3208:. The reasoning behind this archaic equivalence is that when smokeless powder first came out, some method of establishing an equivalence with common loads was needed in order to sell a box of cartridges. For example, a cartridge containing a 3 or 3 1/2 dram load of black-powder was a common hunting field load, and a heavy full power load would have contained about a 4 to 4-1/2 dram load, whereas a cartridge containing only a 2 dram load of black-powder was a common target practice load. A hunter looking for a field or full power load familiar with black-powder shotgun loads would have known exactly what the equivalence of the cartridges would have been in the newly introduced smokeless powder. Today, however, this represents a poorly understood equivalence of the powder charge power in a cartridge. To further complicate matters, "dram" equivalence was only defined for 12 gauge cartridges, and only for lead shot, although it has often been used for describing other gauges of shells, and even steel shot loads. Furthermore, "dram" equivalence only came around about 15 years after smokeless powder had been introduced, long after the need for an equivalence had started to fade, and actual black-powder loaded shotshells had largely vanished. In practice, "dram" equivalence today most commonly equates just to a velocity rating equivalence in fps (feet-per-second), while assuming lead shot.
3138:. The choke, whether selectable or fixed within a barrel, effectively reduces the diameter of the end of the barrel, forcing the shot even closer together as it leaves the barrel, thereby increasing the effective range. The tighter the choke, the narrower the end of the barrel. Consequently, the effective range of a shotgun is increased with a tighter choke, as the shot column is held tighter over longer ranges. Hunters or target shooters can install several types of chokes, on guns having selectable chokes, depending on the range at which their intended targets will be located. For fixed choke shotguns, different shotguns or barrels are often selected for the intended hunting application at hand. From tightest to loosest, the various choke sizes are: full choke, improved modified, modified, improved cylinder, skeet, and cylinder bore.
437:
1030:. In fact, the laws are so complex that some hunters in Europe prefer not to risk getting into problems for firing lead pellets in the wrong places, so they opt for composite pellets in all situations. The use of lead shot is banned in Canada and the United States when hunting migratory game birds, such as ducks and geese, forcing the use of non-toxic shot in these countries for waterfowl hunting (lead shot can still legally be used in the United States for hunting game other than waterfowl). This means that manufacturers need to market new types of lead-free shotgun ammunition loaded with alternative pellets to meet environmental restrictions on the use of lead, as well as lead-based and cheaper shotshell ammunition, to remain competitive worldwide.
1045:. The steel pellets used must have a hardness under 100 HV1, but, even so, steel is known to wear the barrel excessively over time if the steel pellet velocities become too high, leading to potentially harmful situations for the user. As a result, the measurement of pellet velocity is also an additional obligation for cartridges in 12-, 16-, and 20-gauges in both standard and high performance versions sold in Europe. The velocity of pellets must be below 425 m/s (1,390 ft/s), 390 m/s (1,300 ft/s) and 390 m/s (1,300 ft/s) respectively for the standard versions. Another disadvantage of steel pellets is their tendency to
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the hardness of steel shot. However, the increased pressure in most steel cartridges is a far greater problem, causing more strain to the breech of the gun. Since tungsten is very hard, it must also be used with care in older guns. Tungsten shot is often alloyed with nickel and iron, softening the base metal. That alloy is approximately 1/3 denser than lead, but far more expensive. Bismuth shot falls between steel and tungsten shot in both density and cost. The rule of thumb in converting appropriate steel shot is to go up by two numbers when switching from lead. However, there are different views on dense patterns versus higher pellet energies.
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hull cartridges also changed from the pistol primers used on the early brass shotgun shells to a primer containing both the priming charge and an anvil, making the shotgun primer taller. Card wads, made of felt and cork, as well as paperboard, were all used at various times, gradually giving way to plastic over powder wads, with card wads, and, eventually, to all plastic wads. Starting from the early 1960s to the late 1970s, plastic hulls started replacing paper hulls for the majority of cartridges and by the early 1980s, plastic hulls had become universally adopted.
417:, although for game shooting in areas grazed by farm stock or wildlife biodegradable fiber wads are often preferred. The shot cup is the last part of the cartridge, and it serves to hold the shot together as it moves down the barrel. Shot cups have slits on the sides so that they peel open after leaving the barrel, allowing the shot to continue on in flight undisturbed. Shot cups, where used, are also almost universally plastic. The shot fills the shot cup (which must be of the correct length to hold the desired quantity of shot), and the cartridges is then
3105:
inconsistent performance, though modern designs are doing much better than the traditional improvised solutions. Intentionally deformed shot (hammered into ellipsoidal shape) or cubical shot will also result in a wider pattern, much wider than spherical shot, with more consistency than spreader wads. Spreader wads and non-spherical shot are disallowed in some competitions. Hunting loads that use either spreaders or non-spherical shot are usually called "brush loads", and are favored for hunting in areas where dense cover keeps shot distances very short.
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the spherical pellets tend to fly straighter. One improvised method for achieving the same effect involves pouring molten wax or tar into the mass of shot. Another is a partial ring cut around the case intended to ensure that the shot comes out tightly bunched along with the portion of the case forward of the cut, creating a 'cut-shell'. This can be dangerous, as it is thought to cause higher chamber pressures—especially if part of the cartridge remains behind in the barrel and is not cleared before another shot is fired.
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in the same volume as black-powder to achieve the same power, being more powerful, the volumes of wads had to increase, to fill the cartridge enough to permit proper crimps still to be made. Initially, this meant that increased numbers of over powder card wads had to be stacked to achieve the same stack-up length. Eventually, this also led to the introduction of one-piece plastic wads in the late 1950s through the early 1960s, to add additional wad volumes, in order to maintain the same overall cartridge length.
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shotgun, without having excess weight. Shotguns having fixed chokes intended for geese, in contrast, are often found with full choke barrels, in longer lengths, and are much heavier, being intended for fixed use within a blind against distant targets. Defensive shotguns with fixed chokes generally have a cylinder bore choke. Likewise, shotguns intended primarily for use with slugs invariably also are found with a choke that is a cylinder bore.
