4100:
5273:
plough became unclean, and the peasant who worked the plough earned opprobrium that has stuck till our own times. R. S. Sharma shows how in the legal texts, peasants were generally regarded not as
Vaishyas as earlier, but as Shudras. This is confirmed in the seventh century by Xuan Zhuang (Hsuan Tsang) who found that in India peasants were held to be Shudras. Such varna ranking of most peasant castes (now usually given the designation of 'Other Backward Castes') is thus more than 1300 years old, and was in place by the early medieval times. If certain older communities were thus reduced in status, it is possible that other communities, previously held to be outside the pale of the varna system, were absorbed as Shudra castes once they took to agriculture. We have such an example in the Kaivartas.
3878:
3897:. The ancient texts designate the Shudra as a peasant. Shudras were described as the giver of grain and ancient texts describe a Shudra's mode of earning as being "by the sickle and ears of corn". The ancient precept, "Vedas are destroyer of agriculture and agriculture is destroyer of Vedas", is shown as one of the reasons as to why the Shudras were not allowed to learn Vedas. The fact that peasants were held as Shudras is also documented by Chinese traveller
3833:, a professor of Indology specialising in early Buddhism and Hinduism, the ancient Buddhist canon is predominantly devoid of varna discussions, and the varnas are rarely referred to in its ancient discourses. The Buddhist texts do not describe the Indian society as divided into the four varṇas of "Brahmins, Ksạtriyas, Vaiśyas and Śūdras". Instead, states Bronkhorst, the bulk of society is described as consisting of "householders" (Pāli:
3373:
3934:, nor is it found in any Vedanga literature such as the Shrauta-sutras or Grihya-sutras. The word is almost entirely missing, in any context, from ancient Sanskrit literature composed before the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE, and it scarcely appears in the dharmasutras. Increasing mentions of it appear in the dharmasastras of mid to late 1st millennium CE. The presence of the word
60:
3605:, the Vedic text's mention of Shudra and other varnas has been seen as its origin, and that "in the varna ordering of society, notions of purity and pollution were central and activities were worked out in this context" and it is "formulaic and orderly, dividing society into four groups arranged in a hierarchy". According to Sharma, the Shudra class originated from
4981:, p. 134: "Thus the dharmashastras sought to establish a divorce between literate education, which was confined to the members of the twice born varnas, and technical training which lay in the sphere of the shudras. It was also stated that Vedic study impedes pursuit of pursuit of agriculture and vice versa."
4278:
3961:
hereditary occupation aspect of Shudra and other varnas was missing from large parts of India, and all four varnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and
Shudras) were agriculturalists, traders or became warriors in large numbers depending on economic opportunity and circumstantial necessities. According to Ghurye:
3960:
Other sources state that this statement of occupations of Shudra is a theoretical discussion found in select texts, it is not historical. Other Hindu texts such as the epics, states Naheem Jabbar, assert that
Shudras played other roles such as kings and ministers. According to Ghurye, in reality, the
5069:
His emphasis on the education of the
Shudras is well explained in his own words: For want of education intellect deteriorated, For want of intellect morality decayed, For want of morality progress stopped, For want of progress wealth vanished, For want of wealth Shudra perished and all these sorrows
3858:
but allowed them to learn arts and crafts such as elephant training, etc. He also adds that texts denied them Vedic education as it was believed to impede agriculture and vice versa. While the other varnas showed varying degrees of literacy, the
Shudras were generally illiterate. The social reformer
5365:
5208:
an extract from Pali work
Majjima Nikaya tell us ... shudras by the sickle and ears of corn. A large number of Shudras appear to be agricultural laborers. Shudras were not entitled to learn Vedas, and a precept says, 'Vedas are the destroyer of agriculture and agriculture is the destroyer of
5272:
At its beginning or a little before the millennium, the
Manusmriti considers the pursuit of agriculture blameworthy because the 'wooden with the iron point injures the earth and the living in the earth'. Thus, by an appeal to the doctrine of ahimsa, so much promoted by Buddhism and Jainism, the
3992:) have typically been the temple priests, though depending on the demographics, a temple priest may also be a Brahmin (Brahmana), Kshatriya (Ksatrya) or Vaishya. In most regions, it has been the Shudra who typically make offerings to the gods on behalf of the Hindu devotees, chant prayers, recite
3466:
society, also "The terms Vaisya and Sudra did not correspond to any clear-cut social units, even in the ancient period, but various groups were subsumed under each term ; In medieval times (say AD 500–1500) though society was still said to consist of the four classes, this classification seems to
3965:
Though theoretically the position of the
Shudras was very low, there is evidence to show that many of them were well-to-do. Some of them succeeded in marrying their daughters in royal families. Sumitra, one of the 3 wives of king Dasharatha, was a Shudra. Some of them even worked their way up to
4142:. Sharma criticised Ambedkar for relying solely on translations of texts for his information, and stated Ambedkar wrote the book with the sole purpose to prove Shudras were of high caste origin, which was very popular among the highly educated parts of the lower castes during that time period.
3598:"is there any evidence of restrictions regarding food and marriage either between the Dasa and Aryan, or between the Shudra and the higher varnas". Further, adds Sharma, in late Atharva Veda, "Shudra does not come in for notice, probably because his varna did not exist at that stage".
4287:, pp. 15–17, Quote: "This was only generally true, for there were groups of occupations like trading, agriculture, labouring in the field and doing military service which were looked upon as anybody's, and most caste were supposed to be eligible for any of them..
4046:
appear as features of people's identity. Occupations were fluid." Evidence shows, according to Eaton, that
Shudras were part of the nobility, and many "father and sons had different professions, suggesting that social status was earned, not inherited" in the Hindu
3675:
argued for the rights of
Shudras and all classes to participate as warriors. Roger Borsche says that this is so because it is in the self-interest of the ruler to "have a people's army fiercely loyal to him precisely because the people had been treated justly".
3582:
and Joel Brereton, "there is no evidence in the Rigveda for an elaborate, much-subdivided and overarching caste system", and "the varna system seems to be embryonic in the Rigveda and, both then and later, a social ideal rather than a social reality". Historian
3941:
The traditional occupation of Shudra as described by Ghurye is agriculture, trade and crafts. However, this categorisation varies by scholar. As per Drekmeier state "Vaishya and Shudra actually shared many occupations and were frequently grouped together".
5374:, pp. 63–64, 102 Quote: "treat both the Vaishyas and the Shudras as almost indistinguishable. The occupations prescribed by Parashara, who is par excellence the mentor of the age, for both of them are the same, viz. agriculture, trade and crafts".
3688:
predominantly discusses the code of conduct (dharma rules) for the Brahmins (priestly class) and the Kshatriyas (king, administration and warrior class). The text mentions Shudras and Vaishyas, but this part is its shortest section. Sections–of the
3782:
sacrifices may be performed by Shudras. These rights and social mobility for Shudras may have arisen in times of lower societal stress and greater economic prosperity, periods that also saw improvement in the social conditions of women.
5100:
Among the most vocal of these supporters was Dr. Shastri, a professor of Ayurvedic medicine at a well-known university, who associated the Caraka Samhita use of shudra for lesser conditions with the shudra (peasant) castes, linking
3867:
For want of education intellect deteriorated, for want of intellect morality decayed, for want of morality progress stopped, for want of progress wealth vanished, for want of wealth Shudra perished and all these sorrows sprang from
3845:
does appear in the Buddhist texts as few exceptions, but states Bronkhorst, only in the context of abstract divisions of society and it seems to "have remained a theoretical concept without any parallel in actual practice".
4038:
is even rarer, through the 13th century. Two rare temple donor records from warrior families of the 14th century claim to be Shudras. One states that Shudras are the bravest, the other states that Shudras are the purest.
3668:
has led to a variety of different interpretations by different translators and commentators, and "the accepted view is that slavery, in the form it was practised in contemporary Greece, did not exist in Kautilyan India".
