Shusha - Knowledge

848: 753: 1306: 1298: 5646:Институт Истории АН Армении, Главное архивное управление при СМ Республики Армения, Кафедра истории армянского народла Ереванского Государственного Университета. Нагорный Карабах в 1918-1923 гг. Сборник документов и материалов. Ереван, 1992. Документ No.443: из письма члена компартии Азербайджана Оджахкули Мусаева правительству РСФСР. стр. 638-639 (Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of Armenia, the Main archival department at Ministerial council of Republic Armenia, Faculty of history of Armenian people of the Yerevan State University. Nagorny Karabakh per 1918–1923. Collection of documents and materials. Yerevan, 1992. The document №443: from the letter of a member of the communist party of Azerbaijan Ojahkuli Musaev to the government of RSFSR. рр. 638–639) 1639: 80: 1455:… the ruthless destruction of defenceless women, children, old women, old men, etc has begun. Armenians were exposed to mass slaughter. … beautiful Armenian girls were raped, then shot. … By the order of … Khosrov-bek Sultanov; the pogroms proceeded for more than six days. Houses in the Armenian part have been partially demolished, plundered and reduced all to ashes, everyone led away women to submit to the wishes of executioner musavatists. During these historically artful forms of punishment, Khosrov-bek Sultanov, spoke about holy war (jihad) in his speeches to the Moslems, and called on them to finally finish the Armenians of the city of Shusha, not sparing women, children, etc. 1314: 1790: 1700: 1204: 415: 1162: 120: 150: 741: 1423:

the issue of the mountainous part of Karabakh was settled at the Paris Peace Conference. Despite signing the agreement, the Azerbaijani government continuously violated the terms of the treaty, and Sultanov employed severe measures against them, such as terror, blockade and famine. Sultanov gathered troops in the region and on 19 February 1920 issued an ultimatum to the Armenians, demanding they accept unconditional unification with Azerbaijan, and then massacred the population of several Armenian villages, including Khankendi (

8713: 1508: 1329:. This new phenomenon had two causes. Firstly, it was the result of increased tensions between the local Muslim population and Armenians, whose numbers increased throughout the 19th century as a result of Russian resettlement policies. Secondly, by the beginning of the 20th-century, the peoples of the Caucasus, similar to other non-Russian peoples in the periphery of the Russian Empire, began to seek cultural and territorial autonomy. Political instability within Russia, particularly the 9725: 2912: 2837: 1095:), which despite desperate resistance was occupied and exposed to unprecedented destruction. Ibrahim Khalil Khan eventually surrendered to Mohammad Khan after negotiations, including the paying of regular tribute and to surrender hostages, although the Qajar forces were still denied entrance to Shusha. Since the main objective was Georgia, Mohammad Khan was willing to have Karabakh secured by this agreement for now, for he and his army subsequently moved further. 9632: 795:… The nearest Armenian stronghold … was Shushi. Shushi is four days' distance from Shemakhi. Armed Armenians under the command of Avan Yuzbashi guard it. After meeting with the Armenian leaders, including the Patriarch, they returned to Derbent via Shemakhi. Rocky mountains surround the town of Shushi. The number of the armed Armenians has not been determined. There are rumors that the Armenians have defeated the Turks in a number of skirmishes in Karabagh … 222: 2944: 9124: 2880: 1044: 2928: 2896: 966: 2771: 1810:

to the Armenian cultural arts, especially music. In the Khandamirian theater, Suni gave his first ever performance. By 1902, Suni had organized his Oriental Cultural Ensemble in Shusha and had their first big concert which would get them in trouble with Russian authorities forcing the ensemble out of Shusha where they went on to spread Armenian cultural music around the world. Shusha was also the hometown of

1560: 157: 127: 1929:) revealed that between April 10 and June 5, 51 sculptures in the park of the Museum of Fine Arts were removed and the area completely cleared: "CHW is concerned about the condition of these artworks, which are the property of that museum. CHW asks Azerbaijani authorities to disclose the location of the confiscated sculptures and plans for public access" read the Facebook page of the organization. 864: 1472: 1040:(capital of Zand-ruled Iran), where he died as a hostage. Panah Ali Khan's son Ibrahim Khalil Khan was sent back to Karabakh as governor. Under him, the Karabakh Khanate became one of the strongest state formations and Shusha grew. According to travellers who visited Shusha at the end of 18th-early 19th centuries the town had about 2,000 houses and approximately 10,000 population. 928:, one of the most significant chronicles on the history of Karabakh in 18th-19th centuries, the Karabakh nobility assembled to discuss the danger of invasion from Iran and told Panah Ali Khan, "We must build among the impassable mountains such an inviolable and inaccessible fort, so that no strong enemy could take it." Melik Shahnazar of Varanda, who was the first of the Armenian 10591: 1258:. It was well known for its silk trade, its paved roads, brightly coloured carpets, big stone houses, and fine-bred horses. In 1824, George Keppel, the Earl of Albemarle, passed through the city. He found two thousand houses in the town, with three-quarters of the inhabitants Azerbaijanis and one-quarter Armenian. He furthermore noted regarding the town; 1592:

by the Armenian forces, some 80% of the town was in ruins. Armenians also dismantled and sold off historic dark bronze busts of three Azerbaijani musicians and poets from Shusha. Another British journalist who visited Shusha in 1997 reported that the gravestones in the Azerbaijani cemetery on the edge of town were "methodically smashed and vandalised".

4707:"South of Khachen lay the small territory of Varanda, originally part of its southern neighbour, Dizak, and only given a separate identity in the early sixteenth century. The ruling family, confirmed in that capacity by Shah Abbas I, was that of the Melik Shahnazarians. In the territory of Varanda lies the modern town of Shushi (or Shusha)" 4333: 5245: 5546: 5024: 4464:

brothers. A certain tribe called Javanshir comes to Karabakh, like homeless wanderers on the land, doing robbery and wandering in tents, the leader of which was named Panah Khan. Melik Shahnazar, cunning in his evil deeds, called him to help him, obeyed him of his own free will and handed over his fortress.'

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and his chorus. Suni was an instrumental figure in establishing the national identity of Armenian music and considered one of the many founders of modern Armenian music. In addition, the Khandamirian or Shushi theater which opened in 1891 would become regionally famous for its important contributions

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After the war, a T-72 tank commanded by the Karabakhi Armenian Gagik Avsharian was placed as a memorial. The tank had been hit during the town's capture, killing the driver and gun operator, but Avsharian jumped free from the hatch. The tank was restored and its number, 442, repainted in white on the

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After the end of the war, the town was repopulated by Armenians, mostly refugees from Azerbaijan and other parts of Karabakh, as well as members of the Armenian diaspora. The population of the town was significantly less than the pre-war number, and the demographic of the town had changed from mostly

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from Azerbaijani forces. He also noted it was part of a Karabakh Armenian superstition of burning houses to prevent the enemy from returning. A British journalist witnessed Armenian soldiers using minarets of a mosque in Shusha as shooting targets. As of 2002, ten years later after the city's capture

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However, several days after the seizure of Shusha, Agha Mohammad Khan was killed in mysterious circumstances by his bodyguards in the town. Ibrahim Khalil Khan returned to Shusha and ordered that the shah's body be honourably buried until further instructions from the nephew and heir of Agha Mohammad

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is said to have defeated an invading Arab army. According to several sources, a settlement called Shosh served as an ancient fortress in the Armenian principality of Varanda, and had traditionally belonged to the Melik-Shahnazarian princely dynasty. According to some sources, Shushi existed and had a

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to the west. Throughout modern history, the city fostered a mixed Armenian–Azerbaijani population. The first available demographic information about the city in 1823 suggests the city had an Azerbaijani majority. The Armenian inhabitants of the city steadily grew over time to constitute a majority of

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Shahnazar needed an ally, and he found one ready to his hand in the Jevanshir ... the two constructed a fort on the banks of the river Karkar as quickly as they could in the intervals of fighting the four Meliks. Shahnazar laid the foundation stone, and the fortress was completed in 1752, the people

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A survey prepared by the Russian imperial authorities in 1823 shows that all Armenians of Karabakh compactly resided in its highland portion, i.e. on the territory of the five traditional Armenian principalities, and constituted an absolute demographic majority on those lands. The survey's more than

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wrote about Shusha in the 1930s, "in this town, which formerly of course was healthy and with every amenity, the picture of catastrophe and massacres was terribly visual. ... They say after the massacres all the wells were full of dead bodies. ... We didn't see anyone in the streets on the mountain.

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Beginning from the 1830s the town was divided into two parts: Turkic-speaking Muslims lived in the eastern lower quarters, while Armenian Christians settled in the relatively new western upper quarters of the town. The Muslim part of the town was divided into seventeen quarters. Each quarter had its

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According to Mirza Jamal Javanshir, before Panah Ali Khan constructed the fortress there were no buildings there and it was used as cropland and pasture by the people of the nearby village of Shoshi. Panah khan resettled to Shusha the population of Shahbulag and some nearby villages and built strong

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in 1920 and the burning of the town, out-migration, and its decreasing economic importance in relation to other regional cities like Yerevan and Baku, Shusha was reduced to a small provincial town of some 10,000 people. Its population afterward progressively dropped year by year, reaching 5,104 by

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According to the first Russian-held census of 1823 conducted by Russian officials Yermolov and Mogilevsky, in Shusha were 1,111 (72.5%) Muslim families and 421 (27.5%) Armenian families. Seven years later, according to 1830 data, the number of Muslim families in Shusha decreased to 963 (55.8%) and

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announced that the Azerbaijani army took control of the city of Shusha. The next day, the Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence released a video from the city, confirming full Azerbaijani control. On the same day, Artsakh authorities confirmed that they had lost control of Shusha. A ceasefire signed two

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The Armenian quarter continued to lie in ruins until the beginning of the 1960s. In 1961, Baku's communist leadership finally passed a decision to clear away much of the ruins, even though many old buildings still could have been renovated. Three Armenian and one Russian church were demolished and

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by Azerbaijani and Kurdish irregulars. Sultanov stated that the irregulars were not under his control. In August 1919, the Karabakh National Council was forced to enter into a provisional treaty agreement with the Azerbaijani government, recognizing the authority of the Azerbaijan government until

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The population of the town primarily dealt with trade, horse-breeding, carpet-weaving and wine and vodka production. Shusha was also the biggest centre of silk production in the Caucasus. Most of the Muslim population of the town and of Karabakh, in general, was engaged in sheep and horse-breeding

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In Argutyan's letter to General Pavel Potemkin dated January 28, 1783, we read: 'The council of Melik Adam, Melik Hovsep and Melik Esai was united, but among them was the schismatic Melik Shahnazar, who was a cunning man, faithless and unfit for good deeds, treacherous and traitorous towards his

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During the Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828, the citadel at Shusha held out for several months and never fell. After this Shusha ceased to be a capital of a khanate, which was dissolved in 1822, and instead became an administrative capital first of the Karabakh province (1822–1840), and then of the

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Trying to avenge his previous humiliating defeat, Agha Mohammad Shah devastated the surrounding villages near Shusha. The population had not recovered from the previous 1795 attack and also suffered from a serious drought which lasted for three years. The artillery of the attackers also inflicted

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invaded Azerbaijan and then Armenia and put an end to the national de facto governments that existed in those two countries. Thereafter, the conflict for the control of Karabakh entered the diplomatic sphere. To attract Armenian public support, the Bolsheviks promised to resolve the issue of the

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In November the Karabagh Armenians rejected proposals for further submission presented by an Azerbaijani governmental delegation which demonstrated the weakness of the August accords... Sultanov took control of the Karkar Valley while massacring the Armenian population of several villages on 22

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The Shushi History Museum is located in a 19th-century mansion, in the centre of the historical quarter, and had a collection of artefacts related to Shusha from ancient to modern times. The collection of the museum contains many ethnographic materials, including the goods of local masters. The

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of the Communist Party adopted the following decision regarding the future status of Karabakh: "Proceeding from the necessity of national peace among Muslims and Armenians and of the economic ties between upper (mountainous) and lower Karabakh, of its permanent ties with Azerbaijan, mountainous

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Manushak Titanyan, an architect in Nagorno-Karabakh, has already lost one of her buildings to the violence: the House of Culture in the hilltop town of Shusha, its roof gone, a piece of it stuck in a tree across the street, the plush red seats coated in dust, the stage curtain tangled amid the

2820:, and other parts of Karabakh and Azerbaijan. As a result of the first war, no Azerbaijanis live in Shusha today, although Azerbaijani authorities plan to repopulate it with Azerbaijani displaced persons who fled Shusha during the first war. Shusha's Armenian population fled shortly before the 3875:

In August 1919, the Karabagh National Council entered into a provisional treaty agreement with the Azerbaijani government. Despite signing the Agreement, the Azerbaijani government continuously violated the terms of the treaty. This culminated in March 1920 with the Azerbaijanis' massacre of

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respectively. Agha Mohammad Khan himself led the centre part of the main army, besieging Shusha between 8 July and 9 August 1795. Ibrahim Khalil khan mobilized the population for a long-term defense. The number of militia in Shusha reached 15,000. Women fought together with men. The Armenian

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By the end of the 1880s, the percentage of the Muslim population living in the Shusha district (part of the earlier Karabakh province) decreased even further and constituted only 41.5%, while the percentage of the Armenian population living in the same district increased to 58.2% in 1886.

1055:, son of Mohammad Hassan Khan who had attacked Shusha in 1752. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's goal was to end with the feudal fragmentation and to restore the old Safavid State in Iran. By early 1795, he had already secured mainland Iran and was directly afterwards poised to bring the entire 1492:

Karabakh is to remain within AzSSR, receiving wide regional autonomy with the administrative centre in Shusha, which is to be included in the autonomous region." As a result, the Mountainous Karabakh Autonomous Region was established within the Azerbaijan SSR in 1923. A few years later,

951:, which asserts that the place where Shushi was built was desolate and uninhabited before Panah Ali Khan's arrival. He states, " soon completed the construction (1762) and moved the Armenian population of the nearby village of Shosh, called also Shoshi, or Shushi into the fortress.″ 1435:

to reject the ultimatum. The strife culminated in an Armenian uprising, which was suppressed by the Azerbaijani army. In late March 1920, the Armenian half of the police forces was reported by a British journalist to have murdered the Azerbaijani half during the latter's traditional

4608:Мелик Шах-Назар может собрать войска близ 1000 человек; сей предатель своего отечества призвал Панахана, бывшего прежде начальником не знатной части кочующих магометан близ границ карабагских, отдал ему в руки свой крепкий замок Шушикала и учинился ему с его сигнагом покорным. 4323: 2782:

The 19th century also brought some alterations to the ethnic demographics of the region. Following the invasions from Iran (Persia), Russo-Persian wars and subjection of Karabakh khanate to Russia, many Muslim families emigrated to Iran while many Armenians moved to Shusha.

5131: 602:. The Armenian population of the city fled, and multiple reports emerged that the Armenian cultural heritage of the city was being destroyed. The Azerbaijani government opened the city to tourists from Azerbaijan in 2022 and plans to start resettling the city in 2023. 1535:

The town remained half-ruined until the 1960s when the town began to gradually revive due to its recreational potential. In 1977 the Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve was established and the town became one of the major resort-towns in the former USSR.

