Sicilians - Knowledge

4831: 4807: 902:, although most of the tombs had already been looted long before his time. Items found within the tombs of Pantalica, some now on display at the Archaeology Museum in Syracuse, were the characteristic red-burnished pottery vessels, and metal objects, including weaponry (small knives and daggers) and clothing, such as bronze fibulae (brooches) and rings, which were placed with the deceased in the tombs. Most of the tombs contained between one and seven individuals of all ages and both sexes. Many tombs were evidently re-opened periodically for more burials. The average human life span at this time was probably around 30 years of age, although the size of the prehistoric population is hard to estimate from the available data, but might have been around 1000 people." 4881: 4398: 4869: 8997: 4486: 3790: 3550: 4911: 4843: 4896: 4857: 2372: 4094: 4612: 689: 253: 4819: 6297:"Until the arrival of the Arabs, the most widely spoken language in Sicily was a medieval dialect of Greek. Under the Arabs, Sicily became a polyglot community; some localities were more Greek-speaking while others were predominantly Arabic-speaking.” pages 141–142 “Mosques were constructed, often with the help of Byzantine craftsmen, and in Sicily the Church, formally under the Patriarchate of Constantinople from 732, remained solidly Greek Orthodox into the early years of Norman rule, when the beginnings of Latinization took place.” 8907: 2275: 2243:

private prison. Ibn Hawqual reckoned there were 7,000 individual butchers trading in 150 shops. By 1050, Palermo had a population of 350,000, making it one of the largest cities in Europe, behind Moorish-Spain's capital Córdoba and the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, which had populations over 450–500,000. Palermo's population dropped to 150,000 under Norman rule. By 1330 Palermo's population had declined to 51,000, possibly due to the inhabitants of the region being deported to other regions of

2513: 4086: 9271: 77: 2827: 36: 179: 5844:"This April, I spent a month in Western Sicily, where I discovered much evidence of worship of the Goddesses Tanit, Astarte and Venus/Aphrodite, as well as Demeter and Persephone. I visited an abundance of ancient sacred sites dedicated to the aforementioned goddesses during my stay in Sicily (para quote)" 8075:

Tofanelli, Sergio; Brisighelli, Francesca; Anagnostou, Paolo; Busby, George B J; Ferri, Gianmarco; Thomas, Mark G; Taglioli, Luca; Rudan, Igor; Zemunik, Tatijana; Hayward, Caroline; Bolnick, Deborah; Romano, Valentino; Cali, Francesco; Luiselli, Donata; Shepherd, Gillian B; Tusa, Sebastiano; Facella,

684:

as the Júcar. The Beaker was introduced in Sicily from Sardinia and spread mainly in the north-west and south-west of the island. In the northwest and in the Palermo kept almost intact its cultural and social characteristics, while in the south-west there was a strong integration with local cultures.

3499:

In 2008, the number of Sicilians abroad was well over 1 million. The countries in which they are most numerous on this date are: United States, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, France and Canada. The population of the Diaspora without including those in the United States is

2242:

who visited Sicily in 950, commented that a walled suburb called the Kasr (the palace) was the center of Palermo, with the great Friday mosque on the site of the later Roman Catholic cathedral. The suburb of Al-Khalisa (Kalsa) contained the Sultan's palace, baths, a mosque, government offices, and a

935:

that some scholars believe to be of Mycenaean derivation, while others believe it to be the traditional shape of the hut. The housing are made up of mostly circular huts bounded by stone walls, mainly in small numbers. Some huts have rectangular shape, particularly the roof. The economy was based on

6960:

Drineas, Petros; Tsetsos, Fotis; Plantinga, Anna; Lazaridis, Iosif; Yannaki, Evangelia; Razou, Anna; Kanaki, Katerina; Michalodimitrakis, Manolis; Perez-Jimenez, Francisco; De Silvestro, Giustina; Renda, Maria C.; Stamatoyannopoulos, John A.; Kidd, Kenneth K; Browning, Brian L.; Paschou, Peristera;

1868:

culture and government and allowed freedom of religion. In contrast to the prior Carthaginian, Syracusan (Dorian) and Roman Empires which ruled Sicily in the past, Sicily did not serve as a distinct province or administrative region under Germanic control, although it did retain a certain amount of

7349:

Raveane, Alessandro; Molinaro, Ludovica; Aneli, Serena; Capodiferro, Marco Rosario; Ongaro, Linda; Migliore, Nicola Rambaldi; Soffiati, Sara; Scarano, Teodoro; Torroni, Antonio; Achilli, Alessandro; Ventura, Mario; Pagani, Luca; Capelli, Cristian; Olivieri, Anna; Bertolini, Francesco (2022-03-01).

7201:

Pakstis, Andrew J.; Gurkan, Cemal; Dogan, Mustafa; Balkaya, Hasan Emin; Dogan, Serkan; Neophytou, Pavlos I.; Cherni, Lotfi; Boussetta, Sami; Khodjet-El-Khil, Houssein; Ben Ammar ElGaaied, Amel; Salvo, Nina Mjølsnes; Janssen, Kirstin; Olsen, Gunn-Hege; Hadi, Sibte; Almohammed, Eida Khalaf; Pereira,

7386:

Di Gaetano, Cornelia; Cerutti, Nicoletta; Crobu, Francesca; Robino, Carlo; Inturri, Serena; Gino, Sarah; Guarrera, Simonetta; Underhill, Peter A; King, Roy J; Romano, Valentino; Cali, Francesco; Gasparini, Mauro; Matullo, Giuseppe; Salerno, Alfredo; Torre, Carlo; Piazza, Alberto (January 2009).

5832:"This April, I spent a month in Western Sicily, where I discovered much evidence of worship of the Goddesses Tanit, Astarte and Venus/Aphrodite, as well as Demeter and Persephone. I visited an abundance of ancient sacred sites dedicated to the aforementioned goddesses during my stay in Sicily" 4538:

in Sicily originated from the islands Norman occupiers and forced conversion continued under the Spanish invaders, where the majority of Sicily's population were forced to convert from their former religions. Despite the historical push for Catholicism in Sicily, a minority of other religious

7436:

Tofanelli, Sergio; Brisighelli, Francesca; Anagnostou, Paolo; Busby, George B. J.; Ferri, Gianmarco; Thomas, Mark G.; Taglioli, Luca; Rudan, Igor; Zemunik, Tatijana; Hayward, Caroline; Bolnick, Deborah; Romano, Valentino; Cali, Francesco; Luiselli, Donata; Shepherd, Gillian B. (March 2016).

