47:
603:
861:
Wechsler, Howard J.; Twitchett, Dennis C. (1979). Denis C. Twitchett; John K. Fairbank, eds. The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part I. Cambridge University Press. pp. 225–227.
803:
Tremblay, Xavier (2007). "The Spread of
Buddhism in Serindia: Buddhism Among Iranians, Tocharians and Turks before the 13th Century". In Heirman, Ann; Bumbacker, Stephan Peter (eds.).
1199:
1194:
440:
338:
139:
46:
127:
115:
103:
466:
151:
485:
470:
1209:
1204:
564:
579:
group was what
Kanchaki belonged to. It is believed that the Tarim Basin was linguistically Turkified before the end of the 11th century.
477:
759:
525:
497:
489:
513:
493:
1099:
1072:
1045:
1018:
970:
916:
867:
812:
553:. In 673 the Shule kingdom declared itself a vassal of the Tang, but was not reconquered by the Tang Chinese until 692 AD.
1219:
846:
1089:
546:
between 649 and 670, after 670 one of the garrisons was changed, but
Kashgar was still a seat of the four garrisons.
1114:
Bonavia, Judy (2004). The Silk Road From Xi’an to
Kashgar. Revised by Christoph Baumer. 2004. Odyssey Publications.
1062:
1035:
469:'s murder of the current ruler (name unknown), the Han declared war on the Shule, ending in the unsuccessful
1008:
504:. They gained independence from the Gokturks in 630, when the Gokturks fell in battle to the Chinese
421:
78:
1214:
1150:
543:
962:
Xinjiang and the
Expansion of Chinese Communist Power: Kashgar in the Early Twentieth Century
960:
993:
655:
1064:
History of
Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
1037:
History of
Civilizations of Central Asia: The crossroads of civilizations, A.D. 250 to 750
8:
667:
436:
679:
588:
568:
557:
389:
476:
By the end of the
Eastern Han period (220 AD), Shule had conquered the city-states of
1095:
1068:
1041:
1014:
966:
912:
863:
842:
808:
413:
385:
1124:
461:
when they were exploring their borders. In 127 AD Shule began to pay tribute to the
572:
373:
987:
687:
651:
596:
401:
393:
659:
631:
619:
610:
The
Northern Silk Road that passed through Kashgar split off into the northern
550:
432:
331:
297:
204:
1188:
691:
683:
663:
576:
417:
409:
74:
639:
623:
571:
within Kashgar's vicinity, some non-Turkic languages like the Kanchaki and
505:
428:
284:
271:
248:
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611:
462:
458:
191:
51:
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592:
521:
360:
1033:
769:
517:
695:
647:
635:
602:
501:
397:
235:
217:
615:
500:. In the 5th century the Shule kingdom became a tributary of the
481:
435:
in the late 8th century and was eventually incorporated into the
405:
63:
54:
in the 3rd century AD (the territory of Shule is colored purple)
911:(illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 30.
774:
671:
643:
509:
1034:
Ahmad Hasan Dani; B. A. Litvinsky; Unesco (January 1, 1996).
749:
Pei Lengleng (裴冷冷) 784–789? / Tang general – Lu Yang (魯陽) 789
627:
381:
356:
452:
1006:
1129:, C.Michael Hogan, the Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham"
1200:
States and territories disestablished in the 8th century
1195:
States and territories established in the 2nd century BC
1010:
Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources
658:. The southern Tarim Basin route ran from Kashgar over
575:
were still used in some areas. It is believed that the
524:. After being conquered by the Tang it was part of the
457:
The earliest mention of the Shule is around 120 BC, by
563:
Kara Khanid Muslim Turks absorbed Kashgar during the
606:
The capital of the Shule Kingdom, Kashgar, is marked
516:. Some sources say that they were only made into a
16:
Ancient Iranian oasis kingdom in contemporary China
985:
1027:
431:from the 7th century, Shule was conquered by the
1186:
1060:
1000:
958:
832:
830:
828:
826:
824:
979:
565:Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang
441:Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang
821:
1081:
1013:. Indiana University Press. pp. 72–.