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332:(sodium silicate) was commonly used to cement the top overshot wad into these brass casings. No roll crimp or fold crimp was used on these early brass cases, although roll crimps were eventually used by some manufacturers to hold the overshot wad in place securely. The primers on these early shotgun cartridges were identical to pistol primers of the same diameter.
1057:, does not have any such restrictive limitations on the velocity of commercial steel shot cartridges sold in the United States. Similarly, shotgun manufacturers selling shotguns in the United States select their own appropriate standards for setting steel hardness for shotgun barrels and for velocities of steel shot ammunition.
353:" shells, with the brass extended up further along the sides of the cartridge, while light loads will use "low brass" shells. The brass does not actually provide a significant amount of strength, but the difference in appearance provides shooters with a way to quickly differentiate between high and low powered ammunition.
784:. Garden guns are short-range weapons that can do little harm past 15 to 20 yards, and they are quiet when fired with snake shot, compared to a standard ammunition. These guns are especially effective inside of barns and sheds, as the snake shot will not shoot holes in the roof or walls, or more importantly injure
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the shot pellets experience under the extreme acceleration. Antimony-lead alloys, copper plated lead shot, steel, bismuth, and tungsten composite shot all have a hardness greater than that of plain lead shot, and will deform less as well. Reducing the deformation will result in tighter patterns, as
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derived from musket shooting), MG (medium grape), and SG (small grape). For smaller game, SSG shot is half the weight of SG, SSSG shot is half the weight of SSG, SSSSG shot is half the weight of SSSG, and so on. The
Australian system is similar, except that it has 00-SG, a small-game cartridge filled
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Number 11 and number 12 lead shot also exists. Shot of these sizes is used in specialized cartridges designed to be fired at close range (less than four yards) for killing snakes, rats and similar-sized animals. Such cartridges are typically intended to be fired from handguns, particularly revolvers.
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To make matters more complex, there are small differences in the size of
American, Standard (European), Belgian, Italian, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish, British, and Australian shot. That is because some systems go by diameter in inches (American), some go by diameter in millimeters (European), and the
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unpredictably after striking any hard surface. This poses a major hazard at indoor ranges or whenever metal targets or hard backstops (e.g. concrete wall vs. a dirt berm) are used. For this reason, steel shot is explicitly banned at most indoor shooting ranges. Any shooters who are considering buying
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The .410 bore is the smallest shotgun size which is widely available commercially in the United States. For size comparison purposes, the .410, when measured by gauge, would be around 67- or 68-gauge (it is 67.62-gauge), The .410 is often mistakenly assigned 36-gauge. The 36 gauge had a 0.506" bore.
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or wad. The primary purpose of a wad is to prevent the shot and powder from mixing, and to provide a seal that prevents gas from blowing through the shot rather than propelling it. The wad design may also encompass a shock absorber and a cup that holds the shot together until it is out of the barrel.
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Early shotgun cartridges used brass cases, not unlike pistol and rifle cartridge cases of the same era. These brass shotgun hulls or cases closely resembled large rifle cartridges, in terms of both the head and primer portions of the cartridge, as well as in their dimensions. Card wads, made of felt,
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composites. Steel, being significantly less dense than lead, requires larger shot sizes, but is a good choice when lead is not legal and cost is a consideration. It is argued that steel shot cannot safely be used in some older shotguns without causing damage to either the bore or to the choke due to
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enforces approval of all ammunition a manufacturer or importer intends to sell in any of the (mainly
European) C.I.P. member states. The ammunition manufacturing plants are obliged to test their products during production against the C.I.P. pressure specifications. A compliance report must be issued
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composite pellets instead of more traditional lead-based shot was introduced and required for
Migratory Bird Hunting (Ducks & Geese). Lead shot in waterfowl hunting was banned throughout the United States in 1991. Due to environmental regulations, lead-loaded ammunition must be used carefully by
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Starting in the late 1870s, paper hulls began replacing brass hulls. Paper hulls remained popular for nearly a century, until the early 1960s. These shotgun cartridges using paper hulls were nearly always roll crimped, although fold crimping also eventually became popular. The primers on these paper
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A secondary impact of this equivalence was that common cartridges needed to stay the same size, physically, e.g., 2-1/2 or 2-3/4-inch shells, in order to be used in pre-existing shotguns when smokeless powder started being in the place of black-powder. As smokeless powder did not have to be loaded
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Most shotgun cartridges contain multiple pellets in order to increase the likelihood of a target being hit. A shotgun's shot spread refers to the two-dimensional pattern that these projectiles (or shot) leave behind on a target. Another less important dimension of spread concerns the length of the
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or plastic part. The cushion comes next, and it is designed to compress under pressure, to act as a shock absorber and minimize the deformation of the shot; it also serves to take up as much space as is needed between the powder wad and the shot. Cushions are almost universally made of plastic with
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barrel, as "shot" would be spread too wide by rifling. A rifled barrel will increase the accuracy of sabot slugs, but makes it unsuitable for firing shot, as it imparts a spin to the shot cup, causing the shot cluster to disperse. A rifled slug uses rifling on the slug itself so it can be used in a
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knows that the animal will be encountered at a close range—usually within 20 m (22 yd)—and will be moving very quickly. So, an ideal choke would be a cylinder bore (the loosest) as the hunter wants the shot to spread out as quickly as possible. If this hunter were using a full choke (the
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Larger sizes of shot, large enough that they must be carefully packed into the cartridge rather than simply dumped or poured in, are called "buckshot" or just "buck". Buckshot is used for hunting medium to large game, as a tactical round for law enforcement and military personnel, and for personal
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For older shotguns having only one fixed choke, intended primarily for equally likely use against rabbits, squirrels, quail, doves, and pheasant, an often-chosen choke is the improved cylinder, in a 28 inches (710 mm) barrel, making the shotgun suitable for use as a general all-round hunting
