727:
89:
343:. Immediately, 320 German and Austro-Hungarian nationals were put under guard, with 193 non-diplomatic males being peacefully interned in a prisoner-of-war camp in Bangkok. 124 German women and children, including the Thai wives and children of German men, were interned at the German Club. However, the presence of two internment camps in Bangkok raised fears in the government, whilst Britain began pressuring Siam to transport their POWs to India. Eventually, the interned Germans and Austro-Hungarians were deported to British India in February 1918, where they would be interned in camps in
376:
387:
140:
France due to his stay in Russia. He was an aggressive, hawkish prince, advocating for war. He ended up organizing the
Siamese Expeditionary Force in the future. Prince Devawongse, however, who was in charge of foreign affairs, was much more moderate in his approach. He was on the other side of the spectrum for Chakrabongse, preferring to keep Siam neutral but not wishing to harm relations with Britain and France. Prince Charoon, Siam's most important diplomat, was a pro-British
398:
726:
20:
732:
276:, and tightened their control on the Southern railway and the west coast to watch for Indian nationalist revolutionaries and supplies sent by Japanese citizens sympathetic to the Central Powers. The British commended Siam for "the services they have rendered". Beginning in 1915, the King himself exhibited his pro-Entente views. In late-1915, he donated money to the widows and orphans of men in the
417:. The new flag had an extra colour, blue, and was arranged in stripes. It was said to represent the three elements of the nation: creed, crown, and community. Representation of the military was subsumed between the King and the people. The new colours of blue, white, and red, also sat comfortably, almost certainly deliberately, with the
164:. The Austro-Hungarians did not have much of a stake in Siam. Both the German and Austro-Hungarian ministers, von Buri and Count Wodianer von Maglód, left for home in 1914 and could not return, leaving their German and Austro-Hungarian embassies in the charges of Erwin Remy and Emil Keil, respectively.
240:
went for a cruise in the
Norwegian fjords in July 1914 as the war broke out. On the economic side, Siam was hit heavily. Shipping at Bangkok ceased in August 1914, and German ships trading from Singapore to Hong Kong sought refuge on Siamese shores. Prices for imports shot up by 30-40% on average,
256:
would send weapons to the camp to train Ghadar revolutionaries who would be sent into Burma to turn the local military police—mostly
Indians—against the colonial authorities. This was noted by the British in Bangkok, and British Minister in Siam Herbert Dering informed Prince Devawongse about it,
226:
However, Siam was also in some ways affected by the war. Siamese princes in Europe were affected by the beginning of the war. Prince
Mahidol, studying in Germany, was advised to leave to a neutral country and study a useful subject such as "languages, International Laws, etc.", but he refused and
159:
Other major players in
Siamese foreign policy included British Minister Herbert Dering, one of the most powerful foreigners in Siam, the unpopular Pierre Lefèvre-Pontalis representing France, Ferdinand Jacobus Domela Nieuwenhuis representing the Netherlands (pushing pro-German views, disliked by
406:
During WWI, King Rama VI ordered changes made to the
Siamese national flag in 1916-1917, from the white elephant on a red background to a five-stripe design of red and white for civil purposes, and eventually to the red, white, and blue national ensign used today, taking inspiration from Allied
139:
The princes of Siam, who acted as ministers and decision-makers, were split on the matter, although they did prefer
Britain. Prince Chakrabongse, next in line to the throne from Rama VI (Vajiravudh) and chief of the general staff, had a hatred for anything British, but had a love for Russia and
241:
and railway construction slowed to a crawl as steel and cement could not be obtained. However, prices returned to normal by
September as British and Norwegian ships took over trade. German businesses in Siam failed, and by 1915, the Deutsch-Siamesische Handelsgesellschaft was liquidated.
223:, and national pride, as many Siamese citizens were against the idea of fighting alongside nations to which they had ceded land. Joining the war, however, would allow the king to strengthen Siam's position in the international arena and strengthen the monarchy in the Siamese state.
749:
Siamese casualties during the war amounted to 19 dead. Two soldiers died before departure to France, and the remainder perished from accidents or disease. The World War
Volunteers Memorial honoring the Siamese soldiers who died in the conflict opened on 22 July 1921, in
363:
to maintain full independence from the various colonial empires during the colonial era. It was the only state in the region to enter the conflict entirely of its own free will, as an equal of the
European powers rather than as part of their colonial contingents.
