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possible thanks to improvements in water channelisation and river banks. 500,000 acres of intensive and extensive fishery farms were also created. He was promoted to Joint Chief of Staff of the Army, Navy, and Air Force in 2001. That same year, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. He became Chief of
General Staff of the Armed Services in 2003. As a key figure in the SPDC, he seems to have overseen a number of offensives against ethnic insurgents. This claim has been raised specifically in relation to the 2006 offensive against the
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406:
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479:. Amidst reports of tensions between Shwe Mann and Thein Sein, the former was removed from his post as head of the USDP in August 2015. Finally he was sacked from USDP together with other 17 senior members in April 2016. He later founded the Union Betterment Party (UBP), which existed from 2019 to 2022.
569:. When Than Shwe became commander-in-chief of the Tatmadaw in 1992, he made Shwe Mann one of his deputies. Although Than Shwe frequently shook up the ranks, firing ministers and military officials, Shwe Mann was allowed to rise through the ranks and become the third most powerful figure in the country.
877:
He was placed in the U.S. and EU sanction lists (Embassy
Rangoon 2007; Martin 2012). He was removed from the U.S. sanction list in September 2012 because, in the words of Under Secretary David S. Cohen, he has "taken concrete steps to promote political reforms and human rights, and to move Burma away
779:
Shwe Mann has made it known that the countryâs future development depends on the âeconomic cooperation the private sector and the international community.â Speaking at The Asian
Foundation, he praised the non-profit sector and NGOs, who work ânot for an individual country but for the international
699:
He has been seen as a staunch critic of corrupt practices amongst public officials. He had reportedly ordered action against corrupt authorities as far back as 2005. He criticised the governmentâs lack of transparency and accountability over public funds. He has firmly supported liberal reforms and
847:
In the 2000s, he tried to forge closer ties with India, which he visited to appeal for more armaments in 2006. In
November 2008, Shwe Mann travelled to North Korea and signed a memorandum of understanding on military cooperation. In an interview, he said that the Burmese counterpart "studied their
770:
Shwe Mann has spoken about the need to strengthen the current education system in
Myanmar. He has argued that Myanmar education is ânot in line with what need today.â He has also spoken in favour of a National Educational Bill to improve basic and secondary education, including universities and
541:
In line with the SPDCâs developmental rhetoric, he supported a number of initiatives aimed at increasing agricultural productivity and food security. These included supporting seasonal crop rotation, and converting more than 1 million acres of low, dry and wetlands into cultivated land. This was
695:
Shwe Mann has claimed that âreforms are irreversibleâ and their goal is âto build a multi-party democratic system and a market economy.â He has been called âa defender of the president âs reforms.â Although political reforms have moved apace, he also believes that socio-economic development and
866:, to father Pho Phay, and mother Htay Yi. He is married to Khin Lay Thet, a former high school teacher. In a 2007-dated U.S. cable, she was recorded as a member of the Panel of Patrons and one of four vice presidents of the Myanmar Womenâs Affairs Federation. They have two sons,
719:
Shwe Mann has argued that democracy must be seen âas a vehicle for progress.â In an interview, he stated that âthe biggest challenge is changing the mind-set and attitude. If people do not understand the essence of democracy, there will be more disadvantages than advantages.â
927:
received lucrative government contracts to supply fertilizers to farmers throughout the delta. The company also received 30,000 acres of land for development under the governmentâs
Lowland Development Program. These have since been returned with all dues and taxes paid for.
820:
Shwe Mann has emphasised the need to integrate
Myanmar into the global economy. "In the globalised economy, no country or region can stand alone. The development of one region depends on integration with other regions in the world," he stated in an official press release.
811:
before his 2015 official visit to the U.S. He has stressed that
Myanmar and China are good neighbours and entertain friendly diplomatic relations. At the same time, he has called for greater transparency and accountability on Chinese investments.
788:
Shwe Mann has been seen as a key figure in the ongoing diplomatic effort to recalibrating
Washingtonâs foreign policy towards Asia, known as "pivot." Indeed, the U.S. President sought his company during his first official visit to Myanmar.
461:. He was later selected as Speaker of the Lower House at the first regular session of the Pyithu Hluttaw in 2011. He was crucial in the newly-found activism of the Lower House vis-Ă -vis the Upper House and the executive.
