Shusha fortress - Knowledge

896: 479: 671: 393: 743: 495: 3065: 2894: 557: 861:" Even in the 1860s, these gates played an important role in the public life of Shusha, as evidenced by an article published in the «Иллюстрация» newspaper. According to the article, Aghoghlan and İrevan gates were intended for the passage of dignitaries and cargo but Ganja gate were used for the passage of carts. Although some sources mentioned that there was the fourth gate of the castle walls, its location and name have not been determined. 54: 963: 263: 525:". Baharli, the historian of Karabakh, stated that the space selected for the construction of the new fort was surrounded all around, except the east, by dense forests. The area of the fortress is divided into the ravines completed by valleys. The ravines allow natural water to flow out of the fortress, so it reduces the possibility of flooding to zero in Shusha, where the rainy and foggy weather is characteristic. 657: 706:, large centers of the traditional school of architecture such as Nakhchivan, Ganja, Shamakhi, were in the period of decline. In the period when Azerbaijan was divided into smaller territories, these centers of architecture lost their power of influence. New capital cities were in need of construction of palaces, castles, and forts. Therefore, 739:

walls. The battle towers of Shusha fortress stick out from the surface of the walls, and even it can be said that they are built almost outside the walls, which causes the good protection of the walls. Straight walls between the towers were erected to open a fire in Shusha fortress as well as in Chirag Gala, Baku and Bughurt fortresses.

975:

Russian-language sources of the 19th century, the southern gate of Shusha was mentioned as Aghoghlan Gate. According to a road map attached to "Qafqaz təqvimi" published in 1846, Shusha fortress was connected to Aghoghlan castle by the road leading through this gate. Another name of this door mentioned in the sources is Topkhana Gate.

1016:" in 1865. The background of the painting depicts inner part of the fortress and the buildings there. E. Avalov notes that many buildings located in the inner part of Shusha fortress were destroyed in the period when the drawing was painted. The parts of walls of the inner fortress and a round tower have survived until the present. 1003:

According to the main plan of Shusha whose exact date is unknown, during the later development of the fortress, the inner part with a large complex of buildings and surrounded by castle walls and towers was built on a high hill near Ganja Gate of the fortress. The Khan's Palaces, including the palace

990:

According to the sources, at the same time with the construction of Shusha fortress, a castle was built for Panah Ali Khan inside the fortress. E. Avalov notes that the construction of fortress walls for each of the palaces built for members of the khan's family indicates the absence of inner part of

1008:

who was the daughter of Ibrahim Khalil Khan was located inside the fortress. E. Avalov notes that neither the main plan, nor the parts of Shusha plan drawn in 1837, which have survived until the present day, do not specify the exact purpose of each of the buildings inside the fortress. In one of the

784:

At that time, Shusha fortress was in a very dilapidated condition: some of its defensive walls had collapsed, and some of them had been demolished by local residents and stones had been carried to build houses for these citizens; the trenches were almost full… It was necessary to make Shusha capable

619:

There is no exact information regarding the definite date of construction of fortress. A. Alasgarzadeh and E. Shukurzadeh, who edited and published the "Karabakhname" (the important historical source to investigate the history of Karabakh Khanate), note that it is doubtful the date of the foundation

820:, who lived in the Caucasus from the autumn of 1848 to December 1850, painted the northern walls of the fortress in a painting called "Shusha fortress" almost from the place described by V. Vereshchagin. In his painting, the northern defensive walls are shown with round towers which have loopholes. 683:

The area in which Shusha fortress was built is a mountainous plateau in the form of amphitheater from the west with numerous hills and rifts. The highest area of plateau is 1600 m and the lowest area is 1300 m above sea level. At present, the territory of Shusha city consists of plateau with a hill

907:

The gate built during the reign of Panah Ali Khan has been called Ganja Gate or Chilabord Gate since the 18th century. The way through his gate of Shusha fortress connected Ganja city with Chilabord district of Karabakh khanate. After the annexation of the Karabakh Khanate to the Russian Empire in

794:

During the reconstruction and strengthening process of the fortress in the 19th century, its original appearance was partially changed, and new defensive towers were added to the fort. The towers of the northern walls of the Shusha fortress, seen in the background in Vasily Vereshchagin's painting

532:

Although the fortress walls were vital to the city during the continuous feudal wars, their construction required to spend a large part of the city budget. The choice of a mountainous area for the construction of the town of Shusha also allowed to save some money for the construction of the walls.

229:

The area where the Shusha fortress was built is a mountainous plateau in the form of amphitheater from the west with numerous hills and rifts. The highest area of plateau is 1600 metres and the lowest area is 1300 metres above sea level. At present, the territory of Shusha city consists of plateau

915:

The masonry woven from white and black stones in the shape of a checkerboard and a fir effectively surrounds the arched entrance of the castle. There are symmetrical traces of the fake and demolished window exits over the entrance. There are loopholes or tower chimneys among them. The ordering of

601:". The road from Shusha fortress to Ganja fortress was located on the slope of the mountain. In the 1870s, the measures were taken to straighten this steep road hindering the development of the economy in Shusha. For this purpose, some rocks which was difficult to pass were destroyed by blasting. 781:

At the beginning of the 19th century (under the complicated historical conditions), Shusha fortress continued to play the role of an important defense system. At that time, the city was in danger of being captured by Qajar army. Therefore, the new Russian administration paid special attention to

718:

At the same time, the involvement of architects who are not well known in the building process of cities had a major advantage: they were somewhat acquainted with local building materials and had certain information about how to apply them in construction. They combined the traditions of the old

528:

Due to the lack of flowing water sources in Shusha plateau (except a few springs), numerous groundwater wells were drilled to meet the needs of the castle population for water. One of the most important features of the Shusha plateau was its richness of well-hewn stones used for construction and

428:

and Tabriz moved here. However, Bayat did not remain as Khan's residence for a long time. Despite numerous reinforcement efforts, the castle was still weak against the attacks of foreigners. Taking into account the threat, Panah Ali Khan started to look for a strategically more favorable area to

864:

Architects have long considered that the acquaintance with the city began with its castle walls, and the architecture of the city was determined by these walls. Therefore, in terms of architectural composition, the main (northern) gate of Shusha fortress is reminiscent of the arch of victory. A

738:

During the construction of Shusha fortress, the architect took mainly into account the local relief, and this is also clearly seen in the plans of the city drawn in the 19th century. Therefore, the landscape of Shusha dictated the line of the castle walls and defined the boundaries of all these

464:

Construction in the area of Shahbulag, especially the architecture of castle and mosque, had a significant impact on the subsequent building process in Shusha. Almost all fortresses in Shusha used the features of the Shahbulag castle again in terms of architectural planning and the structure of

710:

were forced to make local rural architects involve in the construction of cities. As a result, these architects had a significant impact on the architecture of new cities built in Azerbaijan in the middle of the 18th century. The main buildings of these cities are characterized by the lack of

995:

fortresses. According to the author, it is possible to explain in two ways the reason why the fortress does not have a well-developed inner part. The first one is the natural strategic location of Shusha plateau, and the other one is related to the existence of the safekeeping of an ancient

974:

Aghoghlan Gate, Mukhtar Gate or Shushakend Gate are located on the eastern side of Shusha fortress and provide access to the lower part of the city. The road leading through this gate connected Shusha city with the villages of Shushakend and Mukhtar and extended to Aghoghlan castle. In all

337:

In such a situation, khanates were mainly in need of a well-fortified capital city because they had to maintain their territorial integrity and political independence. Therefore, the construction of such fortified cities was primarily driven by the demand of military-political situation.