355:
were then seized by Siamese authorities. These ships would remain in Siamese control for several months before the largest seven were handed over to the Allies, with Siam keeping the smallest two. German businesses, assets and property were also seized.
437:
five horizontal bands and a variant maintaining the continuity and prestige of the old flag, with the traditional white elephant symbol on a red disc, from the old flag, superimposed over the new stripes, a variant the remains today the flag of the
215:. So, in July 1914, the Siamese officially announced their neutrality in the war. Arguments given for why this happened include the Siamese desire for a stable economy, fear of a possible foreign invasion from nearby colonial territories such as
231:
was travelling in Switzerland. Phra Sanphakit Pricha at the London legation was ordered to bring the prince to France. Young princes enrolled in secondary or tertiary education in Germany remained, and Siamese princes in foreign armies such as
191:
to Britain between 1889 and 1909, and the Siamese government was induced to grant extraterritorial rights to foreign citizens. By 1909, a long period of negotiations about Siamese borders had effectively ended. Rama VI hoped to revise
1694:
488:, the French selected some men from the Siamese detachment to form the first Siamese labour volunteer detachment. They received brief training and arrived at the front on 4 August 1918 during the
100:
At the dawn of the First World War, Siam had cordial relations with both sides. Siam was the only Asian country where German businesses were well entrenched, with an annual volume of 22 million
265:
sent arms and money to the rebels, and the German consul in Bangkok, Erwin Remy, and the German ambassador in Shanghai, Herr Knipping, were responsible for setting up and funding the camp.
449:
was assembled, consisting of medical, motor transport, and aviation detachments. By early-1918, 1,284 men were selected from thousands of volunteers. The force, commanded by Major-General
62:. Following both military and specialist training, a Siamese military contingent arrived on the Western Front in mid-September 1918, only two months before the war ended. Following the
1699:
1669:
1654:
413:
As a clear symbol of the new two-track strategy of active association with the world powers and of renewal and restructuring within the nation, the King authorised a re-design of the
746:. By 1925, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France had abandoned their extraterritorial rights in Siam. Siam was rewarded with confiscated German merchant ships.
1624:
1619:
1724:
2130:
129:
1674:
1172:
156:
were pro-German. They had been educated in Germany and had good friendships with Germans. Prince Paribatra was the Minister of the Navy from 1910 to 1920.
105:
2216:
2160:
2065:
1664:
2196:
2155:
2025:
1812:
2000:
1008:
244:
During the Siamese period of neutrality, the Germans had plans for launching operations within Siam. The German-supported Indian nationalist
109:
54:
At the start of the war in 1914, Siam declared their neutrality. The Kingdom maintained this status until July 1917 when it declared war on
2055:
1517:
1867:
1679:
1659:
268:
On the British side, English-language newspapers in Siam were pro-Entente. The Germans, in response, set up their own newspaper, the
1595:
974:
288:
167:
Although it had been successful in maintaining its independence from the European colonial powers, Siam had been compelled to cede
136:, were aligned with the Entente. Siam's rice trade was dominated by Britain, and the Commissioner of Police in Siam was a Briton.
1684:
1615:
1610:
1600:
1497:
499:
Also in August 1918, the medical and motor transport detachments were sent to the front and took part in the 1918 Champagne and
1209:
508:
252:
and India through Siam. The Germans wished to set up a camp in the jungles near the Burmese border. The German council in the
2206:
2035:
1974:
1629:
1130:
874:
847:
813:
2085:
1218:
492:. Phya Bhijai Janriddhi served as observer during the battle. This was the first Siamese contingent to see the front line
1842:
1805:
1780:
1120:
67:
2201:
2120:
1634:
1158:
253:
1877:
1485:
2191:
1979:
442:. When the Siamese Expeditionary Force marched in the 1919 Paris victory parade, it was beneath the hybrid flag.