3775:
states that all four varnas, including the Shudras, may hear the Vedas. Other Hindu texts go further and state that the three varnas – Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya – may acquire knowledge from Shudra teachers, and the
5131:
The ancient texts designate the sudra as a peasant. The distinction between the all-India category of varna and the local and omnipresent category of jati is well brought out by M. N. Srinivas in his famous book
4148:
states Shudra and the other varna is a concept found in all human beings in different proportions. He states that this was externalised and mechanised into a system quite different from what it was intended.
5242:
In same texts, the pure Shudras were described as giver of grain (annada) and householder (grhastha). The reason was that the actual cultivation was generally done by peasants belonging to the Shudras caste.
3566:
was most likely compiled between c. 1500 BCE and 1200 BCE, John Muir in 1868 suggested that the verse that mentions the four varnas has "every character of modernness both in its diction and ideas". The
3809:
Outside of the conflicting stances within the Hindu texts, non-Hindu texts present a different picture about the Shudras. A Buddhist text, states Patton, "refers to Shudras who know the Vedas, grammar,
3664:, but neither as a hereditary slave nor as an economically closed social stratum in a manner that the term Shudra later was interpreted. According to Rangarajan, the law on labour and employment in
3587:
states that "the Rig Vedic society was neither organized on the basis of social division of labour nor on that of differences in wealth... was primarily organised based on kin, tribe and lineage."
5180:, pp. 102–: "The mass of Shudra population seems to be employed in agricultural operations. the Shudra on the use of sickle and the carriage of crops on the pole held over his shoulder."
5303:
For the shudras now took their position as cultivators and the origin of the modern peasant castes of kurmis in Bihar and kunbis in Maharashtra may be traced back to the early medieval period
3696:
Though Manusmriti says Brahmins may seize property from sudra because Sudra owns nothing. Sudra shouldnt accumulate wealth as if he becomes wealthy he might harass brahmin.
4152:
The tenets of Vedic Hinduism in north India held less sway in the south, where the societal divisions were simply Brahmin and Shudra. However, some non-Brahmins, like the
4099:
5654:
3801:
is a significant text because it assumes and asserts that any human being from any social background can achieve the highest spiritual state of existence.
5326:. Volume 7 of Bibliothèque de l'École des Hautes Études, Sciences Religieuses: Série Histoire et prosopographie. Brepols, Belgium. pp. 117–132.
3620:
meaning "nourisher" and associates it with the creation of earth and production activities that nourishes the whole world, and the text calls this
3555:, the purpose of this verse may have been to show that shudras had the same lineage as the other varnas and hence were a section of society in the
4058:
According to Johannes Bronkhorst, none of Ashoka's inscriptions mention the terms Kshatriyas, Vaishyas or Shudras, and only mention Brahmins and
4796:
3759:, a professor of religion specialising in early Indian religions, the rights and status of Shudra vary widely across early Indian texts. The
3797:
discuss varna and include the term Shudra. According to Ashwani Peetush, a professor of philosophy at the Wilfrid Laurier University, the
3837:), without internal distinctions. Even where the Brahmins are mentioned in such a context, they too are referred to as householders, or
3628:, in Hindu mythology, is the charioteer of the sun who knows the paths thereby bringing light, knowledge and life to all. The same word
3559:. On the other hand, it could also represent an attempt to provide a common mythical origin for the heterogenous Brahminical society.
108:
4081:, but also in the Sikh community. Sixty of his compositions were included by the Sikh Gurus of Punjab region as they compiled the
2280:
871:
5485:
Jane Belo (1953), Bali: Temple Festival, Monograph 22, American Ethnological Society, University of Washington Press, pages 4-5
4884:
Mariola Offredi (1997), The banyan tree: essays on early literature in new Indo-Aryan languages, Volume 2, Manohar Publishers,
3854:
Historian R. S. Sharma, after discussing several examples concludes that the dharmaśāstras did not allow the Shudras access to
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5159:
5124:
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4313:
5036:
Although varying degrees of literacy were present among the first three castes, there was absolute illiteracy among Shudras.
2159:
4211:
6052:
5993:
5899:
5873:
5852:
5663:
5554:
4927:
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Richard Eaton, a professor of history, writes, "anyone could become a warrior regardless of social origins, nor do the
3403:
3036:
6134:
4897:
4430:
4421:
4254:
4480:
Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India: Their Religion and Institutions, Volume 1
4922:
Ashwani Peetush (2011), Justice and Religion: Hinduism, in Encyclopedia of Global Justice, Springer Netherlands,
2189:
1025:
4806:
4772:
145:
1618:
3571:
verse is now generally considered to have been inserted at a later date into the Vedic text, possibly as a
2169:
2109:
94:
4030:, for example. This has led Cynthia Talbot, a professor of history and Asian studies, to question whether
717:
6171:
5017:
3609:
who were relegated to that position due "partly through external and partly through internal conflicts".
3339:
3230:
1840:
5721:"Forging a Tamil Caste: Maraimalai Adigal (1876-1950) and the discourse of caste in colonial Tamilnadu"
5260:. Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 156.
3905:. Also, an "outcaste" who entered the profession of agriculture would be absorbed in the Shudra varna.
3863:
blamed the deterioration of the Shudras on illiteracy and emphasised education for them. Phule stated:
3358:
3029:
2933:
1880:
1554:
1239:
551:
1875:
3877:
3335:
2981:
2099:
1835:
128:
113:
3703:
tribes who, neglecting the priests and their rites, had fallen to the status of Shudras. These are:
781:
2891:
2884:
2863:
2572:
2462:
2434:
2164:
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846:
5151:
The Congress Party in Rajasthan: Political Integration and Institution-building in an Indian State
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3106:
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150:
118:
31:
17:
5882:
Varadaraja V. Raman (2006). "Hinduism". In Elizabeth M. Dowling & W. George Scarlett (ed.).
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Women of all nations, a record of their characteristics, habits, manners, customs and influence
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were free men and could not be subject to slavery under any circumstances. The text contrasts
5801:
5720:
5424:
5385:
5191:
5149:
5114:
5083:
4513:
4478:
4244:
4138:, an initiation ritual, by the Brahmins. This claim has been contested by historians such as
3497:
3459:
3345:
3323:
3213:
3078:
2651:
2259:
2139:
1547:
1533:
701:
696:
6144:
Witzel, Michael (1995). "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state".
4179:
4160:(clean Shudra) in an attempt to distinguish themselves from other non-Brahmin communities.
3957:
and other texts state that arts and crafts are the occupational domain of all four varnas.
3793:
3579:
3331:
3327:
3319:
3208:
2870:
2448:
2418:
2249:
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1785:
1679:
5323:
Aux abords de la clairière: études indiennes et comparées en l'honneur de Charles Malamoud
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in documents and inscriptions of medieval India. Supporting evidence for the existence of
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43:
5018:
J. S. Rajput; National Council of Educational Research and Training (India) (2004).
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systems in medieval India has been elusive, and contradicting evidence has emerged.
1860:
1272:
559:
6079:Śūdras in Ancient India: A Social History of the Lower Order Down to Circa A.D. 600
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4077:. The compositions of Namdev have been popular not only in the Hindu community of
4004:
Scholars have tried to locate historical evidence for the existence and nature of
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poet-saints and religious leaders were born in a Shudra family. Examples include
4066:
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3447:, or as a social class. Theoretically, Shudras constituted a class like workers.