305:. Each of these khanates, which was implementing their own policies and trying to develop their economy, had a center to control the areas that was under their supervisory. This period was associated with several complicated events in the military-political history of the 536:

The testimony of many witnesses proves the success of the site chosen for the construction of the fortress. G. Keppel, the famous English traveler who visited Karabakh in the 19th century, noted the successful strategic location of the Shusha plateau. He writes:

684:

located lengthwise in its center. The plateau which turns sharply to the east reaches the hill that dominate the whole area in the west. The hill which is completed by a fault is also the center of a large amphitheater, with one wing reaching south and crossing

856:, İrevan Gate and Aghoghlan Gate. The names of all these gates are often mentioned in historical sources, as well as in all the drawn plans of 19th-century Shusha. For example, in the 25th issue of the "Qafqaz" newspaper published in 1871, it was written: " 895: 858:

According to Abix's barometric measurements, the northeastern part of the city where the Aghoghlan and Elisabethpol gates are located is 3,886 feet tall, and the southwestern part known as "Shusha Rock" and Irevan Gate are located is 4,705 feet

758:

and Platon Zubov noted that Shusha fortress had special loopholes. The use of artillery was also taken into account during the construction of Shusha fortress, which was a great strategic advantage. This statement was confirmed by the historian

911:

The Northern Gate of Shusha Fortress is located in the middle of the fortress walls – between Aghoghlan and İrevan Gates. Ganja Gate has survived in a better condition to the present day compared to the other gates of Shusha fortress.

593:

V. Potto and A. A. Caspari who was speaking about the natural impregnability of Shusha fortress also noted that the cliffs which rise to the top, especially in the north-eastern part of the city. They stated that due to these cliffs,

518:". The construction of a new fortress required such a location that one of its sides would be open to be in contact with elats as well as would provide Panah Ali Khan with a chance to get in touch with mahals under his control. 1000:(outside the limits of the city), which is difficult to pass, and a defense castle in the rock cave across it. According to Ahmad bey Javanshir, the cave connected the castle with Shusha fortress by a secret underground road. 726:

The architecture of Shusha fortress represents basic principles of architecture of feudal period in terms of both the choice of location, structural planning and the artistic appearance of the fort. Ahmad bey Javanshir says:

2875: 586:" One of the advantages of the site chosen for the construction of the fortress was the good observation and control of all the surrounding areas, which prevented a sudden attack of the enemy. P. Zubov writes: " 440:

The 19th-century Karabakh historians stated that fortress, stone houses, mosque, bath and bazaar was built in accord with Panah Ali Khan's instructions. The information related to the construction of civil and

979: 732:

When you look up from the north-east to Shusha (from the location where 3 verst left to get there), the steep cliffs with magnificent castle walls and towers remind you of the legendary giants with crowned

225:

was the founder of the fort. In later years, the city was just called "Fortress". A settlement at Shusha is first recorded in a 15th-century illustrated Armenian gospel which mentions the "Shushu village".

588:

It is possible to observe the villages, which are scattered along the valley and located on the farthest side from the perspective of Shusha plateau, beautiful vineyards and mountains covered with forests.

533:

Rocky cliffs caused an inaccessible environment in almost two-thirds of the defense system. Therefore, Shusha is one of the best examples of how the strategic factor influences the choice of territory.

3096: 982:, unlike the northern and western gates of the fortress, Aghoghlan Gate located in the east was not fortified with battle towers and had a fairly simple appearance. The form of the entrance is arched. 827: 549:

also stated its natural strategic advantage. The high cliffs surrounding the Shusha plateau on three sides – south, west and east – rise above each other in different directions and they are "

797: 562: 3514: 826: 624:. According to mentioned historians, Mirza Jamal Javanshir did not indicate the date of the foundation of the fortress correctly, and his mistake was repeated by Ahmad bey Javanshir and 315: 770:

During the period of foundation of the fort, Shusha fortress was continuously reconstructed and expanded until the middle of the 19th century. After the death of Panah Ali Khan,

3089: 2882: 719:

schools of architecture with the works of folk architects in the architecture of new cities. The most interesting syntheses of this period are observed in the architecture of

465:

volume-space. Later, however, the relatives of Panah Khan advised him to choose a safer place for the construction of a new fort and thus he decided to build Shusha fortress.

539:

The natural superior position – the location in the almost inaccessible peak of the high hill – caused the need for human defense to play a less important role in the city.

1212: 916:

fake and real window exits was widely used in the architecture of that period to compose the facades of public buildings, and it was adopted by architects as a result of

478: 954:

Unlike Ganja Gate, İrevan Gate was composed in a more traditional way; The arched door was reinforced with two-tiered battle towers placed symmetrically on both sides.

3082: 932:

is one of three main gates of Shusha Fortress and is located on the western side of the fortress. The road through this gate connected Shusha city with the village of

774:(his son) also continued the construction of the fortress started by his father. During his reign (1759–1806) and after the annexation of the Karabakh khanate to the 699:. According to "Qafqaz" newspaper, the main reason for choosing such a unique place was related to the strategic importance that the complex mountainous area had. 2860: 782:

strengthening the defense system. During the invasion of Shusha by Qajar army in 1826, the defensive walls of the city were in need of serious reconstruction: "

755: 1243: 801:", have a prismatic shape, not a circle as in all the previous plans of the city. Platon Zubov also wrote about the battle towers of the Shusha fortress: " 760: 1093: 3105: 1025: 612:". After a while, the people called the fortress as Shusha fortress, and later only Shusha. The name "Shusha" was probably derived from the name of 997: 803:

The castle walls built to protect the city from the north have the round towers erected in an old way and playing a good defensive role for Shusha.

899:

The castle walls, Ganja Gate and the three-tiered tower next to the gate. The view from Mirza Fatali Akhundov Street (Photo has been taken after

3463: 2853: 2830: 2774: 2561: 2513: 2391: 2314: 2270: 2190: 2149: 2018: 1989: 1945: 1916: 1888: 1859: 1723: 1595: 1563: 1507: 1461: 1432: 1388: 1359: 1330: 1118: 696: 628:

in their own works. According to their notes, the start of the construction of Shusha fortress dates back to 1751 or the second half of 1770.

3571: 2868: 692: 1106:

Shusha was founded in 1752 by Panakh-Ali-bek and got its name from the village of Shushikent, located not far away and existing to this day.

966:

The part of the fortress walls passing near Shusha prison, and Aghoghlan gate (in the right, in the background). Photo has been taken after

553:" from all the sides except the north. The height of the rocks surrounding the Shusha plateau even reaches up to 400 meters in some places. 3596: 2898: 1030: 529:

forests. All of these played an important role and had a great value as local building materials for the construction of the fortress.

