295:. Located about two miles outside Fuyang at the time, the site was known to contain old tombs, yet it is unclear whether the excavation was pre-planned or rushed just as construction started. The digging was supervised by two archeologists from the Anhui Provincial Archaeological Relics Find Team, who discovered two tombs, one of which (Tomb 1, to the east) was found to contain texts and artifacts. A ramp 4.1 metres (13 ft) wide led to a coffin chamber measuring 9.2 metres (30 ft) north-south by 7.65 metres (25.1 ft) east-west, about half the area of the more famous
268:
260:
45:
38:
252:
453:
clumps was about 25 centimetres (9.8 in) long by 10 centimetres (3.9 in) wide and 10 centimetres (3.9 in) high. To complicate matters, the 1977 excavation took place under a heavy rainstorm, and the pump that the excavators used to remove mud from the coffin chamber also pumped out other fragments of bamboo strips.
374:), whereas the rim of both the disk and the square base is inscribed with astro-calendrical signs that helped to perform divination. Donald Harper, who wrote about this artifact soon after its discovery, argued that it should be called a "cosmic board" because it is "so obviously a mechanistic model of the cosmos itself".
612:
who wanted to use it to support his policies of language unification – and later augmented with two other works. The
Shuanggudui version counts 541 characters, a little less than 20 percent of the complete work. It is longer and more legible than the fragments of the same work that were found in
452:
in which they had been placed and left the strips on the ground of the coffin chamber. The chamber itself later collapsed, breaking the strips, and muddy water covered the strips, eventually turning them into "paper-thin sheets, fused together into clumps by ground pressure." The largest of the three
472:
almost two years just to separate the surviving fragments. They first removed mud from the clumps by soaking them in a "weak vinegar solution", then baked them to remove moisture. Next, they detached the thin and extremely brittle fragments of strips from the clumps one by one and photographed each
664:. It explains how to use some substances for healing purposes, but also contains technical information on how to catch animals or expel vermin. In the words of historian Donald Harper, this work "catalogues human curiosity about the products of nature," noting among other things that
365:
boards consist of a movable disk – 9.5 centimetres (3.7 in) in diameter – representing the
Heavens mounted on a square base – 13.5 by 13.5 centimetres (5.3 by 5.3 in) – representing Earth. The center of the circular top depicts the seven stars of the
504:, in 752 fragments containing 3,119 characters. The hexagram and line statements of the Shuanggudui text closely resemble the received version, yet it is too fragmentary to reconstruct the complete text of any single hexagram or even the sequence in which they were presented.
322:. Archeologists have identified the tomb as belonging to Ying's son Xiahou Zao, the second Lord of Ruyin. Little is known about him, except that he died seven years after his father. The tomb is therefore thought to have been sealed in 165 BCE, the fifteenth year of
1262:
678:, a text dating from about 200 BCE that was buried in a tomb in Mawangdui in 168 BCE. These and other correspondences between the two texts show that the same knowledge of drugs was circulating in both the southern
1357:
1054:
426:
The most valuable goods that were buried with Xiahou Zao had long been robbed when archeologists excavated the tomb in 1977. In addition to the two cosmic boards, many lacquered vessels were found, as well as
395:, and some military texts. The diviner would rotate the disk until the Dipper pointed in a chosen direction, usually corresponding to the current date. He would then find an answer to his question by means of
2071:
Unschuld, Paul U.; Zheng, Jinsheng (2005), "Manuscripts as sources in the history of
Chinese medicine (translated from German by Mitch Cohen)", in Vivienne Lo; Christopher Cullen (eds.),
717:. Some of the strips still carry the horizontal markers that divided the text into rows. The existence of this chronological "Table" in the early second century BCE shows that
543:, for a total of 820 characters, have also been found in Shuanggudui. These fragments are longer and have been more extensively studied than other incomplete versions of the
1397:
1238:
1673:
Graziani, Romain (2009), "The subject and the sovereign: exploring the self in early
Chinese self-cultivation", in John Lagerwey; Mark Kalinowski (eds.),
1112:
1096:
431:
musical instruments, metallic weapons (a few made of iron but most of bronze), and a number of bronze artifacts like a mirror, a lamp, and a cauldron.
1381:
861:
418:
magic square. "The inscriptions ... appear to belong to ... the 'Circulation of Taiyi among the Nine
Palaces.'" (Taiyi xing jiugong 太一行九宮)
2274:
1774:——— (1999), "Warring States Natural Philosophy and Occult Thought", in Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.),
561:
section. Although the song titles are the same as those of the received version, the text varies substantially from that of the other
477:, who has worked on some of the Shuanggudui texts, finds it "miraculous" that they could be reconstructed from such damaged material.