2004:

took part in, in 695. Justinian II later sacked Ravenna, weakening the Exarchate in charge of it. Theophylact was not a victim of the catastrophe, but was the first Exarch to experience a weakened Ravenna. Theophylact possibly moved back to Sicily after he retired from the Exarchate in 709.

4037:

Fernandes et al. (2019), The Arrival of Steppe and Iranian Related Ancestry in the Islands of the Western Mediterranean, found that in Sicily, Western Steppe Herders ancestry arrived by ~2200 BCE and likely came at least in part from Spain. 4 of the 5 Early Bronze Age Sicilian males had

6866:

Anthropological Review | Volume 81: Issue 3 A glance of genetic relations in the Balkan populations utilizing network analysis based on in silico assigned Y-DNA haplogroups; Scientific study detailing the close genetic relationship of mainland Greeks with other Balkan population groups

7302:

King, R. J.; Özcan, S. S.; Carter, T.; Kalfoğlu, E.; Atasoy, S.; Triantaphyllidis, C.; Kouvatsi, A.; Lin, A. A.; Chow, C-E. T.; Zhivotovsky, L. A.; Michalodimitrakis, M.; Underhill, P. A. (March 2008). "Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian Influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic".

1013:. Burials were made in rounded tombs carved into the rock, with doors with relief carving of spiral symbols and motifs that evoke the sexual act. The Castelluccio culture is dated to a period between 2200 BC and 1800 BC, although some believe it to be contemporary to the Middle-Late 7494:

Modi, Alessandra; Vizzari, Maria Teresa; Catalano, Giulio; Boscolo Agostini, Rajiv; Vai, Stefania; Lari, Martina; Vergata, Chiara; Zaro, Valentina; Liccioli, Lucia; Fedi, Mariaelena; Barone, Serena; Nigro, Lorenzo; Lancioni, Hovirag; Achilli, Alessandro; Sineo, Luca (2022-09-09).

7010:

Stamatoyannopoulos, George; Bose, Aritra; Teodosiadis, Athanasios; Tsetsos, Fotis; Plantinga, Anna; Psatha, Nikoletta; Zogas, Nikos; Yannaki, Evangelia; Zalloua, Pierre; Kidd, Kenneth K; Browning, Brian L; Stamatoyannopoulos, John; Paschou, Peristera; Drineas, Petros (May 2017).

3034:. Many Sicilian communities, including those formed by the descendants of the Sicilian migrants, are all over the world. It is estimated that the number of people of Sicilian descent in the world is more than six million. The most famous community is represented by the 4194:

Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Sicilian people spoke only Sicilian as their mother tongue, with little or no fluent knowledge of Italian. Today, although not officially recognized by the Italian Republic, the Sicilian language is described as "a stable

640:, or perhaps were a collection of native migratory maritime-based tribes from all previously mentioned regions, and formed a common "Elymian" tribal identity/basis after settling down in Sicily. When the Elymians migrated to Sicily is unknown, however 936:

farming, herding, hunting and fishing. There are numerous evidences of trading networks, in particular of bronze vessels and weapons of Mycenaean and Nuragic (Sardinian) production. There were close trading relationships/networks established with the

1204:, at his forge in Sicily, underneath Mount Etna, or perhaps on one of the nearby Aeolian Islands. The Aeolian Islands, off the coast of Northwestern Sicily, were themselves named after the mythological king and "keeper of the heavy winds" known as 2032:, who invited the Aghlabids to aid him in his rebellion against the imperial governor of Sicily in 826 AD. A similar situation happened a century prior, when the imperial governor of Sicily (Sergios), had declared a Byzantine official from 1655:, said to his companions: "What a wrestling ground we are leaving, my friends, for the Carthaginians and the Romans." While his army was being transported by ship to mainland Italy, Pyrrhus' navy was destroyed by the Carthaginians at the 1140:

gave birth to the divine twins while living underneath the Earth. They were most likely either the sons of the native fire god Adranos, or, as Polish historian "Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak" suggests, the Palici may derive from the old

6879:"By principal component analysis (PCA) and ADMIXTURE analysis the 'Peloponnesians' are clearly distinguishable from the populations of the Slavic & Balkan homeland, and are very similar to 'Sicilians' and Southern Italians." 6892:

Paschou, Peristera; Drineas, Petros; Yannaki, Evangelia; Razou, Anna; Kanaki, Katerina; Tsetsos, Fotis; Padmanabhuni, Shanmukha Sampath; Michalodimitrakis, Manolis; Renda, Maria C.; Pavlovic, Sonja; Anagnostopoulos, Achilles;

6680:

Di Gaetano, C; Voglino, F; Guarrera, S; Fiorito, G; Rosa, F; Di Blasio, AM; Manzini, P; Dianzani, I; Betti, M; Cusi, D; Frau, F; Barlassina, C; Mirabelli, D; Magnani, C; Glorioso, N; Bonassi, S; Piazza, A; Matullo, G (2012).

8125:

Fernandes, Daniel M.; Mittnik, Alissa; Olalde, Iñigo; Lazaridis, Iosif; Cheronet, Olivia; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Bernardos, Rebecca; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Carlsson, Jens; Culleton, Brendan J. (2019-03-21).

4266:, namely Canada and Australia. A surprising similarity can often be found between these forms, through either coincidence, trans-national movements of Sicilian immigrants, or more likely, through the logical adaptation of 1646:

in Italy, only Tarentum hadn't fallen to the Romans. Upon hearing this, coinciding with the fact that the Sicilian city-states had started becoming hostile towards him, due to him trying to force Sicily into becoming a

1995:

seized all the leading citizens and officials of Ravenna at a local banquet, and dragged them abroad a ship to Constantinople. He sentenced all but one of the Ravennan captives to death, the exception being Archbishop

4038:

Steppe-associated Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a2a1a2 (R-P312). Two of these were Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a2a1a2a1 (Z195) which today is largely restricted to Iberia and has been hypothesized to have originated there 2500–2000 BCE.