516:

The eternally impassable, inaccessible place chosen for construction of the fort would not allow even the strongest enemy to besiege it

608:

The newly built fortress-city was named Panahabad fortress named after its founder Panah Ali Khan. Later, the city was simply called "

3453: 3225: 103: 249:. The names of all these gates are often mentioned in historical sources, as well as in all the drawn plans of 19th-century Shusha. 865:

similar attitude to the artistic significance of defense systems is characteristic of the architecture (in terms of fortresses) of

747: 711:

monumentality and the fact that the building materials are not well-hewn stones, which are especially observed in the buildings of

2890: 670: 584:

The fort, which was in a dilapidated condition but impassable due to its position, was not in need of a complicated defense plan.

230:

with a hill located lengthwise in its center. The architecture of Shusha fortress represents basic principles of architecture of

3271: 1209: 453:. M. J. Javanshir noted "In the section about monuments and buildings erected by the order of deceased Panal Ali Khan" in his " 951:İrevan Gate, like the other two gates of Shusha fortress, was mentioned in all the plans of Shusha drawn in the 19th century. 791:" Because it was successfully rebuilt, its walls could not be destroyed even by the English cannons used during the siege. 635:, the poet and vizier of the Karabakh khan, personally supervised the construction of Shusha fortress. Karabakh historian 3591: 3566: 3494: 1012:

General information about the appearance of inner part of the fortress was introduced by Vasily Vereshchagin's painting "

605:, who visited Shusha in 1864–1865, described the difficult, steep, sloping road where five horses hardly pulled a cart. 3261: 392: 459:

Shahbulag fortress, mosque near the fort, bath, other buildings and bazaar were built by the order of Panah Ali khan"

1186: 1234: 461:. The khan, who moved to a new castle and fortified his positions, instructed to destroy his former headquarters. 3484: 3458: 3235: 408:, influenced the architecture of Shusha fortress and also the towers within the fort (Photo has been taken after 2782:

Bournoutian, George (2016). "Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4".

765:

At 6.00 a.m., after the soldiers gathered in Dovteleb, the fire was opened by artillery placed in all the sides.

641:

Under the direct control of Molla Panah Vagif, several buildings including Shusha fortress were built in Shusha.

3004: 833: 523:

The sole place in whole Karabakh was Shusha lowland, which was a natural fort surrounded by inaccessible rocks

3489: 3200: 3164: 789:

rebuilt the fortress walls in such a way that it could easily repel the attacks of numerous Persian warriors.

596:

even a few people would be enough to prevent an army consisting of a large number of soldiers as in ancient

3504: 3468: 3266: 3054: 2949: 96: 349:

in 1747 decided to build a fortress which would help him to control this large country extending from The

1147: 424:

and houses. Following the settlement of Khan's family in Bayat, artists from nearby villages as well as

3422: 3301: 3296: 3185: 967: 900: 838: 805:" E. Avalov notes that all the defensive buildings of the Karabakh khanate built in the 18th century – 501: 409: 234:

in terms of both the choice of location, structural planning and the artistic appearance of the fort.

3586: 3509: 991:

Shusha fortress in the early period. From this point of view, Shusha fortress differs from Shaki and

387:

a fortress where his family can live and he can protect the people in the case of invasion by enemies

3074: 2485: 3443: 3438: 3381: 3195: 3190: 3180: 2103: 1649: 1195: 703: 636: 298: 3321: 3210: 3019: 2979: 1818:. СПб: Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях, т. 3. p. 93. 1087: 2924: 3545: 3361: 3205: 2472: 2452:Авалов, Э. В. (1972). "О некоторых особенностях архитектуры оборонительных сооружений Шуши". 2091: 1637: 688:, then extends to the north from where it rounds to the south, and is completed by a ravine. 450: 3535: 3448: 3220: 1009:

drawings (drawn in 1847), the whole interior complex was generally called "Khanshi House".

1005: 945: 933: 691:

All the outer edges of Shusha plateau are sharply surrounded by hard rocks descending into

446: 178: 1831:Исторический закавказский роман. Карабахский астролог или основание крепости Шуши в 1752 г 8: 3581: 3576: 3406: 3356: 3306: 3240: 3215: 2984: 2974: 2791: 908:

1805, Ganja was renamed Elisabethpol (1804) and Ganja Gate was called Elisabethpol Gate.

771: 602: 511: 500:

Up-to-date view of the north-eastern part of Shusha fortress (Photo has been taken after

485: 742: 3540: 3245: 3009: 2914: 2847: 2824: 2803: 2768: 2555: 2507: 2385: 2350:Очерк военных действий и событий на Кавказе 1818–1850. Ежемесячное историческое издание 2308: 2264: 2184: 2143: 2012: 1983: 1939: 1910: 1882: 1853: 1717: 1589: 1557: 1501: 1455: 1426: 1382: 1353: 1324: 1112: 917: 817: 625: 546: 442: 346: 275: 222: 3230: 3149: 2989: 2944: 2807: 1220: 632: 382: 198: 1079: 754:

The defensive walls of Shusha were made of stone and lime and are 2.5 km long.

389:". Therefore, Bayat castle was surrounded by deep ditches and thick exterior walls. 3326: 3029: 2909: 2795: 1178: 941: 810: 806: 621: 430: 401: 397: 302: 301:

emerged as a result of the lack of a centralized government, one of them being the

271: 186: 151: 2799: 2667:(Qarabağnamələr. II kitab ed.). Baku: East-West publishing house. p. 35. 2599:(Qarabağnamələr. II kitab ed.). Baku: East-West publishing house. p. 35. 2536:(Qarabağnamələr. II kitab ed.). Baku: East-West publishing house. p. 35. 2244:(Qarabağnamələr. II kitab ed.). Baku: East-West publishing house. p. 35. 3530: 3341: 3331: 3316: 3154: 3064: 2994: 2337:(Qarabağnamələr. II kitab ed.). Baku: ast-West publishing house. p. 27. 1787:Карабахская провинция. Город Шуша с крепостью и исторические сведения о провинции 1295: 1216: 1190: 1065: 712: 416:

Bayat castle, which was built with fired bricks, features Khan's palace, mosque,

374: 366: 1085: 3499: 3351: 3346: 3159: 3131: 3049: 3034: 3024: 2959: 2939: 2934: 1045: 992: 878: 775: 358: 331: 306: 294: 267: 246: 218: 161: 837:

Panoramic view of the castle walls from the north (Photo has been taken after

3560: 3336: 3311: 720: 575: 494: 231: 118: 105: 377:

and Bargushad. In 1748, Panah Ali Khan ordered to start the construction of

3014: 2964: 2919: 1040: 763:

who took part in the defense of Shusha fortress in the late 18th century: "

707: 571: 542: 433:, which was a foothill located near Shahbulag spring (10 km away from 421: 378: 350: 3386: 3126: 2969: 2929: 2659: 2591: 2528: 2329: 2236: 1233:

Barkhudariants, Bishop Makar (1895). "The City of Shushi (Շուշի քաղաք)".