465:
2269:
1075:, pp. 190–91 ("two well-preserved diviner's boards"). A drawing of one of these boards first published in the Chinese journal
694:
The most fragmentary and badly damaged of the texts found in
Shuanggudui is a text that the Chinese editors have called "Table" (
1250:
1942:
2107:
2061:
2016:
1905:
1825:
1682:
1663:
668:
can fatten pigs and that "a horse-gullet tube can be used to breathe under water." The names of drugs and illnesses found in
1943:"Quand la forme transcende l'objet. Histoire des pâtes alimentaires en Chine (IIIe siècle av. J.-C.–IIIe siècle apr. J.-C.)"
74:
2264:
2132:
2080:
2042:
1931:
1806:
1783:
1764:
1705:
1640:
741:
An incomplete text dealing with breathing exercises was also excavated in
Shuanggudui. Modern editors have named it
519:
that was also sealed in the 160s BCE. Edward
Shaughnessy has hypothesized that the line statements of the received
37:
2279:
2056:, Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center, distributed by Harvard University Press,
2284:
1945:[When the form transcends the thing: history of pasta in China, 3rd century BC – 3rd century AD],
1835:
Hu, Pingsheng 胡平生 (1989), "Some Notes on the
Organization of the Han Dynasty Bamboo 'Annals' Found at Fuyang",
839:. This manual gives the "standard rates of work for different tasks to be carried out by farmers and artisans".
674:
152:
955:
650:) is an extensive list of natural substances that historians of Chinese medicine see as a precursor of later
236:
174:
144:
1627:
Dorofeeva-Lichtmann, Vera (2004), "Spatial
Organization of Ancient Chinese Texts (Preliminary Remarks)", in
2289:
1871:
Kalinowski, Marc (2013), "The Notion of "Shi" 式 and Some Related Terms in Qin-Han Calendrical Astrology",
742:
306:
Some of the bronze artifacts found in Tomb 1 were marked with the name of the tomb's occupant Ruyin Hou (
1290:
2294:
1247:, pp. 9 ("largest single text among the Fuyang strips", 752 fragments) and 10 (3, 119 characters).
484:) replaced him at the head of the team. It is Hu and Han Ziqiang who edited the texts for publication.
2117:
1970:
940:
852:
or "day books") and other divinatory texts similar to those that were found in other graves such as
2098:: Rhetoric and Remembrance", in Francesca Bray; Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann; Georges Métailié (eds.),
792:), "a text for assessing the qualities of dogs." It has been compared to another text on dogs from
710:
547:
found in ancient tombs like those of Guodian (tomb sealed around 300 BCE) and Mawangdui (168 BCE).
243:, the Shuanggudui find has shed great light on the culture and practices of the early Han dynasty.
1698:
Outstretched Leaves on His Bamboo Staff: Essays in Honour of Göran Malmqvist on his 70th Birthday
705:
compilation of events from about 850 to the end of the third century BCE, that is, from the late
197: – 220 CE). Excavated in 1977, it was found to contain a large number of texts written on
1994:
721:
did not invent this mode of historical representation, as he often gave the impression in his
1966:
1517:
945:
228:
444:
Robbers who looted the tomb in the late second century CE took the bamboo strips out of the
950:
935:
660:
626:
2100:
Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China: The Warp and the Weft
1656:
Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China: The Warp and the Weft
267:
259:
8:
920:
377:
The use of such boards is described or alluded to in many ancient Chinese texts like the
2237:
1852:
1736:
474:
323:
511:
consist in "formulaic divination statements" that are present neither in the received
2178:
2128:
2103:
2076:
2057:
2038:
2012:
1927:
1915:
1901:
1821:
1802:
1779:
1760:
1701:
1678:
1659:
1636:
1259:, pp. 10 (too fragmentary, no info on sequence) and 12 (close to received text).
930:
651:
601:
535:
203:
1776:
The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C.
1654:
Ever Exist?", in Francesca Bray; Vera Dorofeeva-Lichtmann; Georges Métailié (eds.),
643:
The text that Chinese editors have titled "Myriad Things" or "Ten Thousand Things" (
633:"was, if not a common manual for elementary instruction, at least not a rare work."
572:), characters were written smaller when a long stanza had to fit on a single strip.