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3953:(3rd century) states all arts to be their occupational domain. In contrast, the
1074:
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527:
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4487:
4122:, a social reformer, believed that there were initially only three varnas: the
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3704:
3455:
3290:
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2598:
2492:
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1990:
1940:
1925:
1890:
1845:
1747:
1519:
1380:
1262:
1211:
1196:
1176:
1140:
1069:
851:
806:
757:
515:
140:
6102:
Precolonial India in practice society, region, and identity in medieval Andhra
5582:
The Bhagats of the Guru Granth Sahib: Sikh Self-definition and the Bhagat Bani
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Among the Hindu communities of Bali, Indonesia, the Shudra (locally spelled
1935:
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902:
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was socially significant in the daily lives of this region. The mention of
3967:
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1206:
1181:
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960:
811:
603:
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497:
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3529:. This mention is found in the mythical story of creation embodied in the
3500:. In some cases, Shudras participated in the coronation of kings, or were
3429:
1135:
6005:
Donors, devotees, and daughters of God temple women in medieval Tamilnadu
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Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India
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Religious Liberty and the Law: Theistic and Non-Theistic Perspectives
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from his thighs and the shudra from his feet. According to historian
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4913:, Journal of Social and Economic Development, Vol. 7, No. 1, page 99
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4688:
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3535:. It describes the formation of the four varnas from the body of a
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182:
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51:
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or "twice-born", and their occupational sphere stated as service (
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4844:
4842:
4246:
Rank and Rivalry: The Politics of Inequality in Rural West Bengal
4131:
4123:
4082:
4070:
3894:
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excludes the Shudra students from hearing or learning the Vedas.
3740:
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3148:
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The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra
5320:
Patric Olivelle (2012). Silvia D'Intino, Caterina Guenzi (ed.).
4685:
4658:
3194:
1045:
1040:
866:
6025:
Jewels of Authority: Women and Textual Tradition in Hindu India
5085:
Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India
4174:
4134:, and that the Shudras were the Kshatriyas who were denied the
4074:
3908:
The Shudra, states Marvin Davis, are not required to learn the
3882:
3736:
3732:
3716:
3501:
2977:
2293:
2020:
1905:
1810:
1780:
1775:
1709:
1684:
1473:
1343:
1186:
1161:
1100:
985:
980:
970:
912:
836:
796:
791:
722:
647:
582:
567:
469:
413:
398:
344:
324:
237:
232:
69:
5940:
4839:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4496:
5585:. Oxford University Press. pp. 11–15, 105–107, 119–120.
5547:
A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives
4911:
Review Articles: Perspectives on Dalit Problems and Solutions
4673:
4104:
4026:
is rarely mentioned in the extensive medieval era records of
3927:
3914:
3909:
3823:
3778:
3444:
3180:
3050:
2815:
2327:
1865:
1734:
1644:
1491:
1445:
1425:
1105:
1090:
1030:
1020:
1005:
990:
965:
816:
786:
672:
572:
403:
368:
339:
334:
329:
314:
242:
5693:
5054:
The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice
4700:
4866:
4822:
3720:
3505:
1654:
1435:
1405:
1348:
1095:
1082:
975:
577:
418:
408:
383:
349:
299:
281:
5493:
5491:
4618:
4616:
3996:(Vedas), and set the course of Balinese temple festivals.
5560:
3938:
is a marker that the text is likely a medieval-era text.
5315:
5313:
5311:
6071:. Delhi: Motilal Banarasi Dass – via archive.org.
5908:
5488:
5455:
5443:
5051:
Michael D. Palmer; Stanley M. Burgess (12 March 2012).
4613:
4561:
4559:
4544:
4413:
Material culture and social formations in ancient India
522:
59:
5515:
5291:. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. p. 196.
4364:
5308:
5284:
4854:
3750:
5503:
5467:
5046:
5044:
4641:
The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation
4596:
The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation
4571:
4556:
4532:
4388:
4376:
3693:
state eight rules for Vaishyas and two for Shudras.
5943:
The Rigveda: the earliest religious poetry of India
5884:
Encyclopedia of Religious and Spiritual Development
5881:
5799:
5725:
Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India
5681:
5533:
4966:
4954:
4942:
4483:(2nd ed.). London: Trubner and Co. p. 12.
4458:
4446:
4272:
6082:(Third ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
5106:
4990:
4230:, pp. 60–61, 192–200, 261–267 with footnotes.
5383:
5247:
5112:
5081:
5041:
3480:and it is found in other Hindu texts such as the
6158:
5980:
5778:
5757:The Origin and Development of Classical Hinduism
5422:
5377:
5154:. University of California Press. pp. 33–.
5088:. University of California Press. pp. 68–.
4730:
4718:
4679:
4634:
4589:
4296:
5744:
5662:. Bombay: Thackers. p. xiv. Archived from
5319:
3769:in contrast, mentions Shudra students, and the
5723:. In Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko (eds.).
5578:
5189:
5147:
4972:
4644:. Oxford University Press. pp. 483, 636.
3443:. Some sources translate it into English as a
6042:
6021:
5860:
5704:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFAurobindo1996 (
5390:. Stanford University Press. pp. 85–86.
5227:Changing role of the caste system: a critique
5223:
5193:Society and Religion: From Rugveda to Puranas
4872:
4848:
4833:
4761:Deshpande, Madhav; Hook, Peter Edwin (1979).
4760:
4706:
4694:
4335:Historiography and Writing Postcolonial India
4331:
3397:
5718:
5351:. London New York: Routledge. p. 1026.
5011:
4055:region between the 11th and 14th centuries.
5605:
5183:
5075:
4327:
4325:
5171:
5141:
4984:
4497:Stephanie Jamison & Joel Brereton 2014
4400:
4249:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
3404:
3390:
5941:Stephanie Jamison; Joel Brereton (2014).
5913:. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica.
5823:A social history of the Deccan, 1300–1761
5699:
5217:
5166:The Shudra included peasants and artisans
4361:, pp. 54–61, 267–268 with footnotes.
4238:
4236:
3508:"kings" according to early Indian texts.
6126:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300
5959:
5652:
5566:
5285:Dwijendra Narayan Jha (1 January 2004).
4322:
4098:
3876:
3439:of the Hindu caste and social system in
27:One of four varnas (classes) in Hinduism
5429:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 60–61.
5278:
5257:The State and Society in Medieval India
4997:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 272–.
4794:
4599:. Oxford University Press. p. 49.
4518:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 59–60.
3970:is traditionally known to be a Shudra.
2281:Sources and classification of scripture
14:
6159:
6143:
6119:
6098:
6075:
6061:
5917:
5782:Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture
5750:
5687:
5497:
5473:
5461:
5449:
5410:
5371:
5349:Companion encyclopedia of anthropology
5346:
5253:
5177:
5119:. Abhinav Publications. pp. 47–.
5057:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 210.
5021:Encyclopaedia of Indian Education: A-K
4978:
4860:
4667:
4622:
4577:
4565:
4550:
4538:
4464:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4284:
4233:
4227:
3999:
3949:mentions Shudra as artisans while the
3885:, Brahmin and Shudra in an 1868 photo.
3786:
3699:In sections 10.43 - 10.44, Manu lists
5927:(Fifth ed.), Popular Prakashan,
5839:
5820:
5632:
5521:
5387:Kingship and Community in Early India
4767:. University of Michigan. p. 8.
4452:
4436:
4242:
3922:) of the other three varna. The word
3458:, particularly relating to castes in
908:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)
903:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)
5803:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism
4476:
3590:According to Sharma, nowhere in the
6002:
5509:
5230:. Rawat Publications. p. 144.
5196:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 76–.
4991:Angus J. L. Menuge (20 July 2017).
4302:"Chapter 8. Caste in the Monastery"
24:
6129:. University of California Press.
5082:Ronald L. Barrett (4 March 2008).
3983:
3804:
3751:Yajnavalkya smriti and Grhyasutras
3652:states, according to Sharma, that
25:
6183:
5960:Novetzke, Christian Lee (2013).
5909:Encyclopedia Britannica (2010).
5224:Sangeet Kumar (1 January 2005).
4751:Patrick Olivelle 2005, page 214.
4742:Patrick Olivelle 2005, page 189.
