations
760:
757:
755:
752:
629:
626:
603:Hugo Steinhaus
579:
571:
569:
566:
512:
509:
421:eutrophication
335:sea level rise
288:United Nations
88:of New Zealand
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6468:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6340:
6337:Latifolious,
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6129:suffruticetum
6126:
6125:subshrublands
6122:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6060:
6058:
6053:
6051:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6030:
6022:
6021:
6018:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5996:Littoral zone
5994:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:Bulkhead line
5927:
5926:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5870:Wave shoaling
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5845:Surge channel
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:Cliffed coast
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5692:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5635:Shingle beach
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5557:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5307:Coastal plain
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5210:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5171:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5143:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4989:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4810:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4666:
4662:
4656:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4519:
4517:
4507:
4500:
4495:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4470:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4253:USEPA (2001)
4250:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4193:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4174:
4166:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4088:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3967:
3966:www.bbc.co.uk
3963:
3957:
3955:
3939:
3935:
3929:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3677:0-13-860958-6
3673:
3669:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3649:
3647:0-13-642710-3
3643:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3614:0-13-018372-5
3610:
3606:
3599:
3591:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3549:on 2021-10-19
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3489:
3482:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3360:
3346:on 2012-03-19
3345:
3341:
3335:
3319:
3315:
3308:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3248:on 2013-03-16
3247:
3243:
3236:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3094:0-7506-2759-X
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2986:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2927:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:Oceans portal
2847:
2842:
2839:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2727:
2712:
2705:
2697:Microplastics
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2628:ocean dumping
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:Marine debris
2602:
2601:Marine debris
2594:Marine debris
2588:
2584:
2583:microplastics
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2567:microplastics
2564:
2560:
2559:marine debris
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2535:, wind-blown
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:Air pollution
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:Marine debris
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:marine debris
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2271:
2268:results from
2267:
2263:
2262:predator fish
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:offshore fish
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2133:littoral zone
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2092:
2084:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2050:This section
2048:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2023:
2019:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:wave shoaling
1996:
1994:
1993:wave breaking
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1940:Sedimentation
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1831:parasequences
1827:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:littoral zone
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1561:Surge channel
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:Cliff erosion
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1382:passive coast
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1356:primary coast
1353:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:cliffed coast
1328:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:by the ocean
1180:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:) as well as
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
986:
972:
969:
965:
959:
954:
950:
946:
939:
934:
933:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
909:
905:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:Mediterranean
883:
879:
865:
861:
857:
854:Coastline of
850:
845:
842:
838:
832:
827:
826:
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
783:
778:
774:
770:
769:island nation
766:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
714:
713:cliffed coast
710:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
673:
671:
667:
662:
658:
651:
646:
639:
634:
622:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:fractal curve
592:
588:
584:
576:
565:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
538:were part of
537:
533:
529:
521:
517:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
490:
485:
484:United States
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
403:
399:
398:marine debris
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
117:
113:
109:
105:
99:
94:
87:
82:
75:
71:
68:coastline at
67:
63:
59:
52:
45:
41:
34:
19:
6410:Plant habits
6339:broad-leaved
6149:
6128:
6115:
6096:
5860:Volcanic arc
5748:Feeder bluff
5655:River mouths
5620:Raised beach
5615:Pocket beach
5543:
5514:Tidal island
5504:Strand plain
5449:Natural arch
5301:
5159:
5141:
5135:. Retrieved
5104:
5094:
5086:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5004:IPCC, 2021:
4987:
4980:. Retrieved
4966:
4955:. Retrieved
4943:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4680:
4669:. Retrieved
4667:. 2019-11-06
4665:The Guardian
4664:
4655:
4646:
4636:
4625:. Retrieved
4620:
4611:
4601:22 September
4599:. Retrieved
4595:the original
4584:
4573:. Retrieved
4569:
4560:
4533:
4527:
4506:
4494:
4475:
4457:10072/377577
4440:(1): 58–69.