271:
Tomb of Xiahou Zao (rear). The site of Xiahou Zao's tomb became known as Shuanggudui
2233:
2229:
1954:
1880:
1844:
1728:
385:
1692:
Greatrex, Roger (1994), "An Early Western Han Synonymicon: The Fuyang Copy of the
2299:
821:
587:
550:
The Shuanggudui version contains portions of 65 songs from the "Airs of States" (
367:
2216:
Xing, Wen 邢文 (2003), "Hexagram Pictures and Early Yi Schools: Reconsidering the
796:(tomb sealed in the second half of the second century BCE) and to a work on the
1798:
1121:, pp. 839 (on help for divination) and 841 (on Northern Dipper as deity);
714:
655:
618:
1958:
1884:
1848:
1732:
406:
Numeral juxtaposition on the inner, round part of the board correlates to the
2258:
1628:
812:
Eight bamboo strips bearing 56 characters from the "Miscellaneous Chapters" (
411:
198:
89:
76:
800:
of horses that was excavated from a grave in Mawangdui (sealed in 168 BCE).
2026:
1271:, pp. 9 ("formulaic divination statements", comparison with Mawangdui
899:
762:
706:
683:
371:
797:
723:
679:
609:
592:
562:
428:
351:
319:
311:
240:
190:
124:
2241:
2127:, Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Asia Center,
1856:
1740:
1425:
1019:
853:
828:
A handbook for government officials that the modern editors have named
793:
396:
347:
231:
including the oldest known cosmic board, a divinatory instrument. Like
1495:
494:
The longest text found in Shuanggudui is an incomplete version of the
251:
1275:) and 10 (2, 009 out of 3, 119 characters are divination statements).
925:
770:
758:
718:
516:
391:
362:
359:
310:), which means "Lord of Ruyin". This title had first been granted to
300:
296:
232:
1675:
Early Chinese Religion. Part One: Shang through Han (1250 BC–220 AD)
1650:——— (2007), "Mapless Mapping: Did the Maps of the
1341:
1299:, pp. 152 (number of fragments) and 156 (number of characters).
339:
The Shuanggudui tomb contained the earliest known diviner's boards (
1757:
Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts
1508:, p. 297. An illustration of the 32 fragments can be found in
1152:
766:
665:
583:
315:
217:) recounting historical events, a manual on dogs, a version of the
1574:
1278:
1410:, p. 104 ("this is the largest and most legible discovery").
842:
469:
445:
280:
219:
523:
may have originated in similar but older divination statements.
263:
Tomb of Xiahou Zao (front), now located in Fuyang's local museum
181:
province. Shuanggudui grave no. 1, which belongs to Xiahou Zao (
1700:, Stockholm: Association of Oriental Studies, pp. 97–113,
997:
995:
702:
496:
449:
415:
407:
400:
379:
284:
170:
160:
808:
Fragments of the following texts were also found in the tomb:
2246:
2151:
Fuyang Han jian zhenglizu 阜阳汉简整理组, (1983), "Fuyang Han jian
1862:
1746:
1535:
1523:
1394:, p. 104 ("nearly twenty percent of the original book").
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1192:
1077:
882:) each bearing the table of contents of one book. One is the
729:
622:
605:
410:
layout, which was long supposed to have been invented in the
292:
288:
209:
178:
1900:, Seattle: University of Washington Press, pp. 149–93,
1818:
Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine: The Telling Touch
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1007:
992:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
2073:
Medieval Chinese Medicine: The Dunhuang medical manuscripts
2034:
1923:
1209:
1207:
1105:, p. 839 ("astrological instrument" and description);
109:
1778:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 813–84,
1598:
1552:
1550:
1219:
886:(see previous entry), and the most complete one is called
399:
calculations. Manipulation of this miniature model of the
283:") was excavated in July 1977 during the expansion of the
1562:
1035:
967:
629:. Its presence in several early Han tombs shows that the
355:
194:
1458:
1456:
1204:
1140:
1586:
1547:
1485:
1483:
1413:
1128:
753:
608:(ca. 280–208 BCE) – an important statesman of the
1319:
1317:
414:(220–589). This is the most ancient occurrence of the
1453:
1406:, p. 49, note 38 (location of the other finds);
1168:
2102:, Leiden and Boston: E. J. Brill, pp. 295–311,
1480:
1468:
1180:
1795:
Education and Modernization: The Chinese Experience
1715:
Harper, Donald (1978–1979), "The Han Cosmic Board (
1649:
1626:
1513:
1374:composed of three works, including Li Si's shorter
1329:
1314:
1302:
1086:
1064:
2203:in the Han-dynasty bamboo slips from Fuyang],
2182:in the Han-dynasty bamboo slips from Fuyang],
2159:in the Han-dynasty bamboo slips from Fuyang],
1658:, Leiden and Boston: E.J. Brill, pp. 217–94,
1896:in Excavated Manuscripts", in Martin Kern (ed.),
1759:, London and New York: Kegan Paul International,
1441:
565:versions. Since each strip contained one stanza (
480:After Yu Haoliang's death in 1982, Hu Pingsheng (
213:, a text on breathing exercises, a "year table" (
2256:
1109:, pp. 47 (lacquered) and 49 (measurements).