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who like the additional challenge of hitting their targets with a smaller shot charge. Other less-common, but commercially available gauges are 16 and 28. Several other gauges may be encountered but are considered obsolete. The 4, 8, 24, and 32 gauge guns are collector items. There are also some
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By 1957 the ammo industry had the capability of producing a nontoxic shot, made out of either iron or steel. In 1976 the United States Fish and
Wildlife Service took the first steps toward phasing out lead shot by designating steel-shot-only hunting zones for waterfowl. In the 1970s lead-free
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knows that a goose will likely be approximately 50 m (55 yd) away, so that hunter would want to delay the spread of the shot as much as possible by using a full choke. By using a full choke for targets that are farther away, the shooter again maximizes the likelihood of a kill, and
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The most popular shotgun gauge by far is 12-gauge. The larger 10-gauge, once popular for hunting larger birds such as goose and turkey, is on the decline with the advent of the longer, "magnum" 12-gauge cartridges, which offer similar performance. The mid-size 20-gauge is also a very popular
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Most modern sporting shotguns have interchangeable choke tubes to allow the shooter to change the spread of shot that comes out of the gun. In some cases, it is not practical to do this; the gun might have fixed choke, or a shooter firing at receding targets may want to fire a wide pattern
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and be very soft. Spreader wads are wads that have a small plastic or paper insert in the middle of the shot cup, usually a cylinder or "X" cross-section. When the shot exits the barrel, the insert helps to push the shot out from the center, opening up the pattern. Often these result in
3172:"Dram" equivalence is sometimes still used as a measure of the powder charge power in a cartridge. Today, it is an anachronistic equivalence that represents the equivalent power of a cartridge containing this equivalent amount of black-powder measured in drams avoirdupois. A dram in the
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For
American shot, a useful method for remembering the diameter of numbered shot in inches is simply to subtract the shot size from 17. The resulting answer is the diameter of the shot in hundredths of an inch. For example, #2 shot gives 17−2 = 15, meaning that the diameter of #2 shot is
1174:). Small shot, like that used for skeet and trap, will have lost all appreciable energy by around 100 yards (91 m), which is why trap and skeet ranges can be located in relatively close proximity to inhabited areas with negligible risk of injury to those outside the range.
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cartridges used to be common and are still made, as are solid brass shells. Some companies have produced what appear to be all-plastic shells, although in these there is a small metal ring cast into the rim of the cartridge to provide strength. More powerful loads may use
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for a hit, as the little amount of meat remaining would be overly-laden with shot and rendered inedible. By using a cylinder bore, this hunter would maximize the likelihood of a kill, and maximize the amount of edible meat. Contrarily, a hunter who intends to hunt
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round ball that is the same diameter as the internal diameter of the barrel; in
Britain and some other locations outside the United States the term "bore" is used with the same meaning. This contrasts with rifles and handguns, which are almost always measured in
1213:. Their sizes are numbered similarly to the shotgun gauges—the smaller the number, the larger the shot (except in the obsolete Swedish system, in which it is reversed). Generally birdshot is just called "shot", such as "number 9 shot" or "BB shot".
2328:. The shot must reach the target with enough energy to penetrate to a depth sufficient to kill the game. Lead shot is still the best ballistic performer, but environmental restrictions on the use of lead, especially with waterfowl, require
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A buffering material, such as granulated plastic, sawdust, or similar material can be mixed with the shot to fill the spaces between the individual pellets. When fired, the buffering material compresses and supports the shot, reducing the
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self-defense. Buckshot size is most commonly designated by a series of numbers and letters, with smaller numbers indicating larger shot. Sizes larger than "0" are designated by multiple zeros. "00" (usually pronounced "double-aught" in
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As the shot leaves the barrel upon firing, the three-dimensional shot string is close together. But as the shot moves farther away, the individual pellets increasingly spread out and disperse. Because of this, the effective range of a
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tightest) at 20 m (22 yd), the shot would be very close together and cause an unnecessarily large amount of damage to the rabbit, or, alternatively, a complete miss of the rabbit. This would waste virtually all of the
3100:
Shooting the softest possible shot will result in more shot deformation and a wider pattern. This is often the case with cheap ammunition, as the lead used will have minimal alloying elements such as
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small game such as birds, rabbits, and other animals that fly or move quickly and can unpredictably change their direction of travel. However, some cartridges only contain one metal shot, known as a
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A 12-gauge shotgun cartridge in a transparent plastic hull, allowing the contents to be seen. From left to right: brass, propellant, over-powder wad, shot wad, #8 birdshot, over-shot wad, and crimp
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3134:, when firing a multitude of shot, is limited to approximately 20 to 50 m (22 to 55 yd). To control this effect, shooters may use a constriction within the barrel of a shotgun called a
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maximizes the amount of edible meat. This also maximizes the chances of a swift and humane kill as the target would be hit with enough shot to kill quickly instead of only wounding the animal.
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British system goes by the number of lead shot per ounce. Australia has a hybrid system due to its market being flooded with a mixture of
British, American, and European cartridges.
543:", a measurement of the internal diameter of the barrel measured in millimeters or inches and, consequently, is approximately equal to the diameter of the projectile that is fired.
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were designated in a similar manner—a "12 pounder" would be a cannon that fired a 12-pound (5.4 kg) cannonball; inversely, an individual "12-gauge" shot would in fact be a
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A modern wad consists of three parts, the powder wad, the cushion, and the shot cup, which may be separate pieces or be one part. The powder wad acts as the gas seal (known as
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In metric measurement, it is easy to remember that #5 shot is 3 mm; each number up or down represents a 0.25 mm change in diameter, so e.g. #7 shot is 2.5 mm.
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M12 and M15 shot cartridge cartridges. They were issued to pilots, to be used as foraging ammunition in the event that they were shot down. While they were best used in the
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immediately followed by a narrower pattern out of a single barrelled shotgun. The spread of the shot can also be altered by changing the characteristics of the cartridge.