1192:, while officially ceding Georgia as well, thus irrevocably losing the greater part of its Caucasian territories. Absolute consolidation of Russian power over Karabakh and the recently conquered parts of the Caucasus from Iran were confirmed with the outcome of the 4592:Нерсисян, М. Г. (1981). "II. Бумаги А. В. Суворова об Армении, Закавказье и Персии - Рапорты А. В. Суворова князю Г. А. Потемкину" [II. A. V. Suvorov's papers about Armenia, Transcaucasian and Persia - A. V. Suvorov's reports to Prince G. A. Potemkin]. 4006:

In sum, there are real and present threats to the integrity of the heritage landscape of Nagorno Karabakh that result from a range of factors from development work undertaken without sufficient attention to heritage sites to intentional acts against Armenian

4430:Магалян, Артак (2010). "Арцахские меликства и возникновение Карабахского ханства" [The melikates of Artsakh and the emergence of the Karabakh Khanate]. In Айрапетов, О. Р.; Йованович, Мирослав; Колеров, М. А.; Меннинг, Брюс; Чейсти, Пол (eds.). 3588:Магалян, Артак (2010). "Арцахские меликства и возникновение Карабахского ханства" [The melikates of Artsakh and the emergence of the Karabakh Khanate]. In Айрапетов, О. Р.; Йованович, Мирослав; Колеров, М. А.; Меннинг, Брюс; Чейсти, Пол (eds.). 4230:

The most reliable version of the etymology of the name of the fortified city of Shushi is that it came from the Artsakh dialect's shosh (tree sprout, high place, height)... The name of the village Shosh, not far from Shushi, obviously also comes from

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Meek, James (9 June 1997). "To the victor the spoils: Ethnic cleansing in Azerbaijan: James Meek reports from Lachin on the Armenian refugee takeover of Azeri homes and farms in the Nagorno-Karabakh enclave and adjoining districts". The Guardian.

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of Karabakh. Russian historian P. G. Butkov (1775–1857) writes that "Shushi village" was given to Panah Ali Khan by the Melik-Shahnazarian prince after they entered into an alliance, and that Panah Ali Khan fortified the village. The missionary

1375:. Whilst the Armenians of Shusha did not resist the Turks to avoid violence, the Turks with their limited troops were unable to seize the countryside of Karabakh which was held by an armed milita of local Armenians. After the defeat of 2767:, who wrote on his way back to England from India arrived in Karabakh from Persia in 1824, wrote that “Sheesha contains two thousand houses: three parts of the inhabitants are Tartars (i.e. Azerbaijanis), and the remainder Armenians”. 3616:

Shahnazar, Melik of Varanda, fearing the alliance between the Melik of Charaberd Adam and the Melik of Gyulistan Hovsep, became friends with Panah Khan and gave him his settlement, the fortress of Shusha, as well as his daughter as

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and the Russian Empire on the transfer of the Karabakh Khanate to Russia during the war, but was not fully realized, as both parties were still at war and the Russians were unable to consolidate any effective control over Karabakh.

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at the time, purportedly with the purpose of ensuring Moscow's position as power broker between the Armenian and Azerbaijani SSRs. Stalin participated in the Kavbiuro's meetings on the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh but did not vote.

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in the first half of the 19th century. Over the course of the 19th century, the town grew in size to become a city, and was home to many Armenian and Azerbaijani intellectuals, poets, writers and musicians (including Azerbaijani

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in the 1720s, and others say the plateau was already the site of an Armenian fortification. From the mid-18th century to 1822, Shusha was the capital of the Karabakh Khanate. The town became one of the cultural centers of the

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After retaking the town, Azerbaijani authorities renovated and inaugurated Khari Bulbul and Karabakh hotels. In August 2021, Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev laid foundation stone for Hotel and Conference Center in Shusha.

8057: 1352:, and on August 5, 1905, first conflict between the Armenian and Azerbaijani inhabitants of Shusha took place. As a result of the mutual pogroms and killings, hundreds of people died and more than 200 houses were burned. 4403:когдажъ персицкаго шаха нестало, то сь их же стороны одинъ человекъ, закону магометанскаго и отъ народа жаванширскаго, принялъ силу; среди того правления, Хамсы, состоитъ старинная крепость, которая имъ обманомъ взята... 6858: 1059:

region back within the Iranian domains. For this purpose he also wanted to proclaim himself Shah of Iran. However, according to the Safavid tradition, the shah had to take control over the whole of South Caucasus and

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denied the shelling of the cathedral by stating that "destruction of the church in Shusha has nothing to do with the activities of the Army of Azerbaijan" The House of Culture was also badly damaged in the fighting.

1262:(...) The language is a dialect of the Turkish; but its inhabitants, with the exception of the Armenians, generally read and write Persian. The trade is carried on principally by the Armenians, between the towns of 8087: 1749:

Shusha is also a historical Armenian religious and cultural center. The Armenian population of the town historically had four main churches, each named after the place of origin of the Armenian inhabitants:

1411:. Trusting Thomson, Andranik left, and British troops occupied Karabakh. The British command provisionally affirmed Sultanov (appointed by the Azerbaijani government) as the governor-general of Karabakh and 5197: 7763:Как ни странно, но Шушу в основном заселили бакинские армяне, и в целом город сохранил свой традиционно интеллигентный состав населения. Всюду в Шуше я встречал тепло и ностальгию бакинцев по старому Баку. 7647:

Amirbayov, Elchin. "Shusha's Pivotal Role in a Nagorno-Karabagh Settlement" in Dr. Brenda Shaffer (ed.), Policy Brief Number 6, Cambridge, MA: Caspian Studies Program, Harvard University, December 2001,

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Also see Walker Christopher "The Armenian Presence in Mountainous Karabakh" in "Transcaucasian Boundaries" (SOAS/GRC Geopolitics) edited by John Wright, Richard Schofield, Suzanne Goldenberg, 1995 p. 93

1114:. Ibrahim Khan, in order to maintain peaceful relations with Tehran and retain his position as the Khan of Karabakh, gave his daughter Agha Begom, known as Aghabaji, as one of the wives of the new shah. 3423: 10119: 6203: 827:", whom he called a chief of nomadic Muslims living near the Karabakh borders. When discussing Karabakh and Shusha in the 18th century, the Russian diplomat and historian S. M. Bronevsky writes in his 1084:

population of Karabakh also actively participated in this struggle against the Iranians and fought side by side with the Muslim population, jointly organizing ambushes in the mountains and forests.

9867: 1239:) and would function similarly to the head of a modern-day municipality. The Armenian part of the town consisted of 12 quarters, five churches, a town and district school and a girls' seminary. 1033:

of Jraberd and Talish (Gulistan), however, Melik Shahnazar of Varanda continued to support Panah Ali Khan. The Siege of Shusha lasted for six months and Fath-Ali Khan eventually had to retreat.

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Steele, Jonathan (25 May 1992). "Eyewitness: Armenia's looters follow its troops into Azerbaijan - Tit-for-tat pillage of deserted Lachin succeeds a war that may not yet be over". The Guardian.

416: 1010:. His retreat was so hasty that he even left his cannons under the walls of Shusha fortress. Panah Ali Khan counterattacked the retreating troops of Mohammad Hassan khan and even briefly took 1887:

While the city was under Armenian control, a number of museums were operated there: the State Museum of Fine Arts, G. A. Gabrielyants State Geological Museum, the Shushi History Museum, the

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and therefore, had a semi-nomadic lifestyle, spending wintertime in lowland Karabakh in wintering pastures and spring and summer in summering pastures in Shusha and other mountainous parts.

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St. Petersburg,1996. Исторические выписки о сношениях России с Персиею, Грузиею и вообще с горскими народами, в Кавказе обитающими, со времён Ивана Васильевича доныне». СПб. 1996, секция "

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holiday celebrations. The Armenian surprise attack was organised and coordinated by the forces of the Armenian Republic. Azerbaijani outrage for this surprise attack ultimately led to the

752: 10537: 1746:, a prominent Azerbaijani poet and vizier of the Karabakh khanate, lived and died in Shusha. Vagif Poetry Days were held in Shusha annually since 1982. The tradition was resumed in 2021. 6571: 3928: 1718:, having been declared the cultural capital of Azerbaijan in January 2021. The city is particularly renowned for its traditional Azerbaijani genre of vocal and instrumental arts called 7611:"Description of the Karabakh province prepared in 1823 according to the order of the governor in Georgia Yermolov by state advisor Mogilevsky and colonel Yermolov 2nd," as quoted above 1305: 525:

The town has religious, cultural and strategic importance to both groups. Shusha is often considered the cradle of Azerbaijan's music and poetry, and one of the leading centres of the

4183: 2852:. Investment in tourism led to the opening of the Shushi Hotel, the Avan Shushi Plaza Hotel and the Shushi Grand Hotel. A tourist information office was also opened, the first in the 1098:

In 1797, Agha Mohammad Shah Qajar, having successfully resubjugated Georgia and the wider Caucasus and having declared himself shah, decided to carry out a second attack on Karabakh.

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in March 1920, in which 500–8,000 to 20,000 Armenians were killed, others were forced to flee, and the Armenian half of the city, 1,675 of 1,700 homes, were destroyed. A report from

1223:(1840–1923). Shusha grew and developed, with successive waves of migrants moving to the city, particularly Armenians, who formed a demographic majority in the surrounding highlands. 7479: 8053: 8744: 6397: 10112: 4300: 3958: 3813:

The chief of police, Avetis Ter-Ghukasian, was turned into a human torch, and many intellectuals, including Bolshevik Alexandre Dsaturian, were among the 500 Armenian victims.

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Now Baku's Armenians are scattered all over the world, with many in Shusha. Saryan noted that Shusha is also home to Armenians who lost their homes in Mardakert and Hadrut...

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Bournoutian, George A. A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-E Qarabagh. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 1994, page 18

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by Armenian forces in 1992. The G. A. Gabrielyants State Geological Museum, named after and created by Armenian geologist Grigori Gabrielyants, was opened in the building of

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and a nearby fountain was vandalised by Armenian forces. In August 2023, a mass grave was found in Shusha prison. In total 17 corpses with signs of torture were exhumed.

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Following the capture of Shusha by the Armenian forces in 1992, the Azerbaijani population of the town, consisting of 15,000 people, was killed and expulsed. Before the

7889: 10105: 7650: 8079: 4479:(2024). "Survey of Historical Geography of the South Caucasus from the Middle Ages to the Present Day". In Dorfmann-Lazarev, Igor; Khatchadourian, Haroutioun (eds.). 8779: 6706: 1895:

museum contains household articles, photographs, and reproductions illustrating life of 19th-century inhabitants of Shusha. There are also sections dedicated to the

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the capital Stepanakert for half a year, leading to hundreds of Armenian civilian casualties and causing mass destruction in Stepanakert. On May 9, 1992, the town

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encouraged him to retreat, out of concerns that Armenian military activity could have an adverse effect on the region's status, which was to be decided at the

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carpet designer known for his contributions to a variety of artistic fields, as well as for a number of books classifying and describing various designs of

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Armenian half of Shusha destroyed by Azerbaijani armed forces in 1920, with the defiled cathedral of the Holy Savior and Aguletsots church on the background

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Highway passes through the town and is a transit and tourist destination for many. There were some hotels in the city, and cultural monuments such as the

9874: 9700: 8253: 5630: 3387: 3533: 10641: 7204:] (in Russian) (70th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1915. pp. 212 & 230–233. Archived from 6686: 5869: 10128: 9684: 8537: 6828: 4387: 1006:

Muhammed Hassan Khan besieged Shusha (Panahabad at that time) but soon had to retreat because of the attack on his territory by his major opponent,

8140: 6508: 4255: 8415: 7953: 7624: 7474: 6664: 6233: 4088: 776:'s campaign against Ottoman forces during their incursion into of the South Caucasus in the 1720s and 1730s. Armenian historian and Shusha native 8730: 7714: 6748: 4908: 4836: 1711:

Shusha contains both Armenian and Azerbaijani cultural monuments, while the surrounding territories also include many ancient Armenian villages.

1064:

before his coronation. Therefore, the Karabakh Khanate and its fortified capital Shusha were the first and major obstacle to achieve these ends.

5544: 5507: 5240: 768:

functioning scriptorium in 1428. The fortress was described as a strategic stronghold in one of the Eastern Armenian military districts, called

10636: 10486: 7178: 7119: 5101: 4957: 4672: 4415: 4355: 3558: 3509: 1877: 1774:). Shusha was also home to a monastery complex called Kusanats Vank ("Virgins' Monastery") or Anapat Kusanats ("Virgins' Hermitage")․ In 1989, 1617: 6557: 5760: 4679: 3993: 3916: 1301:

Karabakh reconciliation commission, composed of religious leaders and elders of both Armenian and Azerbaijani communities in Shusha in 1906–07

7786: 6387: 6111: 5923: 4647:". Bronesvskiy writes: "Мелик Шахназор призвал к себе на помощь владетеля кочующаго чавонширскаго народа Фона хана и здал ему крепость Шуши." 1341: 7228:] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917. pp. 190–197. Archived from 4169: 3546:

Shusha was founded in 1752 by Panakh-Ali-bek and got its name from the village of Shushikent, located not far away and existing to this day.

677:(1860–1932) considered it more likely that the village Shosh received its name from the fortress, which he considered the older settlement. 10616: 9883: 9677: 7531: 4636: 182: 7469: 6254:

Khatchadouran, L., I. Lindsay, A. T. Smith. 2021. Caucasus Heritage Watch Monitoring Report #1, June 2021. Ithaca: Caucasus Heritage Watch

1658:. Three journalists were wounded while they were inside the cathedral to film the destruction of a previous shelling on the same day. The 1102:

serious losses on the city defenders. Thus, in 1797 Agha Mohammad Shah succeeded in seizing Shusha and Ibrahim Khalil Khan had to flee to

7103: 5619:] (in Russian). Moscow: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN) Fond «Prezidentskiy tsentr B. N. Yeltsina». p. 171. 5427: 4886: 4722: 4212:[All of Shushi's names, Armenian or foreign-language, are Armenian - states Candidate of Philological Sciences Artak Vardanyan]. 1579:

by Armenian forces in an operation to lift the siege of Stepanakert and the Azerbaijani population fled. According to Armenian commander

653: 7077: 6349: 5019: 3310: 7142:] (in Russian) (65th ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1910. p. 425. Archived from 7032:] (in Russian) (41st ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1886. p. 125. Archived from 3850: 577:, the city's Azerbaijani population fled, and most of the city was destroyed. Between May 1992 and November 2020, Shusha was under the 149: 5668: 3768:

The 1823 Russian Survey of the Karabagh Province: A Primary Source on the Demography and Economy of Karabagh in the Early 19th Century

10476: 10248: 9563: 8495: 7853: 7740: 7713:[A statement was made to international organizations on the occupation of Shusha] (in Azerbaijani). ANS Press. Archived from 6172: 6071: 4288: 4210:"Շուշիի բոլոր անվանումները՝ հայերեն, թե օտարալեզու, հայկական են - Հայտարարում է բանասիրական գիտությունների թեկնածու Արտակ Վարդանյանը" 3950: 1857: 1138:

in 1801, some of the khanates agreed to become Russian protectorates in the immediate years afterwards. In 1804, the Russian general

6323: 5992: 4748: 6641:"Construction of 'national identity in Armenian music historiography [Ermeni müziği tarih yazımında 'milli kimlik'kurgusu]" 4812: 492:

for alternative explanations). Conversely, some sources describe Shusha as an important center within the self-governing Armenian

5157: 3629: 2598: 1367:, a decision hotly disputed by neighbouring Armenia and by Karabakh's Armenian population, which claimed Karabakh as part of the 7282: 6597: 5192: 4932: 4603: 1463:

Only in downtown—in the market-square, there were a lot of people, but there wasn't any Armenian among them; all were Muslims".