952:
909:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
412:. Much like the neighboring people of the
45:
807:. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. p. 77.
1210:Former country articles requiring a flag
1054:
992:. Morgan & Scott, Limited. pp.
906:
802:
601:
408:, the source of Kashgar's water being a
216:• Shule becomes a tributary of the
190:• Shule becomes a tributary of the
760:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
556:It is alleged and probably untrue that
526:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
1187:
1087:
1067:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 283–.
514:Tang campaign against the oasis states
1007:Scott Cameron Levi; Ron Sela (2010).
836:
549:In 670 AD Shule was conquered by the
542:. It was one of the stations of the
1205:Former countries in Chinese history
1175:
1091:Cultural Change & Continuity In
989:Islam in China: A Neglected Problem
13:
591:, Shule traded mostly through the
14:
1231:
1061:Ahmad Hasan Dani (January 1999).
959:Michael Dillon (August 1, 2014).
427:Although a vassal of the Chinese
336:
203:• Gained independence from
1169:
1143:
1117:
1108:
943:
934:
925:
900:
891:
882:
873:
855:
837:Su-il, Jeong (July 18, 2016).
796:
787:
1:
780:
536:
529:
270:• Declares vassalage to
234:• Independence from the
223:
179:
34:
888:Twitchett 2000, pp. 116–118.
520:and the Tang had very loose
512:by the Tang, as part of the
7:
1094:. Routledge. pp. 71–.
1088:Akiner (October 28, 2013).
986:Marshall Broomhall (1910).
907:Millward, James A. (2007).
897:Wechsler 1979, pp. 226–228.
753:
10:
1236:
1220:Historical Chinese exonyms
1153:. University of Washington
965:. Routledge. pp. 7–.
841:. Seoul: Seoul Selection.
839:The Silk Road Encyclopedia
582:
450:
446:
260:• Conquered by Tibet
1040:. UNESCO. pp. 283–.
701:
560:in 715 attacked Kashgar.
422:Eastern Iranian languages
377:
352:
311:
307:
294:
281:
268:
258:
245:
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133:
121:
109:
97:
93:
85:
79:Eastern Iranian languages
73:Kanchaki (dialect of the
69:
59:
44:
33:
23:
1151:"Silk Road Trade Routes"
1176:Xue, Zongzheng (1992),
1127:Silk Road, North China
940:Wechsler 1979, p. 226.
879:Whitfield 2004, p. 47.
805:The Spread of Buddhism
746:Pei Guoliang (裴國良) 753
607:
544:Four Garrisons of Anxi
410:river of the same name
283:• Reconquered by
737:Pei Amozhi (裴阿摩支) 627
614:route which ran from
605:
451:Further information:
247:• Vassalized by
111:• 73 AD – 73 AD
70:Common languages
743:Pei Anding (裴安定) 728
740:Pei Yijian (裴夷健) 698
465:. In 168, following
416:, people of Kashgar
392:, in the historical
296:• Conquered by
508:. In 632 AD it was
459:Western Han Chinese
437:Kara-Khanid Khanate
1131:. Megalithic.co.uk
949:Beckwith, 36, 146.
608:
589:Northern Silk Road
569:Mahmud al-Kashgari
558:Qutayba ibn Muslim
471:Siege of Zhenzhong
404:. Its capital was
390:Northern Silk Road
1101:978-1-136-15034-0
1074:978-81-208-1540-7
1047:978-92-3-103211-0
1020:978-0-253-35385-6
972:978-1-317-64721-8
918:978-0-231-13924-3
868:978-0-521-21446-9
814:978-90-04-15830-6
734:Pei Chuo (裴綽) 618
731:A Mijue (阿彌厥) 605
725:Chen Pan (臣磐) 127
587:As it was on the
414:Kingdom of Khotan
386:Taklamakan Desert
380:) was an ancient
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931:Xue, p. 596-598.