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1053:
However, data supporting the danger of firing high velocity cartridges loaded with steel shot causing barrel wear has not been published and the US equivalent of CIP,
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pounder. Thus, a 10-gauge shotgun has a larger-diameter barrel than a 12-gauge shotgun, which has a larger-diameter barrel than a 20-gauge shotgun, and so forth.
261:, or for performance reasons such as achieving higher shot velocities by reducing the mass of the shot charge. Other unusual projectiles such as saboted
2647:). Reduced-recoil 00 buckshot is often used in tactical and self-defense rounds, minimizing shooter stress and improving the speed of follow-up shots.
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or 0.15 in (3.8 mm). B shot is 0.170 in (4.3 mm), and sizes go up in 0.01 in (0.25 mm) increments for BB and BBB sizes.
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is used. For hunting game, the range and penetration needed to assure a clean kill is considered. Shot loses its velocity very quickly due to its low
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ammo loaded with steel for anything other than hunting purposes should first find out if using it won't cause undue hazard to themselves and others.
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Some indoor shooting ranges prohibit the use of steel shot over concern of it causing a spark when hitting an object down range and causing a fire.
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Dram equivalence has no bearing on the reloading of cartridges with smokeless powder; loading a cartridge with an equivalent dram weight of
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Loads of 12-gauge 00 buckshot are commonly available in cartridges holding from 8 (eight) to 18 (eighteen) pellets in standard lengths (
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shotguns measured by diameter, rather than gauge. These are the .410 (10.4mm), .380 (9mm), and .22 (5.5mm); these are correctly called "
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inside of barns and sheds, as the snake shot will not shoot holes in the roof or walls, or more importantly injure livestock with a
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The
British system for designating buckshot size is based on the amount of shot per ounce. The sizes are LG (large grape – from
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The standard definition of shotgun gauge assumes that a pure lead ball is used. The following formulas relate the bore diameter
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Modern shotgun cartridges typically consist of a plastic hull, with the base covered in a thin brass or plated steel covering.
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Textbook of firearms investigation, identification and evidence: together with the
Textbook of pistols and revolvers, Volume 3
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chambering for smaller-framed shooters who favor its reduced recoil, those hunting smaller game, and experienced trap and
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For example, a shotgun is called "12-gauge" because a lead sphere that just fits the inside diameter of the barrel weighs
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in-flight shot string from the leading pellet to the trailing one. The use of multiple pellets is especially useful for
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3415:"Shotshell type ammunition usable in magazine-fed firearms, and methods of manufacturing such shotshell type ammunition"
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3518:"Lead ammunition: Toxic to wildlife, people and the environment | The Humane Society of the United States"
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A shotshell which has been cut partially through forward of the head in hope of reducing shot dispersion.
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Ferret rounds: rounds designed to penetrate a thin barrier (e.g. a car door) and release a gas payload.
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powder would cause a shotgun to explode. It only has an equivalence in reloading with black powder.
736:"Forager" round, which contained a thin wooden bullet filled with birdshot, was intended for hunting
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Shot shells have also been historically issued to soldiers, to be used in standard issue rifles. The
388:, so very little space is actually taken by propellant; shotguns use small quantities of double base
307:, 100 m (110 yd) with slugs, and well over 150 m (160 yd) with saboted slugs in
3481:.45/70 FORAGER CARTRIDGES AND SHOT FILLED GUARD CARTRIDGES - SCARCE INDIAN WAR ERA ISSUE CARTRIDGES
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Shotgun cartridge comparison (left to right): 12-gauge, 20-gauge, 16-gauge, 28-gauge, and .410 bore
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3594:"After bagging 300 birds, researchers declare that No. 2 is best steel shot size for roosters"
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Commonly used by hikers, backpackers and campers, snake shot is ideally suited for use in
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to supplement the soldiers' rations. This round in effect made the .45-70 rifle into a
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Besides pressure testing, cartridges containing steel pellets require an additional
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hunters in Europe. For instance, in France, it cannot be fired in the vicinity of a
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650:. Snake shot is generally used for shooting at snakes, rodents, birds, and other
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Textbook of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology : Principles and Practice, 5/e
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Cartridges are loaded with different sizes of shot depending on the target. For
792:. They are also used for pest control at airports, warehouses, stockyards, etc.
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For hunting, shot size must be chosen not only for the range, but also for the
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is the 12 Gauge RAS12, specially made for the RAS-12 semi automatic shotgun.
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leather, and cork, as well as paperboard, were all used at various times.
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http://www.mcpheetersantiquemilitaria.com/06_ammunition/06_item_058.htm
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for each production lot and archived for later verification if needed.
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3504:"The American Hunter Still Balks at Switching from Lead to Steel Shot"
3374:"Shotgun Shells Explained - Types Of Ammo (Birdshot, Buckshot, Slugs)"
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This type of ammunition is produced by Federal and CCI, among others.
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pound (38 g). This measurement comes from the time when early
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when discharged, and can ignite a flammable target at close range.
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Self-contained cartridge loaded with either shot or a solid slug
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snake shot, and are commonly used by gardeners and farmers for
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Garden guns are smooth-bore firearms specifically made to fire
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at very close range. The most common snake shot cartridges are
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2592:"Buckshot" redirects here. For the rapper of the hip hop trio
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During World War II, the United States military developed the
721:. They are also used for airport and warehouse pest control.
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392:, equivalent to quick-burning pistol powders, with up to 50%
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Some cartridges contain a single solid projectile known as a
758:, the M15 cartridge would actually cycle the semi-automatic
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The base of the cartridge is fairly thick to hold the large
168:. It is typically loaded with numerous small, spherical sub-
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747:, capable of killing rabbits, ducks, and other small game.
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534:", which is the weight, in fractions of a pound, of a pure
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A 1908 depiction of a shotgun cartridge, showing a simple
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Military Issue .45 ACP M15 "shot shell" on the far right.