4437:
4434:Oceanography
4433:
4423:
4390:
4386:
4376:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4249:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:
4224:
4213:. Retrieved
4209:
4200:
4172:
4165:
4154:. Retrieved
4150:
4141:
4114:
4108:
4094:
4087:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4026:
3992:
3969:. Retrieved
3965:
3941:. Retrieved
3937:
3928:
3901:
3897:
3887:
3875:. Retrieved
3872:www.vaia.com
3871:
3841:. Retrieved
3837:
3828:
3817:. Retrieved
3813:
3803:
3793:14 September
3791:. Retrieved
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3762:the original
3757:
3748:
3737:. Retrieved
3734:Live Science
3733:
3723:
3712:. Retrieved
3703:
3694:
3667:
3637:
3631:
3604:
3598:
3573:
3562:
3551:. Retrieved
3547:the original
3510:
3506:
3496:
3487:
3481:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3425:rectifiable.
3423:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3371:
3359:
3348:. Retrieved
3344:the original
3334:
3324:24 September
3322:. Retrieved
3320:. NMFS-F/SPO
3317:
3307:
3297:25 September
3295:. Retrieved
3290:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3261:
3250:. Retrieved
3246:the original
3235:
3198:
3194:
3173:A/RES/71/313
3149:. Retrieved
3143:
3120:. Retrieved
3116:the original
3080:
3074:
3049:
3043:
2994:
2973:. Retrieved
2966:
2957:
2946:. Retrieved
2939:
2930:
2911:Coastal path
2899:Offshore or
2803:
2800:Global goals
2731:
2709:
2670:storm drains
2627:
2624:beach litter
2623:
2606:
2565:, including
2469:agricultural
2459:
2418:
2343:(leading to
2322:
2280:
2266:productivity
2235:
2232:oceanic fish
2231:
2208:Coastal fish
2206:
2189:Coastal fish
2182:Coastal fish
2149:
2145:sea anemones
2102:
2087:
2078:
2063:Please help
2051:
1871:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1784:
1753:
1722:
1710:
1691:
1609:Oyster reefs
1599:Kelp forests
1556:Strand plain
1536:Raised beach
1464:natural arch
1455:, or bluff.
1392:
1378:active coast
1302:
1273:
1269:
1266:Ligurian Sea
1255:
1254:
1248:, along the
1246:Cinque Terre
1221:
1212:
1208:
1199:outcroppings
1172:
1130:
1089:biodiversity
1073:Salt marshes
1046:
1034:
1018:
1010:
997:
964:Amalfi Coast
906:
875:
837:Paddy fields
811:
788:
721:
717:
705:
688:
684:
680:
674:
655:
580:
562:jurisdiction
559:
544:
525:
492:
487:
463:
459:
456:coastal zone
455:
445:
427:, increased
419:(especially
406:
371:
329:
285:
262:
238:Rocky shores
232:, and other
210:salt marshes
191:biodiversity
184:
142:next to the
135:
131:
127:
123:
121:
66:Jersey Shore
6321:Sclerophyll
6195:Subtropical
6082:Physiognomy
6011:River plume
5825:Steep coast
5798:Rocky shore
5793:Rip current
5673:River delta
5645:Wash margin
5640:Storm beach
5630:Shell beach
5595:Beach wrack
5590:Beach ridge
5580:Beach cusps
5529:Tied island
5519:Tidal marsh
5242:Archipelago
4982:18 December
4720:: 152–162.
4688:. US NOAA.
4336:(1): 6142.
4235:www.epa.gov
4151:Law Insider
3991:"riviera".
3412:(1): 1–13.
3218:2440/123896
2963:"coastline"
2636:drift seeds
2587:marine life
2473:residential
2258:forage fish
2254:coral reefs
2242:tidal pools
2109:sea turtles
1983:diffraction
1978:Water waves
1854:Book Cliffs
1836:laminations
1749:open waters
1686:deep seabed
1604:Coral reefs
1526:Dune system
1516:Beach cusps
1101:coral reefs
1069:marine life
1015:fresh water
822:coast guard
677:tidal range
666:tidal bores
648:Seaside in
454:. The term
413:overfishing
309:aquaculture
281:coral reefs
70:Spring Lake
6435:Categories
6420:Vegetation
6331:Leaf form
6269:Submontane
6138:grasslands
6116:fruticetum
6110:, scrubs,
6104:Shrublands
5939:Grain size
5913:Submersion
5890:Management
5875:Wind fetch
5835:Surf break
5753:Flat coast
5683:regressive
5469:Salt marsh
5327:Coral reef
5137:2022-04-11
5101:"Synopsis"
5027:pp. 3−32,
4957:2022-10-18
4826:: 110877.