685: 597: 579: 242: 210: 2364:Вторжение персиян в наши пределы и блокада ими крепости Шуши в 1826 году 1182: 556: 324:

The wars and the uprisings of peasants in feudal society were frequent.

3121: 3039: 2893: 1035: 890: 866: 853: 613: 566:", 1865. Shusha fortress and Khan palace can be seen in the background. 354: 283: 238: 59: 2761:Архитектура города Шуши и проблемы сохранения его исторического облика 3104: 2954: 1210:

Memorial records in Armenian manuscripts of 15 c., Part I (1401–1450)

702:

At the beginning of the 18th century, on the eve of the formation of

342: 214: 53: 2347: 1932:О политическом существовании Карабахского ханства с 1747 по 1805 год 341:

Panah Ali khan who founded the Karabakh Khanate with the support of

2999: 962: 870: 2677: 429:

build a new fort. As a result, the area of Ternekut best known as

874: 425: 262: 1575: 1573: 676:

The view (from the inside) of the loopholes on the castle walls.

434: 417: 405: 370: 362: 293:) in 1747, internal chaos erupted in Iran, particularly in the 206: 88: 1846:Очерки исторического прошлого и современного положения Кавказа 1570: 1261: 582:

and also noted the topographical characteristics of Shusha: "

1789:. СПб: Обозрение Российских владений за Кавказом, ч.3. 1836. 1445: 3515:

Memorial Complex of Participants of the Great Patriotic War

1151: 574:

described 48-day defense of Shusha against the army led by

62:

sign, located in the north of the fortress walls (May 2021)

656: 1242:(in Armenian). Baku: Aror publishing house. p. 137. 1219:, Publish. of Academy of Sciences of ArmSSR, p. 384. (in 1086:

Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (1890–1907).

1710:Исследования по истории архитектуры и градостроитальства 1375:Азербайджан в XVIII веке и взаимоотношения его с Россией 616:, which is near the place where the fortress was built. 2348:Генерал-лейтенант Клюки Фон-Клугенау (September 1874). 978:

E. Avalov notes that according to the drawings kept in

1284:(Кавказский вестник, , №3, XIII ed.). p. 58. 1282:Елисаветпольская губерния (впечатления и воспоминания) 1183:

The Principality of Lower Khachen, 14th-15th centuries

1579: 1296:"Principality of Varanda - Nagorno Karabakh Republic" 1066:"Principality of Varanda - Nagorno Karabakh Republic" 778:, the fortification of Shusha fortress was expanded. 257: 205:) is a fortress surrounding the historical centre of 787:" Using the 10-day peace treaty, the besieged city " 2657: 2589: 2526: 2327: 2234: 2224:(№ 210 ed.). СПб: Газ. «Северная пчела». 1881. 1803:(№ 210 ed.). СПб: газ. «Северная пчела». 1831. 1758:Личный рассказ о поездке из Индии в Англию в 1824 г 620:of Shusha fortress was given as 1170 according to 266:Shusha fortress was established by an alliance of 3106:Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve 2719:История Карабахского ханство (с 1747 по 1805 год) 2177:История Карабахского ханство (с 1747 по 1805 год) 1550:История Карабахского ханство (с 1747 по 1805 год) 1026:Shusha State Historical and Architectural Reserve 30: 3558: 1613:. Baku: Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. 545:who described Shusha fortress at the top of the 1903:Очерки, наброски, воспоминания В. В. Верещагина 746:The key of the parade gate of Shusha fortress ( 3464:Azerbaijan State Museum of History of Karabakh 1624:Никитин, К. (1871). "Статья в газ. "Кавказ"". 1232: 36: 3090: 2876: 2502:(т. VII ed.). СПб.-М. 1861. p. 257. 1976:История Карабахского ханства (с 1747 по 1805) 980:Russian State Military and Historical Archive 42: 2002: 1816:Защита Шуши (Персидская война 1826–1828 гг.) 1801:Очерк крепости Шуши и Карабаха. Путешествия 1580:Джеваншир Карабахский, Мирза Джамал (1959). 1446:Джамал Джеваншир Карабахский, Мирза (1959). 1416: 1031:List of castles and fortresses in Azerbaijan 2781: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2678:Карта к дорожнику Кавказского края (1845). 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2573: 2571: 2435: 2433: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1519: 1517: 1491: 1475: 1473: 1471: 1267: 3097: 3083: 2883: 2869: 2852:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2829:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2773:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2560:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2512:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2390:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2321: 2313:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2269:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2228: 2189:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2148:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2017:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1988:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1944:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1915:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1887:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1872: 1858:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1722:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1594:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1562:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1506:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1460:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1431:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1387:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1358:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1329:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1117:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 445:in Shahbulag can be found in the works of 209:, also called Shushi. The newly conquered 2985:Melik Haykaz Palace (Hamza Sultan Palace) 2837: 2814: 2716: 2658:Nersesov (Qarabaği), Mirzə Yusif (2006). 2590:Nersesov (Qarabaği), Mirzə Yusif (2006). 2527:Nersesov (Qarabaği), Mirzə Yusif (2006). 2328:Nersesov (Qarabaği), Mirzə Yusif (2006). 2254: 2235:Nersesov (Qarabaği), Mirzə Yusif (2006). 2174: 2133: 1973: 1963:. Tbilisi: газ. Кавказ. pp. № 61–62. 1958: 1929: 1547: 1372: 1343: 646: 2725: 2698: 2686: 2630: 2618: 2568: 2430: 2398: 2380:(т. 2 ed.). Baku. 1960. p. 35. 2298: 2197: 2156: 2110: 2062: 2037: 2025: 1730: 1529: 1514: 1468: 1406:(№ 61–69 ed.). Tbilisi: аз. Кавказ. 1401: 961: 894: 748:National Museum of History of Azerbaijan 741: 555: 391: 385:. Panah Ali Khan were willing to build " 261: 2609: 2550:(т. 2 ed.). Baku. 1960. p. 6. 2454:Изв. АН Азерб. ССР сер. Лит. Яз. и Иск. 1843: 1692: 1662: 1623: 484:North-eastern part of Shusha fortress. 3559: 3272:Caravanserai of Agha Gahraman Mirsiyab 2758: 2742: 2704: 2692: 2645: 2624: 2577: 2451: 2439: 2409: 2208: 2162: 2121: 2050: 2031: 1743: 1608: 1535: 1523: 1479: 1279: 1202: 852:Shusha fortress had three main gates: 237:Shusha fortress had three main gates: 3078: 2864: 2421: 2366:(№ 58 ed.). газ. «Кавказ». 1851. 2283: 2222:Очерки крепости Шуши и всего Kарабаха 1828: 1813: 1770: 1707: 1169:, vol. 1, Vagharshapat, 1902, p. 384. 373:and including the areas of Karabakh, 3572:Castles and fortresses in Azerbaijan 2899:Castles and fortresses in Azerbaijan 3597:18th-century establishments in Iran 2840:Архитектура Азербайджана XVI-XIX вв 2136:Архитектура Азербайджана XVI-XIX вв 1755: 1402:Карабаги, Джамал Джеваншир (1855). 1199:11 (1972): pp. 95–108, here p. 105. 190: 43: 18:Fortification in Shusha, Azerbaijan 13: 258:Historical and political situation 14: 3608: 957: 330:The region was being attacked by 24:Shusha fortress / Shushi fortress 3454:House-Museum of Uzeyir Hajibeyov 3226:House-Museum of Uzeyir Hajibeyov 3063: 2892: 2500:Очерки Закавказья. "Иллюстрация" 1959:Джеваншир, Мирза Джамал (1855). 1096:from the original on 16 May 2013 825: 813:fortresses – have round towers. 669: 655: 493: 477: 52: 3485:Gravestone of Mir Mohsun Navvab 2752: 2710: 2680:Кавказский календар на 1846 год 2671: 2651: 2603: 2583: 2540: 2520: 2492: 2460: 2445: 2415: 2370: 2356: 2341: 2292: 2277: 2248: 2214: 2168: 2127: 2071: 2056: 1996: 1967: 1952: 1923: 1895: 1866: 1837: 1822: 1807: 1793: 1779: 1764: 1749: 1701: 1686: 1671: 1656: 1617: 1602: 1541: 1485: 1439: 1410: 1395: 1366: 1337: 1319:. Baku. 1958. pp. 334–337. 1309: 1288: 1273: 1249:from the original on 9 May 2021 468: 400:, which was the capital of the 318:(1709–1749) had not yet ended. 309:. Some of them are as follows: 288: 282:Following the assassination of 3005:Quadrangular castle (Mardakan) 2424:Шесть писем о Грузии и Кавказе 2301:Война шаха с карабахским ханрм 2286:Шесть писем о Грузии и Кавказе 2063:Карадаги, Гасаналихан (1880). 1773:Шесть писем о Грузии и Кавказе 1226: 1172: 1159: 1138: 1125: 1058: 923: 58:Front of the Shusha gate with 1: 3490:Gravestone of Gasim bey Zakir 3201:House of Khurshidbanu Natavan 2800:10.1080/00210862.2016.1159779 1165:Bishop Makar Barkhudariants, 1051: 985: 884: 138: 3505:Bust of Khurshidbanu Natavan 3469:Shusha Musical Drama Theatre 3267:Khanlig Mukhtar caravanserai 2717:Джеваншир, Ахмедбек (1961). 2467:"Кавказ, Тифлис" (25). 1871. 2175:Джеваншир, Ахмедбек (1961). 2003:Адигезал-бек, Мирза (1950). 1974:Джеваншир, Ахмедбек (1961). 1930:Джеваншир, Ахмедбек (1901). 1548:Джеваншир, Ахмедбек (1961). 1417:Адигезал-бек, Мирза (1950). 1167:Patmutiun Aghvanits ashkhari 877:, Georgia, Central Asia and 7: 1492:Adıgözəlbəy, Mirzə (1950). 1019: 570:Russian military historian 10: 3613: 3592:18th century in Azerbaijan 3567:Military history of Shusha 3495:Statue of Uzeyir Hajibeyov 3302:Ashaghi Govhar Agha Mosque 3297:Yukhari Govhar Agha Mosque 3186:Ibrahim Khalil Khan palace 1961:Карабах (перевод А. Берже) 1682:. т. VII (167): 257. 