700:
the turn towards a market economy in
Myanmar. He has been critical of Thein Seinâs âsluggishâ approach to liberalisation, and has taken a strong stance against corrupt practices in the interest of âgood governance.â
621:
A leaked U.S. cable stated that âike most Burmese field commanders, Shwe Mann utilized forced civilian porters, including women and children, on a massive scale during operations against Karen insurgents.â
682:
constituency. He lost his seat to , Than Nyunt, NLD's candidate, but remained as a prominent figure and closed ally to Aung San Suu Kyi. He was appointed in February 2015 as head of the Commission for the
1428:
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has been defined as âexcellent.â Others have defined it as âa working relationship, albeit perhaps one of convenience.â They have maintained an open stance on a possible future alliance.
522:
from 1993 to 1995. His achievements in the Karen state in 1994 meant that he was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. He was commander of the elite LID 11 based in Inn Daing, near
674:
In August 2015, amidst reports of tensions between himself and Thein Sein, Shwe Mann was removed from his post as Chairman of the Union Solidarity and Development Party and replaced by
751:
as a sensitive issue that requires immediate attention. However, he has also stressed that the problem has been on-going for at least the last 100 years. In his conference at the
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637:, March 2003. Than Shwe bypassed his deputy Maung Aye and Prime Minister Khin Nyunt, leaving Shwe Mann directly responsible for the military preparation of the attack.
1410:"Statement by Rt. Honourable Thura U Shwe Mann, Speaker of Pyidaungsu Hluttaw and Pyithu Hluttaw, at the Eighth Asia-Europe Parliamentary Partnership Meeting (ASEP-8)"
1341:"Statement by Rt. Honourable Thura U Shwe Mann, Speaker of Pyidaungsu Hluttaw and Pyithu Hluttaw, at the Eighth Asia-Europe Parliamentary Partnership Meeting (ASEP-8)"
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Shwe Mann has assumed a liberal-conservative position on federalism. He has claimed he would rather see an evolution of the federal system rather than its revolution.
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644:. According to another 2007 U.S. diplomatic cable, âby all accounts he willingly participated in the brutal repression of Septemberâs pro-democracy protests.â
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796:(ICG), argued that the U.S. had made a common cause with Shwe Mann to "bringing the national parliament to life as a legitimate democratic institution."
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446:, the lower house of parliament from 31 January 2011 to 29 January 2016. He is a former army general and, whilst being a protĂŠgĂŠ of senior general
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633:(NLD). According to some sources, Gen Than Shwe ordered lower-ranking officers to carry out the attack on Aung San Suu Kyiâs convoy at
518:(KNU)âs headquarters in the Methawaw Area. He served as a tactical operations commander for Light Infantry Division (LID) 66 based in
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In October 2007, the U.S. Treasury placed Khin Shwe and Zaygabar on its list of individuals and business targeted for sanctions.
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It has been alleged that Than Shwe feared Shwe Mannâs comeuppance, and decided to balance his aspirations and power by choosing
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In September 2010, he retired from the army. Following his retirement, Shwe Mann became a candidate for the newly created
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Economic Community as an âassetâ to the economies of ASEAN nations and as a dialogue partner for the rest of the world.
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599:, who was Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. Allegedly, Shwe Mann and Maung Aye were political rivals.
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It has been alleged that his sons have used their fatherâs political clout to advance their business interests.
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in 1996. In November 1997, he was promoted to the rank of major general and became a permanent member of the
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953:, a major Burmese telecommunications group. In 2004, Toe Naing Mann married Zay Zin Latt, daughter of
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1001:"Myanmarâs Speaker of the Lower House Shwe Mann: Economic Reforms Needed Ahead of 2015 Elections"
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Shwe Mann has argued in favour of increased U.S. investment and technical support in Myanmar.
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in 2004. After Khin Nyuntâs arrest, Shwe Mann famously said that âNobody is above the law.â
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538:. He concurrently served as the Chairman of the Ayeyarwady Peace and Development Council.
8:
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will change before the elections to accommodate a more representative political outcome.
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1454:"Treasury Department Lifts Sanctions Against Burmaâs President and Lower House Speaker"
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and a leading Rangoon real estate mogul. Among its businesses, Zaygabar operates the
735:
Despite their opposite political standpoints, the relationship between Shwe Mann and
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1154:"Former General and Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Ally Dissolves His Union Betterment Party"
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553:(USDP). He was selected as a representative for Zay Yar Thiri constituency in the
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He has been praised for reaching out to political activist groups, including the
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678:. But he contested in 2015 General Election as a candidate representing USDP in
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727:. He has often remarked on the importance of upholding the 2008 Constitution.