859:Ninety-six strips bearing a text resembling the
604:of Chinese characters. It was first compiled by
246:
2195:——— (1988), "Fuyang Han jian
2172:——— (1984), "Fuyang Han jian
16:Archeological site located near Fuyang in China
2089:
1541:
1529:
1505:
769:, it testifies to the widespread existence of
460:) of the Fuyang Local Museum and Yu Haoliang (
2222:Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies
2075:, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, pp. 19–44,
2070:
1435:
910:), which has been transmitted to the present.
350:instruments that were widely used during the
870:Stories and Sayings of the Spring and Autumn
2090:Vankeerberghen, Griet (2007), "The Tables (
1992:
1965:
1714:
1604:
1580:
1568:
1284:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1213:
1134:
1072:
1048:
1029:
1013:
1001:
986:
239:, two other tombs from the area of the old
1870:
1198:
227:) that differs from the received one, and
2116:
2000:: Recently Discovered Manuscripts of the
1820:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1403:
1366:, p. 28 (Li Si, language policies);
1347:
1081:("Archeology") in 1978, is reproduced in
403:was supposed to bring power to its user.
2031:The Animal and the Daemon in Early China
1920:The Construction of Space in Early China
1691:
1672:
1592:
1556:
1419:
1407:
1391:
1367:
1025:
266:
258:
250:
169:) is an archeological site located near
2025:
2011:, New York: Columbia University Press,
1462:
1125:, p. 47 (description of artifact).
515:, nor in the version that was found in
370:(which was considered to be a powerful
2257:
1975:and the Making of a Divination Manual"
1940:
1843:, translated by Deborah Porter: 1–25,
1792:
1773:
1754:
1635:, Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 3–49,
1489:
1474:
1431:
1390:, p. 807 (number of characters);
1387:
1363:
1351:
1174:
1158:
1146:
1118:
1102:
1082:
736:
507:Nearly two thirds of this Shuanggudui
189:), was sealed in 165 BCE in the early
2051:
1914:
1186:
1162:
1122:
1106:
1090:
1068:
1060:
487:
1947:Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales
1891:
1335:
1323:
1308:
1296:
757:. Along with similar texts found in
689:
526:
1815:
1677:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 459–518,
1633:History of Science, History of Text
1447:
672:correspond with those found in the
456:It took a team led by Han Ziqiang (
44:
13:
2144:
1834:
1509:
1501:
803:
557:) section and 4 from the "Xiaoya"
318:(r. 202–195 BCE) to establish the
14:
2311:
2275:Archaeological artifacts of China
2220:in Light of Excavated Yi Texts",
776:
2052:Tseng, Lillian Lan-ying (2011),
783:Classic for Physiognomizing Dogs
439:
421:
334:
185:), the second marquis of Ruyin (
43:
36:
2270:1977 archaeological discoveries
2054:Picturing Heaven in Early China
1613:
837:Per Capita Rate for Work Duties
533:More than 170 fragments of the
2234:10.1080/02549948.2003.11731403
1993:——— (2014),
1898:Text and Ritual in Early China
1755:——— (1998),
1618:
1067:, p. 294 ("cosmograph");
903:
890:
879:
865:
849:
832:
816:
789:
747:
698:
675:Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments
647:
614:
575:
569:
558:
554:
481:
461:
457:
343:
307:
276:
214:
186:
182:
165:
156:
148:
1:
956:Zhangjiashan Han bamboo texts
314:(d. 172 BCE), who had helped
247:Excavation and identification
201:, including fragments of the
1071:, p. 47 (widely used);
329:
299:that had been discovered in
279:, literally "paired ancient
7:
1696:", in Joakim Enwall (ed.),
914:
908:School Sayings of Confucius
897:), close in content to the
358: – 220 AD). These two
10:
2316:
2265:2nd-century BC manuscripts
1941:Sabban, Françoise (2000),
1892:Kern, Martin (2005), "The
1063:, p. 275 (earliest);
781:The tomb also contained a
2122:Chinese History: A Manual
1959:10.3406/ahess.2000.279881
1885:10.1017/S0362502800000535
1849:10.1017/S0362502800002571
1733:10.1017/S0362502800005836
1436:Unschuld & Zheng 2005
941:Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts
872:) excavated in Mawangdui.