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Most shotgun cartridges are designed to be fired from a
3336:"USGS National Wildlife Health Center - Lead Poisoning"
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rounds: loaded with incendiary chemicals that create a
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wad used to separate the powder (left) and shot (right)
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Buzzacott, Francis H.; Boyles, Denis (3 August 2008).
3701:. Small-arms technical publishing company. p. 61.
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requires longer shots, and so a larger shot, usually #
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Bolo rounds: two large lead balls attached by a wire.
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888:{\displaystyle d_{n}=1.67/{\sqrt{n}}={\sqrt{4.66/n}}}
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408:), and is placed firmly over the powder; it may be a
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shards also exist. Cartridges can also be made with
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Full, Improved Modified, Modified, Improved Cylinder
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979:{\displaystyle n=(1.67/d_{n})^{3}=4.66/(d_{n})^{3}}
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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713:snake shot are also commonly used by farmers for
3799:
3536:"News Releases - U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service"
3740:
3662:
3141:A hunter who intends to hunt an animal such as
3434:. Worcester, Mass., C.K. Reed. pp. 22–23.
2548:Improved Modified, Modified, Improved Cylinder
802:Gauge (bore diameter) § Calculating_gauge
530:Shotgun cartridges are generally measured by "
3566:
3564:
1182:"Birdshot" redirects here. For the film, see
3596:by Craig Bihrle. Reprinted with permission.
222:. The shot charge is typically contained by
3632:
3628:
3626:
3719:. Homestudy.ihea.com. 2002. Archived from
3717:International Hunter Education Association
3658:
3656:
3561:
599:Reloading components are still available.
237:The projectiles are traditionally made of
1120:Learn how and when to remove this message
617:CCI .22LR snake shot loaded with #12 shot
384:are far more efficient than the original
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
3623:
3542:
3072:
3054:Piranha rounds: loaded with sharp tacks.
1188:
1131:
723:
612:
572:
435:
372:, which is longer than primers used for
355:
131:
3778:
3653:
3312:"What's Inside A Shotgun Shell And Why"
705:. Snake shot may not cycle properly in
424:The only known shotgun cartridge using
339:
14:
3800:
3443:
3441:
1197:Birdshots are designed to be used for
989:For example, the common bore diameter
3744:The Complete Sportsman's Encyclopedia
2319:
299:of about 35 m (38 yd) with
3779:Goodwyn, Kendall W. (October 1951).
3447:
3385:
3383:
3081:
1102:adding citations to reliable sources
1073:
218:with a metallic base containing the
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3697:Julian Sommerville Hatcher (1935).
3438:
3428:Reed, C.K. & C.A. Reed (1914).
3167:
3039:
709:. Rifles specifically made to fire
24:
3448:Eger, Christopher (28 July 2013).
2608:) is the most commonly sold size.
184:tapered constriction at the muzzle
25:
3824:
3772:
3570:
3456:. Outdoor Hub LLC. Archived from
3380:
3309:
3122:, for hunting large game such as
3095:
2847:Special SG (Special Small Grape)
2441:Full, Improved Modified, Modified
2424:Full, Improved Modified, Modified
2407:Full, Improved Modified, Modified
602:
230:of the cartridge is known as its
1078:
577:M35 .410 shotgun cartridges for
34:
3705:
3690:
3639:. Elsevier India. p. 240.
3599:
3587:
3528:
3510:
3496:
3484:
1089:needs additional citations for
581:w/.22 long rifle for comparison
45:needs additional citations for
3781:"How They Make Shotgun Shells"
3472:
3421:
3407:
3366:
3352:
3328:
3303:
967:
953:
933:
911:
796:Shotgun gauge diameter formula
765:
303:, 45 m (49 yd) with
13:
1:
3747:. Globe Pequot. p. 271.
3611:www.paraklesetechnologies.com
3296:
1063:
396:. After the powder comes the
3669:. Harper & Row. p.
3607:"Paraklese Technologies LLC"
1209:is agile small/medium-sized
1193:12-gauge birdshot cartridge.
1007:
7:
3222:
2587:
2578:Modified, Improved Cylinder
2518:Modified, Improved Cylinder
2471:Modified, Improved Cylinder
1177:
444:
199:(sometimes fired through a
178:. Shotguns typically use a
10:
3829:
3493:, picture and information.
2591:
1181:
1067:
799:
769:
606:
322:
186:to regulate the extent of
3573:"Shotgun Pattern Testing"
3108:
2664:
1257:
813:(in inches) to the gauge
460:
451:
3663:George C. Nonte (1973).
3450:"Marlin 25MG Garden Gun"
2867:SSG (Small Small Grape)
431:
3808:Paramilitary cartridges
3786:Popular Science Monthly
3558:, used with permission.
3395:Encyclopedia Britannica
1013:ammunition loaded with
1000:) is effectively gauge
3571:Doyle, Jeffrey Scott.