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He was elected Speaker of the Lower House at the first regular session of the
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Chairman of the Legal Affairs and Special Cases Assessment Commission of the
1456:, U.S. Department of the Treasury, 19 September 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
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Shwe Mann, a Burmese Buddhist, was born on 11 July 1947 in Kanyuntkwin,
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In regards to the 25 per cent of parliamentary seats allocated to the
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in 2011. From 1 July 2013 to 29 January 2016 he became Speaker of the
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in 1969. He quickly rose through the ranks, and became major in 1986.
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It has also been alleged that Shwe Mann was directly involved in the
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530:(SPDC). That same year, he became commander of South-west Command in
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1358:"Thura U Shwe Mann Criticizes the Governmentâs Lack of Transparency"
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904:, which became the first private company allowed to export rice to
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475:(USDP). That same year, he confirmed he would run for president in
923:
When Shwe Mann was Regional Commander in the Ayeyarwady Division,
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Shwe Mann has had a close relationship to former dictator General
931:
Ayer Shwe Wah has also been involved in construction projects in
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1316:"Thura U Shwe Mann appointed to head own legislative commission"
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from repression and dictatorship toward democracy and freedom".
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to sign military cooperation agreements with the two countries.
1289:"U Shwe Mann still in running for senior post after transition"
913:
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1391:"Myanmarâs Suu Kyi Praises âCooperative Spiritâ of Key Rival"
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is not only between religious groups, but also between mobs.
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Shwe Mann played a key role in the ousting of Prime Minister
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Shwe Mann was also an alleged rival to first Vice-President
46:
1375:"Myanmarâs Speaker Shwe Mann Says Heâll Contest Presidency"
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air defence system, weapons factories, aircrafts [
1313:
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1256:"Powerful Myanmar ruling party chairman Shwe Mann ousted"
1076:"Myanmar Votes 2015: A Conversation With Thura Shwe Mann"
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in 1988. The campaign led to the eventual capture of the
1270:"Strongman Shwe Mann knocked out of next Pyithu Hluttaw"
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Whilst still in the military, Shwe Mann travelled to
616:
438:; born 11 July 1947) is a Burmese politician who was
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Relationship with opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi
595:
He was seen as the most likely successor to General
450:, was considered the third most powerful man in the
401:
1498:
Speakers of the House of Representatives of Myanmar
510:(brave hero) for his military campaign against the
1503:Union Solidarity and Development Party politicians
1185:The Irrawaddy", 3 May 2006. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
1127:"Senior USDP members, including Shwe Mann, sacked"
969:, and handles Kandawgyi People Parkâs operations.
792:Jim Della-Giacoma, Southeast Asia analyst for the
609:It is believed that he has the loyalty of General
1045:"Burma Ex-General Shwe Mann Rides Wave of Change"
900:Aung Thet Mann is the Chief Executive officer at
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640:He was also allegedly involved in repression of
912:in 2005. The company is part of Burmese tycoon
824:He has therefore praised the potential of the
755:, he pointed out that the ongoing violence in
685:Assessment of Legal Affairs and Special Issues
613:, the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces.
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1051:, 27 September 2012. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
696:administrative reforms are lagging behind.
1116:, 28 November 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
882:Business ties (and corruption allegations)
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753:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
194:31 January 2011 â 29 January 2016
128:31 January 2011 â 29 January 2016
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1021:"Shwe Mann: The Right Man for the Job?"
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498:He served as a Regiment Commander in
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1181:"Shwe Mann âBehind Karen Offensive""
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528:State Peace and Development Council
452:State Peace and Development Council
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1204:"The Rut and Road Begins in Burma"
1152:Zan, Hein Htoo (12 October 2022).
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617:Allegations of human rights abuses
576:for the position of President and
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303:Union Betterment Party (2019â2022)
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16:Burmese general and politician
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1258:, Reuters, 13 August 2015.
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854:] and ships."
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1326:17 February
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1233:"Shwe Mann"
1131:mizzima.com
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500:Karen State
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200:Preceded by
154:Preceded by
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1163:6 December
976:References
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574:Thein Sein
469:Thein Sein
431:pronounced
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331:Alma mater
285:Kanyutkwin
275:1947-07-11
182:Zeyarthiri
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