4156:, adopted the classification of
3371:
58:
5712:
5646:
5626:
5599:
5572:
5539:
5479:
5416:
5340:
5190:Jayant Gadkari (October 1996).
4916:
4903:
4878:
4788:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4628:
4583:
4502:
4470:
4338:. Routledge. pp. 148–149.
4308:. Routledge. pp. 343–357.
4306:Buddhist Precept & Practice
3643:
3607:Indo-Aryans and non-Indo-Aryans
5847:, Cambridge University Press,
5825:. Cambridge University Press.
5785:. Asian Educational Services.
5549:, Cambridge University Press,
5288:Early India: A Concise History
4795:Baldwin, John Denison (1871).
4515:A History of Indian Literature
4290:
4204:
146:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies
13:
1:
5966:. Columbia University Press.
4801:. Sagwan Press. p. 290.
4733:, pp. 16, 8–14, 206–207.
4512:; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1996).
4193:
4094:
4065:Several popular medieval era
3872:
3679:
3632:is, however, associated in a
3202:Other society-related topics:
898:Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)
5800:Johannes Bronkhorst (2011).
5745:General and cited references
5727:. Primus Books. p. 96.
5426:Exploring India'S Sacred Art
5413:, pp. 263–269, 342–345.
4945:, p. 34 with footnotes.
4764:Aryan and Non-Aryan in India
4198:
3889:Traditionally, Shudras were
3849:
3543:emerged from his mouth, the
3313:Hinduism and other religions
2110:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati
7:
6105:. Oxford University Press.
6076:Sharma, Ram Sharan (1990).
6028:. Oxford University Press.
6007:. Oxford University Press.
5988:. Oxford University Press.
5945:. Oxford University Press.
5845:An Introduction to Hinduism
5719:Vaitheespara, Ravi (2011).
4163:
3791:Medieval era texts such as
3430:
3058:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram
3030:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
763:Arishadvargas (six enemies)
707:Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)
702:Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)
10:
6188:
5892:10.4135/9781412952477.n114
5612:. Routledge. p. 114.
5384:Charles Drekmeier (1962).
5113:G. Krishnan-Kutty (1986).
4212:"Sudra | Encyclopedia.com"
3511:
2934:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
1619:Gurus, sants, philosophers
1555:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
743:Uparati (self-settledness)
29:
5779:D. R. Bhandarkar (1989).
5545:Richard M. Eaton (2005),
5423:Stella Kramrisch (1994).
4670:, p. 163 (1990:177).
4416:. Macmillan. p. 51.
3525:appears only once in the
2100:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati
758:Samadhana (concentration)
622:Three paths to liberation
129:Tribal religions in India
114:Historical Vedic religion
109:Indus Valley Civilisation
6099:Talbot, Cynthia (2001).
5752:Basham, Arthur Llewellyn
5534:Johannes Bronkhorst 2011
4967:Johannes Bronkhorst 2011
4955:Johannes Bronkhorst 2011
4943:Johannes Bronkhorst 2011
4273:Varadaraja V. Raman 2006
4111:of the sudra caste in a
3926:is neither found in any
3516:
3467:have become irrelevant"
934:, sacrifice, and charity
6068:Śūdras in Ancient India
5924:Caste and Race in India
5821:Eaton, Richard (2008).
5762:Oxford University Press
5653:Ambedkar, B.R. (1970).
5609:Sikh Art and Literature
5579:Pashaura Singh (2003).
5148:Richard Sisson (1971).
5070:sprang from illiteracy.
3977:Caste and Race in India
3648:The ancient Hindu text
3616:appears in a Vedic-era
3107:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
2320:Timeline of Hindu texts
2225:Siddharameshwar Maharaj
1258:Pumsavana Simantonayana
913:Śabda (word, testimony)
151:Epic-Puranic chronology
119:Dravidian folk religion
32:Shudra (disambiguation)
6043:LN Rangarajan (1992).
6022:Laurie Patton (2002).
5760:(Reprinted ed.).
5254:Grewal, J. S. (2005).
5134:The Remembered Village
4909:M.V. Nadkarni (2005),
4332:Naheem Jabbar (2009).
4243:Davis, Marvin (1983).
4116:
3981:
3886:
3870:
3072:Eighteen Greater Texts
2701:Brahma Vaivarta Purana
2130:Krishnananda Saraswati
1374:Vijayadashami-Dussehra
888:Pratyakṣa (perception)
748:Titiksha (forbearance)
5911:"Shudra: Hindu Class"
5886:. SAGE Publications.
5024:. NCERT. p. 22.
4731:Patrick Olivelle 2005
4721:, pp. 16, 62–65.
4719:Patrick Olivelle 2005
4680:D. R. Bhandarkar 1989
4186:Who Were the Shudras?
4102:
3963:
3880:
3865:
3539:. It states that the
3435:) is one of the four
3188:Varna-related topics:
3079:Eighteen Lesser Texts
2652:Devi Bhagavata Purana
1548:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
1534:Achintya Bheda Abheda
1466:Philosophical schools
768:Ahamkara (attachment)
728:Vairagya (dispassion)
656:Mokṣa-related topics:
6047:. Penguin Classics.
6003:Orr, Leslie (2000).
5656:Who were the Shudras
5606:Kerry Brown (2002).
5347:Ingold, Tim (1994).
4798:Pre-Historic Nations
4180:Other Backward Class
4120:Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar
3799:Vajrasuchi Upanishad
3794:Vajrasuchi Upanishad
3624:as Shudra. The term
3580:Stephanie W. Jamison
3320:Hinduism and Jainism
2250:Vethathiri Maharishi
2155:Nisargadatta Maharaj
723:Viveka (discernment)
98:(500/200 BCE–300 CE)
30:For other uses, see
5634:Joyce, Thomas Athol
4697:, pp. 103–104.
4477:Muir, John (1868).
4275:, pp. 200–204.
4113:horse-drawn vehicle
4000:Historical evidence
3966:throne. The famous
3831:Johannes Bronkhorst
3787:Medieval Upanishads
3761:Apastamba Grhysutra
3547:from his arms, the
3460:Sri Lankan Buddhist
3378:Hinduism portal
3257:Hinduism by country
3093:Iraiyanar Akapporul
3037:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
2120:Dayananda Saraswati
2105:Bhaktivinoda Thakur
2011:Sripada Srivallabha
1951:Raghunatha Siromani
1916:Narasimha Saraswati
893:Anumāṇa (inference)
6172:Varnas in Hinduism
5986:Manu's Code of Law
5806:. BRILL Academic.
5702:, pp. 740–747
5536:, pp. 32, 36.
5116:Peasantry in India
4873:Laurie Patton 2002
4849:Laurie Patton 2002
4834:Laurie Patton 2002
4707:LN Rangarajan 1992
4695:Roger Boesche 2013
4408:Sharma, Ram Sharan
4117:
4103:A 1908 photo of a
4051:population in the
3887:
3766:Yajnavalkya Smriti
3272:Caribbean Shaktism
2991:Kanakadhara Stotra
2240:U. G. Krishnamurti
2220:Satyadhyana Tirtha
1816:Gangesha Upadhyaya
1474:Six Astika schools
718:Ānanda (happiness)
697:Anātman (non-self)
6112:978-0-19-513661-6
6089:978-81-208-0706-8
6035:978-0-19-513478-0
6014:978-0-19-509962-1
5973:978-0-23151-256-5
5952:978-0-19-937018-4
5934:978-81-7154-205-5
5832:978-0-521-51442-2
5813:978-90-04-20140-8
5792:978-81-206-0457-5
5771:978-0-19-507349-2
5734:978-9-38060-721-4
5669:on 19 August 2014
5619:978-1-134-63136-0
5592:978-0-19-566269-6
5569:, pp. 54–55.
5524:, pp. 15–16.
5512:, pp. 30–31.
5500:, pp. 50–51.
5464:, pp. 16–17.
5452:, pp. 15–16.