1861. 1609:Xəzani, Mir Mehdi (1950). 1317:История Азербайджана, т. I 1208:Khachikyan L. S., (1955), 1135:. Moscow, 1998, pp. 32–33. 968:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 901:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 888: 839:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 662:Towers of Shusha fortress. 502:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 410:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 270:who was the first khan of 252: 3523: 3510:Bust of Molla Panah Vagif 3477: 3431: 3415: 3399: 3370: 3287: 3280: 3262:Two-Storeyed Caravanserai 3254: 3196:Mammad Hasan agha palace 3173: 3140: 3112: 3061: 2905: 2838:Саламзаде, А. В. (1964). 2815:Фатуллаев, Ш. С. (1970). 2255:Фатуллаев, Ш. С. (1970). 2134:Саламзаде, А. В. (1964). 1373:Абдуллаев, Г. А. (1965). 202: 167: 157: 147: 134: 95: 84: 76: 71: 67: 51: 37: 28: 23: 3444:Shusha State Art Gallery 3439:Shusha Museum of History 3382:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral 3191:Gara Boyuk Khanim Castle 3181:Palace of Karabakh Khans 1905:. СПб. 1883. p. 13. 1877:(№10 ed.). Tbilisi. 1196:Patma-Banasirakan Handes 1014:The End of Dramatic Play 936:and the city Yerevan—or 847: 798:The End of Dramatic Play 704:Khanates of the Caucasus 637:Hasan Ali Khan Garadaghi 563:The End of Dramatic Play 297:, where semi-autonomous 3423:Khoja Marjanly's Spring 2970:Lekh Castle (Handaberd) 2299:Захарянц, Яков (1949). 1873:Бабаджанов, К. (1872). 1844:Каспари, А. А. (1904). 1678:"Всемирное обозрение". 1156:. Yerevan, 1989, p. 25. 996:rock-palace located in 723:and Karabakh khanates. 560:Vasily Vereshchagin – " 551:completely inaccessible 455:The History of Karabakh 3459:House-Museum of Bulbul 3322:Chukhur Mahalla Mosque 3236:House-Museum of Bulbul 3020:Round Tower (Mardakan) 2980:Maiden Tower (Gadabay) 2759:Авалов, Э. В. (1977). 2480:Cite journal requires 1344:Bakıxanov, A. (1926). 971: 904: 751: 736: 647:Architectural features 567: 447:Mirza Yousif Karabakhi 413: 279: 217:fortress" named after 182: 31: 3546:Mirza Hassan Cemetery 3362:Khoja Marjanli Mosque 3206:House of Mehmandarovs 1934:. Shusha. p. 15. 1611:Kitabi-tarixi-Qarabağ 1133:A Journey to Karabakh 965: 898: 745: 729: 631:E. Avalov notes that 559: 451:Mirza Jamal Javanshir 395: 265: 119:39.76611°N 46.75111°E 3536:Shusha Realni School 3449:Shusha Carpet Museum 3165:Gurdlar neighborhood 2792:Taylor & Francis 2548:История Азербайджана 2378:История Азербайджана 2303:. Baku. p. 211. 2138:. Baku. p. 171. 1708:Бунин, А.В. (1964). 1348:. Baku. p. 128. 1006:Khurshidbanu Natavan 940:, as it is known in 756:Mirza Yusif Nersesov 396:The architecture of 3407:Shirin Su bathhouse 3357:Taza Mahalla Mosque 3307:Haji Yusifli Mosque 3216:Haji Gulular Palace 3211:Zohrabbayovs' house 2975:Maiden Tower (Baku) 2925:Çalxanqala Fortress 2259:. Baku. p. 28. 2179:. Baku. p. 83. 1848:. СПб. p. 218. 1584:. Baku. p. 72. 1496:. Baku. p. 53. 1450:. Baku. p. 68. 1421:. Baku. p. 53. 1377:. Baku. p. 14. 1280:Сегаль, И. (1902). 1270:, pp. 107–108. 1154:13th–14th centuries 772:Ibrahim Khalil Khan 512:Ahmad bey Javanshir 486:Vasily Vereshchagin 443:religious buildings 115: / 72:General information 3541:Mir Faseh cemetery 3246:House of Haji Amir 3174:Palaces and houses 3010:Quadrangular Tower 2915:Baku Fortress Wall 2422:Зубов, П. (1834). 2284:Зубов, П. (1834). 2065:Тезкире и-Гарадаги 1829:Зубов, П. (1834). 1814:Потто, В. (1886). 1771:Зубов, П. (1834). 1552:. Baku. p. 8. 1215:2014-12-13 at the 1189:2013-11-04 at the 1144:Hravard Hakobian. 972: 918:civil architecture 905: 818:Georg Wilhelm Timm 761:Yakhov Zakharyants 752: 626:Mirza Adigozal bey 568: 547:Caucasus Mountains 543:Count Platon Zubov 488:'s painting. 1865. 437:), was preferred. 414: 280: 221:who together with 124:39.76611; 46.75111 3554: 3553: 3395: 3394: 3231:House of Sadigjan 3072: 3071: 2990:Nardaran Fortress 2950:Gulustan Fortress 2945:Galarsan-Gorarsan 1875:Шуша, газ. Кавказ 1092:. St Petersburg. 633:Molla Panah Vagif 171: 170: 3604: 3587:Karabakh Khanate 3327:Chol Gala Mosque 3285: 3284: 3241:Safi bey's House 3221:Asad bey’s House 3099: 3092: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3067: 3055:Yazdegerd Castle 3030:Shahbulag Castle 2910:Askeran Fortress 2897: 2896: 2885: 2878: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2834: 2828: 2820: 2811: 2778: 2772: 2764: 2746: 2740: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2612:Əhvalati-Qarabağ 2610:Baharlı (1888). 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2566: 2565: 2559: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2428: 2427: 2426:. М. p. 88. 2419: 2413: 2407: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2360: 2354: 2353: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2336: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2312: 2304: 2296: 2290: 2289: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2195: 2194: 2188: 2180: 2172: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2147: 2139: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2108: 2107: 2102:has extra text ( 2101: 2097: 2095: 2087: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2016: 2008: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1979: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1935: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1878: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1849: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1762: 1761: 1753: 1747: 1741: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1713: 1712:. М. p. 86. 1705: 1699: 1698: 1695:Əhvalati-Qarabağ 1693:Baharlı (1888). 1690: 1684: 1683: 1680:Иллюсирация, СПб 1675: 1669: 1668: 1665:Əhvalati-Qarabağ 1663:Baharlı (1888). 1660: 1654: 1653: 1648:has extra text ( 1647: 1643: 1641: 1633: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1593: 1585: 1582:История Карабаха 1577: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1553: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1497: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1451: 1448:История Карабаха 1443: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1422: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1386: 1378: 1370: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1349: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1320: 1313: 1307: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1277: 1271: 1268:Bournoutian 2016 1265: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1248: 1241: 1230: 1224: 1206: 1200: 1176: 1170: 1163: 1157: 1142: 1136: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1062: 829: 673: 659: 622:Islamic calendar 497: 481: 402:Karabakh Khanate 398:Shahbulag Castle 316:Forty Years’ War 303:Karabakh Khanate 292: 291: 1736–1747 290: 204: 192: 152:Karabakh Khanate 143: 140: 130: 129: 127: 126: 125: 120: 116: 113: 112: 111: 108: 56: 46: 45: 40: 39: 34: 21: 20: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3557: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3531:Vagif Mausoleum 3519: 3473: 3427: 3411: 3391: 3373: 3366: 3342:Mardinli Mosque 3332:Kocharli Mosque 3317:Julfalar Mosque 3276: 3250: 3169: 3142: 3136: 3114:Shusha fortress 3108: 3103: 3073: 3068: 3059: 3045:Shusha fortress 2995:Old City (Baku) 2901: 2891: 2889: 2845: 2844: 2822: 2821: 2784:Iranian Studies 2766: 2765: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2726: 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2676: 2672: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2569: 