1944:
1939:
1798:
507:
was signed. The ground forces, on the other hand, had distinguished themselves under fire and were awarded the
314:
and to confirm his supremacy as its head, a status that had been challenged by elements of the military in the
281:
1639:
2211:
2100:
2080:
1959:
1754:
776:
504:
63:
2060:
1964:
1934:
1908:
1903:
1847:
1749:
1734:
771:
759:
446:
327:
292:
88:
2090:
2010:
1649:
1016:
982:
739:
287:, and Rama VI offered a Siamese generalship in return. Princes were notably present at events for Allied
273:
71:
48:
104:
in trade before the war. The Siamese government had 48 German nationals working for it. Germans such as
2125:
2070:
2030:
2020:
2015:
1872:
1759:
1714:
1202:
594:
489:
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and Piox for retraining, as the pilots were deemed incapable of withstanding high altitude air combat.
418:
1038:
2115:
2040:
1893:
1837:
890:
520:
496:. This was followed by the ground forces actively proceeding to the fighting front in mid-September.
426:
2110:
1954:
1929:
1569:
1522:
1405:
1355:
589:
450:
433:. The new flag appeared on the 28 September 1917. Initially, two variants were common: the current
2186:
2138:
2134:
2050:
1852:
1729:
1554:
623:
500:
1045:. Country Studies Program, formerly the Army Area Handbook Program, from the Library of Congress
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2095:
2045:
2005:
1995:
1857:
1790:
1605:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1410:
1379:
515:
decorations. The ground forces participated in the occupation of Neustadt an der Haardt in the
145:
133:
236:(later Rama VII) were told to leave their positions to comply with Siamese neutrality. Prince
120:(the Siamese foreign minister) was friendly with British figures such as British Minister Sir
2075:
1949:
1898:
1739:
1455:
1195:
839:
World War One in Southeast Asia: Colonialism and Anticolonialism in an Era of Global Conflict
315:
304:
277:
197:
117:
128:, was British-educated, and other princes heavily involved in policy making, such as Prince
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1420:
1251:
470:
228:
153:
113:
83:
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until 1920. Apart from the immediate seizure of enemy nationals, nine German ships on the
280:, in which he had served. In September, the King was offered an honorary generalship from
8:
1704:
1460:
1309:
944:
237:
220:
1590:
1470:
1425:
1415:
1400:
648:
635:
1090:
307:, he wrote under a pseudonym and was cautious about expressing his opinion in public.
1924:
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1480:
1465:
1154:
1126:
919:
870:
843:
809:
743:
579:
352:
203:
World War I had no direct impact on Siam because of the great distance not only from
149:
261:. It was revealed later that parts of the plan were accomplished: Germans living in
2105:
1776:
1065:
690:
584:
567:
193:
101:
1187:
1719:
1430:
1384:
864:
837:
803:
439:
337:
59:
1173:"90th Anniversary of World War I. This Is The History of Siamese Volunteer Crop"
375:
1689:
1559:
1527:
1324:
1319:
1245:
430:
422:
360:
121:
43:
in one of the critical campaigns of the war. It sent an Expeditionary Force to
40:
1148:
2175:
1644:
1574:
1512:
1348:
1282:
547:
512:
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333:
296:
249:
299:
moved the King to write a lengthy article in the Royal Navy League journal,
1564:
1502:
1302:
562:
557:
552:
414:
245:
1066:"A Slice of Thai History: Raising the standard; Thailand's national flags"
257:
claiming that the Germans planned to raise a 10,000 man army to overthrow
1822:
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715:
710:
705:
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with doubts towards France. However, other senior princes such as Prince
36:
1507:
1367:
1362:
1334:
1288:
537:
474:
458:
454:
434:
344:
141:
93:
1009:"THE INSCRIPTIONS ON THE FIRST WORLD WAR VOLUNTEERS MEMORIAL, BANGKOK"
386:
1862:
516:
466:
184:
1709:
1544:
1270:
542:
453:, was to be sent to France. On 30 July 1918, the Siamese landed in
397:
284:
180:
172:
32:
1539:
1329:
1314:
1276:
1264:
755:
348:
262:
212:
208:
161:
125:
55:
1820:
945:"Siam | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)"
866:
Chaiyo!: King Vajiravudh and the Development of Thai Nationalism
19:
1258:
762:, Yod Sangrungruang, died on 9 October 2003 at the age of 106.