3176:system is the mass of
3044:Other rounds include:
2633:inches, 3 inches, and
2606:North American English
1258:Pellets per oz (28 g)
1194:
1137:
980:
889:
729:
707:semi-automatic pistols
672:.40 Smith & Wesson
618:
582:
441:
365:
226:inside the case. The
210:usually consists of a
137:
3666:Firearms encyclopedia
3454:Marlin Firearms Forum
3073:Spread and patterning
3027:.200" (5.08 mm)
3010:.203" (5.16 mm)
2938:.240" (6.10 mm)
2887:.269" (6.83 mm)
2852:.298" (7.57 mm)
2800:.330" (8.38 mm)
2781:.332" (8.44 mm)
2764:.346" (8.79 mm)
2710:0.52" (13.2 mm)
2693:0.60" (15.2 mm)
2556:Rail, Snipe, Woodcock
2474:12, 16, 20, 28, .410
2444:12, 16, 20, 28, .410
2305:.069" (1.75 mm)
2282:.070" (1.78 mm)
2258:.070" (1.78 mm)
2236:.079" (2.00 mm)
2210:.080" (2.03 mm)
2186:.083" (2.10 mm)
2154:.085" (2.15 mm)
2122:.087" (2.21 mm)
2099:.089" (2.25 mm)
2073:.090" (2.29 mm)
2038:.095" (2.41 mm)
2005:.094" (2.40 mm)
1974:.098" (2.50 mm)
1949:.100" (2.54 mm)
1926:.102" (2.59 mm)
1902:.107" (2.72 mm)
1861:.108" (2.75 mm)
1835:.110" (2.79 mm)
1811:.118" (3.00 mm)
1785:.120" (3.05 mm)
1760:.128" (3.25 mm)
1732:.130" (3.30 mm)
1710:.134" (3.40 mm)
1687:.138" (3.50 mm)
1661:.140" (3.56 mm)
1639:.148" (3.75 mm)
1613:.150" (3.81 mm)
1590:.158" (4.00 mm)
1564:.160" (4.06 mm)
1539:.170" (4.32 mm)
1517:.177" (4.50 mm)
1488:.180" (4.57 mm)
1462:.190" (4.83 mm)
1438:.191" (4.93 mm)
1414:.200" (5.08 mm)
1390:.203" (5.16 mm)
1368:.205" (5.20 mm)
1346:.210" (5.33 mm)
1322:.220" (5.59 mm)
1299:.230" (5.84 mm)
1192:
1168:ballistic coefficient
1135:
1043:Vickers hardness test
981:
890:
800:Further information:
727:
616:
595:", not ".410-gauge".
576:
461:Diameter of one ball
439:
359:
257:are also used due to
164:used specifically in
135:
3633:Krishan Vij (2011).
3491:.45-70 Forager round
2993:.213 (5.41 mm)
2972:.22" (5.59 mm)
2955:.227 (5.77 mm)
2921:.244" (6.3 mm)
1098:improve this article
902:
824:
421:, or rolled closed.
340:Typical construction
319:smoothbore shotgun.
284:projectiles such as
259:restrictions on lead
54:improve this article
3549:Tungsten shot table
2904:.25" (6.4 mm)
2870:.27" (6.9 mm)
2835:.30" (7.6 mm)
2818:.32" (8.1 mm)
2747:.36" (9.1 mm)
1172:external ballistics
380:ammunition. Modern
69:"Shotgun cartridge"
3813:Shotgun cartridges
3554:2008-07-04 at the
3431:Guide to taxidermy
3376:. 25 January 2016.
2759:MG (Medium Grape)
2742:LG (Larger Grape)
2665:Pellets/oz (28 g)
2616:with 00 buckshot.
2320:Birdshot selection
1195:
1138:
976:
885:
730:
646:loaded with small
619:
583:
442:
366:
160:(straight-walled)
138:
3754:978-1-59921-330-9
3680:978-0-06-013213-2
3340:www.nwhc.usgs.gov
3082:Narrower patterns
3037:
3036:
2776:SG (Small Grape)
2728:.375" (9.525 mm)
2662:Nominal diameter
2598:Buckshot (rapper)
2585:
2584:
2313:
2312:
1261:Quantity per lb.
1255:Nominal diameter
1164:sectional density
1130:
1129:
1122:
883:
858:
528:
527:
382:smokeless powders
295:Shotguns have an
142:shotgun cartridge
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3820:
3794:
3766:
3765:
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3761:
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3728:
3723:on July 23, 2016
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3575:. FirearmsID.com
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3254:20-gauge shotgun
3199:
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3168:Dram equivalence
3040:Specialist loads
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2509:Grouse Partridge
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996:= 0.410 inches (
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579:M-6 survival gun
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3556:Wayback Machine
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3360:"Shotgun Slugs"
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3291:Rifle cartridge
3266:Breaching round
3225:
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3058:Dragon's breath
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1184:Birdshot (film)
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756:M1917 revolvers
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342:
325:
297:effective range
290:bean bag rounds
126:
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63:
61:
51:
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28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3773:External links
3771:
3768:
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3733:
3704:
3689:
3679:
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3645:
3622:
3598:
3586:
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3524:on 2019-01-14.
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3286:Shrapnel shell
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1379:
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1369:
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1300:
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1279:
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1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1203:upland hunting
1179:
1176:
1142:skeet shooting
1128:
1127:
1086:
1084:
1077:
1068:Main article:
1065:
1062:
1009:
1006:
992:
987:
986:
973:
969:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
944:
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872:
868:
862:
856:
852:
846:
842:
839:
834:
830:
809:
797:
794:
770:Main article:
767:
764:
656:.22 Long Rifle
607:Main article:
604:
603:Other calibers
601:
588:skeet shooters
526:
525:
522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
508:
504:
503:
500:
497:
493:
492:
489:
486:
482:
481:
478:
475:
471:
470:
467:
463:
462:
459:
458:in one pound)
446:
443:
433:
430:
341:
338:
324:
321:
309:rifled barrels
182:barrel with a
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3825:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3793:(4): 170–174.