5436:978-81-208-1208-6
5397:978-0-8047-0114-3
5358:978-0-415-28604-6
5333:978-2-503-54472-4
5298:978-81-7304-587-5
5267:978-0-19-566720-2
5237:978-81-7033-881-9
5203:978-81-7154-743-2
5161:978-0-520-01808-2
5126:978-81-7017-215-4
5095:978-0-520-25218-9
5064:978-1-4443-5537-6
5031:978-81-7450-303-9
5004:978-1-351-98266-5
4957:, pp. 34–35.
4851:, pp. 90–91.
4651:978-0-19-535242-9
4625:, pp. 49–50.
4606:978-0-19-535242-9
4525:978-81-208-0264-3
4499:, pp. 57–58.
4373:, pp. 25–26.
4345:978-1-134-01040-0
4315:978-1-136-15616-8
4088:Guru Granth Sahib
3839:Brāhmaṇa-gahapati
3585:Ram Sharan Sharma
3553:Ram Sharan Sharma
3414:
3413:
3265:Balinese Hinduism
2764:Markandeya Purana
2001:Satyanatha Tirtha
1956:Raghuttama Tirtha
1946:Raghavendra Swami
1791:Ramdas Kathiababa
872:Sources of dharma
738:Dama (temperance)
733:Sama (equanimity)
99:
16:(Redirected from
6179:
6153:
6140:
6116:
6093:
6072:
6058:
6045:The Arthashastra
6039:
6018:
5999:
5982:Patrick Olivelle
5977:
5956:
5937:
5914:
5905:
5878:
5857:
5836:
5817:
5796:
5775:
5739:
5738:
5716:
5710:
5709:
5700:Aurobindo (1996)
5697:
5691:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5668:
5661:
5650:
5644:
5643:
5630:
5624:
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5603:
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5576:
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5564:
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5531:
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5507:
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5477:
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5447:
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5337:
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5306:
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5079:
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5048:
5039:
5038:
5015:
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5008:
4988:
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4958:
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4946:
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4914:
4907:
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4876:
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4858:
4852:
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4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4636:Patrick Olivelle
4632:
4626:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4591:Patrick Olivelle
4587:
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4554:
4553:, p. 44–45.
4548:
4542:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4510:Moriz Winternitz
4506:
4500:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4404:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4380:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4298:Richard Gombrich
4294:
4288:
4282:
4276:
4270:
4261:
4260:
4240:
4231:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4208:
3979:
3912:. They were not
3504:"ministers" and
3452:Richard Gombrich
3433:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3336:and Christianity
3306:Pilgrimage sites
3236:Reform movements
3114:Vinayagar Agaval
3065:Five Great Epics
3014:Tamil literature
2913:Sushruta Samhita
2708:Bhavishya Purana
2694:Brahmanda Purana
2645:Bhagavata Purana
2573:Other scriptures
2135:Mahavatar Babaji
1715:Satyakama Jabala
1386:Ganesh Chaturthi
1240:Rites of passage
753:Shraddha (faith)
171:Major traditions
97:
62:
39:
38:
21:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6178:
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6176:
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6156:
6137:
6113:
6090:
6055:
6036:
6015:
5996:
5974:
5953:
5935:
5902:
5876:
5855:
5841:Flood, Gavin D.
5833:
5814:
5793:
5772:
5747:
5742:
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5713:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5686:
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5672:
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5659:
5651:
5647:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5604:
5600:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5565:
5561:
5557:, pages 129-130
5544:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5508:
5504:
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5489:
5484:
5480:
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5218:
5210:
5204:
5188:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5146:
5142:
5127:
5111:
5107:
5096:
5080:
5076:
5065:
5049:
5042:
5032:
5016:
5012:
5005:
4989:
4985:
4977:
4973:
4965:
4961:
4953:
4949:
4941:
4934:
4930:, pages 596–600
4921:
4917:
4908:
4904:
4883:
4879:
4871:
4867:
4859:
4855:
4847:
4840:
4832:
4823:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4793:
4789:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4741:
4737:
4729:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4705:
4701:
4693:
4686:
4678:
4674:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4633:
4629:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4588:
4584:
4576:
4572:
4564:
4557:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4507:
4503:
4495:
4488:
4475:
4471:
4463:
4459:
4451:
4447:
4435:
4431:
4424:
4405:
4401:
4393:
4389:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4346:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4279:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4241:
4234:
4226:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4166:
4097:
4067:Bhakti movement
4002:
3986:
3984:Bali, Indonesia
3980:
3974:
3875:
3852:
3807:
3805:Non-Hindu texts
3789:
3753:
3682:
3646:
3519:
3514:
3474:appears in the
3410:
3372:
3370:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3314:
3280:
3259:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3203:
3136:
3128:
3120:
3119:
3016:
2984:
2906:Charaka Samhita
2885:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
2843:Shilpa Shastras
2822:
2775:
2659:Naradiya Purana
2631:
2626:
2601:
2575:
2534:
2398:
2330:
2314:
2283:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2210:Shirdi Sai Baba
2205:Sathya Sai Baba
2185:Ramana Maharshi
2089:
2056:Vadiraja Tirtha
2051:Vācaspati Miśra
1931:Srinivasacharya
1911:Narahari Tirtha
1891:Matsyendranatha
1876:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
1841:Jagannatha Dasa
1831:Haridasa Thakur
1750:
1629:
1621:
1611:
1610:
1566:
1527:Vishishtadvaita
1476:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1411:Makar Sankranti
1391:Vasant Panchami
1354:Maha Shivaratri
1338:
1242:
1151:
1085:
1054:
935:
926:
918:
917:
882:
776:
713:Prajña (wisdom)
709:
686:
650:
624:
593:
562:
560:Meaning of life
547:God in Hinduism
536:
500:
498:Supreme reality
475:Subtle elements
464:
445:
439:
429:
428:
284:
253:
227:
219:
209:
208:
205:
172:
166:
156:
155:
100:
95:Hindu synthesis
91:
86:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6185:
6175:
6174:
6169:
6155:
6154:
6141:
6135:
6121:Thapar, Romila
6117:
6111:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6088:
6059:
6054:978-0140446036
6053:
6040:
6034:
6019:
6013:
6000:
5995:978-0195171464
5994:
5978:
5972:
5957:
5951:
5938:
5933:
5915:
5906:
5901:978-0761928836
5900:
5879:
5875:978-0739104019
5874:
5858:
5854:978-0521438780
5853:
5837:
5831:
5818:
5812:
5797:
5791:
5776:
5770:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5733:
5711:
5692:
5680:
5645:
5625:
5618:
5598:
5591:
5571:
5559:
5555:978-0521716277
5538:
5526:
5514:
5502:
5487:
5478:
5466:
5454:
5442:
5435:
5415:
5403:
5396:
5376:
5364:
5357:
5339:
5332:
5307:
5297:
5277:
5266:
5246:
5236:
5216:
5202:
5182:
5170:
5160:
5140:
5125:
5105:
5094:
5074:
5063:
5040:
5030:
5010:
5003:
4983:
4971:
4959:
4947:
4932:
4928:978-1402091599
4915:
4902:
4877:
4865:
4863:, p. 293.
4853:
4838:
4821:
4807:
4787:
4773:
4753:
4744:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4709:, p. 411.