4671:2021-04-09
4627:2022-09-21
4575:2023-06-19
4552:1052566532
4240:2022-06-29
4215:2022-06-29
4156:2022-06-22
4055:puntellare
3819:2020-05-04
3739:2008-12-14
3714:2021-08-10
3553:2021-05-21
3350:2012-06-07
3252:2008-12-11
3151:2020-12-19
3122:2013-10-31
2975:2024-07-19
2948:2024-07-19
2922:References
2743:ice sheets
2690:food chain
2644:biodegrade
2525:pesticides
2494:enter the
2465:industrial
2437:oil spills
2413:Dead zones
2382:See also:
2353:oil spills
2313:See also:
2299:salt marsh
2295:seagrasses
2199:Schooling
2160:cormorants
2117:Sea snails
2081:April 2018
2031:See also:
2016:See also:
2005:Weathering
1988:refraction
1966:suspension
1893:Deposition
1888:Denudation
1797:In geology
1658:See also:
1642:Island arc
1589:Salt marsh
1457:Sea cliffs
1342:flat coast
1318:Aegean Sea
1316:along the
1310:Queensland
1290:Marseilles
1175:resistance
1142:subsidence
1085:food chain
1061:salt water
1051:recreation
983:See also:
902:sunbathing
803:landlocked
638:Porto Covo
628:Formation
547:intertidal
480:Gulf Coast
468:West Coast
357:than many
351:seagrasses
218:seagrasses
195:freshwater
187:ecosystems
168:geological
162:, such as
156:topography
74:New Jersey
6350:Substrate
6310:Evergreen
6298:Deciduous
6200:Temperate
6159:parklands
6098:arboretum
6093:woodlands
5898:Accretion
5880:Wind wave
5840:Surf zone
5695:Processes
5668:Mouth bar
5625:Recession
5605:Beachrock
5524:Tide pool
5454:Peninsula
5342:cliff-top
5229:Landforms
4856:211112493
4758:150122831
4742:0025-326X
4407:0036-8075
4350:2041-1723
4311:244253181
4303:1944-8007
3473:128975381
3227:2296-7745
3000:Dordrecht
2916:Shorezone
2734:sea level
2674:waterways
2648:lost nets
2632:driftwood
2486:, excess
2480:particles
2378:Pollution
2291:Mangroves
2270:upwelling
2250:estuaries
2212:shoreline
2201:threadfin
2172:sea lions
2121:barnacles
2052:does not
1962:processes
1960:subaerial
1933:isostatic
1918:Saltation
1878:Attrition
1822:sandstone
1818:shoreface
1780:submerged
1745:estuaries
1682:high seas
1499:offshore.
1470:Sea caves
1439:Peninsula
1389:Landforms
1195:headlands
1134:landforms
1077:mangroves
1005:are both
999:Estuarine
945:Mariehamn
894:Caribbean
864:Port Vell
856:Barcelona
797:and have
740:accretion
670:estuaries
587:coastline
470:, or the
448:perimeter
343:mangroves
305:fisheries
254:barnacles
230:shellfish
214:mangroves
199:estuarine
132:shoreline
128:coastline
98:Greenland
6388:See also
6372:Mangrove
6367:Riparian
6257:Altitude
6243:Seasonal
6219:Climatic
6205:Subpolar
6190:Tropical
6183:Latitude
6155:Savannas
6150:herbetum
6146:prairies
6112:thickets
6029:Category
5855:Undertow
5808:Sea foam
5803:Sea cave
5703:Blowhole
5545:Windwatt
5404:Headland
5252:Avulsion
5131:Archived
5020:Archived
5009:Archived
4976:Archived
4948:Archived
4913:31853844
4848:32056653
4801:19481226
4750:31789151
4696:10 April
4690:Archived
4368:34686688
4133:22765791
4100:Archived
4079:Archived
4059:litorale
3971:13 April
3943:13 April
3877:13 April
3843:13 April
3708:Archived
3686:39890526
3623:45917172
3570:(1983).