4830: 4209:. It has also been identified as a language by the Sicilian Region. Even so, Italian continues to be the sole official language recognized by the Italian Republic and predominates in the public arena, being used as 4714:

visited the city of Syracuse during one of his trips abroad. Judaism in Sicily was the first monotheistic religion to appear on the Island. The Jewish Sicilian community remained until the Aragonese rulers' Queen

7593:

Di Gaetano, Cornelia; Cerutti, Nicoletta; Crobu, Francesca; Robino, Carlo; Inturri, Serena; Gino, Sarah; Guarrera, Simonetta; Underhill, Peter A.; King, Roy J.; Romano, Valentino; Cali, Francesco (January 2009).

4731:– hailed as an Enlightenment King, issued a proclamation containing 37 paragraphs, in which Jews for the first time were formally invited to return to Sicily. However, the effort was generally unsuccessful. 5586: 5202:

Most scholars now believe that the Sicans and Sicels, as well as the inhabitants of southern Italy, may have been of Indo-European Illyrian stock superimposed on an aboriginal "Mediterranean" population.

1651:, Pyrrhus made his decision to depart from the island and dethrone himself, leaving Syracuse and Carthage in charge of the island again. As his ship left the island, he turned and, foreshadowing the 4445:; while the varieties of Piana and Santa Cristina Gela are similar enough to be entirely mutually intelligible, the variety of Contessa Entellina is not entirely intelligible. The largest centre is 6075: 542:, the origin of the first inhabitants of Sicily is no less obscure than that of the first Italians; however, there is no doubt that a large part of these early individuals traveled to Sicily from 2251:. The local population conquered by the Muslims were Greek-speaking Byzantine Christians, but there were also a significant number of Jews. Christians and Jews were tolerated in Muslim Sicily as 6880: 1448:, which ended up severely affecting a defeated Athens, both politically and economically, in the following years to come. Another battle which Syracuse took part in, this time under the Tyrant 1809:

sent a failed expeditionary force to deal with them in 441, which ended in a Vandal-Alan counter-victory. However, they soon lost these newly acquired possessions, except for one toehold in

1081:, there have been found evidences of mining among the ancient residents of Castelluccio; tunnels excavated by the use of basalt bats allowed the extraction and production of highly sought 3735:

as its capital, 70 years after the initial Norman invasion and 40 after the conquest of the last town, Noto in 1091, and would last until 1198. Today, it is in north-west Sicily, around

2227:, which in turn increased productivity and encouraged the growth of smallholdings, a dent to the dominance of the landed estates. The Arabs further improved irrigation systems through 882:

from the 13th to the 7th centuries BC., recent estimates suggest a figure of just under 4,000 tombs. They extend around the flanks of a large promontory located at the junction of the

4734:

The Sicilian Jewish community still has several active members and has made a limited recovery in recent years. In the year 2005, for the first time since the Expulsion, a Passover

4738:

was conducted in Sicily (in Palermo), held by a Milanese Rabbi. The Jewish community in Sicily is led in part by Rabbi Stefano Di Mauro, a Sicilian American descendant of Sicilian

6568:

Parolo, Silvia; Lisa, Antonella; Gentilini, Davide; Di Blasio, Anna Maria; Barlera, Simona; Nicolis, Enrico B.; Boncoraglio, Giorgio B.; Parati, Eugenio A.; Bione, Silvia (2015).

2063:

to Sicily, the people and army of Syracuse surrendered Basil and his rebels up to him, leading to the beheading of Basil, while the former governor Sergios was able to escape to

4649:, all Muslims were expelled from the Island following a rebellion of local Saracens who wished to keep their local independence in Western Sicily but were not allowed to due to 3503:

In the United States, the Sicilian-Americans are a large subset of Americans whose ancestors came from Sicily. This group is perhaps the largest part of the Sicilian diaspora.

644:

considered them to be the second oldest inhabitants, while the Sicanians, thought to be the oldest inhabitants of Sicily by scholars of antiquity, were speculated to also be a

4684:

have arrived on Sicily. In 1980, Catania, a city on the eastern coast of Sicily, became home to Italy's first modern mosque. Also known as the Omar Mosque, it was financed by

1089:, dated back to this same period, with sole funeral function, are found in different parts of Sicily and attributable to a people not belonging to the Castelluccio Culture." 7803:

Sarno, Stefania; Boattini, Alessio; Carta, Marilisa; Ferri, Gianmarco; Alù, Milena; Yao, Daniele Yang; Ciani, Graziella; Pettener, Davide; Luiselli, Donata (30 April 2014).

4235:

between the end of the ninth century and the mid to late thirteenth century. The language became extinct in Sicily, but in Malta it eventually evolved into what is now the

5587:

https://www.academia.edu/27899399/Origins_of_the_Iberomaurusian_in_NW_Africa_New_AMS_radiocarbon_dating_of_the_Middle_and_Later_Stone_Age_deposits_at_Taforalt_Cave_Morocco

672:. Before the Sicanians lived in the easternmost part of the Iberian peninsula. The name 'Sicanus' has been asserted to have a possible link to the modern river known in 6025: 4806: 8383: 6401: 8386:[Initiatives for the promotion and development of the Sicilian language and the teaching of the history of Sicily in schools of all levels in the Region] 8384:

Iniziative per la promozione e valorizzazione della lingua Siciliana e l'insegnamento della storia della Sicilia nelle scuole di ogni ordine e grado della Regione

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and socio-cultural communities, has kept their unique features intact over time. There are two other communities with a strong historical and linguistic heritage.

1354:

in Greek-Sicilian mythology. The Elymians inhabited the western parts of Sicily, while the Sicanians inhabited the central parts, and the Sicels inhabited the

1116:, were also worshiped throughout Sicily by the Elymians and Sicanians. Their (Palici) centre of worship was originally based on three small lakes that emitted 6881:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314401076_Genetics_of_the_peloponnesean_populations_and_the_theory_of_extinction_of_the_medieval_peloponnesean_Greeks

4880: 200: 6366: 5726: 1543:, all of Sicily except Syracuse was in Roman hands, becoming Rome's first province outside of the Italian peninsula. For the next 600 years, Sicily would be 2122:

suffered considerable dissension and infighting among themselves during this process. Not until 965 was the island's conquest successfully completed by the

7879:

Francalacci, P (13 March 2003). "Peopling of three Mediterranean islands (Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily) inferred by Y-chromosome biallelic variability".