466:Bureau of Cultural Relics
130:
120:
115:
105:
68:
60:
31:
24:
1514:Dorofeeva-Lichtmann 2004
1087:Dorofeeva-Lichtmann 2007
1065:Dorofeeva-Lichtmann 2007
961:
895:Sayings of the Ru School
773:practices in Han times.
711:Spring and Autumn period
636:
600:was one of the earliest
434:
2250:(subscription required)
1866:(subscription required)
1816:Hsu, Elisabeth (2010),
1797:, Oxford and New York:
1750:(subscription required)
875:Three "wooden boards" (
2280:Archaeological corpora
2245: – via
2124:. Revised and enlarged
1967:Shaughnessy, Edward L.
1861: – via
1745: – via
1583:, p. 311, note 6.
1287:, p. 18 and note.
686:valley (Shuanggudui).
272:
264:
256:
2285:Chinese classic texts
1793:Hayhoe, Ruth (1992),
346:), or "cosmographs",
287:municipal airport in
270:
262:
254:
52:Location within China
2155:阜阳汉简《仓颉篇》" [The
1512:, pp. 24–25, and in
951:Yinqueshan Han Slips
936:Mawangdui Silk Texts
682:(Mawangdui) and the
661:Shennong bencao jing
627:Dunhuang manuscripts
617:(at the confines of
464:; 1917–1982) of the
2290:Chinese manuscripts
2176:阜阳汉简《诗经》" [The
2118:Wilkinson, Endymion
2008:) and Related Texts
1542:Vankeerberghen 2007
1530:Vankeerberghen 2007
1506:Vankeerberghen 2007
1201:, pp. 340–341.
1089:, p. 294; and
921:Chu Silk Manuscript
737:Breathing exercises
654:, or literature on
153:traditional Chinese
86: /
21:
1916:Lewis, Mark Edward
1149:, pp. 841–43.
1016:, pp. 189–90.
1004:, pp. 190–91.
502:Classic of Changes
489:Classic of Changes
475:Edward Shaughnessy
273:
265:
257:
255:Fuyang city museum
210:Songs of the South
145:simplified Chinese
19:
2295:Han dynasty texts
2179:Classic of Poetry
2109:978-90-04-16063-7
2094:) in Sima Qian's
2063:978-0-674-06069-2
2018:978-0-231-16184-8
1907:978-0-295-98787-3
1827:978-0-521-51662-4
1684:978-90-04-16835-0
1665:978-90-04-16063-7
1165:, pp. 47–49.
931:Guodian Chu Slips
690:Historical annals
652:Chinese herbology
625:), and among the
598:Cang Jie Wordbook
584:mythical inventor
536:Classic of Poetry
528:Classic of Poetry
473:piece. Historian
204:Classic of Poetry
138:
137:
2307:
2251:
2244:
2212:
2191:
2168:
2138:
2113:
2086:
2067:
2048:
2022:
1989:
1984:, Third Series,
1979:
1962:
1937:
1911:
1888:
1867:
1860:
1831:
1812:
1789:
1770:
1751:
1744:
1711:
1688:
1669:
1646:
1608:
1605:Shaughnessy 2014
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1581:Shaughnessy 2014
1578:
1572:
1569:Shaughnessy 2001
1566:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1504:, pp. 1–6;
1499:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1395:
1385:
1379:
1361:
1355:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1285:Shaughnessy 2001
1282:
1276:
1269:Shaughnessy 2001
1266:
1260:
1257:Shaughnessy 2001
1254:
1248:
1245:Shaughnessy 2001
1242:
1236:
1233:Shaughnessy 2014
1230:
1217:
1214:Shaughnessy 2001
1211:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1135:Harper 1978–1979
1132:
1126:
1116:
1110:
1100:
1094:
1073:Shaughnessy 2014
1058:
1052:
1049:Shaughnessy 2014
1046:
1033:
1030:Shaughnessy 2014
1023:
1017:
1014:Shaughnessy 2014
1011:
1005:
1002:Shaughnessy 2014
999:
990:
987:Shaughnessy 2014
984:
905:
892:
881:
867:
851:
834:
818:
791:
749:
700:
649:
616:
582:Named after the
571:
560:
556:
483:
463:
459:
345:
309:
278:
216:
188:
184:
167:
158:
150:
101:
100:
98:
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84:
83:
82:
79:
47:
46:
40:
22:
18:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2218:Book of Changes
2215:
2199:阜阳汉简《万物》" [
2194:
2171:
2150:
2147:
2145:Further reading
2142:
2141:
2135:
2110:
2083:
2064:
2045:
2019:
1996:Unearthing the
1977:
1934:
1908:
1865:
1828:
1809:
1786:
1767:
1749:
1708:
1685:
1666:
1643:
1621:
1616:
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1563:
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1496:
1488:
1481:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1398:
1386:
1382:
1370:, p. 101 (
1362:
1358:
1350:, p. 794;
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1220:
1212:
1205:
1199:Kalinowski 2013
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:, p. 839;
1157:
1153:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1101:
1097:
1085:, p. 840;
1059:
1055:
1047:
1036:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
993:
985:
968:
964:
917:
830:Zuowu Yuancheng
806:
804:Other fragments
779:
739:
692:
641:
588:Chinese writing
580:
531:
521:Book of Changes
492:
442:
437:
424:
368:Northern Dipper
337:
332:
249:
94:
92:
88:
85:
80:
77:
75:
73:
72:
56:
55:
54:
53:
50:
49:
48:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2253:
2252:
2213:
2192:
2169:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2087:
2081:
2068:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2033:, Albany, NY:
2023:
2017:
1990:
1963:
1953:(4): 791–824,
1938:
1932:
1922:, Albany, NY:
1912:
1906:
1889:
1868:
1832:
1826:
1813:
1807:
1799:Pergamon Press
1790:
1784:
1771:
1765:
1752:
1712:
1706:
1689:
1683:
1670:
1664:
1647:
1641:
1629:Chemla, Karine
1623:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1607:, p. 189.
1597:
1595:, p. 100.
1585:
1573:
1561:
1559:, p. 465.
1546:
1544:, p. 299.
1534:
1532:, p. 298.
1522:
1494:
1479:
1467:
1452:
1440:
1434:, p. 34;
1424:
1422:, p. 104.
1412:
1404:Wilkinson 2000
1396:
1380:
1356:
1348:Wilkinson 2000
1340:
1338:, p. 153.
1328:
1326:, p. 152.
1313:
1311:, p. 150.
1301:
1289:
1277:
1261:
1249:
1237:
1235:, p. 192.
1218:
1203:
1191:
1189:, p. 278.
1179:
1177:, p. 839.
1167:
1151:
1139:
1127:
1111:
1095:
1053:
1051:, p. 191.
1034:
1032:, p. 191.
1028:, p. 98;
1018:
1006:
991:
989:, p. 190.
965:
963:
960:
959:
958:
953:
948:
946:Tsinghua Slips
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
916:
913:
912:
911:
873:
857:
840:
826:
805:
802:
787:Xiang Gou Jing
778:
777:Manual on dogs
775:
738:
735:
715:Warring States
691:
688:
656:materia medica
640:
635:
619:Inner Mongolia
579:
574:
530:
525:
491:
486:
441:
438:
436:
433:
423:
420:
336:
333:
331:
328:
248:
245:
136:
135:
134:Sealed 165 BCE
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
90:32.9°N 115.8°E
70:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
51:
42:
41:
35:
34:
33:
32:
29:
28:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2312:
2301:
2298:
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2278:
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2268:
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2263:
2262:
2260:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:Cang Jie Pian
2154:
2153:Cang Jie Pian
2149:
2148:
2136:
2134:0-674-00247-4
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2082:0-415-34295-3
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2044:0-7914-5270-0
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2027:Sterckx, Roel
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1933:0-7914-6608-6
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
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1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1808:0-08-037411-5
1804:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1785:0-521-47030-7
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1766:0-7103-0582-6
1762:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1707:91-970854-3-X
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:Cang Jie pian
1690:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1652:Shan hai jing
1648:
1644:
1642:1-4020-2320-0
1638:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1624:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1593:Greatrex 1994
1589:
1582:
1577:
1571:, p. 27.
1570:
1565:
1558:
1557:Graziani 2009
1553:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1492:, p. 34.