10294: 9714: 8761: 8753: 6042: 5452:

Mutafyan Claude (1994) "Karabagh in the twentieth century." In Chorbajyan Levon, Donabedian Patrick and Mutafian Claude (eds.)

4268:

The most reliable version of the etymology of the fortress city of Shushi... is the derivation of the place name from the word

1815: 1418:

Ethnic conflict began to erupt in the region. Оn 5 June 1919, 600 Armenian inhabitants of the villages surrounding Shusha were

987:

recognizing Panah Ali as the Khan of Karabakh. Less than a year after Shusha was founded, the Karabakh Khanate was attacked by

246: 119: 7811: 8457: 8448: 7879: 7849: 7050: 5865: 5819: 5624: 5570: 5294: 4492: 4449: 3897: 3602: 3360: 2987: 1297: 7654: 7393: 7371: 7349: 7327: 715:

Besides the common Armenian name Shushi, the town has historically been referred to in Armenian by various names, including

7447: 3800: 3092:. Major general in the Russian Empire and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, later military figure and politician in Iran. 3046:. Major general in the Russian Empire and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, later military figure and politician in Iran. 2844:

While the town was under Armenian control, there were efforts to revive the city's economy by the Shushi Revival Fund, the

2764: 1671:

days later reaffirmed Azerbaijan's gains, resulting in the city staying under its control. The Armenian government and the

584: 5286:

From conflict to autonomy in the Caucasus: the Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh

3888:

Muth, Sebastian (2016). "Language Removal, Commodification and the Negotiation of Cultural Identity in Nagorno-Karabakh".

1836:

stated that they were exploring the possibility of holding the contest's 2021 version in Shusha, and in January 2021, the

763:

Some Armenian sources identify Shusha with a fortress called Shikakar or Karaglukh, where the 9th-century Armenian prince

10517: 8467: 8336: 6534: 6296: 6142: 5814: 3842: 1371:. With the capture of Baku, a small force of Turkish troops entered Shusha on 7 October 1918, also occupying the road to 6448: 5126: 3665: 3445: 3398: 1176:

in 1813, when Iran was forced to recognize the Karabakh Khanate, along most of the other khanates they possessed in the

10646: 10284: 9860: 8369: 8325: 7914: 7098: 6884: 5257: 5174: 5147:

Allen F. Chew. "An Atlas of Russian History: Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders". Yale University Press, 1967. pp 74.

4792:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 1994, p. 72. The original text by Mirza Jamal Javanshir calls the village "Shoshi." 4209: 4052: 1501: 688:(Armenian: շոշ/շուշ), meaning tree sprout or, figuratively, a high place, first applied either to the adjacent village 8193: 7423: 6976:"Satellite imagery shows that between April 10 and June 5, the 51 sculptures in the park of the Shushi Museum of Fin…" 2793:

By the second half of the 19th century, Shusha had become the largest town in the Karabakh region. However, after the

844:(1795–1862), during his mission in the Middle East, visited "Shushee, in the province of Carabagh, in Armenia Major". 8399: 8304: 8005: 7687: 7599: 7431: 6952: 6742: 6700: 5792: 5591: 5562: 5487: 5388: 5365: 5338: 4991: 4553: 3876:

Armenians in Karabagh's former capital, Shushi, in which it is estimated that more than 20,000 Armenians were killed.

3736: 3223: 1193: 1150: 823:. Suvorov writes that the Armenian prince Melik Shahnazar of Varanda surrendered his fortress Shushikala to "certain 8031: 4481:

Monuments and Identities in the Caucasus: Karabagh, Nakhichevan and Azerbaijan in Contemporary Geopolitical Conflict

10626: 10621: 9852: 7503: 1914:, which were removed, the collections of the museums in Shusha were left behind and remained in the city after the 1837: 1659: 4542:

Bournoutian, George A. (2001). "Kekhva Chelebi's Report to the Collegium of Foreign Affairs (17 December 1725)".

4431: 4019: 3589: 1675:

subsequently claimed that Azerbaijani soldiers had vandalised Armenian churches and cultural landmarks, including

10507: 10481: 10258: 8886: 7815: 6274: 8223: 8186:"Токаев и Алиев подписали декларацию об «укреплении стратегических отношений» между Казахстаном и Азербайджаном" 7979: 7251: 6820: 3477: 2809:

had a population of 23,000. 91.7% of the population of Shusha district and 98% of Shusha town were Azerbaijani.

1246:

In the 19th century, Shusha was one of the great cities of the Caucasus, larger and more prosperous than either

1067:

Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar besieged Shusha with the centre part of a 70,000-strong army, after having crossed the

9586: 9532: 8642: 8350: 6922: 5421: 5036: 3794: 3692: 3646: 1364: 894:, attest to the foundation of the town in 1750–1752 (according to other sources, 1756–1757) by Panah Ali Khan ( 234: 8245: 7219: 7195: 7133: 7023: 6584:

His hometown of Shushi ( a.k.a. Shusha) is in Karabakh (Gharabagh) the easternmost region of Historic Armenia.

5610: 1638: 10512: 10223: 10187: 9601: 9556: 8488: 1714:

Shusha is often considered the cradle of Azerbaijan's music and poetry and one of the leading centres of the

852: 105: 8163: 7299: 4532:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2001, Armenian Military Activities in Karabakh and Ghapan, pages 402-413 10631: 10527: 10491: 10289: 9024: 8054:"President Ilham Aliyev and First Lady Mehriban Aliyeva attended inauguration of "Qarabag" hotel in Shusha" 5861: 4328: 2997: 1921:

In August 2021, satellite images released by Caucasus Heritage Watch (a watchdog group of researchers from

1571:

in 1988 Shusha became the most important Azerbaijani stronghold in Karabakh, from where Azerbaijani forces

1408: 9724: 8118: 4373: 1841: 1621: 595: 6502: 4518:] (in Russian). Yerevan: Armianskiĭ tsentr strategicheskikh i natsionalʹnykh isledovaniĭ. p. 5. 4247: 10581: 10445: 10324: 10319: 10208: 8992: 8342: 7945: 7621: 6640: 6225: 4349: 4084: 3079: 2991: 1881: 1620:

in September 2023 the tank was removed by the Azerbaijani authorities and transferred to the

1609: 1568: 1528: 1404: 1313: 1165: 988: 756: 574: 373: 90: 6802: 6795: 6737:. Translated by Dickran and Anahit Toumajan. Yerevan: Museum of Literature and Art. pp. 126–128. 6729: 6427: 6419: 5985:"Война в Карабахе: Азербайджан и Армения заявляют о новых боях и обстрелах - Новости на русском языке" 4916: 4869: 4862: 4833: 4790:

A History of Qarabagh: An Annotated Translation of Mirza Jamal Javanshir Qarabaghi's Tarikh-E Qarabagh

1523:

The decision make Nagorno-Karabakh an autonomous region within Azerbaijan is frequently attributed to

10532: 9810: 9606: 9345: 6851:"Azerbaijan launches preparation for Khari Bulbul festival, Days of Vagif's Poetry in Shusha (PHOTO)" 5499: 3854: 3428: 3351:"Айдын Керимов назначен спецпредставителем Президента Азербайджана в Шушинском районе - Распоряжение" 3165: 3141: 2825: 2813: 1789: 1783: 1739: 1672: 1651: 1368: 611: 566: 530: 10097: 9658: 5093: 4949: 1087:

The siege lasted for 33 days. Not being able to capture Shusha, Agha Mohammad Khan ceased the siege

680:

According to Armenian sources, the name Shusha most likely derives from the dialectal Armenian word

10466: 10461: 10404: 10218: 10213: 10203: 9549: 9324: 8481: 7884: 4683: 3985: 3418: 3171: 3000:(1820–1879), Azerbaijani architect and one of the representatives of Karabakh architecture schools. 2981: 2857: 2821: 2805:

According to the last population census in 1989, the town of Shusha had a population of 17,000 and

2628: 1853: 1775: 1755: 1751: 1676: 1655: 1605: 1576: 1516: 1220: 1207: 868: 622: 534: 239: 214: 86: 8607: 7902:

Now, the only residents of Shusha are 4,000 Armenians; all of the Azeris fled during the fighting.

7776: 6103: 5915: 3187: 815:

tribe." The same information about the ancient fortress is confirmed by the Russian field marshal

7680:[Shusha is the citadel of Karabakh: why is it important for Azerbaijanis and Armenians]. 7316:] (in Russian). Moscow: Издательство "Власть Советов" при Президиуме ВЦИК. 1931. p. 233. 5785:[Shusha is the citadel of Karabakh: why is it important for Azerbaijanis and Armenians]. 3003: 2721: 1915: 1900: 1833: 1633: 1572: 1554: 1330: 800: 689: 662: 599: 570: 485: 20: 7832:

Town residents, many of them former Armenian refugees from Baku and other parts of Azerbaijan...

7594:

George Thomas Keppel; earl of Albemarle. Personal Narrative of a Journey from India to England.

7520: 4633: 3212: 1448:

archives states that 8,000 Armenians escaped from the city, whilst 5,000–6,000 remained behind.

10344: 10233: 8577: 8470:– A photo essay on Shushi 20 years after it was taken over by Armenian forces (randbild | 2011) 5330: 5323: 3780: 3527: 3497:

of the village of Shoshi were brought to live there, and it was named Shoshi or Shushi fortress

3095: 2806: 1865: 1540:

the Armenian part of the town was built up with plain buildings typical of the Khrushchev era.

1143: 911: 8111:"Gyöngyös city of Hungary fraternize with Azerbaijan's occupied town of Shusha - PHOTOSESSION" 5411: 4719: 2779:

260 pages recorded that the five districts had 57 Armenian villages and seven Tatar villages.

1487:

disputed territories, including Karabakh, in favour of Armenia. However, on July 5, 1921, the

1431:

representatives gathered in Shusha to accept Sultanov's demands, while the rest met in nearby

1235:, water-spring and also a quarter representative, who would be elected from among the elders ( 10568: 10384: 10228: 8379: 7074: 5353: 4139: 3085: 3039: 3033: 3009: 2786:

In 1851, the population of Shusha was 15,194 people, in 1885 – 30,000, and in 1910 – 39,413.

1907:

in Shusha in 2014. It contains 480 samples of ore and fossil from 47 countries of the world.

1715: 1580: 1419: 1197: 879: 836: 808: 783:

Kehva Chelebi, an early Armenian national activist who maintained correspondence between the

780:

wrote that the fortress walls must have been built by Avan Yuzbashi in 1724, if not earlier.

526: 493: 99: 9180: 8382:(2000). "The Armenian presence in mountainous Karabakh". In John Wright; Richard Schofield; 6041: 1699: 1203: 10558: 10471: 10243: 9163: 8687: 8622: 8617: 8552: 8429: 6979: 6605: 6019: 5676: 3388:"Table 1.6 NKR urban and rural settlements grouping according to de jure population number" 3291: 3147: 3061: 3036:(1854-1929), Azerbaijani physician, founder of the Russian-Azerbaijani Shusha girls school. 3015: 2794: 1911: 1888: 1873: 1794: 1727: 1588: 1388: 1337:, caused these social movements to acquire the character of national liberation movements. 1022: 891: 887: 804: 670: 484:. In these accounts, the name of the town originated from a nearby Armenian village called 404: 332: 49: 8462: 7845: 7750: 6196:"Armenians displaced from Nagorno-Karabakh fear their medieval churches will be destroyed" 6164: 5698: 4894: 1161: 8: 10429: 10379: 10329: 10263: 10238: 8722: 8419: 8391: 7682: 5984: 5787: 5318: 4740: 3067: 2965: 2853: 2849: 1904: 1459: 1111: 1088: 1052: 960: 831:

that Shusha fortress was a possession of the Melik-Shahnazarian clan, which was given to

626: 587: 481: 8080:"President Ilham Aliyev laid foundation stone for Hotel and Conference Center in Shusha" 4809: 4375:Грамоты и другие исторические документы XVIII столетия относящиеся к Грузии : Том I 3350: 1003:

origin), and therefore, Muhammed Hassan Khan considered Karabakh his hereditary estate.

10563: 10268: 9965: 9916: 9766: 9756: 9750: 9442: 9236: 9216: 9012: 8955: 8925: 8876: 8866: 8836: 8831: 8789: 8383: 7736: 7172: 7113: 6652: 6473: 6048: 5959:"So-called "symbol of Armenian victory" tank displayed at Baku War Trophy Park (PHOTO)" 5752: 4666: 4409: 4024: 3989: 3552: 3521: 3519: 3503: 3219: 3159: 3153: 3119: 3073: 3049: 1926: 1779: 1334: 1173: 1036:

When Karim Khan Zand took control of much of Iran, he forced Panah Ali Khan to come to

883: 777: 502: 469: 9669: 8682: 8632: 8592: 8527: 6975: 6265:"Mosque and fountain in Mamay district of Shusha were vandalized by Armenians - PHOTO" 5958: 5606: 1758:; officially named Holy Savior Cathedral), Aguletsos Holy Mother of God Church (after 1325:

The beginning of the 20th century marked the first Armenian-Tartar clashes throughout

10253: 10172: 9922: 9611: 9491: 9370: 9253: 9175: 9169: 9143: 9108: 9103: 9093: 9051: 8987: 8940: 8930: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8881: 8851: 8826: 8769: 8637: 8582: 8542: 8395: 8365: 8346: 8321: 8300: 8134: 7595: 7427: 7273: 6778: 6738: 6696: 6656: 6609: 6563: 6374:

Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia

6037: 5756: 5744: 5620: 5587: 5566: 5558: 5483: 5417: 5384: 5361: 5334: 5300: 5290: 5253: 5170: 5032: 4987: 4929: 4559: 4549: 4488: 4445: 3893: 3790: 3732: 3688: 3642: 3598: 3455: 3355: 3267: 3255: 3137: 3055: 2864:) were renovated, and schools, museums and the Naregatsi Arts Institute have opened. 2817: 1922: 1811: 1759: 1743: 1480: 1267: 1263: 1135: 924: 816: 791:

and the Russian authorities, in a 1725 report describes Shusha as a town and a fort:

712:

is a common declensional ending for placenames in pre-modern and dialectal Armenian.