493:
462:
340:
204:
188:
96:(or Rama VI) dressed in a uniform of a British General in 1917.
44:
503:. Siamese airmen had not finished training when the time the
310:
The King used the war as a means to promote the concept of a
176:
24:
168:
116:, were important to the country. On the other hand, Prince
835:
975:"A Note on the Military Participation of Siam in WWI"
831:
829:
827:
825:
272:. The Siamese worked with the British to reveal the
207:
but also from Germany's colonial territories in the
1217:
822:
2173:
862:
480:On 1 August, with French and British divisions
332:On 22 September 1917, Siam declared war on the
124:, who advised him on policy. The king himself,
108:, who set up the Siamese national library, and
1122:Siam and World War I; An International History
805:Siam and World War I: An International History
1806:
1665:Siamese–American Treaty of Amity and Commerce
1203:
1149:Soldiers of Siam, A First World War Chronicle
1063:
917:
730:Thai World War Volunteers Memorial, Bangkok.
35:, is one of the lesser known participants in
1695:Siamese Mission to the United Kingdom (1857)
657:HTMS Sua Khamronsin (เรือหลวงเสือคำรณสินธุ์)
519:region of Germany and also took part in the
160:many) and Paul von Buri, German minister in
66:, Siamese troops contributed to the initial
39:. Siam contributed to the fight against the
801:
1813:
1799:
1210:
1196:
972:
797:
795:
793:
791:
2217:20th-century military history of Thailand
856:
836:Heather Streets-Salter (13 April 2017).
725:
654:HTMS Sua Thayanchon (เรือหลวงเสือทยานชล)
87:
18:
2197:Wars involving the Rattanakosin Kingdom
1498:Thao Thep Krasattri and Thao Si Sunthon
788:
738:At war's end, Siam participated in the
303:, denouncing the act. Although he held
2174:
23:The Siamese Expeditionary Force, 1919
1794:
1616:Burmese Invasions of Chiangmai (1797)
1191:
1064:Duncan Stearn (14–20 February 2003).
1006:
1002:
1000:
913:
911:
909:
907:
1118:
968:
966:
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742:and became a founding member of the
248:sought to establish a route between
758:. The last surviving member of the
13:
1680:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1841–1845)
1660:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1831–1834)
1112:
997:
920:"Thailand and the First World War"
904:
70:, when they took over the town of
31:The Kingdom of Siam, now known as
14:
2228:
1165:
961:
949:encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
863:Walter F. Vella (31 March 2019).
254:Shanghai International Settlement
1700:Siamese Mission to France (1861)
1486:Supreme Council of State of Siam
918:Duncan Stearn (22 August 2009).
396:
385:
374:
1781:History of Thailand (1932–1973)
1635:Cambodian rebellion (1811–1812)
1219:Rattanakosin Period (1782–1932)
1083:
1057:
1031:
937:
883:
869:. University of Hawaii Press.
842:. Cambridge University Press.
112:, responsible for heading the
16:Actions of Siam in World War I
1:
1755:1924 Palace Law of Succession
782:
777:Siamese Occupation of Germany
670:Seacrhlight vehicle (missing)
667:Siamese armored car (missing)
563:Nambu automatic pistol Type A
505:Armistice of 11 November 1918
482:advancing on German positions
447:volunteer expeditionary force
359:Siam was the sole country in
77:
64:Armistice of 11 November 1918
2207:Military history of Thailand
1777:Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)
1750:Siamese Expeditionary Forces
1735:Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
1670:Kedah Insurgency (1838–1839)
1655:Kedah Insurgency (1831–1832)
772:Siamese Expeditionary Forces
760:Siamese Expeditionary Forces
721:
526:
328:Siamese Expeditionary Forces
7:
1630:Burmese Invasion of Thalang
1039:"Thailand: A Country Study"
1017:Journal of the Siam Society
983:Journal of the Siam Society
765:
740:Versailles Peace Conference
461:were sent to aerodromes in
10:
2233:
1760:Siamese revolution of 1932
1715:1893 Franco-Siamese crisis
1153:London: Lemongrass Books.