997:

decorated with brown lines on a yellow-reddish background, and tri-color with the use of white. The weapons used in the days of Castelluccio culture were

6083: 3038:. Like the other parts of Southern Italy, immigration to the island is relatively low compared to other regions of Italy because workers tend to head to 2838:

Sicily has experienced the presence of a number of different cultures and ethnicities in its vast history, including the aboriginal peoples of differing

1659:, with 98 warships sunk or disabled out of 110. After Pyrrhus of Epirus landed on Mainland Italy, his Roman opponents had mastered up a large army under 8281: 7111:"Population variability in some genes involving the haemostatic system: data on the general population of Corsica (France), Sardinia and Sicily (Italy)" 6621:"Complex interplay between neutral and adaptive evolution shaped differential genomic background and disease susceptibility along the Italian peninsula" 8306: 5499: 5029: 4868: 2344:

began settling in Sicily during this time, with some of their descendants forming distinct communities that survive to the present day, such as the

5882: 4330:. Because of linguistic differences among the Gallo-Italic dialects of Sicily, it is supposed that there were different immigration routes. From 982:

which dates back to the Ancient Bronze Age (2000 B.C. approximately), and is seen as sort of a "prehistoric proto-civilization", located between

7497:"Genetic structure and differentiation from early bronze age in the mediterranean island of sicily: Insights from ancient mitochondrial genomes" 4163:

Sicilian was an early influence in the development of standard Italian, although its use remained confined to an intellectual elite. This was a

1519:, during the period (282–240 BC) when Central, Western and Northeast Sicily were put under Carthaginian rule, motivated the intervention of the 7251:

Fiorito, Giovanni; Di Gaetano, Cornelia; Guarrera, Simonetta; Rosa, Fabio; Feldman, Marcus W.; Piazza, Alberto; Matullo, Giuseppe (July 2016).

5741: 5517: 2560:

in 1815, made a decision to administratively and politically merged the two separate Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, which ended up forming the

1412:

communities grew more populous and more powerful, the Sicels and Sicanians were pushed further into the centre of the island. The independent

7109:

Falchi, Alessandra; Vacca, Lucia; Lopez Alomar, Antonio; Esteban, Esther; Memmi, Marc; Varesi, Laurent; Moral, Pedro; Vona, Giuseppe (2004).

5967: 4615: 7202:

Vania; Truelsen, Ditte Mikkelsen; Bulbul, Ozlem; Soundararajan, Usha; Rajeevan, Haseena; Kidd, Judith R.; Kidd, Kenneth K. (December 2019).

6062: 8610:"Islamic Desk Reference, compiled from The Encyclopaedia of Islam, by E. VAN DONZEL, IX + 492 p., Leiden, New York, Köln, E.J. Brill, 1994" 7805:"An Ancient Mediterranean Melting Pot: Investigating the Uniparental Genetic Structure and Population History of Sicily and Southern Italy" 2079:. After Elpidius's forces were militarily defeated by Empress Irene's large fleet dispatched in Sicily, he, along with his lieutenant, the 1727:, and defensive war machines to protect his native town of Syracuse from invasions, were both born, grew up in, lived and died in Sicily. 1132:

through divine judgement; passing meant that an oath could be trusted. The mythological lineage of the Palici is uncertain. According to

8500: 4744:. He opened a small synagogue in 2008, but he has not yet set up a full-time Jewish congregation in Sicily. Services are held weekly on 4346:

they began to spread south between the 11th and 14th centuries. The most important areas where the Gallo-Italic of Sicily is spoken are

5061: 4563:, patroness of Palermo. Sicilian people have significantly contributed to the history of many religions. There have been four Sicilian 4603:

briefly visits Sicily for three days before leaving the Island. It is believed he was the first Christian to ever set foot in Sicily.

187: 4895: 990:. The discovery of a prehistoric village in Castelluccio di Noto, next to the remains of prehistoric circular huts, led to finds of 4551:

is the patroness of Sicily. The Sicilian people are also known for their deep devotion to some Sicilian female saints: the martyrs

4706:

in 70 CE by the Romans. However, it is generally presumed that Sicily's Jewish population was ceded before the destruction of the

1674:, resulting in the loss of all his territorial gains in Italy. The city of Tarentum however still remained under Epirote control. 1626:, which was previously under Carthaginian fortification & protection before he captured it. Pyrrhus even attempted to capture 8448: 7352:"Assessing temporal and geographic contacts across the Adriatic Sea through the analysis of genome-wide data from Southern Italy" 5085: 2608: 1983:, between 702 and 709, originally came from Sicily. After he got promoted into the Exarchate, Theophylact marched from Sicily to 505: 6239:(chaps. 138–140), whose ancestor Johannicus was one of those carried off; Deborah Mauskopf Deliyannis (translator and editor), 4584: 2223:

dynasty in North Africa, attempted to annex the island for the Zirids, but his attempts failed. The new Arab rulers initiated

1429: 584:

The aboriginal inhabitants of Sicily, long absorbed into the population, were tribes known to the ancient Greek writers as the

3581:

cluster, creating a continuous cline of variation that mirrors geography. Genetically, Sicilians cluster the closest to other

8551: 8477: 6294: 6196: 6188:

Warfare in the Roman Republic: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium: From the Etruscan Wars to the Battle of Actium

6108: 8709: 8873: 7751:"Malta and Sicily Joined by Geoheritage Enhancement and Geotourism within the Framework of Land Management and Development" 6289:

Mendola, Louis, and Jacqueline Alio, The Peoples of Sicily: A Multicultural Legacy, Trinacria Editions LLC, 2014. page 168

5858: 5426:"Pantalica (Sicily) from the Late Bronze Age to the Middle Ages: A New Survey and Interpretation of the Rock-Cut Monuments" 4856: 4413:

settled in Southern Italy in the 15th to 18th centuries in several waves of migrations. They are the descendants of mostly

2459: 2341: 8594:

Kitab Wafayat Ala'yan. Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Transl. by (Guillaume) B(aro)n Mac-Guckin de Slane. Vol 1–3

6802:"Ancient and recent admixture layers in Sicily and Southern Italy trace multiple migration routes along the Mediterranean" 5937:"Sicilian Peoples: The Elymians – Best of Sicily Magazine – Elami, Elymi, Elimi, Elimi in Sicilia, Segesta, Eryx, Entella" 5845: 4910: 3514:

generally do not consider themselves Sicilian due to centuries of cultural and geographical separation, and the fact that

1168:, who might have been the possible mother to the Palici twins. Mount Etna was also believed to have been the region where 8981: 8391: 5138: 2573: 2009:

of Sicily from 700 to 710. The Strategos of Sicily was also able to exercise some control over the autonomous duchies of

1017:(1800/1400 BC)." "Sites related to the Castelluccio culture were present in the villages of south-east Sicily, including 1005:

axes and, in the most recent settlements, bronze axes, and frequently carved bones, considered idols similar to those of

5613:

Technological and cultural change among the last Hunter-Gatherers of the Maghreb: the Capsian (10,000 B.P. to 6000 B.P.)