3792:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3737:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3713:"Shot spread"
3708:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3659:
3657:
3648:
3646:9788131226841
3642:
3638:
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3545:
3537:
3531:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3505:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3460:on 2016-09-18
3459:
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3264:
3260:
3257:
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3022:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3012:
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3004:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
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2990:
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2817:
2815:
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2809:
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2769:
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2758:
2756:
2755:
2752:
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2746:
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2733:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:Tri-Ball 20
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2686:Tri-Ball 12
2685:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
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2648:
2617:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2580:
2577:
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2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2528:
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2500:
2497:
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2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2350:Lead/Tungsten
2349:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2300:
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2240:
2238:
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2222:
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2209:
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2199:
2196:
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2188:
2185:
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2179:
2167:
2165:
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2159:
2156:
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2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2133:
2132:
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2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
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2105:
2103:
2101:
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2050:
2046:
2043:
2040:
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2034:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1978:
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1973:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
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1937:
1936:
1933:
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1901:
1889:
1877:
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1500:
1496:
1493:
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1437:
1435:
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1416:
1413:
1410:
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1400:
1397:
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1327:
1324:
1321:
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1254:
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1239:
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1214:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1147:
1146:Trap shooting
1143:
1134:
1124:
1121:
1113:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1087:This section
1085:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1070:Shot (pellet)
1061:
1058:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
971:
961:
957:
949:
945:
942:
937:
927:
923:
918:
914:
908:
905:
898:
897:
879:
874:
870:
866:
860:
854:
850:
844:
840:
837:
832:
828:
820:
819:
818:
816:
812:
803:
793:
791:
787:
783:
779:
773:
763:
761:
760:M1911 pistols
757:
753:
748:
746:
743:
739:
735:
726:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
642:
638:
634:
630:
627:
623:
615:
610:
600:
596:
594:
589:
580:
575:
571:
559:
544:
542:
537:
533:
523:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
506:
505:
501:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
484:
483:
479:
476:
473:
472:
468:
465:
464:
450:
438:
429:
427:
422:
420:
416:
415:crumple zones
411:
407:
402:
399:
395:
394:nitroglycerin
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
363:
358:
354:
352:
347:
337:
333:
331:
320:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
198:
197:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:is a type of
151:
147:
143:
134:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
18:Shotgun shell
3790:
3784:
3758:. Retrieved
3743:
3736:
3725:. Retrieved
3721:the original
3716:
3707:
3698:
3692:
3684:
3665:
3635:
3614:. Retrieved
3610:
3601:
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3544:
3530:
3522:the original
3512:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3464:17 September
3462:. Retrieved
3458:the original
3453:
3430:
3423:
3409:
3398:. Retrieved
3394:
3368:
3354:
3343:. Retrieved
3339:
3330:
3319:. Retrieved
3315:
3310:Siler, Wes.
3305:
3281:Shotgun slug
3216:
3214:
3210:
3171:
3162:
3140:
3128:
3112:
3099:
3085:
3076:
3043:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2323:
2314:
1233:
1219:
1215:
1205:, where the
1196:
1139:
1116:
1107:
1096:Please help
1091:verification
1088:
1059:
1052:
1040:
1032:
1011:
1001:
990:
988:
814:
807:
805:
782:pest control
775:
749:
731:
715:pest control
688:
668:9×19mm Luger
635:) refers to
632:
628:
625:
621:
620:
597:
584:
545:
529:
426:rebated rims
423:
403:
386:black powder
367:
343:
334:
326:
313:
294:
267:rubber balls
241:, but other
236:
216:plastic tube
194:
192:
173:
149:
145:
141:
139:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3174:avoirdupois
3089:deformation
2581:12, 16, 20
2526:Quail, dove
2521:12, 16, 20
2504:12, 16, 20
2398:Ducks, high
1608:B or No. 1
778:.22 caliber
772:Garden guns
766:Garden guns
742:small gauge
711:.22 caliber
703:.357 Magnum
699:.38 Special
676:.44 Special
664:.38 Special
469:millimetre
204:slug barrel
170:projectiles
158:cylindrical
3802:Categories
3727:2010-05-13
3616:2018-06-17
3400:2018-04-26
3345:2018-01-20
3321:2018-01-20
3297:References
3276:Snake shot
2720:#0000 Buck
2594:Black Moon
2415:Ducks, low
1502:Air Rifle
1064:Shot sizes
738:small game
695:derringers
660:.22 Magnum
644:cartridges
626:bird shot,
622:Snake shot
609:Snake shot
456:lead balls
454:(number of
406:obturation
351:high brass
330:Waterglass
316:smoothbore
282:non-lethal
263:flechettes
188:scattering
180:smoothbore
162:ammunition
110:April 2017
80:newspapers
3391:"Shotgun"
3271:Lead shot
3259:.410 bore
3217:smokeless
2738:#000 Buck
2613:grapeshot
1199:waterfowl
1136:Lead shot
1110:June 2016
1008:Lead free
1004:= 67.6 .
998:.410 bore
786:livestock
691:revolvers
648:lead shot
633:dust shot
593:.410 bore
279:specialty
275:magnesium
271:rock salt
146:shotshell
3552:Archived
3223:See also
3204:or 27.3
3102:antimony
3062:fireball
2985:SSSSS or
2931:#4 Buck
2897:#3 Buck
2862:#2 Buck
2828:#1 Buck
2791:#00 Buck
2659:AU Size
2656:UK Size
2653:US Size
2588:Buckshot
2479:Pheasant
2432:Squirrel
2338:tungsten
1252:AU Size
1249:UK Size
1246:SW Size
1243:EU Size
1240:US Size
1178:Birdshot
1047:ricochet
1023:tungsten
790:ricochet
762:action.