595:Siamese Mauser style rifle
490:Second Battle of the Marne
325:
227:stayed until 1915. Prince
196:by taking the side of the
81:
2148:
1988:
1917:
1886:
1830:
1773:
1650:Lao rebellion (1826–1828)
1225:
521:1919 Paris Victory Parade
2202:20th century in Thailand
1640:Crawfurd Mission to Siam
1570:Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns
1406:Bhanurangsi Savangwongse
1161:Retrieved 2 January 2021
1146:Phusrisom, Khwan (2020)
1125:. Bangkok: River Books.
590:Mannlicher M1890 carbine
501:Meuse-Argonne offensives
451:Phraya Pichai Charnyarit
274:German-Indian conspiracy
1725:Shan Rebellion of Phrae
1555:Jean-Baptiste Pallegoix
1007:Whyte, Brendan (2007).
624:Krupp 7.5 cm Model 1903
620:Krupp 50mm mountain gun
68:occupation of Rhineland
2192:World War I by country
1606:Tha Din Daeng campaign
1446:Kitiyakara Voralaksana
1441:Paribatra Sukhumbandhu
1436:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
1411:Devawongse Varoprakarn
1380:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
1265:Phutthaloetla Naphalai
735:
597:(standard issue rifle)
457:. Some 370 pilots and
419:flags of Great Britain
321:
146:Paribatra Sukhumbandhu
134:Chakrabongse Bhuvanath
97:
72:Neustadt an der Haardt
28:
1825:by region and country
1740:Palace Revolt of 1912
1675:Kelantanese Civil War
1625:Capture of Chiangsaen
1591:Foundation of Bangkok
1456:Abhakara Kiartivongse
1259:Phutthayotfa Chulalok
1119:Hell, Stefan (2017).
1095:Associated Press News
891:"History of Thailand"
729:
445:In September 1917, a
316:Palace Revolt of 1912
278:Durham Light Infantry
259:British rule in India
118:Devawongse Varoprakar
91:
22:
2212:Rattanakosin Kingdom
1730:Holy Man's Rebellion
1685:Kengtung expeditions
1476:Rangsit Prayurasakdi
1451:Chirapravati Voradej
1421:Narisara Nuwattiwong
1091:"Obituaries in 2003"
802:Stefan Hell (2017).
471:La Chapelle-la-Reine
229:Chudadhuj Dharadilok
154:Rangsit Prayurasakdi
114:Siam Commercial Bank
84:Rattanakosin Kingdom
1705:Front Palace Crisis
1461:Purachatra Jayakara
1310:Maha Sura Singhanat
973:Keith Hart (1982).
924:First World War.com
638:(coast defence gun)
238:Purachatra Jayakara
1471:Wongsa Dhiraj Snid
1426:Kashemsri Subhayok
1416:Damrong Rajanubhab
1401:Vajirananavarorasa
1175:. 10 November 2008
736:
636:BL 6-inch gun Mk V
98:
29:
2169:
2168:
1878:Southern Rhodesia
1873:South West Africa
1788:
1787:
1768:
1767:
1550:Dan Beach Bradley
1481:Mahidol Adulyadej
1466:Yugala Dighambara
1374:Hereditary Prince
1132:978-616-7339-92-4
1097:. 10 October 2003
876:978-0-8248-8030-9
849:978-1-107-13519-2
815:978-616-7339-92-4
744:League of Nations
651:(เรือหลวงพระร่วง)
610:(Pre World War 1)
580:Mauser Model 1871
353:Chao Phraya River
305:anti-German views
150:Mahidol Adulyadej
106:Oskar Frankfurter
2224:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1611:Tavoy expedition
1601:Nine Armies' War
1596:Tây Sơn–Siam War
1228:
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860:
854:
853:
833:
820:
819:
799:
734:
691:Breguet Type III
585:Mannlicher M1888
568:Type 26 revolver
400:
389:
378:
338:Austro-Hungarian
194:unequal treaties
47:to serve on the
2232:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2144:
2001:Austria-Hungary
1984:
1913:
1882:
1826:
1819:
1789:
1784:
1769:
1764:
1720:Paknam incident
1579:
1431:Jayanta Mongkol
1389:
1385:Asdang Dejavudh
1249:
1221:
1216:
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1137:
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1115:
1113:Further reading
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889:
888:
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877:
861:
857:
850:
834:
823:
816:
808:. River Books.