4149: 3046:

figures show around 175,000 immigrants out of the total of almost 5.1 million population (nearly 3.5% of the population)

874:, a tradition which dates back to the Neolithic. "An important archaeological site, located in Southeast Sicily, is the 141: 6306: 3697: 2091:, where he was posthumously acknowledged as rival emperor. After losing another military expedition, this time against 7596:"Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome" 7389:"Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome" 6743:

Raveane, A.; Aneli, S.; Montinaro, F.; Athanasiadis, G.; Barlera, S.; Birolo, G.; Boncoraglio, G. (4 September 2019).

113: 9085: 8758: 8692: 8541: 8232: 8205: 6322: 6272: 6220: 6169: 6035: 6000: 5256: 5122: 3645: 2285: 225: 160: 63: 8895: 6868: 6745:"Population structure of modern-day Italians reveals patterns of ancient and archaic ancestries in Southern Europe" 5918: 5833: 4972: 4646: 4168: 3043: 2971: 2920: 2817: 2407: 1917:

desired to move his capital in 663 AD, a decision which eventually led to his assassination. Sicily remained under

1845: 5248:

Sicily and the Greeks: Studies in the Interrelationship between the Indigenous Populations and the Greek Colonists

1606:

Sometime after Carthage conquered most of Sicily except for the Southeast which was still controlled by Syracuse,

814:

made of mud, stones, wood, palm leaves or grass. Their main methods of transportation were horseback, donkeys and

9293: 6441: 4986: 4450: 2553: 2375: 1656: 120: 17: 8592: 5985: 7914:

Capelli, C (13 September 2005). "Population Structure in the Mediterranean Basin: A Y Chromosome Perspective".

6008: 5195: 4417:

refugees of Christian faith who fled to Italy after the conquest and subsequent Islamisation of Albania by the

1987:

for unknown reasons, a decision which angered the local Roman soldiers living there, however the newly elected

1049:, where there are remains of a fortress partly carved in stone, and – with different ceramic forms – also near 98: 7142:

Hajjej, Abdelhafidh; Almawi, Wassim Y.; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Hattab, Lasmar; Hmida, Slama (9 March 2018).

4842: 4187:, whose invention is attributed to Giacomo da Lentini himself. Sicilian was also the official language of the 898:

World Heritage Site in 2005. The site was mainly excavated between 1895 and 1910 by the Italian archeologist,

9202: 8289: 7013:"Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks" 5453: 4697: 4588: 4397: 4262:

in the early 20th century. Forms of Siculish are also to be found in other Sicilian immigrant communities of

3558: 2545: 2529: 2349: 2248: 1756: 1667: 1142: 739: 5706:

Witczak, K. T.; Zawiasa, D. "The Sicilian Palici as representatives of the indo-european divine twins". In:

4818: 4702:

There is a legend that the Jews were first brought to Sicily as captive slaves in the 1st century after the

3589:. Other studies have also demonstrated that the population of Sicily is genetically very similar to that of 9140: 8956: 8951: 8941: 6534: 3759:

genetic origin, with modern genetic profiles that are closely similar to people who lived in the region of

2982:

among the regions of Italy because of millions of people moving to the Italian mainland and countries like

2332:, army and currency, while the Sicilian culture evolved distinct traditions, clothing, linguistic changes, 2224: 2200:

troops helped to capture the Island between 830 and 831. After a revolt was suppressed, the Fatimid Caliph

633: 127: 4485: 3751:

Y-DNA is the most common, with 8% to 20% of the lineages belonging to haplogroup I1. Ancient and medieval

9298: 9090: 9080: 9050: 6535:"Una prospettiva regionalista su "Italian Diaspora" e "Anti-Italianism" in Australia e negli Stati Uniti" 5774: 5372: 5036: 4148:

and other languages. Other dialects of Sicilian, or those very closely related to it, are also spoken in

3549: 2561: 2503: 2447: 2427: 2185: 2173: 2127: 1631: 8309:[UNESCO acknowledges Sicilian as regional language, language that is not derived from Italian]. 3789: 3577:

belong to their own unique/distinct separate clusters, while a genetic gap is filled by an intermediate

9168: 9145: 9065: 9060: 8986: 8976: 7204:"Genetic relationships of European, Mediterranean, and SW Asian populations using a panel of 55 AISNPs" 5566: 5223: 4927: 4790: 4786: 2577: 1930: 1316: 1128:. There was also a shrine to the Palici in Palacia, where people could subject themselves or others to 1061:, among local ceramic objects led to the discovery of commercial trades with the Castelluccio sites of 530:

The Sicilian people are indigenous to the island of Sicily, which was first populated beginning in the

94: 49: 8078:"The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation in southern Italy and Sicily" 7439:"The Greeks in the West: genetic signatures of the Hellenic colonisation in southern Italy and Sicily" 6570:"Characterization of the biological processes shaping the genetic structure of the Italian population" 5170:(London 1933) vol. 2:431–500; a more recent study is A. Zamponi, "Il Siculo" in A.L. Prosdocimi, ed., 109: 9253: 9100: 9095: 9075: 8936: 6898: 5900: 5484: 4327: 3971: 3673: 3062: 2867: 2209: 2143: 2139: 2115: 1833: 1682: 1607: 1409: 1343: 1073:, whose graves differ in making due to the hard basaltic terrain and also for the utilization of the 8996: 7969:"Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe" 7702:"Moors and Saracens in Europe, estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe" 5799: 5795: 2067:. Another rebellion took place between the years 781–793, when the aristocratic governor of Sicily, 9303: 9018: 6125: 5598:

2005 D. Lubell. Continuité et changement dans l'Epipaléolithique du Maghreb. In, M. Sahnouni (ed.)

5324: 5213: 4703: 3657: 3539: 1870: 1544: 1263: 998: 649: 8018:"Uniparental Markers of Contemporary Italian Population Reveals Details on Its Pre-Roman Heritage" 6384: 5971: 2110:, to "throw away his silk and put on his armour", warning him against the aggressive new reign of 657: 9258: 9180: 7653:"Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean" 6894: 6459:

Boix, Rafael; Veneri, Paolo (30 September 2010). Metropolitan Areas in Spain and Italy (Report).