2553: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2505: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2450: 2446: 2438: 2431: 2420: 2416: 2408: 2399: 2383: 2382: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2326: 2322: 2306: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2282: 2278: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2198: 2182: 2181: 2173: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2120: 2111: 2099: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2038: 2030: 2026: 2010: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1981: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1957: 1953: 1937: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1880: 1879: 1871: 1867: 1851: 1850: 1842: 1838: 1827: 1823: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1798: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1769: 1765: 1754: 1750: 1742: 1731: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1702: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1676: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1645: 1644: 1635: 1634: 1622: 1618: 1607: 1603: 1587: 1586: 1578: 1571: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1542: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1515: 1499: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1469: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1440: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1400: 1396: 1380: 1379: 1371: 1367: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1338: 1322: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1300: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1289: 1278: 1274: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1217:Wayback Machine 1207: 1203: 1191:Wayback Machine 1179:Ulubabyan B. A. 1177: 1173: 1164: 1160: 1143: 1139: 1131:Boris Baratov. 1130: 1126: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1054: 1022: 988: 960: 938:Iravan (İrevan) 928:İrevan Gate or 926: 893: 887: 850: 845: 844: 843: 842: 835: 830: 713:Medieval Period 681: 680: 679: 678: 677: 674: 665: 664: 663: 660: 649: 603:V. Vereshchagin 509: 508: 507: 506: 505: 498: 490: 489: 482: 471: 287: 276:Melik Shahnazar 260: 255: 223:Melik Shahnazar 195:Shushi fortress 175:Shusha fortress 141: 123: 121: 117: 114: 109: 106: 104: 102: 101: 63: 47: 41: 35: 19: 12: 11: 5: 3610: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3500:Bust of Bulbul 3497: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3376: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3352:Seyidli Mosque 3349: 3347:Guyulug Mosque 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3278: 3277: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3160:Ashaghy Meydan 3157: 3152: 3146: 3144: 3143:neighbourhoods 3138: 3137: 3135: 3134: 3132:Aghoghlan Gate 3129: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3079: 3070: 3069: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3057: 3052: 3050:Shindan Castle 3047: 3042: 3037: 3035:Shaki fortress 3032: 3027: 3025:Sabayil Castle 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2960:Kachaghakaberd 2957: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2940:Ganja Fortress 2937: 2935:Galeyi Beygurt 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2865: 2859: 2858: 2835: 2817:Памятники Шуши 2812: 2779: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2724: 2709: 2697: 2685: 2670: 2650: 2629: 2617: 2614:(34 ed.). 2602: 2582: 2567: 2539: 2519: 2491: 2482:|journal= 2459: 2444: 2429: 2414: 2397: 2369: 2355: 2352:. p. 138. 2340: 2320: 2291: 2276: 2257:Памятники Шуши 2247: 2227: 2213: 2196: 2167: 2155: 2126: 2109: 2070: 2055: 2036: 2024: 1995: 1966: 1951: 1922: 1894: 1865: 1836: 1821: 1806: 1792: 1778: 1763: 1748: 1729: 1700: 1685: 1670: 1655: 1616: 1601: 1569: 1540: 1528: 1513: 1484: 1467: 1438: 1409: 1394: 1365: 1346:Gülüstani-İrəm 1336: 1308: 1287: 1272: 1260: 1225: 1201: 1171: 1158: 1146:Miniatures of 1137: 1124: 1078: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1046:Ashaghy Meydan 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1021: 1018: 998:Dashalty Gorge 987: 984: 959: 958:Aghoghlan Gate 956: 925: 922: 889:Main article: 886: 883: 879:Ancient Russia 849: 846: 836: 832: 831: 824: 823: 822: 776:Russian Empire 675: 668: 667: 666: 661: 654: 653: 652: 651: 650: 648: 645: 499: 492: 491: 483: 476: 475: 474: 473: 472: 470: 467: 334:and Iranians. 307:South Caucasus 295:South Caucasus 268:Panah Ali Khan 259: 256: 254: 251: 247:Aghoghlan Gate 219:Panah Ali Khan 169: 168: 165: 164: 162:Panah Ali Khan 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 136: 132: 131: 99: 93: 92: 86: 82: 81: 78: 74: 73: 69: 68: 65: 64: 57: 49: 48: 29: 26: 25: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3609: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3372:Cathedral and 3369: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3337:Mamayi Mosque 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3312:Saatli Mosque 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255:Caravanserais 3253: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3187: 3184: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3066: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2866: 2863: 2855: 2849: 2841: 2836: 2832: 2826: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2744: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2681: 2674: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2626: 2621: 2613: 2606: 2595: 2594: 2586: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2563: 2557: 2549: 2543: 2532: 2531: 2523: 2515: 2509: 2501: 2495: 2487: 2474: 2463: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2436: 2434: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2393: 2387: 2379: 2373: 2365: 2359: 2351: 2344: 2333: 2332: 2324: 2316: 2310: 2302: 2295: 2288:. p. 70. 2287: 2280: 2272: 2266: 2258: 2251: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2223: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2186: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2151: 2145: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2105: 2100:|volume= 2093: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2067:. p. 32. 2066: 2059: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2020: 2014: 2006: 1999: 1991: 1985: 1977: 1970: 1962: 1955: 1947: 1941: 1933: 1926: 1918: 1912: 1904: 1898: 1890: 1884: 1876: 1869: 1861: 1855: 1847: 1840: 1833:. p. 46. 1832: 1825: 1817: 1810: 1802: 1796: 1788: 1782: 1775:. p. 87. 1774: 1767: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1725: 1719: 1711: 1704: 1697:. p. 17. 1696: 1689: 1681: 1674: 1667:. p. 16. 