719:ricochet
684:.45 Colt
629:rat shot
445:Standard
305:birdshot
301:buckshot
251:tungsten
245:such as
206:). The
166:shotguns
3316:Gizmodo
3195:⁄
3181:⁄
3132:shotgun
3116:hunting
2810:#0 Buck
2642:⁄
2628:⁄
2567:⁄
2537:⁄
2491:⁄
2461:⁄
2404:BB to 2
2367:BB to 6
2334:bismuth
2296:No. 10
2279:No. 10
2276:No. 10
2247:No. 10
2173:⁄
2139:⁄
2066:⁄
2021:⁄
1992:⁄
1895:⁄
1883:⁄
1505:BBBB or
1226:⁄
1157:⁄
1019:bismuth
788:with a
752:.45 ACP
745:shotgun
680:.45 ACP
637:handgun
565:⁄
558:cannons
551:⁄
541:caliber
419:crimped
398:wadding
390:powders
323:History
255:bismuth
228:caliber
224:wadding
172:called
94:scholar
3760:1 July
3751:
3677:
3643:
3579:18 May
3249:8 bore
3244:6 bore
3239:4 bore
3234:2 bore
3229:Gauges
3206:grains
3200:
3186:
3147:grouse
3143:rabbit
3109:Spread
2950:SSSSG
2797:00-SG
2681:Steel
2596:, see
2515:3 to 6
2512:5 to 8
2498:2 to 6
2468:2 to 5
2449:Rabbit
2438:2 to 4
2435:4 to 6
2421:1 to 4
2418:4 to 6
2401:2 to 4
2387:T to 3
2384:2 to 4
2370:2 to 3
2364:Turkey
2359:Gauge
2226:No. 9
2207:No. 9
2204:No. 9
2197:No. 9
2119:No. 8
2116:No. 8
2089:No. 8
2052:No. 8
2035:No. 7
2032:No. 7
1964:No. 7
1938:No. 7
1923:No. 6
1920:No. 6
1851:No. 6
1832:No. 5
1829:No. 5
1822:No. 6
1801:No. 5
1782:No. 4
1779:No. 4
1772:No. 5
1757:No. 3
1754:No. 3
1748:No. 4
1721:No. 4
1707:No. 2
1704:No. 2
1677:No. 3
1650:No. 3
1629:No. 2
1601:No. 2
1580:No. 1
1551:No. 1
1281:Steel
1035:C.I.P.
734:.45-70
682:, and
631:, and
624:(AKA:
521:0.545
510:0.615
499:0.663
488:0.729
477:0.775
452:Gauge
378:pistol
370:primer
286:rubber
243:metals
220:primer
208:casing
201:rifled
154:rimmed
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3202:ounce
3188:pound
3157:geese
3136:choke
3066:flame
2916:SSSG
2731:~5.6
2678:Lead
2482:4 to
2452:4 to
2381:Geese
2356:Choke
2353:Steel
2336:, or
2330:steel
2219:7400
2168:No. 8
2134:No. 8
2082:5150
2061:No. 7
2047:3775
2016:No. 7
1987:No. 7
1890:No. 5
1878:No. 5
1844:2850
1794:2180
1741:1720
1670:1370
1622:1120
1278:Lead
1211:birds
1170:(see
1055:SAAMI
1021:, or
1015:steel
641:rifle
532:gauge
524:13.8
513:15.6
502:16.8
491:18.5
480:19.7
466:inch
432:Sizes
410:paper
374:rifle
346:Paper
247:steel
232:gauge
212:paper
150:shell
148:, or
101:JSTOR
87:books
3762:2012
3749:ISBN
3675:ISBN
3641:ISBN
3581:2012
3466:2016
3152:meat
3124:deer
3120:slug
3005:AAA
2987:AAAA
2882:SSG
2750:6.2
2713:2.1
2696:1.4
2572:to 9
2542:to 9
2373:Full
2347:Game
2326:game
2285:850
2261:848
2229:000
2216:892
2213:585
2157:497
2125:472
2079:686
2076:410
2044:490
2041:350
1955:423
1952:291
1929:270
1905:240
1841:315
1838:225
1791:243
1788:170
1763:140
1738:192
1735:135
1667:158
1664:108
1619:125
1573:925
1570:103
1497:650
1471:550
1450:BBB
1411:AAA
1385:AAA
1359:AAA
1207:game
1201:and
1166:and
1033:The
1028:pond
946:4.66
915:1.67
867:4.66
841:1.67
701:and
693:and
652:pest
639:and
536:lead
376:and
362:felt
288:and
273:and
253:and
239:lead
196:slug
175:shot
73:news
3791:159
3190:or
3183:256
3145:or
3033:53
3030:36
3013:35
2996:30
2978:39
2975:27
2958:25
2941:21
2924:20
2907:18
2890:15
2873:14
2855:11
2838:11
2092:00
1616:87
1567:72
1561:BB
1558:BB
1544:86
1507:2/0
1494:72
1491:50
1476:BB
1468:62
1465:44
1453:AA
1441:40
1433:AA
1420:53
1417:36
1393:35
1335:TT
1328:39
1325:27
1304:35
1288:FF
1228:100
1100:by
518:28
507:20
496:16
485:12
474:10
214:or
56:by
3804::
3789:.
3783:.
3715:.
3683:.
3673:.
3671:76
3655:^
3625:^
3609:.
3563:^
3452:.
3440:^
3393:.
3382:^
3338:.
3314:.
3197:16
3126:.
3020:T
2965:F
2821:9
2803:8
2784:8
2767:7
2332:,
1967:1
1854:2
1804:3
1751:4
1680:5
1632:6
1583:7
1528:B
1483:A
1402:T
1311:F
1224:15
1017:,
817::
686:.
678:,
674:,
670:,
666:,
662:,
658:,
567:12
553:12
311:.
292:.
269:,
265:,
249:,
234:.
190:.
156:,
144:,
140:A
3764:.
3730:.
3649:.
3619:.
3583:.
3538:.
3506:.
3468:.
3417:.
3403:.
3362:.
3348:.
3324:.
3193:1
3179:1
3064:/
2644:2
2640:1
2637:+
2635:3
2630:4
2626:3
2623:+
2621:2
2600:.
2575:6
2569:2
2565:1
2562:+
2560:7
2545:6
2539:2
2535:1
2532:+
2530:7
2493:2
2489:1
2486:+
2484:7
2463:2
2459:1
2456:+
2454:7
2175:2
2171:1
2141:2
2137:1
2068:2
2064:1
2023:2
2019:1
1994:2
1990:1
1897:2
1893:1
1885:2
1881:1
1186:.
1159:2
1155:1
1152:+
1150:7
1123:)
1117:(
1112:)
1108:(
1094:.
1002:n
993:n
991:d
972:3
968:)
962:n
958:d
954:(
950:/
943:=
938:3
934:)
928:n
924:d
919:/
912:(
909:=
906:n
880:3
875:n
871:/
861:=
855:3
851:n
845:/
838:=
833:n
829:d
815:n
810:n
808:d
563:1
549:1
539:"
349:"
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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