430: 338: 57: 9882: 8672: 7799:Շուշիում ներկայումս բնակւում է 3000 մարդ, որոնք հիմնականում փախստականներ են Բաքուից: 7455: 6015: 4380:

Letters and other historical documents of the 18th century regarding Georgia, Vol. 1

3516: 10595: 10349: 10079: 10002: 9928: 9761: 9739: 9496: 9437: 9268: 9098: 9073: 9056: 9040: 9034: 9018: 8997: 8966: 8950: 8920: 8871: 8856: 8846: 8816: 8794: 8697: 8280: 7470:"The Battle of Shusha City and the Missed Lessons of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War" 6076: 5736: 5407: 4828: 4769: 4484: 3473: 3279: 3261: 3177: 3107: 2969: 2916: 1861: 1826: 1825:. Those from the Caucasus may have been woven in the vicinity of Shusha. A similar 1731: 1704: 1428: 1384: 1154: 1139: 1029:. With his 30,000 strong army, Fath-Ali Khan also managed to gain support from the 944: 906: 902: 856: 820: 788: 645: 461: 442: 9432: 8445: 7510:

Census in NKR, 2005. THE NATIONAL STATISTICAL SERVICE OF NAGORNO-KARABAKH REPUBLIC

7501:

De facto and De Jure Population by Administrative Territorial Distribution and Sex

7281:. Baku: Administrative Department of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. 7058: 6530: 3786:

The Republic of Armenia, Volume III: From London to Sèvres, February - August 1920

3682: 3082:(1870–1933), Azerbaijani playwright, stage director, politician and public figure. 740: 10611: 10553: 10364: 10354: 10339: 10177: 10136: 9772: 9744: 9572: 9511: 9412: 9335: 9283: 9258: 9113: 9078: 9068: 9062: 9029: 9007: 8982: 8972: 8935: 8861: 8841: 8804: 8784: 8504: 8452: 7628: 7507: 7401: 7379: 7357: 7335: 7081: 6806: 6690: 6431: 5740: 5550: 5249: 5201: 5166: 5135: 5028: 4936: 4873: 4840: 4816: 4726: 4640: 4476: 3669: 3638: 3249: 3243: 3199: 3183: 3131: 3101: 2975: 2317: 1896: 1869: 1735: 1654:, Armenia accused the Azerbaijani army of shelling civilian areas and the city's 1507: 1497: 1441: 1396: 1288: 1076: 1072: 983: 674: 591: 551: 546: 465: 355: 251: 94: 9278: 8712: 8692: 7677: 5782: 3525: 3186:(1897–1961), Soviet-Azerbaijani opera tenor and folk music performer, father of 1172:

The Russian Empire consolidated its power in the Karabakh Khanate following the

995:

Karabakh was for almost two centuries ruled by Ziyad-oglu family of the clan of

10522: 10374: 10369: 10182: 10154: 9838: 9350: 9303: 9288: 9083: 9046: 9002: 8960: 8945: 8915: 8892: 8821: 8810: 8774: 8292: 7415: 6392: 5857: 5724: 5236: 4979: 3784: 3440: 3436: 3285: 3229: 3125: 3113: 2948: 1822: 1802: 1400: 1376: 1360: 1181: 1131: 1080: 1021:

In 1756 (or 1759), Shusha and the Karabakh Khanate underwent a new attack from

1000: 937: 832: 824: 812: 658: 641: 498: 457: 269: 9385: 8587: 8434: 7651:"BCSIA - Publication - Shusha's Pivotal Role in a Nagorno-Karabagh Settlement" 6134: 5304: 3859: 10605: 10359: 10334: 9516: 9501: 9486: 9293: 9273: 9088: 8977: 8799: 8612: 8602: 8547: 7556: 6782: 6777:. Vol. 17. Karachi: Pakistan Herald Publications. 1965. pp. 31–33. 6660: 6613: 6444: 5748: 3981: 3729:

Uzeir Hajibeyov and His Role in the Development of Musical Life in Azerbaijan

3662: 3459: 3432: 3273: 3235: 3193: 3089: 3043: 2984:(1787–1867), Azerbaijani poet and major general of the Imperial Russian Army. 2884: 1688: 1684: 1524: 1318: 1255: 872: 773: 764: 633:

God is pouring stones on thy head. Sit ye not then in thy fortress of glass.

445:. Situated at an altitude of 1,400–1,800 metres (4,600–5,900 ft) in the 197: 184: 8652: 6945:"Azerbaijanis remove sculptures from the park of Shushi Museum of Fine Arts" 6880: 6567: 6264: 5159:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

4563: 4217: 3631:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond

2802:. It was not until the 1960s that the Armenian quarter began to be rebuilt. 922:

According to Mirza Jamal Javanshir, the author of the Persian-language text

909:. The mid-18th century foundation is supported by the second edition of the 625:

approached the town with his army, he reportedly told the ruler of Karabakh

9427: 9242: 8702: 8567: 8532: 8185: 5061: 5059: 5057: 3979: 3239: 2799: 1723: 1667: 1232: 1216: 841: 555: 450: 9904: 9318: 9263: 8001: 6944: 6799: 5725:"Why Autonomy? The Making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918–1925" 4866: 3264:(1913–1944), Soviet-Armenian pilot and Lieutenant–Colonel of the Red Army. 1451:

According to the description of an Azerbaijani communist Ojahkuli Musaev:

1293:

Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) § Fight for Karabakh, early 1920

565:

The city has suffered significant destruction and depopulation during the

10409: 10149: 9631: 9621: 9464: 9402: 9231: 9158: 9148: 8662: 8657: 8647: 8335:

Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G.; Melville, C. (1991).

8027: 7530:. National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. p. 37. 7309:Административно-территориальное деление Союза ССР (на 1 января 1931 года) 5194:

The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

4543: 4299:] (in Armenian). Vol. 4. Yerevan State University. p. 161. 2861: 2845: 2836: 2816:, the population consisted of over 4,000 Armenians, mainly refugees from 1806: 1771: 1767: 1680: 1601: 1584: 1493: 1424: 1380: 1356: 1321:

with the church of the Holy Mother of God "Kanach Zham" in the background

745: 538: 9380: 9355: 8562: 7557:"School bell rings first time in Shusha after 33 years [PHOTOS]" 7500: 6424: 5071: 5054: 5042: 4984:

Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan

1348:

in February 1905. Soon, the conflict spilled over to other parts of the

10144: 10009: 9616: 7915:"Azerbaijani residents to return to Shusha in Karabakh by next summer?" 7678:"Шуша - цитадель Карабаха: почему она важна для азербайджанцев и армян" 7314:

Administrative-territorial divisions of the USSR (as of 1 January 1931)

6165:"Армянская церковь обвинила азербайджанцев в осквернении собора в Шуши" 6043:"At Front Lines of a Brutal War: Death and Despair in Nagorno-Karabakh" 5783:"Шуша - цитадель Карабаха: почему она важна для азербайджанцев и армян" 5122: 4057: 3770:, trans. George A. Bournoutian. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2011. 3742: 3329:

Also appears as 42,586 in the list of populated places in the Caucasus.

3203: 2920: 2911: 1432: 1326: 1189: 1146: 1127: 1068: 1015: 1007: 974: 506: 438: 227: 9375: 9248: 8572: 5284: 5212: 5210: 4287:

Hakobyan, T. Kh.; Melik-Bakhshyan, St. T.; Barseghyan, H. Kh. (1991).

3917:"Azerbaijan, Armenia and Russia sign peace deal over Nagorno-Karabakh" 3006:(1820–1879), Armenian lieutenant-general of the Imperial Russian Army. 10127: 10085: 9934: 9805: 9308: 9298: 9221: 9123: 8362:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

8215: 7975: 7711:"Şuşanın işğalı ilə bağlı beynəlxalq təşkilatlara bəyanat ünvanlanıb" 7448:"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 7243: 1043: 978: 559: 346: 9453: 9447: 8677: 6914: 5658:Н. Я. Мандельштам. Книга третья. Париж, YMCA-Ргess, 1987, с.162–164. 5454:

The Caucasian Knot: The History and geo-politics of Nagorno-Karabakh

4535: 4455: 3608: 3582: 3580: 811:" which was "conquered, through deceit" by "one Muslim man from the 594:. On 8 November 2020, Azerbaijani forces retook the city during the 10039: 10032: 9995: 9815: 9653: 9596: 9591: 9506: 9459: 9360: 9330: 9313: 9153: 8667: 8597: 8557: 7229: 7205: 7143: 7033: 5413:

The Caucasian Knot: the History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabakh

5207: 4784: 4782: 3661:. Retrieved February 3, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: 3206: 3027: 3021: 2952: 2943: 1821:

Shusha is also well known for sileh rugs, floor coverings from the

1488: 1483: 1349: 1185: 1177: 1123: 1103: 1061: 1056: 992: 579: 446: 363: 9541: 8473: 4428:Армяно-русские отношения в XVIII веке. Т. IV. С. 212, as cited in 1687:

and CaucasusHeritageWatch. Azerbaijani officials claimed that the

10026: 9788: 9481: 9422: 9391: 9226: 9211: 9190: 9185: 8627: 8216:"Между Шушой и Эрзурумом подписан протокол о побратимстве - ФОТО" 8155: 7781: 6991: 6023: 5406:

Mutafian, Claude (1994). "Karabagh in the Twentieth Century". In

4286: 4085:"Azerbaijan launches multi-day tours of Shusha | Eurasianet" 3577: 2932: 2900: 2888: 2879: 1880:

was founded in Shusha in 1991 shortly before the outbreak of the

1852:

During the Soviet period, Shusha was home to museums such as the

1583:, the city was looted and burnt by Armenian citizens from nearby 1445: 1251: 1092: 1011: 965: 554:

in 1920, in which the Armenian half of the city was destroyed by

542: 326: 7307: 6507:(in Armenian). Baku: "Aror" Publishing House. pp. 137–138. 6350:"Azerbaijan finds new mass grave in area liberated from Armenia" 4779: 4182:(in Armenian). Yerevan: Hayastan publishing house. p. 146. 1254:. Standing in the middle of a net of caravan routes, it had ten 468:. Some attribute this to an alliance between Panah Ali Khan and 9989: 9898: 9799: 9793: 9470: 9397: 9365: 9206: 8110: 6269: 4600:

A. V. Suvorov and Russian-Armenian relations in the 1770s-1780s

4272:("tree branch", "high place", "height") of the Artsakh dialect. 4053:"Azerbaijan begins controversial renovation of Armenian church" 3216: 2936: 2927: 2904: 2895: 1763: 1719: 1437: 1392: 1372: 1275: 1228: 1037: 996: 991:, one of the major claimants to the Iranian throne. During the 807:

states that there was "an ancient fortress in the realm of the

784: 515: 351: 7084:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. 5480:

Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe

2770: 1559: 10065: 9972: 9952: 9946: 9910: 9407: 9340: 7155: 7153: 6915:"Shushi's Museums: Most Collections Now in Azerbaijani Hands" 5325:

The Republic of Armenia: Volume 1, The First Years, 1918–1919

4595:А.В. Суворов и русско-армянские отношения в 1770-1780-х годах 1770:(after the region of Karabakh; the church is better known as 1597: 1412: 1153:. Amidst the war, in 1805, an agreement was made between the 1026: 947:(1835–1888), an Armenian novelist and historian, in his work 863: 519: 511: 475: 264: 27: 6226:"Nagorno-Karabakh: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report" 6104:"Нагорный Карабах заявил о потере контроля над городом Шуши" 6072:"Azerbaijani leader: Forces seize key Nagorno-Karabakh city" 5088: 5086: 4110: 4108: 4106: 3413: 3411: 1471: 1415:, pending the final decision by the Paris Peace Conference. 871:

in the background – in the early 20th century, before their

669:

in Armenian), which literally means "Shusha village" in the

640:("City of Panah"), Shusha's previous name, was a tribute to 10538:

Memorial Complex of Participants of the Great Patriotic War

10058: 9417: 9138: 8424: 4887:"АББАС-КУЛИ-АГА БАКИХАНОВ->ГЮЛИСТАН-И ИРАМ->ПЕРИОД V" 4853:

Mirza Adigozel-bek, Karabakh-name (1845), Baku, 1950, p. 54

4545:

Armenians and Russia, 1626-1796 : a documentary record

4250:[Armenian-sounding and Armenian-breathing Shushi]. 4168:

Mkrtchyan, Shahen (1980). "City of Shushi (Շուշի քաղաքը)".

4120: 3890:

Conflict, Exclusion and Dissent in the Linguistic Landscape

3258:(1911–1987), Soviet-Azerbaijani actor and theatre director. 1805:, being the hometown and headquarters of Armenian composer 1738:

and one of Azerbaijan's first twentieth-century novelists,

1643: 1512: 1345: 1271: 1247: 1126:

to increase its territories at the expense of neighbouring

70: 31: 8752: 8297:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War

7420:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War

7150: 6559:

Haykakan zhoghovrdakan yerger[Armenian folk songs]

5946:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace And War

5584:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War

5242:

Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War

5000: 4297:

Dictionary of toponymy of Armenia and adjacent territories

4176:

Historical-architectural monuments of Mountainous Karabakh

2761:

the number of Armenian families increased to 762 (44.2%).

1051:

In summer 1795, Shusha was subjected to a major attack by

387: 9940: 8334: 5083: 5077: 5065: 5048: 4103: 3988:. Cornell Institute of Archaeology and Material Studies: 3924: 3843:"The Nagorno-Karabagh Crisis: A Blueprint for Resolution" 3789:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 152. 3708: 3706: 3704: 3526:

Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890–1907).

3408: 3018:(1832–1897), one of the best lyrical poets of Azerbaijan. 541:, and serves as a land link between Nagorno-Karabakh and 456:

Most sources date Shusha's establishment to the 1750s by

8440: 7812:"Armenian Karabakh Official Says Mosques Being Repaired" 6297:"L'Azerbaigian denuncia: un'altra fossa comune a Shusha" 6135:"Армянская церковь заявила об осквернении собора в Шуши" 5916:"Karabakh's contentious mosque restoration | Eurasianet" 5555:

Azerbaijani Turks: Power and Identity Under Russian Rule

5381:

The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications

5329:. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 3288:(born 1962), Armenian politician and military commander. 9699: 8281:"Georgia v. Linguistic Contacts With Iranian Languages" 8028:"Official web-site of President of Azerbaijan Republic" 7010:

Caucasian Calendar (Кавказский Календарь), 1853, p. 128

6695:. Yerevan: Tigran Mets Publishing House. pp. 3–6. 6388:"Azerbaijan declares city of Shusha 'cultural capital'" 5535:, Vol. III: From London to Sèvres, February–August 1920 5441:

February, including Khankend (present-day Stepanakert).