5425: 4765: 4752:. Also, Shavei Israel has expressed interest in helping to facilitate the return of the Sicilian 4535: 4523: 2064: 1825: 1588: 875: 641: 629: 625: 597: 192: 87: 8609: 8416: 8128:"The Arrival of Steppe and Iranian Related Ancestry in the Islands of the Western Mediterranean" 1781:

took over Sicily for a relatively brief period beginning in 440 AD under the rule of their king

8494: 6517: 5693: 5155: 4720: 4303: 4299: 4056: 3838: 3074: 2213: 2177: 2107: 1786: 1671: 1663: 1615: 1297: 403: 7351: 6186: 6098: 5816: 5536: 5358: 3138:

Overall, there are fifteen cities and towns with a population above 50,000 people, these are:

1913:

being embraced by the majority of the population. It was Syracuse where the Byzantine Emperor

8931: 8467: 7863: 6159: 5820: 5812: 5185: 5112: 4716: 4410: 4287: 3879: 3649: 3633: 2839: 2395: 1910: 1701: 1685: 1465: 1293: 835: 453: 413: 8903: 8733: 8307:"L'Unesco riconosce il siciliano come lingua regionale, lingua che non deriva dall'italiano" 6215:. Translated by Davis, Raymond. Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press. 1989. p. 87. 5089: 525: 9105: 8966: 8888: 8789: 8029: 7816: 7762: 7155: 6914: 6813: 6756: 6694: 6632: 5883:"Homesick Phoenicians imported plants, animals to new Sicilian island home 3,000 years ago" 4987:"Table 1. First, Second, and Total Responses to the Ancestry Question by Detailed Ancestry" 4728: 4596: 4446: 4438: 4402: 4183:, widely inspired by troubadour literature. It is in this language that appeared the first 4013: 3999: 3995: 3981: 3977: 3963: 3949: 3935: 3921: 3907: 3893: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3653: 2596: 2403: 2158:

until 973, consolidating Fatimid control over North Africa, and laying the foundations for

2052: 2044: 1980: 1976: 1794: 1736: 1720: 1709: 979: 964: 905: 823: 807: 723: 669: 665: 6683:"An Overview of the Genetic Structure within the Italian Population from Genome-Wide Data" 3069:, and others mostly from Eastern Europe. As in the rest of Italy, the primary religion is 1388:

began to settle in western Sicily, having already started colonies on the nearby parts of

8: 9135: 9070: 8971: 8346: 6349: 5612: 4707: 4654: 4512: 4442: 4430: 4370: 4359: 4221: 4196: 3846: 3834: 3764: 3617: 2975: 2899: 2569: 2525: 2507: 2475: 2463: 2443: 2325: 2076: 2047:) as rival emperor, when false news reached Sicily that Constantinople had fallen to the 1918: 1853: 1793:

during their monarchical reign, with all grain taxes being monitored by them. Due to the

1744: 1449: 1441: 1328: 1189: 1173: 827: 692:

Map of the most important archaeological sites of Sicily related to pre-hellenic cultures

8033: 7820: 7766: 7159: 6918: 6817: 6760: 6698: 6636: 6076:"Variation linguistique et exégèse paléo-italique. L'idiome sicule de Montagna di Marzo" 4093: 2406:

emperor ascended the throne. In fact, it was during the reign of this Hohenstaufen king

9125: 9115: 9055: 8961: 8919: 8139: 8102: 8077: 8052: 8017: 7993: 7968: 7949: 7839: 7804: 7726: 7701: 7677: 7652: 7628: 7595: 7531: 7496: 7471: 7413: 7388: 7363: 7328: 7279: 7252: 7228: 7203: 7178: 7143: 7086: 7061: 7037: 7012: 6987: 6962: 6937: 6902: 6849: 6836: 6801: 6777: 6744: 6717: 6682: 6653: 6620: 6596: 6569: 5846:

https://goddess-pages.co.uk/galive/issue-12-home/goddesses-of-love-sex-death-in-sicily/

5466: 5458: 5305: 4611: 4526:, the coexistence of which has been historically seen as an ideal example of religious 4493: 4434: 4351: 4295: 4283: 4247: 4176: 3816: 3131: 3121: 3035: 2979: 2584: 2471: 2467: 2415: 2391: 2357: 2345: 2317: 2305: 2278: 2029: 1618:, was installed as King/Tyrant of Sicily from 278 to 275 BC, even capturing the native 1405: 931:

of the Thapsos culture, is characterized by large rock-cut chamber tombs, and often of

879: 673: 661: 645: 493: 252: 134: 6336:

Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World A-Z

5462: 5396: 3042:

instead, in search of better employment and industrial opportunities. The most recent

2371: 9192: 9130: 9045: 9005: 8688: 8629: 8547: 8515: 8473: 8336: 8228: 8201: 8197: 8143: 8107: 8057: 7998: 7941: 7927: 7896: 7844: 7731: 7682: 7633: 7615: 7575: 7536: 7518: 7476: 7458: 7418: 7367: 7320: 7316: 7284: 7233: 7183: 7091: 7042: 6992: 6942: 6841: 6782: 6722: 6658: 6601: 6550: 6318: 6290: 6216: 6192: 6165: 6104: 6031: 6004: 5735: 5252: 5191: 5118: 5055: 4952: 4937: 4886: 4623: 4355: 4315: 4210: 4188: 4164: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4098: 4052: 4021: 3989: 3957: 3943: 3929: 3887: 3873: 3849:

paternal contributions in South Italy and Sicily are about 63% and 26% respectively.