3543:15662830
3535:17837158
3385:June 13,
3376:Archived
3085:Elsevier
2824:See also
2747:glaciers
2678:landfill
2656:seabirds
2579:plastics
2521:nitrogen
2303:Restinga
2260:and the
2156:pelicans
2152:seabirds
2129:seagulls
2125:dolphins
2012:Wildlife
1955:solution
1928:eustatic
1903:Flooding
1883:Currents
1862:Colorado
1429:Headland
1312:and the
1296:and the
1236:Rivieras
1230:spilling
1225:plunging
1097:seagrass
1021:include
860:Montjuïc
709:abrasion
701:bedforms
661:sediment
591:landmass
347:charcoal
339:tsunamis
277:tropical
258:seaweeds
250:starfish
202:wetlands
136:seashore
6279:Coastal
6274:Lowland
6264:Montane
6248:Drought
6228:Pluvial
6142:steppes
6089:Forests
5979:shingle
5959:granule
5944:boulder
5922:Related
5818:peresyp
5728:Current
5663:Debouch
5572:Beaches
5539:Waituna
5534:Tombolo
5444:Mudflat
5439:Machair
5429:Isthmus
5349:Estuary
5292:Channel
5059:Bibcode
4904:7028838
4883:Bibcode
4828:Bibcode
4781:Bibcode
4722:Bibcode
4415:9660744
4387:Science
4359:8536747
4281:Bibcode
3906:Bibcode
3904:(190).
3768:28 June
3515:Bibcode
3507:Science
3465:3344519
3054:Bibcode
2936:"coast"
2790:⁄
2776:⁄
2640:plastic
2614:or the
2433:tankers
2309:Threats
2287:seaweed
2220:pelagic
2137:sessile
2105:puffins
2073:removed
2058:sources
2027:Animals
1898:Erosion
1747:to the
1676:(EEZ),
1647:Machair
1579:Estuary
1566:Tombolo
1531:Mudflat
1406:Britain
1274:riviera
1256:Riviera
1093:wetland
1081:beaches
1055:tourism
872:Tourism
795:harbors
736:erosion
732:weather
697:lagoons
652:, Italy
650:Budelli
520:Somalia
489:pelagic
482:of the
464:coastal
325:tourism
317:beaches
313:protein
246:mussels
224:for fin
160:erosion
110:coast,
108:Escorca
64:on the
62:Sunrise
6441:Coasts
6400:Biomes
6377:Swampy
6288:Leaves
6238:Cloudy
6221:regime
6169:Desert
5969:pebble
5964:gravel
5954:cobble
5499:Strait
5479:Skerry
5434:Lagoon
5419:Island
5374:Fundus
5277:Bodden
5166:
5123:
5015:. In:
4911:
4901:
4854:
4846:
4799:
4756:
4748:
4740:
4647:living
4550:
4540:
4482:
4413:
4405:
4366:
4356:
4348:
4309:
4301:
4188:
4131:
4121:
4037:
4003:
3814:US EPA
3684:
3674:
3644:
3621:
3611:
3586:
3541:
3533:
3471:
3463:
3225:
3201:: 71.
3091:
3018:
2662:, and
2541:debris
2537:debris
2533:runoff
2509:sewage
2505:rivers
2277:Plants
2246:fjords
2141:corals
1850:Period
1804:facies
1718:US EPA
1637:Island
1584:Lagoon
1491:waves.
1335:cliffs
1286:Monaco
1282:French
1187:inlets
1179:eroded
1154:fjords
968:UNESCO
807:canals
775:, and
478:, and
415:, and
388:, and
244:(e.g.
166:. The
76:, U.S.
6232:rainy
6210:Polar
6108:heath
5850:Swash
5813:Shoal
5494:Stack
5484:Sound
5474:Shoal
5424:Islet
5409:Inlet
5399:Hapua
5364:Fjord
5359:Fjard
5354:Firth
5302:Coast
5297:Cliff
5272:Bight
5247:Atoll
4951:(PDF)
4940:(PDF)
4852:S2CID
4754:S2CID
4307:S2CID
3580:25–33
3539:S2CID
3469:S2CID
3379:(PDF)
3368:(PDF)
2761:Earth
2755:water
2620:gyres
2616:ocean
2496:ocean
2484:noise
2476:waste
2441:bilge
2176:Wales
2164:terns
1973:Tides
1772:shore
1768:river
1766:, or
1632:Fjord
1546:Shoal
1511:Beach
1485:stump
1478:stack
1473:cave.
1453:cliff
1278:Genoa
1183:waves
1144:, or
1112:Types
949:Åland
724:Earth
679:into
657:Tides
589:of a
528:Earth
505:shore
493:coast
460:coast
269:beach
180:Earth
164:waves
150:or a
148:ocean
134:, or
124:coast
18:Shore
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