4810:

Mirza Jamal Javanshir Karabagi. The History of Karabakh

4623:. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers, 2001, pp. 134, 269. 4438:

Russian collection of research on the history of Russia

4332:(in Armenian). Vol. 8. Yerevan. pp. 599–601. 3951:"Президент Арцаха прокомментировал мир с Азербайджаном" 1363:, Karabakh was claimed by Azerbaijan to be part of the 6598:"Why This Composer Made Melodies Out of Mountainsides" 5884: 5271:

Historical-Architectural Monuments of Nagorno Karabagh

4659:Материалы для новой истории Кавказа с 1722 по 1803 год 4293:

Hayastani ev harakitsʻ shrjanneri teghanunneri baṛaran

3818: 3701: 3222:

origin writer, jurist, and the first female lawyer in

1940:

Historical population and ethnic composition of Shusha

1399:

towards Shusha. Shortly before Andranik could arrive,

1122:

From the early 19th century, Russian ambitions in the

10579: 7106:: In 86 Volumes (82 Volumes and 4 Additional Volumes) 7003: 7001: 6531:"Diocese of Artsakh of the Armenian Apostolic Church" 6445:"Days of Vagif Poetry again in Shusha after 39 years" 5094:"EBRĀHĪM ḴALĪL KHAN JAVĀNŠĪR – Encyclopaedia Iranica" 4776:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001, p. 155. 4621:

Armenians and Russia, 1626-1796: A Documentary Record

4548:. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publishers. p. 133. 4530:

Armenians and Russia, 1626-1796: A Documentary Record

3162:(1887–1972), Soviet-Armenian statesman and historian. 3064:(1865–1918), Armenian journalist and public activist. 6367: 4909:"МИРЗА АДИГЕЗАЛЬ-БЕК->КАРАБАГ-НАМЕ->ГЛАВЫ 1-6" 4602:]. Yerevan: Айастан. p. 130. Archived from 4171:Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի պատմա-ճարտարապետական հուշարձանները 3586:

Krunk Hayots Ashkharhin. 8 (1863): p. 622, cited in

3565: 2798:

1926. Armenians did not begin to return until after

1071:. The right and left wings were sent to resubjugate 7575: 5862:"Shusha Armenians Recall Their Bittersweet Victory" 5815:"Shusha Armenians recall their bittersweet victory" 5699:"Groups: Azerbaijanian, Centre for Russian Studies" 3098:(1875–1939), Azerbaijani playwright and journalist. 3076:(1869–1939), Azerbaijani politician and journalist. 1519:

by the Armenian forces until it was removed in 2023

617:("glass, vessel, bottle, flask"). According to the 610:Several historians believe Shusha derives from the 558:forces, resulting in the death or expulsion of the 7622:Shushu bnakchutyune 18-rd darits minchev mer orere 7581:"Review of Russian possessions in Transcaucasus" ( 6998: 6555: 6324:"Mass Graves in Azerbaijan. Where is the outrage?" 5617:The enemy is everywhere. Stalinism in the Caucasus 5322: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5222: 4444:. Vol. VIII. Модест Колеров. pp. 13–14. 4321: 3597:. Vol. VIII. Модест Колеров. pp. 13–14. 3422: 1801:Shusha serves an important role in the history of 973:Although Panah Ali Khan had been in conflict with 10129:Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve 7742:"Карабахский дневник" азербайджанского журналиста 6379: 5358:Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition 4730:. London: Saunders, Otley, and Co., 1861, p. 226. 4252:RA NAA Language Institute named after H. Acharyan 4020:"Azerbaijan: Attack on Church Possible War Crime" 3276:(1915–1971), Soviet-Armenian poet and playwright. 3116:(1879–1906), Armenian liberation movement leader. 2840:Shusha as seen from the road approaching the town 1829:type usually shows a different range of colours. 1548: 1442:massacre and expulsion of the Armenian population 1342:clashes between ethnic Armenians and Azerbaijanis 873:destruction by Azerbaijani military units in 1920 449:mountains, the city was a mountain resort in the 26:"Shushi" redirects here. Not to be confused with 10603: 8246:"Шуша и Велико-Тырново стали побратимами (Фото)" 7880:"Shusha breathes new life after years of strife" 7165:Overview of the Elizavetpol Governorate for 1910 7045: 7043: 6685: 6470:Looking toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History 5410:; Donabedian, Patrick; Mutafian, Claude (eds.). 4986:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 114–115. 4930:Encyclopedia Iranica. C. Edmund Bosworth. Ganja. 4515:From the history of the urban planning of Shushi 3723: 3721: 1762:), Meghretsots Holy Mother of God Church (after 1730:, Azerbaijan's most famous woman poet, composer 1515:tank that stood as a memorial commemorating the 661:, the town's name comes from the nearby village 6376:, by Gary K. Bertsch - 2000 - 316 pages, p. 297 6096: 5219: 4720:Travels and Adventures of the Rev. Joseph Wolff 3986:"Caucasus Heritage Watch: Monitoring Report #1" 3911: 3909: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3012:(1830–1905), Azerbaijani ornamentalist painter. 1317:Ruins of the Armenian part of Shusha after the 1110:Shah, Baba Khan, who soon assumed the title of 772:, playing a key role in the Armenian commander 10487:Azerbaijan State Museum of History of Karabakh 7190: 7188: 7018: 7016: 6728:Grikor Suni (2005). Henrik Bakhchinyan (ed.). 4802: 4800: 4798: 4433:Русский Сборник Исследования По Истории России 3591:Русский Сборник Исследования По Истории России 3174:(1889–1937), Azerbaijani lawyer and statesman. 1878:Azerbaijan State Museum of History of Karabakh 905:(1748–1822), which comprised both Lowland and 696:can also be explained as the genitive form of 619:Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names 473: 10113: 9868: 9685: 9557: 8738: 8489: 8313: 7643: 7641: 7549: 7040: 5601: 5599: 5527: 5525: 4367: 4365: 4140:"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary" 4114: 3718: 3128:(1884–1954), Soviet-Azerbaijani opera singer. 2871: 2318:Massacre and expulsion of Armenian population 1814:, the prominent Armenian singer, dancer, and 1778:was made the seat of the newly reestablished 835:in return for aid against the other Armenian 8430:Shusha – the town of the dead. Photo-report. 8156:"Шуша и Кайсери станут городами–побратимами" 8139:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7583:"Obozreniye Rossiyskih vladeniy za Kavkazom" 6638: 6500: 5775: 5669:"Nagorno-Karabakh Searching for a Solution, 5467:Armenia and Karabakh: The Struggle for Unity 5375: 5373: 3906: 3754: 1627: 1543: 1496:, named after the Armenian communist leader 1117: 8359: 8317:The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names 7185: 7104:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 7013: 6727: 6595: 6354:Azerbaijan reveals new mass grave in Shusha 6036: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5317: 5006: 4795: 4741:"Azerbaijan - History, People, & Facts" 4541: 3851:Public International Law & Policy Group 3779: 3168:(1887–1943), Soviet-Azerbaijani and writer. 2597:September 1988: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: 1666:On November 8, 2020, Azerbaijani President 1134:began to rise. Following the annexation of 954: 917:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 867:The Armenian quarters of Shusha – with the 654:Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary 10120: 10106: 9875: 9861: 9692: 9678: 9564: 9550: 8745: 8731: 8496: 8482: 7774: 7735: 7702: 7638: 7177:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7161:Обзор Елизаветпольской губернии за 1910 г. 7118:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7051:"население нагорно-карабахской республики" 6973: 6812: 5605: 5596: 5522: 5012: 4879: 4671:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4414:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4362: 4354:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3663:http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-44296 3557:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3508:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3476:(1918). "The Five Melikdoms of Karabagh". 3446:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3382: 3380: 3378: 3070:(1868–1933), prominent Armenian anarchist. 3030:(1854–1908), Armenian writer and novelist. 1707:(top left) with his family in Shusha, 1915 901:), the founder and the first ruler of the 727:, which all mean "Shosh/Shushi Fortress". 10642:Former Armenian communities in Azerbaijan 7943: 7843: 7708: 7585:), vol. III, St.-Petersburg, 1836, p. 308 6912: 6881:""Шуша" в Большой Советской Энциклопедии" 6821:"Shusha may host Turkvision Song Contest" 6818: 6496: 6494: 5948:. New York University Press, pp. 196-197. 5370: 4972: 4507: 4245: 4207: 4167: 4163: 4161: 3282:(1919–1974), Soviet-Azerbaijani composer. 3190:, Azerbaijani singer, actor and diplomat. 3122:(1884–1950), Soviet-Azerbaijani composer. 1618:Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh 1500:, became the new regional capital of the 8278: 7877: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6013: 5839: 5405: 5394: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5182: 4901: 4847: 4591: 4475: 4422: 4371: 4126: 3417: 3397:. Population Census 2015. Archived from 3270:(1914–1999), Soviet-Azerbaijani actress. 2835: 2769: 1832:In November 2020, the organizers of the 1788: 1698: 1637: 1596:Azerbaijani to completely Armenian. The 1558: 1506: 1470: 1312: 1304: 1296: 1202: 1160: 1042: 964: 862: 846: 751: 739: 657:, published in the final decades of the 8320:(4 ed.). Oxford University Press. 8291: 7521:"Statistical yearbook of NKR 2003–2009" 7414: 6819:Nazimgizi, Shafiga (18 November 2020). 6347: 6322:Barouk, Rabbi Israel (30 August 2023). 6194:Maranci, Christina (15 December 2020). 6193: 5890: 5856: 5722: 5416:. London: Zed Books. pp. 124–126. 5282: 5138:Turan Information Agency, 2005. page 29 4947: 4429: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3824: 3712: 3587: 3375: 3196:(1902–1958), Soviet-Armenian statesman. 3150:(1886–1937), Soviet-Armenian statesman. 3134:(1882–1953), Soviet-Armenian scientist. 3104:(1875–1955), Soviet-Armenian architect. 2990:(1804-1862), Azerbaijani statesman and 2856:. The two remaining Armenian churches ( 1916:capture of Shusha by Azerbaijani forces 1722:. For the Azerbaijanis, Shusha is the " 1612:were restored by Armenian authorities. 503:Russian conquest of the Caucasus region 156: 126: 10604: 10295:Caravanserai of Agha Gahraman Mirsiyab 8754:Administrative divisions of Azerbaijan 8378: 8314:Everett-Heath, John (2018). "Shusha". 8285:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 5 8226:from the original on 23 September 2023 8109:Holding, APA Information Agency, APA. 6562:. Yerevan: Petakan Hratarakchʻutʻyun. 6491: 6385: 6321: 6056:from the original on 19 October 2020. 5845: 5763:from the original on 23 September 2023 4978: 4656: 4386:. Saint Petersburg. pp. 434–435. 4282: 4280: 4208:Danielyan, Samvel (19 February 2021). 4158: 4050: 3858:. June 2000. p. 3. Archived from 3803:from the original on 27 September 2021 3748: 3571: 3486:from the original on 26 September 2021 3156:(1886–1951), Armenian literary critic. 2831: 2795:pogrom against the Armenian population 2631:. Expulsion of Azerbaijani population 1840:started preparatory activities on the 1683:, which was supported by reports from 590:and administered as the centre of its 10637:Former Armenian inhabited settlements 10101: 9856: 9673: 9545: 8726: 8477: 7982:from the original on 22 December 2012 7944:Berberian, Viken (21 December 2020). 7850:Institute for War and Peace Reporting 7288:from the original on 31 October 2022. 6899: 6589: 6451:from the original on 23 February 2022 6175:from the original on 16 November 2020 6145:from the original on 14 November 2020 5866:Institute for War and Peace Reporting 5612:Враг есть везде. Сталинизм на Кавказе 5500:"Chronology: Accord Nagorny Karabakh" 5430:from the original on 7 September 2021 5179: 5021:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia 4960:from the original on 17 November 2011 4763: 4751:from the original on 18 November 2008 4587: 4585: 4570:from the original on 7 September 2021 4336:from the original on 15 February 2022 4322:Hasratyan, M.; Ulubabyan, B. (1982). 4303:from the original on 19 November 2021 4241: 4239: 3961:from the original on 10 November 2020 3773: 3472: 3252:(1909–1996), Soviet-Armenian painter. 3232:(1906–1990), Soviet-Armenian chemist. 3180:(1897–1961), Soviet-Armenian painter. 2968:(1732-1806), Azerbaijani khan of the 1955: 1952: 1949: 1282: 673:. Conversely, the Armenian historian 8458:Armenian Guidebook Chapter on Shushi 8090:from the original on 4 November 2021 8060:from the original on 4 November 2021 8034:from the original on 4 November 2021 7856:from the original on 8 December 2015 7789:from the original on 8 December 2015 7690:from the original on 9 November 2020 6925:from the original on 27 January 2021 6861:from the original on 27 January 2021 6831:from the original on 17 January 2021 6511:from the original on 21 January 2021 6277:from the original on 27 January 2021 6206:from the original on 22 January 2021 6114:from the original on 9 November 2020 6084:from the original on 9 November 2020 5995:from the original on 17 October 2020 5902: 5795:from the original on 9 November 2020 5633:from the original on 8 October 2022. 5510:from the original on 7 February 2012 4246:Vardanyan, Artak (4 February 2021). 4032:from the original on 13 January 2021 3931:from the original on 9 November 2020 3887: 3830: 3680: 3454:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 573. 3363:from the original on 31 January 2021 2765:George Keppel, the Earl of Albemarle 855:, the daughter of the last ruler of 464:, coinciding with the foundation of 169:Show map of Karabakh Economic Region 10617:Populated places in Shusha District 9701:Administrative divisions of Artsakh 9571: 8503: 8256:from the original on 1 October 2022 8196:from the original on 25 August 2022 8153: 8108: 8008:from the original on 9 October 2011 7956:from the original on 8 January 2021 7925:from the original on 7 January 2021 7822:from the original on 1 October 2018 7537:from the original on 27 August 2011 7212: 6955:from the original on 14 August 2021 6913:Petrosyan, Sara (25 January 2021). 6754:from the original on 5 October 2021 6709:from the original on 5 October 2021 6667:from the original on 5 October 2021 6620:from the original on 5 October 2021 6574:from the original on 5 October 2021 6400:from the original on 5 January 2021 6273:(in Azerbaijani). 25 January 2021. 6236:from the original on 8 January 2022 5926:from the original on 2 January 2021 5872:from the original on 5 October 2015 5465:Walker J. Christopher (ed.) (1991) 4315: 4277: 4065:from the original on 5 October 2021 1816:People's Artist of the Armenian SSR 529:. Shusha also contains a number of 276: • Special representative 84:Landmarks of Shusha, from top left: 13: 9886:, Tourism, Youth & Agriculture 8166:from the original on 13 April 2021 8121:from the original on 5 August 2013 7482:from the original on 19 March 2022 5827:from the original on 18 April 2021 5283:Saparov, Arsène (27 August 2014). 5169:pp 729-730 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014. 4582: 4510:Из истории градостроительства Шуши 4393:from the original on 11 April 2021 4326:. In Hambardzumyan, Viktor (ed.). 4258:from the original on 7 August 2022 4236: 4091:from the original on 19 April 2023 3980:Lori Khatchadourian; Ian Lindsay; 3024:(1846–1902), Azerbaijani musician. 2988:Abbasqoli Mo'tamad-dawla Javanshir 2958: 1504:and soon became its largest town. 1502:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast 1387:defeated Azerbaijani forces under 573:in 1992 by Armenian forces during 14: 10658: 8409: 8252:(in Russian). 30 September 2022. 8222:(in Russian). 21 September 2022. 7892:from the original on 1 March 2017 7878:Bardsley, Daniel (21 July 2009). 7844:Beglarian, Ashot (15 June 2007). 7167:]. Tiflis. 1912. p. 141. 6887:from the original on 9 March 2012 6809:", Online Academic Edition, 2007. 6488:, by Henry Cotton - 2008 - p. 206 6386:Aliyev, Jeyhun (5 January 2021). 5456:. London: Zed Books, pp. 109–170. 5104:from the original on 4 March 2016 4189:from the original on 14 July 2021 4146:from the original on 7 April 2019 3751:, pp. 167–171, 172–173, 297. 3731:. – Routledge, 2004. – С. 211. – 3687:. DIANE Publishing. p. 108. 3140:(1886–1959), a politician of the 2824:by Azerbaijani forces during the 1844:and Days of the Poetry of Vagif. 562:population, up to 20,000 people. 292:5.5 km (2.1 sq mi) 10589: 10477:House-Museum of Uzeyir Hajibeyov 10249:House-Museum of Uzeyir Hajibeyov 9723: 9630: 9122: 8711: 8238: 8208: 8178: 8147: 8102: 8072: 8046: 8030:. en.president.az. 12 May 2021. 8020: 7994: 7968: 7937: 7907: 7871: 7846:"Karabakh: A Tale of Two Cities" 7837: 7804: 7768: 7729: 7670: 7614: 7605: 7588: 7513: 7494: 7462: 7440: 7408: 7386: 7364: 7342: 7320: 7292: 7266: 7254:from the original on 26 May 2011 7236: 7221:Кавказский календарь на 1917 год 7197:Кавказский календарь на 1915 год 7135:Кавказский календарь на 1910 год 7126: 7090: 7065: 7025:Кавказский календарь на 1886 год 6967: 6937: 6873: 6843: 6789: 6766: 6721: 6679: 6632: 6549: 6537:from the original on 28 May 2013 6523: 6479: 6463: 6437: 6434:, Online Academic Edition, 2007. 6412: 6341: 6315: 6289: 6257: 6248: 6218: 6187: 6171:(in Russian). 15 November 2020. 6157: 6132: 6126: 6064: 5723:Saparov, Arsène (1 March 2012). 5469:. London: Minority Rights Group. 4876:, Online Academic Edition, 2007. 3996:from the original on 7 July 2021 3957:(in Russian). 10 November 2020. 3684:Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia 3536:from the original on 16 May 2013 3323: 3306:List of Azerbaijanis from Shusha 3110:(1876–1944), Armenian architect. 3052:(1860–1932), Armenian historian. 2942: 2926: 2910: 2894: 2878: 2724:. Exodus of Armenian population 2599:Expulsion of Armenian population 1910:Except for the rugs kept at the 1797:with his chorus in Shushi (1902) 943:Another account is presented by 859:, late 19th-early 20th centuries 550:the city's population until the 220: 155: 148: 125: 118: 78: 10508:Gravestone of Mir Mohsun Navvab 8360:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). 8154:Holding, Interfax Азербайджан. 7816:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 7775:Antanesian, Vahe (8 May 2014). 7709:Rafiqoğlu, Aqşin (6 May 2010). 7686:(in Russian). 7 November 2020. 6110:(in Russian). 9 November 2020. 6030: 6007: 5977: 5951: 5938: 5908: 5896: 5850: 5807: 5791:(in Russian). 7 November 2020. 5716: 5691: 5661: 5649: 5637: 5576: 5538: 5492: 5472: 5459: 5446: 5347: 5311: 5276: 5263: 5150: 5141: 5116: 4950:"EBRAHÈM KHALÈL KHAN JAVANSHER" 4941: 4923: 4856: 4822: 4733: 4711: 4698: 4650: 4626: 4613: 4522: 4501: 4469: 4201: 4132: 4077: 4044: 4012: 3973: 3943: 3881: 3674: 3359:(in Russian). 27 January 2021. 1932: 1838:Azerbaijani Ministry of Culture 1660:Azerbaijani Ministry of Defence 1563:Part of Shusha in ruins in 2010 1359:and subsequent collapse of the 896: 799:A 1769 letter by Georgian king 744:Saint John the Baptist Church ( 9533:Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic 8192:(in Russian). 24 August 2022. 6974:@CaucasusHW (13 August 2021). 6775:Illustrated Weekly of Pakistan 5944:de Waal, Thomas (2003, 2013). 4248:"ՀԱՅԱՀՈՒՆՉ ՈՒ ՀԱՅԱՇՈՒՆՉ ՇՈՒՇԻ" 3651: 3622: 3466: 3343: 3088:(1872–1920), prince of Iran's 3058:(1863–1940), Armenian painter. 3042:(1857–1937), prince of Iran's 2978:(1784–1857), Azerbaijani poet. 1589:months of bombing and shelling 1549:1988–1994 Nagorno-Karabakh war 1395:), and began heading down the 1365:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1194:Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 1151:Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 853:Palace of Khurshidbanu Natavan 692:or to Shusha itself. The form 489: 1: 10513:Gravestone of Gasim bey Zakir 10224:House of Khurshidbanu Natavan 8338:The Cambridge History of Iran 8002:"Շուշի Վերածնունդ» Հիմնադրամ" 7946:"Armenia's Tragedy in Shushi" 7563:. Azernews. 16 September 2024 7302:[Transcaucasian SSR] 7096: 6692:Treasures of Artsakh-Karabagh 5031:Reaktion Books, 15 feb. 2013 4216:(in Armenian). Archived from 4051:Kucera, Joshua (7 May 2021). 3641:pp 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 dec. 2014 3479:The Adventures of Hovsep Emin 3336: 3311:List of Armenians from Shusha 2722:Capture by Azerbaijani forces 1466: 735: 472:, the local Armenian prince ( 106:House of Khurshidbanu Natavan 10528:Bust of Khurshidbanu Natavan 10492:Shusha Musical Drama Theatre 10290:Khanlig Mukhtar caravanserai 8463:Armeniapedia entry on Shushi 7749:(in Russian). Archived from 7108:. St. Petersburg. 1890–1907. 6596:Karine Vann (30 June 2017). 6501:Barkhudaryan, Makar (1895). 6447:. AzerNews. 31 August 2021. 6303:(in Italian). 17 August 2023 6014:@cavidaga (8 October 2020). 5741:10.1080/09668136.2011.642583 4329:Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia 2998:Karbalayi Safikhan Karabakhi 1891:and the Shushi Art Gallery. 605: 308:1,400 m (4,600 ft) 300:1,800 m (5,900 ft) 39:City in Karabakh, Azerbaijan 7: 8056:. AZERTAC. 29 August 2021. 7976:"The "Shushi Revival" Fund" 7226:Caucasian calendar for 1917 7202:Caucasian calendar for 1915 7140:Caucasian calendar for 1910 7030:Caucasian calendar for 1886 6556:Ṛuben Tʻerlemezyan (1935). 4774:Armenia: A Historical Atlas 4508:Sarkisian, Manvel (1996). 3299: 2848:, and by the government of 1646:, Azerbaijan on 8 November. 1409:1919 Paris Peace Conference 1188:and most of the modern-day 977:, the new ruler of Persia, 596:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 10: 10663: 10518:Statue of Uzeyir Hajibeyov 10325:Ashaghi Govhar Agha Mosque 10320:Yukhari Govhar Agha Mosque 10209:Ibrahim Khalil Khan palace 9884:Turkic Capitals of Culture 8343:Cambridge University Press 8341:. Vol. 7. Cambridge: 8272: 7921:. Baku. 21 December 2020. 6476:- 1993 - 289 pages, p. 195 5128:Karabakh: past and present 4677:ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ М. к стр. 236. 3080:Abdurrahim bey Hagverdiyev 2872:Twin towns – sister cities 2629:Capture by Armenian forces 1882:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1868:of the Azerbaijani singer 1847: 1694: 1631: 1610:Yukhari Govhar Agha Mosque 1569:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1552: 1529:Commissar of Nationalities 1286: 1166:Ashaghi Govhar Agha Mosque 989:Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar 958: 757:Yukhari Govhar Agha Mosque 730: 575:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 337:Շուշեցի ("Shushets'i"; in 91:Yukhari Govhar Agha Mosque 25: 18: 10647:Ghost towns in Azerbaijan 10546: 10533:Bust of Molla Panah Vagif 10500: 10454: 10438: 10422: 10393: 10310: 10303: 10285:Two-Storeyed Caravanserai 10277: 10219:Mammad Hasan agha palace 10196: 10163: 10135: 10075: 10050: 10019: 9982: 9891: 9831: 9781: 9732: 9721: 9707: 9640:Not under Artsakh control 9639: 9628: 9579: 9525: 9199: 9131: 9120: 8760: 8709: 8523: 8511: 8388:Transcaucasian Boundaries 8364:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. 