1666: 1659: 1651: 1646:|volume= 1639: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1612: 1605: 1597: 1591: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1565: 1559: 1551: 1544: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1518: 1509: 1503: 1495: 1488: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1463: 1457: 1449: 1442: 1434: 1428: 1420: 1413: 1405: 1398: 1390: 1384: 1376: 1369: 1361: 1355: 1347: 1340: 1332: 1326: 1318: 1312: 1297: 1291: 1283: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1175: 1168: 1162: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1134: 1128: 1120: 1114: 1107: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1082: 1067: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1007: 1001: 999: 994: 983: 981: 976: 969: 964: 955: 952: 949: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 930:Khalfali Gate 921: 919: 913: 909: 902: 897: 892: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 862: 860: 855: 840: 834: 828: 821: 819: 814: 812: 809:, Shusha and 808: 804: 800: 799: 792: 790: 786: 779: 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 757: 749: 744: 740: 735: 734: 728: 724: 722: 716: 714: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 689: 687: 672: 658: 644: 642: 638: 634: 629: 627: 623: 617: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 599: 591: 589: 585: 581: 578:crown prince 577: 573: 565: 564: 558: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 534: 530: 526: 524: 519: 517: 513: 503: 496: 487: 480: 466: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 438: 436: 432: 427: 423: 419: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 335: 333: 329: 325: 323: 319: 317: 314: 310: 308: 304: 300: 296: 285: 277: 273: 269: 264: 250: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 232:feudal period 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 200: 196: 188: 184: 180: 176: 166: 163: 160: 156: 153: 150: 146: 137: 133: 128: 100: 98: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80:Fortification 79: 75: 70: 66: 61: 55: 50: 33: 27: 22: 16: 3387:Yashil kilsa 3371: 3288: 3113: 3044: 3015:Ramana Tower 2965:Khokhanaberd 2920:Bayat Castle 2839: 2816: 2787: 2783: 2760: 2753:Bibliography 2745:, p. 27 2718: 2712: 2707:, p. 26 2700: 2695:, p. 25 2688: 2679: 2673: 2660: 2653: 2648:, p. 35 2627:, p. 34 2620: 2611: 2605: 2592: 2585: 2580:, p. 33 2547: 2542: 2529: 2522: 2499: 2494: 2473:cite journal 2462: 2453: 2447: 2442:, p. 31 2423: 2417: 2412:, p. 29 2377: 2372: 2363: 2358: 2349: 2343: 2330: 2323: 2300: 2294: 2285: 2279: 2256: 2250: 2237: 2230: 2221: 2216: 2211:, p. 28 2176: 2170: 2165:, p. 19 2158: 2135: 2129: 2124:, p. 22 2092:cite journal 2083: 2079: 2073: 2064: 2058: 2053:, p. 32 2034:, p. 20 2027: 2005:Карабах-наме 2004: 1998: 1975: 1969: 1960: 1954: 1931: 1925: 1902: 1897: 1874: 1868: 1845: 1839: 1830: 1824: 1815: 1809: 1800: 1795: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1766: 1760:. p. 2. 1757: 1756:Кеппель, Г. 1751: 1746:, p. 17 1709: 1703: 1694: 1688: 1679: 1673: 1664: 1658: 1638:cite journal 1629: 1625: 1619: 1610: 1604: 1581: 1549: 1543: 1538:, p. 16 1531: 1526:, p. 15 1493: 1487: 1482:, p. 10 1447: 1441: 1419:Карабах-наме 1418: 1412: 1403: 1397: 1374: 1368: 1345: 1339: 1316: 1311: 1299:. Retrieved 1290: 1281: 1275: 1263: 1251:. Retrieved 1235: 1228: 1204: 1194: 1174: 1166: 1161: 1145: 1140: 1132: 1127: 1105: 1098:. Retrieved 1088: 1081: 1069:. Retrieved 1060: 1041:Iravan Gates 1013: 1011: 1002: 989: 977: 973: 953: 950: 937: 929: 927: 914: 910: 906: 863: 857: 851: 815: 802: 796: 793: 788: 783: 780: 769: 764: 753: 737: 731: 730: 725: 717: 708:feudal lords 701: 697:Khalfalichay 690: 682: 640: 630: 618: 609: 607: 595: 592: 587: 583: 572:Vasily Potto 569: 561: 550: 538: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 515: 514:noted that " 510: 469:Construction 463: 458: 454: 439: 415: 386: 379:Bayat castle 359:Tartar River 340: 336: 327: 326: 321: 320: 312: 311: 281: 236: 228: 213:was called " 194: 174: 172: 91:, Azerbaijan 15: 3374:monasteries 3127:Iravan Gate 2930:Chirag Gala 2794:: 107–124. 2743:Авалов 1977 2721:. Baku: 11. 2705:Авалов 1977 2693:Авалов 1977 2661:Tarixi-Safi 2646:Авалов 1977 2625:Авалов 1977 2593:Tarixi-Safi 2578:Авалов 1977 2530:Tarixi-Safi 2440:Авалов 1977 2410:Авалов 1977 2331:Tarixi-Safi 2238:Tarixi-Safi 2209:Авалов 1977 2163:Авалов 1977 2122:Авалов 1977 2051:Авалов 1977 2032:Авалов 1977 1744:Авалов 1977 1536:Авалов 1977 1524:Авалов 1977 1494:Qarabağnamə 1480:Авалов 1977 1253:16 December 946:Azerbaijani 924:İrevan Gate 816:The artist 785:of defense. 693:Dashalticay 686:Jidir Plain 598:Thermopylae 580:Abbas Mirza 357:, from The 243:Iravan Gate 211:castle town 203:Շուշիի բերդ 183:Şuşa qalası 179:Azerbaijani 142: 1751 122: / 97:Coordinates 38:Շուշիի բերդ 32:Şuşa qalası 3582:City gates 3577:City walls 3561:Categories 3400:Bathhouses 3150:Divankhana 3141:Square and 3122:Ganja Gate 3040:Shapurgala 2682:. Тbilisi. 2078:"Кавказ". 1301:27 October 1100:5 November 1071:27 October 1052:References 1036:Ganja Gate 986:Inner part 891:Ganja Gate 885:Ganja Gate 867:Azerbaijan 854:Ganja Gate 614:Shushikend 355:Lake Sevan 351:Aras River 284:Nader Shah 239:Ganja Gate 110:46°45′04″E 107:39°45′58″N 60:Ganja Gate 3478:Monuments 2955:Hnarakert 2848:cite book 2842:. (Baku). 2825:cite book 2819:. (Baku). 2808:163302882 2769:cite book 2763:. (Baku). 2556:cite book 2508:cite book 2386:cite book 2309:cite book 2265:cite book 2185:cite book 2144:cite book 2013:cite book 1984:cite book 1940:cite book 1911:cite book 1883:cite book 1854:cite book 1718:cite book 1590:cite book 1558:cite book 1502:cite book 1456:cite book 1427:cite book 1383:cite book 1354:cite book 1325:cite book 1113:cite book 807:Shahbulag 639:writes: " 457:" book: " 431:Shahbulag 347:Shahnazar 215:Panahabad 135:Completed 3000:Parigala 1244:Archived 1221:Armenian 1213:Archived 1187:Archived 1094:Archived 1020:See also 934:Khalfali 871:Dagestan 610:Fortress 375:Zangezur 343:Armenian 299:khanates 272:Karabakh 199:Armenian 191:قلعه شوش 158:Landlord 85:Location 44:قلعه شوش 3432:Museums 3416:Springs 3289:Mosques 3281:Temples 2086:. 1871. 2007:. Baku. 1978:. Baku. 1404:Карабах 1236:Artsakh 1148:Artsakh 942:Persian 875:Armenia 811:Askeran 426:Ardabil 404:before 253:History 187:Persian 3155:Meidan 2806: 2080:Тифлис 1626:Тифлис 1089:Shusha 435:Aghdam 418:bazaar 406:Shusha 371:Sisian 363:Meghri 345:Melik 207:Shusha 89:Shusha 3524:Other 2804:S2CID 2790:(1). 2665:(PDF) 2597:(PDF) 2534:(PDF) 2335:(PDF) 2242:(PDF) 1247:(PDF) 1240:(PDF) 993:Ganja 859:tall. 848:Gates 733:head. 721:Shaki 576:Qajar 383:Barda 381:near 367:Tatev 332:Turks 193:) or 148:Owner 2854:link 2831:link 2775:link 2562:link 2514:link 2486:help 2456:(2). 2392:link 2315:link 2271:link 2191:link 2150:link 2104:help 2084:№ 25 2019:link 1990:link 1946:link 1917:link 1889:link 1860:link 1724:link 1650:help 1630:№ 25 1596:link 1564:link 1508:link 1462:link 1433:link 1389:link 1360:link 1331:link 1303:2023 1255:2020 1152:Utik 1150:and 1119:link 1102:2013 1073:2023 944:and 695:and 449:and 422:bath 369:and 274:and 245:and 173:The 77:Type 2796:doi 1185:." 1181:, " 1004:of 361:to 353:to 3563:: 2850:}} 2846:{{ 2827:}} 2823:{{ 2802:. 2788:50 2786:. 2771:}} 2767:{{ 2727:^ 2632:^ 2570:^ 2558:}} 2554:{{ 2510:}} 2506:{{ 2477:: 2475:}} 2471:{{ 2432:^ 2400:^ 2388:}} 2384:{{ 2311:}} 2307:{{ 2267:}} 2263:{{ 2199:^ 2187:}} 2183:{{ 2146:}} 2142:{{ 2112:^ 2096:: 2094:}} 2090:{{ 2082:. 2039:^ 2015:}} 2011:{{ 1986:}} 1982:{{ 1942:}} 1938:{{ 1913:}} 1909:{{ 1885:}} 1881:{{ 1856:}} 1852:{{ 1732:^ 1720:}} 1716:{{ 1642:: 1640:}} 1636:{{ 1628:. 1592:}} 1588:{{ 1572:^ 1560:}} 1556:{{ 1516:^ 1504:}} 1500:{{ 1470:^ 1458:}} 1454:{{ 1429:}} 1425:{{ 1385:}} 1381:{{ 1356:}} 1352:{{ 1327:}} 1323:{{ 1193:, 1115:}} 1111:{{ 1104:. 948:. 920:. 903:). 881:. 873:, 869:, 841:). 767:" 750:). 715:. 643:" 590:" 541:" 504:). 420:, 412:). 365:, 328:3. 322:2. 313:1. 289:r. 241:, 201:: 189:: 185:, 181:: 139:c. 3098:e 3091:t 3084:v 2884:e 2877:t 2870:v 2856:) 2833:) 2810:. 2798:: 2777:) 2564:) 2516:) 2488:) 2484:( 2394:) 2317:) 2273:) 2193:) 2152:) 2106:) 2021:) 1992:) 1948:) 1919:) 1891:) 1862:) 1726:) 1652:) 1632:. 1598:) 1566:) 1510:) 1464:) 1435:) 1391:) 1362:) 1333:) 1305:. 1257:. 1223:) 1121:) 1075:. 970:. 795:" 594:" 537:" 521:" 286:( 278:. 197:( 177:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index