4699:
4684:
4672:
4657:
4650:
4627:
4612:
4605:
4582:
4570:
4555:
4543:
4531:
4524:
4501:
4486:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4429:
4422:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4344:
4321:
4314:
4289:
4277:
4262:
4255:
4232:
4217:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4096:
4093:
4085:scripture the
4028:Andhra Pradesh
4001:
3998:
3985:
3982:
3975:G. C. Ghurye,
3972:
3955:Parasarasmriti
3874:
3871:
3861:Jyotirao Phule
3851:
3848:
3806:
3803:
3788:
3785:
3752:
3749:
3681:
3678:
3645:
3642:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3456:Buddhist texts
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3209:Discrimination
3205:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3100:Abirami Antati
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2985:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2948:Ramcharitmanas
2944:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2899:Pramana Sutras
2895:
2888:
2881:
2874:
2871:Mimamsa Sutras
2867:
2864:Samkhya Sutras
2860:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2829:Dharma Shastra
2824:
2823:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2463:Shvetashvatara
2459:
2452:
2445:
2438:
2435:Brihadaranyaka
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Upasni Maharaj
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2071:Vedanta Desika
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1991:Samarth Ramdas
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:Purandara Dasa
1938:
1933:
1928:
1926:Nimbarkacharya
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1846:Jayanta Bhatta
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1381:Raksha Bandhan
1378:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1263:Simantonnayana
1260:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1212:Carnatic music
1209:
1204:
1199:
1197:Bhagavata Mela
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:Kundalini yoga
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
937:
936:
930:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
884:
883:
878:
875:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
778:
777:
774:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
704:
699:
694:
688:
687:
684:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
659:
658:
652:
651:
646:
643:
642:
637:
632:
626:
625:
620:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
595:
594:
591:Stages of life
589:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
564:
563:
558:
555:
554:
552:God and gender
549:
544:
538:
537:
534:
531:
530:
525:
520:
519:
518:
513:
502:
501:
496:
493:
492:
487:
485:Gross elements
482:
477:
472:
466:
465:
462:
459:
458:
453:
447:
446:
443:
440:
435:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
359:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
296:
295:
286:
285:
275:
272:
271:
266:
261:
255:
254:
249:
246:
245:
240:
235:
229:
228:
223:
220:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
199:
196:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
173:
170:
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
148:
143:
141:Itihasa-Purana
132:
131:
126:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
87:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
72:
64:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6184:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:Shudra castes
6165:
6164:
6162:
6151:
6147:
6142:
6138:
6136:9780520242258
6132:
6128:
6127:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6085:
6081:
6080:
6074:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6063:Sharma, R. S.
6060:
6056:
6050:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6027:
6026:
6020:
6016:
6010:
6006:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5965:
5964:
5958:
5954:
5948:
5944:
5939:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5919:Ghurye, G. S.
5916:
5912:
5907:
5903:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5880:
5877:
5871:
5868:, Lexington,
5867:
5863:
5862:Roger Boesche
5859:
5856:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5805:
5804:
5798:
5794:
5788:
5784:
5783:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5736:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5707:
5701:
5696:
5689:
5684:
5665:
5658:
5657:
5649:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5621:
5615:
5611:
5610:
5602:
5594:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5575:
5568:
5567:Novetzke 2013
5563:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5535:
5530:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5506:
5499:
5494:
5492:
5482:
5476:, p. 63.
5475:
5470:
5463:
5458:
5451:
5446:
5438:
5432:
5428:
5427:
5419:
5412:
5407:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5380:
5373:
5368:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5289:
5281:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5250:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5229:
5228:
5220:
5213:
5205:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5186:
5179:
5174:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5144:
5137:
5135:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5109:
5102:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5078:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5047:
5045:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5014:
5006:
5000:
4996:
4995:
4987:
4980:
4975:
4969:, p. 35.
4968:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4944:
4939:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4912:
4906:
4899:
4898:9788173042775
4895:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4875:, p. 91.
4874:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4850:
4845:
4843:
4836:, p. 90.
4835:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4810:
4804:
4800:
4799:
4791:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4757:
4748:
4739:
4732:
4727:
4720:
4715:
4708:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4689:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4662:
4653:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4624:
4619:
4617:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4580:, p. 45.
4579:
4574:
4568:, p. 63.
4567:
4562:
4560:
4552:
4547:
4541:, p. 10.
4540:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4505:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4482:
4481:
4473:
4466:
4461:
4455:, p. 37.
4454:
4449:
4442:
4438:
4433:
4425:
4423:9780333904169
4419:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4397:, p. 32.
4396:
4391:
4385:, p. 33.
4384:
4379:
4372:
4367:
4360:
4355:
4347:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4286:
4281:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4258:
4256:9780521288804
4252:
4248:
4247:
4239:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4222:
4213:
4207:
4203:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4146:Sri Aurobindo
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4092:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3978:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3884:
3879:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3829:According to
3827:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3757:Laurie Patton
3755:According to
3748:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3603:Romila Thapar
3601:According to
3599:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3578:According to
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:Purusha Sukta
3565:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3498:jyotiḥśāstras
3495:
3494:dharmaśāstras
3491:
3490:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3450:According to
3448:
3446:
3442:
3441:ancient India
3438:
3434:
3432:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3407:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3369:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3279:Hindu culture
3277:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Organisations
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2955:Yoga Vasistha
2952:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2920:Natya Shastra
2917:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:Brahma Sutras
2854:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2803:Sthapatyaveda
2800:
2798:
2797:
2796:Gandharvaveda
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:Varaha Purana
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:Skanda Purana
2747:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2687:Brahma Purana
2684:
2682:
2681:
2680:Garuda Purana
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:Matsya Purana
2670:
2668:
2667:
2666:Vāmana Purana
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2638:Vishnu Purana
2635:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2582:Bhagavad Gita
2579:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2165:Radhakrishnan
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Narayana Guru
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2125:Jaggi Vasudev
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Chinmayananda
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Ramprasad Sen
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:Gorakshanatha
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1771:Allama Prabhu
1769:
1767:
1766:Akka Mahadevi
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Abhinavagupta
1754:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Prashastapada
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:Other schools
1563:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1541:Shuddhadvaita
1538:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Kalaripayattu
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Bharatanatyam
1155:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Nritta-Nritya
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
933:
929:
928:
922:
921:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
881:
877:
876:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
779:
773:
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
683:
682:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:
654:
653:
649:
645:
644:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
627:
623:
619:
618:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
588:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
561:
557:
556:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
533:
532:
529:
526:
524:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
507:
504:
503:
499:
495:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
461:
460:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
442:
441:
438:
433:
432:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:
292:
288:
287:
283:
279:
274:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
252:
248:
247:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
230:
226:
222:
221:
218:
213:
212:
204:
203:
198:
197:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
169:
168:
165:
160:
159:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
96:
93:
92:
90:
82:
81:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
57:
56:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6149:
6145:
6125:
6101:
6078:
6067:
6044:
6024:
6004:
5985:
5962:
5942:
5923:
5883:
5865:
5844:
5822:
5802:
5781:
5756:
5724:
5714:
5695:
5690:, p. 5.
5683:
5671:. Retrieved
5664:the original
5655:
5648:
5638:
5628:
5608:
5601:
5581:
5574:
5562:
5546:
5541:
5529:
5517:
5505:
5481:
5469:
5457:
5445:
5425:
5418:
5406:
5386:
5379:
5367:
5348:
5342:
5322:
5302:
5287:
5280:
5271:
5256:
5249:
5241:
5226:
5219:
5207:
5192:
5185:
5173:
5165:
5150:
5143:
5133:
5130:
5115:
5108:
5099:
5084:
5077:
5068:
5053:
5035:
5020:
5013:
4993:
4986:
4974:
4962:
4950:
4918:
4905:
4880:
4868:
4856:
4812:. Retrieved
4797:
4790:
4778:. Retrieved
4763:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4726:
4714:
4702:
4682:, p. 9.
4675:
4640:
4630:
4595:
4585:
4573:
4546:
4534:
4514:
4504:
4479:
4472:
4467:, p. 4.