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880:
877:
871:
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793:Millward 2007:23
791:
716:Cheng Da (成大) 84
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388:that was on the
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1215:Former kingdoms
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719:An Guo (安國) 116
704:
597:Pamir Mountains
585:
567:. According to
539:
532:
455:
449:
402:Northwest China
396:of what is now
394:Western Regions
384:kingdom of the
359:
337:
300:
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261:
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220:
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176:
175:• Founded
148:
147:• 168–170
136:
124:
112:
100:
99:• ?–73 AD
55:
37:
29:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1233:
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1178:Turkic peoples
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728:He De (和得) 168
726:
723:
722:Yi Fu (遺腹) 125
720:
717:
714:
711:
710:Dou Ti (兜題) 72
708:
703:
700:
632:Iron Gate Pass
630:, through the
584:
581:
551:Tibetan Empire
448:
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433:Tibetan Empire
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577:Saka language
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420:, one of the
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391:
387:
383:
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371:
370:Shule Kingdom
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358:
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353:Today part of
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77:, one of the
76:
75:Saka language
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38: 200 BC
32:
25:Shule Kingdom
22:
19:
1177:
1170:Bibliography
1155:. Retrieved
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1126:
1119:
1110:
1090:
1083:
1063:
1056:
1036:
1029:
1009:
1002:
988:
981:
961:
954:
945:
936:
927:
908:
902:
893:
884:
875:
857:
838:
804:
798:
789:
713:Zhong (忠) 74
707:Cheng (成) 70
609:
586:
562:
555:
548:
506:Tang dynasty
475:
456:
429:Tang dynasty
426:
369:
367:
319:Succeeded by
318:
249:Tang dynasty
18:
1180:, 中国社会科学出版社
612:Tarim Basin
473:in 170 AD.
463:Eastern Han
439:during the
192:Eastern Han
135:• ?–?
123:• ?–?
52:Tarim Basin
1189:Categories
1157:August 25,
1135:August 10,
781:References
765:Tocharians
593:Yumen Pass
540: 790
533: 640
522:suzerainty
510:vassalized
418:spoke Saka
361:Kyrgyzstan
227: 400
86:Government
770:Turkestan
698:to Anxi.
664:Karghalik
518:tributary
478:Zhenzhong
754:See also
696:Dunhuang
688:Qarkilik
648:Gaochang
636:Karasahr
595:and the
528:between
502:Gokturks
398:Xinjiang
298:Tibetans
236:Gokturks
218:gokturks
89:Monarchy
660:Yarkant
634:, over
616:Kashgar
583:Economy
573:Sogdian
482:Yarkent
447:History
406:Kashgar
374:Chinese
162:History
140:Chenpan
64:Kashgar
60:Capital
40:–790 AD
1098:
1071:
1044:
1017:
969:
915:
866:
845:
811:
775:Yuezhi
702:Rulers
684:Qarqan
676:Keriya
672:Khotan
668:Pishan
644:Turpan
640:Jiaohe
496:, and
486:Jieshi
376::
303:790 AD
264:670 AD
254:632 AD
210:460 AD
197:127 AD
165:
692:Miran
652:Kumul
628:Korla
624:Kucha
618:over
498:Yinai
490:Qusha
382:oasis
357:China
128:Zhong
116:Douti
104:Cheng
1159:2007
1137:2009
1096:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1042:ISBN
1015:ISBN
967:ISBN
913:ISBN
864:ISBN
843:ISBN
809:ISBN
694:and
680:Niya
656:Anxi
650:and
620:Aksu
535:and
494:Xiye
467:Hede
453:Saka
368:The
285:Tang
272:Tang
152:Hede
654:to
400:in
290:692
277:673
241:630
1191::
996:–.
994:17
823:^
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
670:,
666:,
662:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
626:,
622:,
599:.
537:c.
530:c.
492:,
488:,
484:,
480:,
443:.
424:.
378:疏勒
224:c.
180:c.
35:c.
28:疏勒
1161:.
1139:.
1125:"
1104:.
1077:.
1050:.
1023:.
975:.
921:.
870:.
851:.
817:.
372:(
81:)
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