1491:
1486:
1484:
1477:, p. 33.
1476:
1471:
1465:, p. 27.
1464:
1459:
1457:
1450:, p. 24.
1449:
1444:
1438:, p. 21.
1437:
1433:
1428:
1421:
1420:Greatrex 1994
1416:
1409:
1408:Greatrex 1994
1405:
1400:
1393:
1392:Greatrex 1994
1389:
1384:
1377:
1373:
1372:Cang Jie Pian
1369:
1368:Greatrex 1994
1365:
1360:
1354:, p. 28.
1353:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1093:, p. 49.
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1026:Greatrex 1994
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:
988:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
966:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
909:
902:
901:
896:
889:
885:
884:Chunqiu Shiyu
878:
874:
871:
864:
863:
862:Chunqiu Shiyu
858:
855:
848:
844:
841:
838:
831:
827:
824:
823:
815:
811:
810:
809:
801:
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795:
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784:
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768:
764:
760:
756:
755:
746:
745:
734:
732:
731:
726:
725:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
687:
685:
681:
677:
676:
671:
667:
663:
662:
657:
653:
646:
639:
634:
632:
631:Cang Jie Pian
628:
624:
620:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
578:
573:
568:
564:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
537:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
498:
490:
485:
478:
476:
471:
467:
454:
451:
447:
440:Bamboo strips
432:
430:
422:Other objects
419:
417:
413:
412:Six Dynasties
409:
404:
402:
398:
397:numerological
394:
393:
388:
387:
382:
381:
375:
373:
369:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
342:
335:Cosmic boards
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
275:Shuanggudui (
269:
261:
253:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
212:
211:
206:
205:
200:
199:bamboo strips
196:
192:
180:
176:
172:
168:
162:
154:
146:
142:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
114:
111:
108:
104:
99:
71:
67:
63:
59:
39:
30:
23:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2125:
2121:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2072:
2053:
2030:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1971:"The Fuyang
1950:
1946:
1919:
1897:
1893:
1876:
1872:
1840:
1836:
1817:
1794:
1775:
1756:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1697:
1693:
1674:
1655:
1651:
1632:
1614:Bibliography
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1537:
1525:
1497:
1470:
1463:Sterckx 2002
1443:
1427:
1415:
1399:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1359:
1343:
1331:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1216:, p. 8.
1194:
1182:
1170:
1154:
1142:
1137:, p. 1.
1130:
1114:
1098:
1076:
1056:
1021:
1009:
907:
900:Kongzi Jiayu
898:
894:
888:Rujiazhe Yan
887:
883:
876:
869:
860:
846:
836:
829:
820:
813:
807:
786:
782:
780:
763:Zhangjiashan
751:
743:
740:
728:
722:
709:through the
707:Western Zhou
695:
693:
684:Yangzi River
673:
669:
659:
644:
642:
637:
630:
597:
591:
581:
576:
566:
551:
549:
544:
541:Book of Odes
540:
534:
532:
527:
520:
512:
508:
506:
501:
495:
493:
488:
479:
455:
443:
425:
405:
390:
384:
378:
376:
372:astral deity
363:astrological
340:
338:
305:
274:
241:state of Chu
224:
218:
208:
202:
164:
140:
139:
64:Anhui, China
2228:: 571–604,
2211:(4): 36–54.
2167:(2): 24–34.
1879:: 331–360,
1873:Early China
1837:Early China
1721:Early China
1619:Works cited
1490:Harper 1998
1475:Harper 1998
1432:Harper 1998
1388:Sabban 2000
1364:Hayhoe 1992
1352:Hayhoe 1992
1175:Harper 1999
1159:Harper 1999
1147:Harper 1999
1119:Harper 1999
1103:Harper 1999
1083:Harper 1999
798:physiognomy
752:Moving the
724:magnum opus
610:Qin dynasty
593:Cangjiepian
577:Cangjiepian
429:terra cotta
352:Han dynasty
324:Emperor Wen
320:Han dynasty
312:Xiahou Ying
191:Han dynasty
166:Shuānggǔduī
141:Shuanggudui
125:Han dynasty
95:32.9; 115.8
93: /
69:Coordinates
20:Shuanggudui
2259:Categories
2190:(8): 1–12.
1988:(1): 7–18.
1982:Asia Major
1516:, p.
1187:Lewis 2006
1163:Tseng 2011
1123:Tseng 2011
1107:Tseng 2011
1091:Tseng 2011
1069:Tseng 2011
1061:Lewis 2006
854:Yinqueshan
794:Yinqueshan
703:annalistic
680:Chu region
348:divinatory
326:'s reign.