800:
789:
785:
768:
731:
724:
630:Naval artillery
529:
509:Croix de Guerre
440:Royal Thai Navy
411:
410:
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403:
402:
401:
392:
391:
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381:
380:
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367:
330:
324:
86:
80:
60:Austria-Hungary
27:Victory Parade.
17:
12:
11:
5:
2230:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Rama VI period
2184:
2167:
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2158:
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2142:
2131:United Kingdom
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1821:History of
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1295:Prajadhipok
1234:Individuals
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716:Nieuport 27
711:Nieuport 24
706:Nieuport 17
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686:Nieuport IV
681:Nieuport II
608:Gatling gun
602:Machine gun
301:Samutthasan
234:Prajadhipok
213:China coast
211:and on the
132:and Prince
110:Emil Florio
37:World War I
2176:Categories
2066:Luxembourg
1585:Key events
1545:Nguyễn Ánh
1534:Foreigners
1508:Bodindecha
1368:Vajiravudh
1363:Vajirunhis
1335:Wichaichan
1297:(Rama VII)
1289:Vajiravudh
1273:(Rama III)
1237:Key events
954:2023-08-25
783:References
754:, central
643:Destroyers
615:Field guns
558:1902 Nambu
538:Mauser C96
475:Biscarosse
459:groundcrew
455:Marseilles
435:minimalist
345:Ahmednagar
293:sinking of
142:Anglophile
94:Vajiravudh
82:See also:
78:Background
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1965:Palestine
1935:Hong Kong
1909:Venezuela
1291:(Rama VI)
1279:(Rama IV)
1267:(Rama II)
1179:31 August
1138:8 January
896:31 August
722:Aftermath
527:Equipment
517:Rhineland
467:Le Crotoy
297:Lusitania
289:Red Cross
185:Trengganu
2091:Portugal
2011:Bulgaria
1925:Caucasus
1887:Americas
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1303:Viceroys
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1231:Monarchs
1043:Mongabay
766:See also
675:Aircraft
543:FN M1900
532:Sidearms
494:trenches
285:George V
181:Kelantan
173:Cambodia
33:Thailand
2149:Oceania
2139:Ireland
2126:Ukraine
2096:Romania
2051:Ireland
2046:Hungary
2036:Germany
2026:Estonia
2021:Denmark
2016:Croatia
2006:Belgium
1996:Albania
1975:Vietnam
1863:Morocco
1858:Liberia
1540:Ang Eng
1492:Siamese
1395:Royalty
1330:Pinklao
1277:Mongkut
1075:24 July
1049:23 July
1023:19 July
989:19 July
929:19 July
756:Bangkok
484:on the
349:Belgaum
341:empires
270:Umschau
263:Chicago
209:Pacific
162:Bangkok
130:Charoon
126:Rama VI
56:Germany
2116:Sweden
2106:Serbia
2101:Russia
2086:Poland
2076:Norway
2041:Greece
2031:France
1989:Europe
1899:Canada
1894:Brazil
1838:Angola
1831:Africa
1620:(1802)
1157:
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1101:4 July
873:
846:
812:
574:Rifles
463:Istres
431:Russia
429:, and
425:, the
423:France
407:flags.
334:German
221:Malaya
205:Europe
189:Perlis
187:, and
152:, and
45:France
2135:Wales
2111:Spain
2056:Italy
1980:Yemen
1955:Japan
1940:India
1930:China
1848:Egypt
1252:Kings
1012:(PDF)
978:(PDF)
486:Marne
217:India
177:Kedah
92:King
25:Paris
1970:Siam
1950:Iraq
1945:Iran
1918:Asia
1181:2012
1155:ISBN
1140:2020
1127:ISBN
1103:2015
1077:2011
1051:2011
1025:2015
991:2015
931:2015
898:2012
871:ISBN
844:ISBN
810:ISBN
511:and
347:and
336:and
295:the
282:King
219:and
171:and
169:Laos
58:and
322:War
2178::
2137:,
1779:•
1775:←
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818:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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