4460:
4448:
4432:
4412:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4354:
4334:
4305:
4292:
4280:
4245:
4206:
4184:
4157:
4151:
4144:
4140:R. S. Sharma
4118:
4086:
4064:
4057:
4043:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4003:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3976:
3968:Chandragupta
3964:
3959:
3954:
3951:Vishnusmriti
3950:
3947:Arthashastra
3946:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3888:
3866:
3853:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3808:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3671:
3666:Arthashastra
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3650:Arthashastra
3649:
3647:
3644:Arthashastra
3629:
3625:
3621:
3613:
3611:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3577:
3573:charter myth
3568:
3563:
3561:
3557:Vedic period
3537:primeval man
3532:Puruṣasuktam
3530:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3489:Arthashastra
3487:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3454:'s study of
3449:
3428:
3420:
3416:
3415:
3338: /
3334: /
3330: /
3326: /
3324:and Buddhism
3322: /
3286:Architecture
3249:Other topics
3187:
3170:
3163:
3142:Four varnas:
3141:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3021:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2927:Panchatantra
2925:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2878:Nyāya Sūtras
2876:
2869:
2862:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2836:Artha Śastra
2834:
2827:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2743:Kūrma Purana
2741:
2736:Linga Purana
2734:
2729:Shiva Purana
2727:
2720:
2715:Padma Purana
2713:
2706:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2613:
2606:
2591:s (Hinduism)
2588:
2580:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2501:Atharvaveda:
2500:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2365:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2215:Shraddhanand
2190:Ravi Shankar
2170:R. D. Ranade
2031:Śyāma Śastri
2026:Swaminarayan
1986:Rupa Goswami
1896:Morya Gosavi
1856:Jiva Goswami
1761:Adi Shankara
1587:Pratyabhijña
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1318:Samavartanam
1298:Vidyāraṃbhaṃ
1283:Annaprashana
1207:Dandiya Raas
1182:Mohiniyattam
1075:Nididhyāsana
880:Epistemology
812:Brahmacharya
692:Ātman (self)
655:
599:Brahmacharya
528:Saccidānanda
480:Panchikarana
356:
289:
280: /
276:Other major
200:
134:
133:
88:
36:
5688:Sharma 1990
5498:Talbot 2001
5474:Ghurye 1969
5462:Ghurye 1969
5450:Ghurye 1969
5411:Sharma 1990
5372:Ghurye 1969
5178:Sharma 1990
4979:Sharma 1990
4861:Sharma 1990
4668:Sharma 1958
4623:Sharma 1990
4578:Sharma 1990
4566:Thapar 2004
4551:Sharma 1990
4539:Sharma 1990
4465:Witzel 1995
4439:, pp.
4395:Sharma 1990
4383:Sharma 1990
4371:Basham 1989
4359:Sharma 1990
4285:Ghurye 1969
4228:Sharma 1990
4079:Maharashtra
3903:7th century
3841:. The term
3820:Vaisheshika
3772:Mahabharata
3596:Atharvaveda
3464:Tamil Hindu
3332:and Judaism
3328:and Sikhism
3296:Iconography
3221:Nationalism
3214:Persecution
2998:Shiva Stuti
2892:Yoga Sutras
2722:Agni Purana
2624:Other texts
2615:Mahabharata
2358:Atharvaveda
2255:Vivekananda
2180:Rama Tirtha
2175:Ramakrishna
2150:Nigamananda
2140:Mahesh Yogi
2016:Sripadaraja
2006:Siddheshwar
1901:Mukundarāja
1881:Madhusūdana
1871:Kanaka Dasa
1796:Chakradhara
1740:Yajnavalkya
1730:Vishvamitra
1599:Pancharatra
1497:Vaisheshika
1453:Ratha Yatra
1401:Janmashtami
1396:Rama Navami
1313:Ritushuddhi
1288:Chudakarana
1278:Nishkramana
1248:Garbhadhana
1217:Pandav Lila
1126:Bhakti yoga
1011:Prāyaścitta
782:Niti śastra
630:Bhakti yoga
609:Vānaprastha
424:Vishvakarma
357:Post-Vedic:
193:Vaishnavism
135:Traditional
6161:Categories
5522:Eaton 2008
5136:, ...
4900:, page 442
4808:1340096080
4774:0891480145
4453:Flood 1996
4437:Flood 1996
4194:References
4158:Sat Shudra
4109:bridegroom
4095:Commentary
3932:Upanishads
3873:Occupation
3868:illiteracy
3691:Manusmriti
3686:Manusmriti
3680:Manusmriti
3562:While the
3483:Manusmriti
3172:Varna-less
3044:Tiruppukal
3005:Vayu Stuti
2969:Panchadasi
2962:Swara yoga
2850:Kama Sutra
2789:Dhanurveda
2449:Taittiriya
2427:Yajurveda:
2419:Kaushitaki
2396:Upanishads
2388:Upanishads
2312:Scriptures
2160:Prabhupada
2076:Vidyaranya
1961:Ram Charan
1936:Prabhākara
1851:Jayatīrtha
1806:Dadu Dayal
1801:Chāngadeva
1660:Bharadwaja
1650:Ashtavakra
1416:Kumbh Mela
1364:Durga Puja
1293:Karnavedha
1273:Nāmakaraṇa
1202:Yakshagana
1131:Karma yoga
1121:Jnana yoga
1116:Hatha yoga
1053:Meditation
1026:Tirthadana
807:Aparigraha
663:Paramātman
648:Liberation
640:Karma yoga
635:Jnana yoga
364:Dattatreya
164:Traditions
89:Historical
5921:(1969) ,
5673:17 August
4199:Citations
4170:Sat-Sudra
4136:Upanayana
4128:Kshatriya
3850:Education
3707:, Codas,
3705:Pundrakas
3701:Kshatriya
3618:upanishad
3612:The word
3545:kshatriya
3521:The term
3470:The word
3346:Criticism
3340:and Islam
3301:Mythology
3154:Kshatriya
3086:Athichudi
3023:Tirumurai
2941:Tirumurai
2550:Vyākaraṇa
2486:Chandogya
2478:Samaveda:
2366:Divisions
2344:Yajurveda
2304:Ātmatuṣṭi
2260:Yogananda
2235:Trailanga
2230:Sivananda
2095:Aurobindo
2081:Vyasaraja
2046:Tyagaraja
1996:Sankardev
1966:Ramananda
1861:Jñāneśvar
1836:Harivansh
1821:Gaudapada
1786:Chaitanya
1725:Vashistha
1695:Patanjali
1675:Jamadagni
1594:Vaishnava
1582:Pashupata
1359:Navaratri
1336:Festivals
1303:Upanayana
1268:Jatakarma
1253:Pumsavana
1172:Kuchipudi
1167:Kathakali
1136:Rāja yoga
1070:Samādhāna
951:Prarthana
925:Practices
852:Svādhyāya
456:Mythology
451:Cosmology
444:Worldview
389:Kartikeya
320:Prajapati
259:Saraswati
6123:(2004).
6065:(1958).
5984:(2005).
5864:(2013),
5843:(1996),
5754:(1989).
5636:(1908).
5510:Orr 2000
4890:46731068
4638:(1998).
4593:(1998).
4410:(1983).
4300:(2012).