291:province,
1336:Kern 2005
1324:Kern 2005
1309:Kern 2005
1297:Kern 2005
926:Fangmatan
819:) of the
771:gymnastic
759:Mawangdui
719:Sima Qian
658:like the
563:early Han
517:Mawangdui
446:lacquered
392:Huainanzi
386:Han Feizi
360:lacquered
330:Artifacts
303:in 1973.
301:Mawangdui
233:Mawangdui
229:artifacts
2242:40727382
2205:Wenwu 文物
2184:Wenwu 文物
2161:Wenwu 文物
2120:(2000),
2029:(2002),
1969:(2001),
1918:(2006),
1857:23351410
1741:23351383
1727:: 1–10,
1448:Hsu 2010
1376:Cang Jie
915:See also
843:Almanacs
822:Zhuangzi
767:Shuihudi
713:and the
666:pinellia
316:Liu Bang
207:and the
81:115°48′E
61:Location
2174:Shijing
2037:Press,
2006:I Ching
2002:Yi Jing
1998:Changes
1973:Zhou Yi
1926:Press,
1631:(ed.),
1510:Hu 1989
1502:Hu 1989
602:primers
552:Guofeng
545:Shijing
470:Beijing
448:bamboo
237:Guodian
220:I Ching
121:Periods
116:History
78:32°54′N
2300:Fuyang
2240:
2201:Wan Wu
2197:Wan Wu
2131:
2106:
2096:Shi ji
2079:
2060:
2041:
2015:
1930:
1904:
1855:
1824:
1805:
1782:
1763:
1739:
1704:
1681:
1662:
1639:
1273:Yijing
814:Zapian
765:, and
754:Vapors
744:xingqi
701:), an
613:Juyan
590:, the
513:Yijing
509:Yijing
497:Yijing
450:hamper
416:Luoshu
408:Luoshu
401:cosmos
380:Chu Ci
308:女［汝］陰侯
297:Tomb 3
285:Fuyang
281:tumuli
225:Yijing
171:Fuyang
163::
161:pinyin
155::
147::
131:Events
2247:JSTOR
2238:JSTOR
1978:(PDF)
1863:JSTOR
1853:JSTOR
1747:JSTOR
1737:JSTOR
1719:式)",
1078:Kaogu
962:Notes
847:rishu
835:, or
750:, or
730:Shiji
670:Wanwu
645:Wanwu
638:Wanwu
623:Gansu
606:Li Si
567:zhang
500:, or
435:Texts
354:(206
293:China
289:Anhui
193:(206
179:Anhui
175:China
110:tombs
2209:1988
2188:1984
2165:1983
2129:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2092:biao
2077:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2035:SUNY
2013:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1924:SUNY
1902:ISBN
1894:Odes
1822:ISBN
1803:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1761:ISBN
1717:shih
1702:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1637:ISBN
904:孔子家語
891:儒家者言
866:春秋事語
833:作務員程
727:the
696:biao
621:and
235:and
106:Type
2230:doi
1955:doi
1881:doi
1845:doi
1729:doi
790:相狗經
596:or
586:of
539:or
482:胡平生
468:in
462:于豪亮
458:韩自强
356:BCE
341:shi
277:双古堆
195:BCE
187:汝陰侯
183:夏侯灶
177:'s
173:in
157:雙古堆
149:双古堆
26:双古堆
2261::
2236:,
2226:51
2224:,
2207:,
2186:,
2163:,
1986:14
1980:,
1951:55
1949:,
1877:35
1875:,
1851:,
1841:14
1839:,
1801:,
1735:,
1723:,
1549:^
1518:16
1482:^
1455:^
1378:).
1316:^
1221:^
1206:^
1037:^
994:^
969:^
877:du
850:日書
817:雜篇
761:,
748:行氣
733:.
648:萬物
615:居延
559:小雅
555:國風
389:,
383:,
215:年表
159:;
151:;
2232::
2137:.
2112:.
2085:.
2066:.
2047:.
2021:.
2004:(
1961:.
1957::
1936:.
1910:.
1887:.
1883::
1859:.
1847::
1830:.
1811:.
1788:.
1769:.
1743:.
1731::
1725:4
1710:.
1687:.
1668:.
1645:.
1520:.
906:(
893:(
880:牘
868:(
856:.
845:(
825:.
785:(
699:表
570:章
344:式
223:(
143:(
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