7627:12 September 2021 at the 7398:www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru 7376:www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru 7354:www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru 7332:www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru 7055:www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru 6825:Report Information Agency 6645:Journal of Human Sciences 6486:A Typographical Gazetteer 6016:"AzMOD on Ghazanchetsots" 5289:. Routledge. p. 91. 3892:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 3855:New England School of Law 3482:. Calcutta. p. 335. 3166:Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli 3142:First Republic of Armenia 2992:first minister of justice 2826:2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War 2814:2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War 2719: 2626: 2596: 2315: 1958: 1946: 1784:Armenian Apostolic Church 1740:Yusif Vezir Chemenzeminli 1673:Armenian Apostolic Church 1652:2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war 1628:2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war 1544:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 1429:Karabagh National Council 1369:First Republic of Armenia 1184:, comprising present-day 1118:Within the Russian Empire 644:, the first ruler of the 567:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 434: 382: 372: 362: 345: 325: 317: 312: 304: 296: 288: 283: 275: 262: 257: 245: 233: 213: 178: 112: 77: 68: 61: 44: 10467:Shusha State Art Gallery 10462:Shusha Museum of History 10405:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 10214:Gara Boyuk Khanim Castle 10204:Palace of Karabakh Khans 7777:"Շուշի [Shushi]" 7741: 7275:The population of Shusha 6805:7 September 2021 at the 5531:Richard G. Hovannisian. 5273:. Yerevan, 1989, p. 341. 4872:7 September 2021 at the 4834:The Princedoms of Khamsa 4725:7 September 2021 at the 4509: 4372:Цагарели, А. А. (1891). 3316: 3172:Nariman bey Narimanbeyov 2982:Jafargulu agha Javanshir 1860:of Azerbaijani composer 1854:Shusha Museum of History 1776:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 1677:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 1656:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 1606:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 1383:, Armenian forces under 1221:Elisabethpol Governorate 1208:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 1053:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 955:Conflict with the Qajars 949:The Princedoms of Khamsa 878:Some sources, including 869:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 623:Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar 535:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 97: • Shusha mountains 87:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 10627:Elizavetpol Governorate 10622:Districts of Azerbaijan 10446:Khoja Marjanly's Spring 9832:Other urban communities 8279:Chkeidze, Thea (2001). 7633:Hasarakakan Gitutyunner 7620:R. H. Ter-Gabrielian, " 6796:Encyclopædia Britannica 6430:6 February 2021 at the 6420:Encyclopædia Britannica 5989:BBC News Русская служба 5533:The Republic of Armenia 4863:Encyclopædia Britannica 4619:Bournoutian, George A. 4528:Bournoutian, George A. 3781:Hovannisian, Richard G. 3659:Encyclopædia Britannica 3657:"Azerbaijan" (2007) In 3004:Ivan Davidovich Lazarev 1834:Turkvision Song Contest 1634:Battle of Shusha (2020) 1555:Battle of Shusha (1992) 1479:In 1920, the Bolshevik 1047:Shusha fortress in 2021 331:Şuşalı ("Shushaly"; in 21:Shusha (disambiguation) 10482:House-Museum of Bulbul 10345:Chukhur Mahalla Mosque 10259:House-Museum of Bulbul 9843:Zoravan/Nerkin Chartar 9531:indicate parts of the 8468:"The Twentieth Spring" 8380:Walker, Christopher J. 7394:"Шушинский район 1979" 7372:"Шушинский район 1970" 7350:"Шушинский район 1959" 7328:"Шушинский район 1939" 5671:US Institute for Peace 5557:. Hoover Press, 1992. 5379:Michael P. Croissant. 4788:Bournoutian George A. 4657:Бутков, П. Г. (1869). 3096:Suleyman Sani Akhundov 2841: 2775: 1798: 1708: 1647: 1567:With the start of the 1564: 1520: 1476: 1457: 1322: 1310: 1302: 1280: 1211: 1190:Republic of Azerbaijan 1169: 1089:and advanced to Tiflis 1048: 970: 912:Encyclopaedia of Islam 875: 860: 819:in a letter to Prince 797: 760: 749: 635: 474: 466:the fortress of Shusha 408: 297:Highest elevation 139:Show map of Azerbaijan 104:Shusha skyline • 53: 10569:Mirza Hassan Cemetery 10385:Khoja Marjanli Mosque 10229:House of Mehmandarovs 10088:(Turkic civilization) 7422:. NYU Press. p. 7061:on 16 September 2011. 6855:International News.az 6639:Burcu Yıldız (2013). 6348:Tekingunduz, Alican. 5354:Tadeusz Swietochowski 4948:Bournoutian, George. 4606:on 28 February 2009. 4461:on 19 November 2012. 3681:Suny, Ronald (1996). 3614:on 19 November 2012. 3086:Feyzullah Mirza Qajar 3040:Amanullah Mirza Qajar 3034:Karim bey Mehmandarov 3010:Usta Gambar Karabakhi 2839: 2773: 1842:Khari Bulbul Festival 1792: 1703:Azerbaijani composer 1702: 1641: 1581:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan 1562: 1510: 1474: 1453: 1403:troops under General 1316: 1308: 1300: 1260: 1206: 1198:Treaty of Turkmenchay 1164: 1046: 968: 880:Mirza Jamal Javanshir 866: 850: 793: 755: 743: 631: 621:, when Iranian ruler 600:three-day long battle 494:melikdoms of Karabakh 305:Lowest elevation 198:39.75833°N 46.74833°E 100:House of Mehmandarovs 10559:Shusha Realni School 10472:Shusha Carpet Museum 10188:Gurdlar neighborhood 8451:24 July 2013 at the 8437:by Travel-images.com 8392:Taylor & Francis 7818:. 18 November 2010. 7475:Modern War Institute 7036:on 16 December 2021. 6773:"Arev Bagdasaryan". 6606:Smithsonian Magazine 6602:Smithsonian (Serial) 5553:Audrey L. Altstadt. 5506:. 17 February 2012. 5478:Benjamin Lieberman. 5319:Hovannisian, Richard 5100:. 15 December 1997. 5098:Encyclopædia Iranica 4954:Encyclopedia Iranica 4897:on 20 February 2007. 4028:. 16 December 2020. 3927:. 10 November 2020. 3292:Abdulla Beg Velizade 3202:(1901–1979), was an 3148:Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan 3062:Hambardzum Arakelian 3016:Khurshidbanu Natavan 1912:Shushi Carpet Museum 1897:1920 Shusha Massacre 1889:Shushi Carpet Museum 1874:Shusha Carpet Museum 1795:Grikor Mirzaian Suni 1728:Khurshidbanu Natavan 1622:Military Trophy Park 1389:Khosrov bey Sultanov 1023:Fath-Ali Khan Afshar 892:Mirza Yusuf Nersesov 888:Abbasgulu Bakikhanov 803:to Russian diplomat 759:, completed in 1885. 671:Azerbaijani language 533:churches, including 374:Vehicle registration 19:For other uses, see 10632:1752 establishments 10430:Shirin Su bathhouse 10380:Taza Mahalla Mosque 10330:Haji Yusifli Mosque 10239:Haji Gulular Palace 10234:Zohrabbayovs' house 9782:Provincial capitals 8425:Shusha: from A to Z 8420:GEOnet Names Server 8287:. pp. 486–490. 7950:The New York Review 7739:(19 January 2012). 7737:Fatullayev, Eynulla 7683:BBC Russian Service 7657:on 1 September 2006 7458:on 18 January 2012. 7232:on 4 November 2021. 7208:on 4 November 2021. 6857:. 21 January 2021. 6080:. 8 November 2020. 6040:(18 October 2020). 5965:. 23 September 2023 5788:BBC Russian Service 5729:Europe-Asia Studies 5269:Mkrtchyan, Shahen. 5156:Timothy C. Dowling 4661:. Saint Petersburg. 4634:Historical Notes... 4220:on 20 February 2021 4129:, pp. 486–490. 3628:Timothy C. Dowling 3068:Alexander Atabekian 2966:Ibrahim Khalil Khan 2854:Republic of Artsakh 2832:Economy and tourism 2822:city was recaptured 1943: 1905:Taza Mahalla Mosque 1716:Azerbaijani culture 1460:Nadezhda Mandelstam 961:Battle of Krtsanisi 925:History of Karabakh 717:Shoshi/Shushva Berd 627:Ibrahim Khalil Khan 588:Republic of Artsakh 527:Azerbaijani culture 486:Shosh or Shushikent 441:, in the region of 194: / 102: • City center 10564:Mir Faseh cemetery 10269:House of Haji Amir 10197:Palaces and houses 8441:Shoushi Foundation 8384:Suzanne Goldenberg 7753:on 8 December 2015 7717:on 1 December 2017 7506:2011-03-02 at the 7080:2011-06-04 at the 6951:. 14 August 2021. 6653:Sakarya University 6474:Ronald Grigor Suny 6133:Узел, Кавказский. 6049:The New York Times 6038:Troianovski, Anton 5679:on 10 January 2008 5549:2016-03-07 at the 5248:2015-11-23 at the 5200:2016-06-10 at the 5165:2015-06-26 at the 5134:2016-03-04 at the 5078:Fisher et al. 1991 5066:Fisher et al. 1991 5049:Fisher et al. 1991 5027:2015-07-06 at the 4982:, Richard (1997). 4935:2007-03-11 at the 4919:on 21 August 2010. 4839:2009-11-25 at the 4815:2007-01-27 at the 4686:on 19 October 2013 4639:2009-02-12 at the 4115:Everett-Heath 2018 4025:Human Rights Watch 3990:Cornell University 3668:2006-06-14 at the 3637:2015-06-26 at the 3160:Ashot Hovhannisyan 3154:Hayk Gyulikekhvyan 3120:Zulfugar Hajibeyov 2842: 2776: 1937: 1799: 1793:Armenian composer 1780:Diocese of Artsakh 1742:, were born here. 1726:of the Caucasus". 1709: 1648: 1587:, who had endured 1573:constantly shelled 1565: 1521: 1477: 1475:View from the town 1323: 1311: 1303: 1283:Early 20th century 1212: 1180:, as belonging to 1174:Treaty of Gulistan 1170: 1049: 971: 884:Mirza Adigozal bey 876: 861: 778:Ashot Hovhannisian 761: 750: 531:Armenian Apostolic 318: • Total 289: • Total 203:39.75833; 46.74833 16:City in Azerbaijan 10577: 10576: 10418: 10417: 10254:House of Sadigjan 10095: 10094: 9850: 9849: 9667: 9666: 9580:Rural communities 9539: 9538: 8720: 8719: 7404:on 28 March 2012. 7382:on 28 March 2012. 7360:on 28 March 2012. 7338:on 28 March 2012. 7300:"Закавказкая ССР" 7146:on 15 March 2022. 6533:. Gandzasar.com. 5626:978-5-8243-1435-9 5571:978-0-8179-9182-1 5408:Chorbajian, Levon 5296:978-1-317-63783-7 5018:Donald Rayfield. 4770:Hewsen, Robert H. 4632:S.M.Bronesvskiy. 4494:978-90-04-67738-8 4451:978-5-91150-034-4 4350:cite encyclopedia 3899:978-1-137-42627-7 3604:978-5-91150-034-4 3532:. St Petersburg. 3356:Trend News Agency 3294:(1841-1912), poet 3268:Barat Shakinskaya 3256:Shamsi Badalbeyli 3138:Artashes Babalian 3056:Stepan Aghajanian 2758: 2757: 1901:capture of Shusha 1827:Eastern Anatolian 1812:Arev Baghdasaryan 1744:Molla Panah Vagif 1517:capture of Shusha 1427:). A minority of 1149:, initiating the 907:Highland Karabakh 817:Alexander Suvorov 748:), built in 1818. 651:According to the 571:capture of Shusha 460:, founder of the 398: 397: 10654: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10585: 10350:Chol Gala Mosque 10308: 10307: 10264:Safi bey's House 10244:Asad bey’s House 10122: 10115: 10108: 10099: 10098: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9854: 9853: 9727: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9671: 9670: 9634: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9543: 9542: 9126: 8747: 8740: 8733: 8724: 8723: 8715: 8598:Kiçik Qaladərəsi 8543:Böyük Qaladərəsi 8498: 8491: 8484: 8475: 8474: 8405: 8375: 8356: 8331: 8310: 8288: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8242: 8236: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8212: 8206: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8151: 8145: 8144: 8138: 8130: 8128: 8126: 8106: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8050: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8039: 8024: 8018: 8017: 8015: 8013: 7998: 7992: 7991: 7989: 7987: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7897: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7861: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7829: 7827: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7796: 7794: 7772: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7662: 7653:. Archived from 7645: 7636: 7635:9 (1963): p. 75. 7618: 7612: 7609: 7603: 7592: 7586: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7536: 7525: 7517: 7511: 7498: 7492: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7478:. 14 July 2021. 7466: 7460: 7459: 7454:. Archived from 7452:www.demoscope.ru 7444: 7438: 7437: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7400:. Archived from 7390: 7384: 7383: 7378:. Archived from 7368: 7362: 7361: 7356:. Archived from 7346: 7340: 7339: 7334:. Archived from 7324: 7318: 7317: 7305: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7287: 7280: 7270: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7192: 7183: 7182: 7176: 7168: 7157: 7148: 7147: 7130: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7109: 7094: 7088: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7057:. Archived from 7047: 7038: 7037: 7020: 7011: 7009: 7005: 6996: 6995: 6989: 6987: 6971: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6910: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6877: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6836: 6816: 6810: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6753: 6736: 6725: 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6687:Shahen Mkrtchyan 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6636: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6579: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6498: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6441: 6435: 6423:, "Azerbaijan": 6416: 6410: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6383: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6308: 6293: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6282: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6200:The Conversation 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6100: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6077:Associated Press 6068: 6062: 6061: 6045: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5955: 5949: 5942: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5854: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5675:. Archived from 5665: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5607:Baberovski, Yorg 5603: 5594: 5582:Thomas de Waal. 5580: 5574: 5542: 5536: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5496: 5490: 5476: 5470: 5463: 5457: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5403: 5392: 5377: 5368: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5328: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5280: 5274: 5267: 5261: 5234: 5217: 5214: 5205: 5190: 5177: 5154: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5090: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5016: 5010: 5007:Mikaberidze 2011 5004: 4998: 4997: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4945: 4939: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4915:. Archived from 4913:www.vostlit.info 4905: 4899: 4898: 4893:. Archived from 4883: 4877: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4845: 4826: 4820: 4808: 4804: 4793: 4786: 4777: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4737: 4731: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4682:. Archived from 4676: 4670: 4662: 4654: 4648: 4630: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4539: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4477:Mutafian, Claude 4473: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4454:. Archived from 4443: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4392: 4385: 4369: 4360: 4359: 4353: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4265: 4263: 4243: 4234: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4165: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4081: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3913: 3904: 3903: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3870: 3865:on 28 April 2004 3864: 3847: 3839: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3808: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3727:Mattew O'Brien. 3725: 3716: 3710: 3699: 3698: 3678: 3672: 3655: 3649: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3607:. Archived from 3596: 3584: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3507: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3426: 3415: 3406: 3405: 3404:on 7 March 2020. 3403: 3392: 3384: 3373: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3347: 3330: 3327: 3280:Soltan Hajibeyov 3262:Nelson Stepanyan 3244:Azerbaijani rugs 3188:Polad Bülbüloğlu 3178:Mikael Arutchian 3108:Freidun Aghalyan 2970:Karabakh Khanate 2947: 2946: 2931: 2930: 2915: 2914: 2899: 2898: 2883: 2882: 1944: 1941: 1936: 1862:Uzeyir Hajibeyov 1732:Uzeyir Hajibeyov 1705:Uzeyir Hajibeyov 1642:Celebrations in 1616:side. After the 1385:Andranik Ozanian 1335:1917 Revolutions 1210:, opened in 1887 1196:and the ensuing 1168:, opened in 1876 1155:Karabakh Khanate 1140:Pavel Tsitsianov 969:19th-century map 903:Karabakh Khanate 900: 899: 1748–1763 898: 857:Karabakh Khanate 829:Historical Notes 821:Grigory Potemkin 646:Karabakh Khanate 490:§ Etymology 479: 462:Karabakh Khanate 443:Nagorno-Karabakh 436: 424: 423: 422: 421: 419: 394: 391: 389: 226: 224: 223: 209: 208: 206: 205: 204: 199: 195: 192: 191: 190: 187: 170: 159: 158: 152: 140: 129: 128: 122: 82: 63: 42: 41: 10662: 10661: 10657: 10656: 10655: 10653: 10652: 10651: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10590: 10588: 10580: 10578: 10573: 10554:Vagif Mausoleum 10542: 10496: 10450: 10434: 10414: 10396: 10389: 10365:Mardinli Mosque 10355:Kocharli Mosque 10340:Julfalar Mosque 10299: 10273: 10192: 10165: 10159: 10137:Shusha fortress 10131: 10126: 10096: 10091: 10071: 10046: 10015: 9978: 9887: 9881: 9851: 9846: 9827: 9777: 9728: 9719: 9703: 9698: 9668: 9663: 9635: 9626: 9575: 9573:Shushi Province 9570: 9540: 9535: 9521: 9195: 9127: 9118: 8756: 8751: 8721: 8716: 8707: 8519: 8507: 8505:Shusha District 8502: 8453:Wayback Machine 8412: 8402: 8372: 8353: 8328: 8307: 8293:De Waal, Thomas 8275: 8270: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8214: 8213: 8209: 8199: 8197: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8169: 8167: 8152: 8148: 8132: 8131: 8124: 8122: 8107: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8063: 8061: 8052: 8051: 8047: 8037: 8035: 8026: 8025: 8021: 8011: 8009: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7985: 7983: 7974: 7973: 7969: 7959: 7957: 7942: 7938: 7928: 7926: 7913: 7912: 7908: 7895: 7893: 7876: 7872: 7859: 7857: 7842: 7838: 7825: 7823: 7810: 7809: 7805: 7792: 7790: 7785:(in Armenian). 7773: 7769: 7756: 7754: 7743: 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7660: 7658: 7649: 7646: 7639: 7629:Wayback Machine 7619: 7615: 7610: 7606: 7593: 7589: 7580: 7576: 7566: 7564: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7540: 7538: 7534: 7523: 7519: 7518: 7514: 7508:Wayback Machine 7499: 7495: 7485: 7483: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7446: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7416:de Waal, Thomas 7413: 7409: 7392: 7391: 7387: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7348: 7347: 7343: 7326: 7325: 7321: 7303: 7298: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7278: 7272: 7271: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7194: 7193: 7186: 7170: 7169: 7159: 7158: 7151: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7111: 7110: 7095: 7091: 7086:Демоскоп Weekly 7082:Wayback Machine 7071: 7070: 7066: 7049: 7048: 7041: 7022: 7021: 7014: 7007: 7006: 6999: 6985: 6983: 6972: 6968: 6958: 6956: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6911: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6849: 6848: 6844: 6834: 6832: 6817: 6813: 6807:Wayback Machine 6794: 6790: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6751: 6745: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6712: 6710: 6703: 6684: 6680: 6670: 6668: 6637: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6594: 6590: 6577: 6575: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6512: 6499: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6468: 6464: 6454: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6432:Wayback Machine 6417: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6384: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6356: 6346: 6342: 6332: 6330: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6304: 6295: 6294: 6290: 6280: 6278: 6263: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6239: 6237: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6207: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6176: 6163: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6146: 6139:Кавказский Узел 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6085: 6070: 6069: 6065: 6052:. Stepanakert. 6035: 6031: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5943: 5939: 5929: 5927: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5901: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5875: 5873: 5860:(10 May 2002). 5858:de Waal, Thomas 5855: 5851: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5823:. 10 May 2002. 