4164:See also
4154:Vellalar
4060:Śramaṇas
4049:Kakatiya
3973:—
3899:Xuanzang
3895:artisans
3891:peasants
3856:literacy
3835:gahapati
3729:Pahlavas
3713:Kambojas
3709:Dravidas
3673:Kautilya
3636:text to
3634:Brahmana
3425:Sanskrit
3359:Glossary
3291:Calendar
3226:Hindutva
3149:Brahmana
2820:samhitas
2812:Shastras
2782:Ayurveda
2773:Upavedas
2608:Ramayana
2599:Itihasas
2565:Jyotisha
2532:Vedangas
2516:Mandukya
2412:Aitareya
2404:Rigveda:
2383:Aranyaka
2378:Brahmana
2351:Samaveda
2066:Valluvar
2061:Vallabha
2041:Tulsidas
1971:Ramanuja
1921:Nayanars
1906:Namadeva
1748:Medieval
1690:Kashyapa
1606:Charvaka
1577:Kapalika
1441:Puthandu
1431:Vaisakhi
1328:Antyesti
1308:Keshanta
1232:Adimurai
1227:Silambam
1192:Sattriya
1177:Manipuri
862:Mitahara
842:Santosha
802:Achourya
614:Sannyasa
604:Gṛhastha
463:Ontology
437:Concepts
225:Trimurti
188:Smartism
183:Shaktism
178:Shaivism
52:Hinduism
44:a series
42:Part of
4814:25 June
4780:24 June
4132:Vaishya
4124:Brahmin
4083:Sikhism
4071:Tukaram
3901:in the
3816:Samkhya
3812:Mimamsa
3741:Daradas
3737:Kiratas
3725:Paradas
3717:Yavanas
3638:Vaishya
3564:Rigveda
3549:vaishya
3541:brahmin
3527:Rigveda
3512:History
3477:Rigveda
3421:Shoodra
3364:Outline
3159:Vaishya
3127:Society
2978:Stotras
2629:Puranas
2555:Nirukta
2545:Chandas
2540:Shiksha
2523:Prashna
2509:Mundaka
2373:Samhita
2337:Rigveda
2200:Samarth
2036:Tukaram
1981:Ravidas
1720:Valmiki
1670:Jaimini
1640:Angiras
1635:Agastya
1627:Ancient
1513:Advaita
1507:Vedanta
1502:Mīmāṃsā
1482:Samkhya
1369:Ramlila
1111:Sādhanā
1001:Tarpana
986:Kīrtana
981:Bhajana
932:Worship
857:Shaucha
832:Akrodha
678:Saṃsāra
542:Ishvara
511:Nirguna
506:Brahman
470:Tattvas
394:Krishna
379:Hanuman
374:Ganesha
310:Chandra
305:Ashvins
269:Parvati
264:Lakshmi
251:Tridevi
217:Deities
124:Śramaṇa
104:History
85:Origins
75:History
18:Shudras
6133:
6109:
6086:
6051:
6032:
6011:
5992:
5970:
5949:
5931:
5898:
5872:
5851:
5829:
5810:
5789:
5768:
5731:
5616:
5589:
5553:
5433:
5394:
5355:
5330:
5295:
5264:
5234:
5209:Vedas.
5200:
5158:
5123:
5092:
5061:
5028:
5001:
4926:
4896:
4888:
4805:
4771:
4648:
4603:
4522:
4420:
4342:
4312:
4253:
4188:(Book)
4175:Chuhra
4075:Namdev
4053:Deccan
3994:meweda
3990:Soedra
3883:Gurkha
3745:Khasas
3733:Chinas
3662:Shudra
3592:Ṛgveda
3502:amatya
3472:Shudra
3437:varnas
3417:Shudra
3164:Shudra
2982:stutis
2818:, and
2816:sutras
2470:Maitri
2195:Ramdas
2088:Modern
2021:Surdas
1886:Madhva
1811:Eknath
1781:Basava
1776:Alvars
1710:Raikva
1700:Pāṇini
1685:Kapila
1680:Kanada
1665:Gotama
1572:Shaiva
1520:Dvaita
1421:Pongal
1344:Diwali
1323:Vivaha
1187:Odissi
1162:Kathak
1101:Yogini
1065:Dhyana
1016:Tirtha
971:Bhakti
961:Temple
956:Śrauta
837:Arjava
797:Ahimsa
792:Niyama
775:Ethics
583:Moksha
568:Dharma
516:Saguna
414:Shakti
399:Kubera
345:Varuna
325:Pushan
238:Vishnu
233:Brahma
70:Hindus
5667:(PDF)
5660:(PDF)
5211:'
4441:36-37
4105:bride
4032:varna
4024:Varna
4014:varna
4006:varna
3936:dvija
3928:Vedas
3924:Dvija
3915:dvija
3910:Vedas
3843:vaṇṇa
3824:lagna
3779:yajna
3721:Sakas
3660:with
3658:Aryas
3654:Aryas
3630:pusan
3626:Pusan
3622:Pusan
3614:pusan
3523:śūdra
3517:Vedas
3506:rajas
3445:caste
3431:Śūdra
3181:Dalit
3134:Varna
3051:Kural
2589:Agama
2560:Kalpa
2456:Katha
2328:Vedas
2299:Ācāra
2294:Smṛti
2289:Śruti
2273:Texts
1866:Kabir
1735:Vyasa
1645:Aruni
1492:Nyaya
1446:Vishu
1426:Ugadi
1106:Asana
1091:Sadhu
1060:Tapas
1031:Matha
1021:Yatra
1006:Vrata
991:Yajna
966:Murti
847:Tapas
822:Damah
817:Satya
787:Yamas
673:Karma
573:Artha
490:Guṇas
404:Radha
369:Durga
340:Ushas
335:Surya
330:Rudra
315:Indra
291:Vedic
282:Devis
278:Devas
243:Shiva
6152:(4).
6146:EJVS
6131:ISBN
6107:ISBN
6084:ISBN
6049:ISBN
6030:ISBN
6009:ISBN
5990:ISBN
5968:ISBN
5947:ISBN
5929:ISBN
5896:ISBN
5870:ISBN
5849:ISBN
5827:ISBN
5808:ISBN
5787:ISBN
5766:ISBN
5729:ISBN
5706:help
5675:2014
5614:ISBN
5587:ISBN
5551:ISBN
5431:ISBN
5392:ISBN
5353:ISBN
5328:ISBN
5293:ISBN
5262:ISBN
5232:ISBN
5198:ISBN
5156:ISBN
5121:ISBN
5101:both
5090:ISBN
5059:ISBN
5026:ISBN
4999:ISBN
4924:ISBN
4894:ISBN
4886:OCLC
4816:2018
4803:ISBN
4782:2018
4769:ISBN
4646:ISBN
4601:ISBN
4520:ISBN
4418:ISBN
4340:ISBN
4310:ISBN
4251:ISBN
4130:and
4107:and
4073:and
4044:jati
4036:jati
4018:jati
4016:and
4010:jati
4008:and
3945:The
3930:and
3920:seva
3893:and
3822:and
3743:and
3684:The
3496:and
3462:and
3195:Jāti
2980:and
2493:Kena
2442:Isha
1655:Atri
1487:Yoga
1436:Bihu
1406:Onam
1349:Holi
1149:Arts
1096:Yogi
1083:Yoga
1046:Sevā
1041:Dāna
996:Homa
976:Japa
946:Ārtī
941:Puja
867:Dāna
827:Dayā
685:Mind
668:Maya
578:Kama
419:Sita
409:Rama
384:Kali
350:Vayu
300:Agni
202:List
5888:doi
3826:".
3594:or
3419:or
535:God
6163::
6148:.
5894:.
5764:.
5490:^
5310:^
5301:.
5270:.
5240:.
5206:.
5164:.
5129:.
5098:.
5067:.
5043:^
5034:.
4935:^
4892:,
4841:^
4824:^
4687:^
4660:^
4615:^
4558:^
4489:^
4324:^
4304:.
4265:^
4235:^
4220:^
4126:,
4091:.
4062:.
3881:A
3818:,
3814:,
3747:.
3739:,
3735:,
3731:,
3727:,
3723:,
3719:,
3715:,
3711:,
3640:.
3575:.
3492:,
3486:,
3427::
2814:,
523:Om
46:on
6150:1
6139:.
6115:.
6092:.
6057:.
6038:.
6017:.
5998:.
5976:.
5955:.
5904:.
5890::
5835:.
5816:.
5795:.
5774:.
5737:.
5708:)
5677:.
5642:.
5622:.
5595:.
5439:.
5400:.
5361:.
5336:.
5007:.
4818:.
4784:.
4654:.
4609:.
4528:.
4443:.
4426:.
4348:.
4318:.
4259:.
4214:.
4115:.
3423:(
3405:e
3398:t
3391:v
3174::
293::
34:.
20:)
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