5813: 5812: 5808: 5798: 5796: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5682: 5680: 5667: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5643: 5642: 5638: 5627: 5604: 5597: 5581: 5577: 5551:Wayback Machine 5543: 5539: 5530: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5498: 5497: 5493: 5477: 5473: 5464: 5460: 5451: 5447: 5433: 5431: 5424: 5404: 5395: 5378: 5371: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5316: 5312: 5297: 5281: 5277: 5268: 5264: 5250:Wayback Machine 5237:Waal, Thomas de 5235: 5220: 5215: 5208: 5202:Wayback Machine 5191: 5180: 5167:Wayback Machine 5155: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5136:Wayback Machine 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5092: 5091: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5029:Wayback Machine 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4977: 4973: 4963: 4961: 4946: 4942: 4937:Wayback Machine 4928: 4924: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4885: 4884: 4880: 4874:Wayback Machine 4861: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4841:Wayback Machine 4827: 4823: 4817:Wayback Machine 4806: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4780: 4768: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4727:Wayback Machine 4716: 4712: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4664: 4663: 4655: 4651: 4641:Wayback Machine 4631: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4590: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4556: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4523: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4474: 4470: 4458: 4452: 4441: 4427: 4423: 4407: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4370: 4363: 4347: 4346: 4339: 4337: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4285: 4278: 4261: 4259: 4244: 4237: 4223: 4221: 4206: 4202: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4166: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4066: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4018: 4017: 4013: 3999: 3997: 3978: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3934: 3932: 3921:edition.cnn.com 3915: 3914: 3907: 3900: 3886: 3882: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3806: 3804: 3797: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3755: 3747: 3743: 3739:, 9780415302197 3726: 3719: 3711: 3702: 3695: 3679: 3675: 3670:Wayback Machine 3656: 3652: 3639:Wayback Machine 3627: 3623: 3611: 3605: 3594: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3524: 3517: 3501: 3500: 3489: 3487: 3471: 3467: 3441:Bosworth, C. E. 3416: 3409: 3401: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3376: 3366: 3364: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3302: 3297: 3250:Gevork Kotiantz 3224:Turkish history 3213:Süreyya Ağaoğlu 3200:Khan Shushinski 3132:Arsen Terteryan 3102:Vartan Sarkisov 2976:Gasim bey Zakir 2961: 2959:Notable natives 2941: 2925: 2909: 2893: 2877: 2874: 2834: 2807:Shusha district 2754: 2744: 2739: 2720:November 2020: 2715: 2702: 2697: 2687: 2674: 2669: 2659: 2646: 2641: 2622: 2592: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2552: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2487: 2482: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2191: 2182: 2175: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2083: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2049: 2027: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1993: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1939: 1935: 1850: 1734:, opera singer 1697: 1636: 1630: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1498:Stepan Shaumyan 1469: 1397:Lachin corridor 1331:1905 Revolution 1295: 1289:Shusha massacre 1287:Main articles: 1285: 1120: 1008:Karim Khan Zand 984:firman (decree) 963: 957: 895: 738: 733: 608: 592:Shushi Province 583:control of the 552:Shusha massacre 547:Lachin corridor 470:Melik Shahnazar 437:) is a city in 417: 414: 413: 412: 386: 336: 221: 219: 202: 200: 196: 193: 188: 185: 183: 181: 180: 174: 173: 172: 171: 168: 167: 166: 165: 164: 163:Shusha / Shushi 160: 143: 142: 141: 138: 137: 136: 135: 134: 133:Shusha / Shushi 130: 108: 103: 98: 95:Shusha fortress 93: 85: 73: 64: 56: 47: 46:Shusha / Shushi 40: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10660: 10650: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10599: 10598: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10550: 10548: 10544: 10543: 10541: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10523:Bust of Bulbul 10520: 10515: 10510: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10448: 10442: 10440: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10419: 10416: 10415: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10401: 10399: 10391: 10390: 10388: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10375:Seyidli Mosque 10372: 10370:Guyulug Mosque 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10316: 10314: 10305: 10301: 10300: 10298: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10281: 10279: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10200: 10198: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10190: 10185: 10183:Ashaghy Meydan 10180: 10175: 10169: 10167: 10166:neighbourhoods 10161: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10155:Aghoghlan Gate 10152: 10147: 10141: 10139: 10133: 10132: 10125: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10102: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10083: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10063: 10054: 10052: 10048: 10047: 10045: 10044: 10036: 10030: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10013: 10007: 9999: 9993: 9986: 9984: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9976: 9970: 9962: 9956: 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8371:978-1598843361 8370: 8357: 8351: 8332: 8327:978-0191866326 8326: 8311: 8305: 8289: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8237: 8207: 8177: 8146: 8101: 8071: 8045: 8019: 7993: 7967: 7936: 7906: 7870: 7836: 7803: 7767: 7728: 7701: 7669: 7637: 7613: 7604: 7587: 7574: 7548: 7512: 7493: 7461: 7439: 7432: 7407: 7385: 7363: 7341: 7319: 7291: 7265: 7235: 7211: 7184: 7149: 7125: 7089: 7064: 7039: 7012: 6997: 6966: 6936: 6898: 6872: 6842: 6811: 6788: 6765: 6743: 6731:Armenian Music 6720: 6701: 6678: 6631: 6588: 6548: 6522: 6490: 6478: 6462: 6436: 6411: 6393:Anadolu Agency 6378: 6366: 6340: 6328:Jewish Journal 6314: 6288: 6256: 6247: 6217: 6186: 6156: 6125: 6095: 6063: 6029: 6022:) – via 6006: 5991:(in Russian). 5976: 5950: 5937: 5920:eurasianet.org 5907: 5895: 5893:, p. 190. 5883: 5849: 5838: 5806: 5774: 5735:(2): 281–323. 5715: 5690: 5660: 5648: 5636: 5625: 5595: 5575: 5537: 5521: 5491: 5471: 5458: 5445: 5422: 5393: 5369: 5346: 5339: 5310: 5295: 5275: 5262: 5258:978-0814760321 5218: 5206: 5178: 5175:978-1598849486 5149: 5140: 5115: 5082: 5080:, p. 329. 5070: 5068:, p. 126. 5053: 5051:, p. 128. 5041: 5011: 5009:, p. 409. 4999: 4992: 4971: 4940: 4922: 4900: 4878: 4855: 4846: 4821: 4794: 4778: 4762: 4745:britannica.com 4732: 4717:Joseph Wolff. 4710: 4697: 4680:"Приложение И" 4649: 4625: 4612: 4581: 4554: 4534: 4521: 4500: 4493: 4487:. p. 21. 4468: 4450: 4421: 4361: 4314: 4276: 4235: 4200: 4157: 4131: 4119: 4102: 4076: 4043: 4011: 3992:. p. 19. 3972: 3942: 3905: 3898: 3880: 3829: 3827:, p. 202. 3817: 3795: 3772: 3753: 3741: 3717: 3715:, p. 189. 3700: 3693: 3673: 3650: 3621: 3603: 3576: 3574:, p. 297. 3564: 3515: 3465: 3429:van Donzel, E. 3419:Bosworth, C.E. 3407: 3374: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3289: 3286:Seyran Ohanyan 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3233: 3230:Ivan Knunyants 3227: 3210: 3197: 3191: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3135: 3129: 3126:Ahmed Agdamski 3123: 3117: 3114:Tuman Tumanian 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2955: 2949:Veliko Tarnovo 2939: 2923: 2907: 2891: 2873: 2870: 2858:Ghazanchetsots 2833: 2830: 2774:Shusha in 2015 2756: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2725: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2632: 2624: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 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Panin 737: 734: 732: 729: 721:Shoshi Sghnakh 659:Russian Empire 642:Panah Ali Khan 607: 604: 499:South Caucasus 458:Panah Ali Khan 396: 395: 384: 380: 379: 376: 370: 369: 366: 360: 359: 349: 343: 342: 329: 323: 322: 319: 315: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 298: 294: 293: 290: 286: 285: 281: 280: 277: 273: 272: 270:Bayram Safarov 267: 260: 259: 255: 254: 249: 243: 242: 237: 231: 230: 217: 211: 210: 176: 175: 162: 161: 154: 153: 147: 146: 145: 144: 132: 131: 124: 123: 117: 116: 115: 114: 113: 110: 109: 83: 75: 74: 69: 66: 65: 48: 45: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10659: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10607: 10597: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10549: 10545: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 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Abu Dhabi. 7887: 7886: 7881: 7874: 7867: 7855: 7851: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7800: 7788: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7752: 7748: 7747:Novoye Vremya 7744: 7738: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7705: 7689: 7685: 7684: 7679: 7673: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7642: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7623: 7617: 7608: 7601: 7600:1-4021-9149-9 7597: 7591: 7584: 7578: 7562: 7558: 7552: 7533: 7529: 7522: 7516: 7509: 7505: 7502: 7497: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7435: 7433:9780814785782 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7345: 7337: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7315: 7311: 7310: 7301: 7295: 7284: 7277: 7276: 7269: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7222: 7215: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7191: 7189: 7180: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7154: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7115: 7107: 7105: 7100: 7093: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7068: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7046: 7044: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7019: 7017: 7004: 7002: 6993: 6981: 6977: 6970: 6954: 6950: 6949:armenpress.am 6946: 6940: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6846: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6804: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6769: 6750: 6746: 6744:99930-60-59-3 6740: 6733: 6732: 6724: 6708: 6704: 6702:9789993052678 6698: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6682: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6655:: 1524–1536. 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6560: 6552: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6497: 6495: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6471: 6466: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6425:Cultural life 6422: 6421: 6415: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6370: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6329: 6325: 6318: 6302: 6298: 6292: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6266: 6260: 6251: 6235: 6231: 6230:Freedom House 6227: 6221: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6129: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6099: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6060: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6010: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5947: 5941: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5899: 5892: 5887: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5842: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5678: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5593: 5592:0-8147-1944-9 5589: 5585: 5579: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5563:0-8179-9182-4 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5528: 5526: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5489: 5488:1-56663-646-9 5485: 5481: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5455: 5449: 5442: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5390: 5389:0-275-96241-5 5386: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5367: 5366:0-231-07068-3 5363: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5342: 5340:0-520-01805-2 5336: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5279: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5153: 5144: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5087: 5079: 5074: 5067: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5045: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5003: 4995: 4993:0-521-47340-3 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4867:Qajar Dynasty 4864: 4859: 4850: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4714: 4708: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4668: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4629: 4622: 4616: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4596: 4588: 4586: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4555:1-56859-132-2 4551: 4547: 4546: 4538: 4531: 4525: 4517: 4514: 4504: 4496: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4425: 4417: 4411: 4404: 4389: 4381: 4377: 4376: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4318: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4273: 4271: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4240: 4232: 4219: 4215: 4214:www.aravot.am 4211: 4204: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4164: 4162: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4128: 4127:Chkeidze 2001 4123: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4064: 4060: 4059: 4054: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4008: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3984:(June 2021). 3983: 3982:Adam T. Smith 3976: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3750: 3745: 3738: 3737:0-415-30219-6 3734: 3730: 3724: 3722: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3600: 3593: 3592: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3568: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3505: 3498: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3447: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3424:"Ḳarā Bāg̲h̲" 3420: 3414: 3412: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3326: 3322: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3303: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3274:Gurgen Boryan 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3238:(1906–1991), 3237: 3236:Latif Karimov 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3215:(1903–1989), 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3194:Ivan Tevosian 3192: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3173: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3090:Qajar dynasty 3087: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3074:Ahmet Ağaoğlu 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3044:Qajar dynasty 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2803: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2415: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2314: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1953:Azerbaijanis 1945: 1942: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:conservatoire 1721: 1717: 1712: 1706: 1701: 1692: 1690: 1689:Mamayi Mosque 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1561: 1556: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525:Joseph Stalin 1518: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1461: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438:Novruz Bayram 1434: 1430: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405:W. 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Thomson 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1315: 1307: 1299: 1294: 1290: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1257: 1256:caravanserais 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1115: 1113: 1112:Fath-Ali Shah 1107: 1105: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091:(present-day 1090: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1045: 1041: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985: 980: 976: 967: 962: 952: 950: 946: 941: 939: 933: 931: 927: 926: 920: 918: 914: 913: 908: 904: 893: 889: 885: 881: 874: 870: 865: 858: 854: 849: 845: 843: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 796: 792: 790: 786: 781: 779: 775: 774:Avan Yuzbashi 771: 766: 765:Sahl Smbatean 758: 754: 747: 742: 728: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655: 649: 647: 643: 639: 634: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 613: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 586: 582: 581: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 517: 513: 508: 504: 500: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 477: 471: 467: 463: 459: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 432: 428: 420: 410: 406: 402: 393: 385: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 365: 364:ISO 3166 code 361: 357: 353: 350: 348: 344: 340: 334: 333:Azerbaijani 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 279:Aydin Karimov 278: 274: 271: 268: 266: 263: • 261: 256: 253: 250: 248: 244: 241: 238: 236: 232: 229: 218: 216: 212: 207: 179:Coordinates: 177: 151: 121: 111: 107: 101: 96: 92: 88: 81: 76: 72: 67: 59: 55: 51: 43: 37: 33: 29: 22: 10410:Yashil kilsa 10394: 10311: 10057: 10038: 10001: 9964: 9958: 9821: 9708:Capital city 9647: 9646: 9587:Ghaibalishen 9528: 9476: 9469: 9452: 9390: 9323: 9241: 9168: 9061: 9039: 9017: 8965: 8903: 8891: 8809: 8693:Xudaverdilər 8583:Həsənqulular 8533:Allahqulular 8516: 8513: 8387: 8361: 8337: 8316: 8296: 8284: 8258:. 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After the 564: 524: 518:singers and 455: 426: 400: 399: 36: 10397:monasteries 10150:Iravan Gate 10082:(spiritual) 10051:Agriculture 9715:Stepanakert 9622:Yeghtsahogh 9602:Kanach Tala 9159:Mingachevir 8698:Zamanpəyəsi 8588:İmamqulular 8160:interfax.az 7896:28 February 7826:28 February 7721:21 November 7661:1 September 7561:stat-nkr.am 7528:stat-nkr.am 6359:20 December 6333:20 December 6307:20 December 6179:16 November 6149:16 November 5904:p. 11. 5767:24 December 5252:NYU Press. 5123:Yunus, Arif 4307:16 December 4193:16 December 4150:7 September 3965:11 November 3935:15 November 3869:11 November 3749:Walker 2000 3572:Walker 2000 3437:Pellat, Ch. 3395:stat-nkr.am 3240:Azerbaijani 3220:Azerbaijani 3204:Azerbaijani 2862:Kanach Zham 2846:ArmeniaFund 1807:Grikor Suni 1772:Kanach Zham 1681:Kanach Zham 1650:During the 1602:Stepanakert 1585:Stepanakert 1494:Stepanakert 1425:Stepanakert 1381:World War I 1357:World War I 1319:1920 pogrom 1025:, ruler of 1014:across the 981:, issued a 746:Kanach Zham 612:New Persian 556:Azerbaijani 539:Kanach Zham 405:Azerbaijani 201: / 50:Azerbaijani 10606:Categories 10423:Bathhouses 10173:Divankhana 10164:Square and 10145:Ganja Gate 10010:Jalal-Abad 9617:Tasy Verst 9170:Nakhchivan 8683:Xanlıqpəyə 8653:Səfixanlar 8390:. London: 8352:0521200954 8094:4 November 8086:. Apa.az. 8064:4 November 8038:4 November 8012:15 October 7986:15 October 7694:8 November 6929:27 January 6865:27 January 6835:17 January 6515:27 January 6455:4 November 6281:27 January 6210:24 January 6118:9 November 6088:9 November 5999:15 October 5799:8 November 5683:11 January 5434:4 February 5423:1856492885 5305:1124532887 5037:1780230702 4964:4 November 4690:4 November 4483:. Leiden: 4058:Eurasianet 4036:6 November 4007:monuments. 4000:4 November 3796:0520088034 3694:0788128132 3647:1598849484 3540:5 November 3450:Volume IV: 3367:1 February 3337:References 2921:Kazakhstan 2627:May 1992: 1950:Armenians 1872:, and the 1527:, who was 1467:Soviet era 1433:Shushikend 1327:Azerbaijan 1147:Qajar Iran 1128:Qajar Iran 1069:Aras River 1016:Aras River 975:Nader Shah 959:See also: 915:, and the 736:Foundation 663:Shushikent 545:, via the 522:players). 507:Qajar Iran 501:after the 451:Soviet era 439:Azerbaijan 327:Demonym(s) 313:Population 258:Government 228:Azerbaijan 189:46°44′54″E 186:39°45′30″N 10596:Geography 10501:Monuments 10086:Samarkand 10080:Turkistan 10003:Turkistan 9949:(2020-21) 9935:Kastamonu 9929:Turkistan 9905:Eskişehir 9824:(nominal) 9816:Karvachar 9806:Martakert 9802:(nominal) 9796:(nominal) 9769:(nominal) 9767:Shahumyan 9757:Martakert 9753:(nominal) 9751:Kashatagh 9747:(nominal) 9733:Provinces 9654:Karin Tak 9612:Mets Shen 9527:Names in 9438:Sabirabad 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