3693: 3527: 3111: 3099: 3086: 3070: 2932: 2928: 2604: 2600: 2557: 2537: 2499: 2479: 2455: 2439: 2353: 2321: 2301: 2189: 2123: 2103: 2088: 2048: 2037: 1951:

Besides Sicily, the Theme or province of Sicily also included the adjacent region of

1894: 1752: 1670:

by the Romans, he decided to end his campaigns against Southern Italy, and return to

1445: 1312: 1181: 1109: 968: 688: 621: 617: 605: 547: 521: 501: 482: 470: 457: 437: 399: 378: 7953: 7332: 7127: 7110: 5721: 5470: 2532:

was crowned king. For the better part of the next century-and-a-half, Sicily was in

1991:, was able to calm them down. While Theophylact was still Exarch, Byzantine Emperor 9207: 9187: 9175: 9040: 8946: 8838: 8621: 8131: 8127: 8097: 8089: 8047: 8037: 7988: 7980: 7931: 7923: 7888: 7834: 7824: 7780: 7770: 7721: 7713: 7672: 7664: 7623: 7607: 7567: 7555: 7526: 7508: 7466: 7450: 7408: 7400: 7355: 7312: 7274: 7264: 7223: 7215: 7173: 7163: 7122: 7081: 7073: 7032: 7024: 6982: 6974: 6932: 6922: 6831: 6821: 6772: 6764: 6712: 6702: 6648: 6640: 6591: 6581: 6542: 6460: 6236: 6133: 5448: 5440: 5332: 5166:

The basic study is Joshua Whatmough in R.S. Conway, J. Whatmough and S.E. Johnson,

4780: 4769: 4580: 4552: 4527: 4390: 4279: 4267: 4251: 4236: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4105: 4068: 4007: 3794: 3515: 3226: 3190: 3160: 3082: 2964: 2936: 2924: 2906: 2565: 2487: 2435: 2333: 2313: 2309: 2244: 2201: 2131: 2068: 1997: 1960: 1878: 1861: 1762: 1748: 1724: 1678: 1473: 1437: 1421: 1371: 1205: 987: 945: 924: 891: 727: 700: 681: 624:, after whom the island was named. The Elymian tribes have been speculated to be a 386: 7571: 6853: 5602:, pp. 205–226. Paris: Guides de la Préhistoire Mondiale, Éditions Artcom’/Errance. 5535:

Santoni, Vincenzo; Sabatini, Donatella (2010). "Relazione e analisi preliminare".

9274: 9212: 9197: 8881: 8222: 8191: 8042: 7829: 7168: 6707: 6496: 6478: 5246: 4724: 4650: 4559:, who are the patron saints of Catania and Syracuse respectively, and the hermit 4504: 4469: 4382: 4378: 4366: 4311: 4180: 4133: 4129: 3828: 3681: 3523: 2948: 2913: 2895: 2549: 2483: 2451: 2423: 2365: 2274: 2072: 2018: 2010: 1774: 1536: 1524: 1508: 1453: 1308: 1271: 1255: 1197: 1124:

plains, and as a result these twin brothers were associated with geysers and the

1014: 953: 941: 920: 847: 799: 685:

The only known single bell-shaped glass in eastern Sicily was found in Syracuse.

7062:"Dissecting human North African gene-flow into its western coastal surroundings" 6869:

https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/anre/81/3/article-p252.xml?language=en

5834:

https://experiencesicily.com/2018/12/04/sicily-and-the-myth-of-demeter-and-kore/

2000:, who was permanently blinded instead. This was due to a recent rebellion which 9227: 9030: 9024: 8680: 8332: 8251: 7775: 7750: 7668: 7253:"The Italian genome reflects the history of Europe and the Mediterranean basin" 6907:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6826: 6423: 4947: 4749: 4660:

In more recent years, many immigrants from predominantly Muslim countries like

4576: 4519: 4418: 4339: 4323: 4319: 4121: 4064: 4060: 3915: 3901: 3842: 3768: 3677: 3605: 3601: 3582: 3570: 3566: 3511: 3078: 3039: 3015: 2875: 2533: 2521: 2147: 2014: 1956: 1926: 1922: 1906: 1882: 1837: 1740: 1639: 1600: 1520: 1481: 1433: 1401: 1355: 1335: 1137: 1038: 957: 795: 637: 601: 555: 543: 407: 55: 9232: 8567: 7513: 7438: 7359: 7219: 6586: 6546: 4085: 2512: 9287: 9217: 9035: 9013: 8633: 8625: 7619: 7579: 7522: 7462: 6554: 6315:

Religion, ritual and mythology : aspects of identity formation in Europe

6137: 5936: 5336: 5292: 5004: 4932: 4901: 4848: 4592: 4560: 4465: 4414: 4259: 4217: 4072: 3819:

origin, but this has been entirely disproven by genetic analysis of Sicilian

3760: 3748: 3578: 3519: 3196: 3178: 2995: 2956: 2879: 2399: 2271:

immigrated to Sicily during Muslim rule, but left after the Normans arrived.

2217: 2060: 2056: 1841: 1806: 1705: 1643: 1623: 1560: 1477: 1469: 1413: 1367: 1200:. The Cyclopes were said to have been assistants to the Greek blacksmith God 1165: 1078: 755: 719: 293: 257: 7749:

Cappadonia, Chiara; Coratza, Paola; Agnesi, Valerio; Soldati, Mauro (2018).

6927: 2607:. Since 1946, the island enjoys the most advanced special status of all the 8160: 8111: 8061: 8002: 7945: 7900: 7848: 7735: 7686: 7637: 7540: 7480: 7422: 7324: 7288: 7237: 7187: 7095: 7077: 7046: 6996: 6946: 6845: 6786: 6768: 6726: 6662: 6605: 5444: 4942: 4461: 4457: 4362: 3771: 3597: 3031: 2887: 2431: 2111: 2028:

invasions were in part caused by the Byzantine-Sicilian military commander

1992: 1988: 1865: 1660: 1548: 1379: 1289: 1193: 1149: 1046: 1018: 715: 708: 609: 539: 489: 8766: 8093: 7984: 7717: 7611: 7454: 7404: 7269: 7144:"The genetic heterogeneity of Arab populations as inferred from HLA genes" 6253: 5485:"Necropolis of Pantalica, a suggestive and ancient site in eastern Sicily" 1342:), as well as the Carthaginian chief god Baal Hammon, also had centres of 9222: 7865:

Population genetics of Western Mediterranean islands: Malta, a case study

7785: 7028: 5767: 4753: 4711: 4642: 4572: 4568: 4263: 3613: 3023: 2041: 1914: 1890: 1849: 1790: 1689: 1666:, while he was still Tyrant of Sicily. After Pyrrhus was defeated at the 1648: 1492: 1400:, beginning in the 8th century BC. Initially, this was restricted to the 1385: 1339: 1324: 1282: 1259: 1216: 1070: 863: 787: 759: 738:

was the territorial boundary between the Sicels and Sicanians. They wore

531: 339: 7009: 4426: 4076: 3755:

genetic paternal legacy is estimated at 37% in Sicily. Sicilians are of

9237: 8165: 7892: 4669: 4600: 4556: 4548: 4489: 4347: 4201: 3831: 3802: 3798: 2883: 2863: 2289: 2232: 2096: 1945: 1898: 1874: 1693: 1652: 1611: 1516: 1489: 1425: 1301: 1275: 1267: 1224: 1201: 1153: 1125: 1093: 975: 960: 949: 928: 899: 831: 747: 567: 449: 421: 8493: 7936: 6978: 6644: 6464: 5139:"Lacus Curtius Dionysius' Roman Antiquities — Book I Chapters 44.3‑71" 2386:

as the first European and by many historians as the first modern ruler

2284:

In the 11th century, the mainland southern Italian powers were hiring

2212:, as First Emir of Sicily. The Kalbids ruled Sicily from 948 to 1053. 1062: 6243:(Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 2004), pp.259–265. 5688: 4631: 4386: 4157: 4153: 4125: 3744: 3202: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3027: 3011: 3003: 2960: 2952: 2855: 2383: 2329: 2197: 2119: 2118:

was a see-saw affair; the local population resisted fiercely and the

2021:, depending on the local political situation or faction at the time. 2006: 1941: 1821: 1770: 1375: 1279: 1157: 1133: 1121: 1074: 1054: 1050: 1042: 887: 855: 851: 839: 763: 697: 589: 535: 349: 306: 8813: 8591:

Hallikan, 'Abu-l-'Abbas Sams-al-din 'Ahmad ibn Muhammad Ibn (1845).

6666: 5534: 5500:"The Story Behind Sicily's Incredible Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica" 2963:

settled and formed communities which still exist today known as the

2572:. Prior to the Risorgimento, the Two Sicilies were conquered by the 1963:. The province was looked after by the imperial governor known as a 1468:, resulting in significant territorial loses for the Etruscans. The 76: 8285: 8135: 8074: 7493: 7435: 5276: 4661: 4531: 4515: 4343: 4331: 4243: 4080: 3805: 3779: 3725: 3720:, which are also the five most commonly found MtDNA-haplogroups in 3685: 3586: 3562: 3220: 3208: 2859: 2851: 2826: 2588: 2239: 2231:, introducing oranges, lemons, pistachio, and sugarcane to Sicily. 2181: 2135: 2092: 2084: 2033: 2025: 1952: 1886: 1818: 1805:

Sicily in 440, the Romans could not respond. Eastern Roman Emperor

1802: 1782: 1716: 1713: 1697: 1638:, which didn't succeed. A couple years later (275 BC), Envoys from 1619: 1580: 1540: 1532: 1496: 1417: 1185: 1097: 1034: 912: 867: 819: 815: 613: 585: 579: 433: 4429:

language. There are three identified Arbëreshë communities in the

2587:) in 1860, and subsequently brought under the monarchial realm of 1243:

names three Cyclopes "Brontes, Steropes and Acmonides" working as

677: 653: 6742: 6442:"Corriere della Sera – Italia, quasi l'88% si proclama cattolico" 6080:

La variation linguistique dans les langues de l’Italie préromaine

4745: 4740: 4681: 4673: 4665: 4508: 4472:. The Greek community was reconstituted in 2003 with the name of 4422: 4335: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3625: 3621: 3620:

appears as slightly differentiated, by clustering with the other

3184: 3166: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3127: 3117: 3107: 2991: 2983: 2944: 2909: 2831: 2592: 2581: 2361: 2297: 2293: 2236: 2220: 2205: 2151: 2001: 1964: 1937: 1814: 1810: 1766: 1627: 1596: 1576: 1564: 1556: 1552: 1512: 1500: 1485: 1389: 1304: 1251: 1232: 1211: 1145: 1129: 1117: 1113: 1101: 1086: 1026: 1022: 991: 908: 843: 791: 783: 779: 767: 751: 731: 711: 704: 445: 417: 329: 319: 261: 7141: 6959: 6679: 6103:(Second ed.). Malden/Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 469. 5373:"Pantalica (Sicily) from the Late Bronze Age to the Middle Ages" 4653:'s demands. Any remaining Muslim was eventually expelled by the 4499:

Historically, Sicily has been home to many religions, including

2905:

In the early medieval era, Sicily experienced the brief rule of

2556:, who had just recently been restored back to the throneship of 894:. Together with the city of Syracuse, Pantalica was listed as a 178: 8911: 8906: 8864:

Il teatro genealogico degli Elimi nel crocevia del Mediterraneo

8256: 8124: 7348: 7060:

Arauna, Lara R.; Hellenthal, Garrett; Comas, David (May 2019).

5518:"The Thinking Traveller | Exclusive luxury villa holidays" 5284: 5218: 4635: 4374: 4307: 4255: 4228: 4224: 4206: 4184: 3820: 3783: 3775: 3756: 3752: 3721: 3689: 3629: 3594: 3574: 3214: 3053:

with more than 50,000 make up the most immigrants, followed by

3019: 3007: 2999: 2987: 2871: 2847: 2843: 2541: 2438:

prince to take the throne, which led to a decade-and-a-half of

2419: 2411: 2260: 2252: 2228: 2193: 2166: 1967:, and was militarily protected under a general by the title of 1902: 1789:. The Vandals and Alans gained a monopoly on the Mediterranean 1635: 1592: 1568: 1504: 1397: 1351: 1285: 1236: 1228: 1220: 1177: 1105: 1066: 1058: 1002: 923:, associated with the Sicani, shows noticeable influences from 916: 895: 871: 859: 854:, which is also produced in Sicily, and sometimes used to make 803: 593: 575: 571: 551: 497: 486: 441: 359: 274: 7748: 7108: 8866:. Prefazione Vaccarella, Ilaria.2022. ISBN 978-88-908854-2-6 8282:"Lingue riconosciute dall'UNESCO e non tutelate dalla 482/99" 8252:"Sicilian in UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger" 7250: 5986:"Aapologetico de la literatura española contra los opiniones" 5791: 4735: 4685: 4677: 4639: 4627: 4500: 4232: 3812: 3609: 3590: 3507: 2940: 2916: 2337: 2264: 2256: 2192:, although it ended in a Byzantine victory. A combination of 2159: 2155: 1972: 1857: 1778: 1572: 1461: 1393: 1347: 1320: 1244: 1161: 1082: 1006: 994: 883: 775: 735: 509: 7592: 7385: 6567: 6351:

Mediaeval Sicily, aspects of life and art in the middle ages

5251:. Jerome Lectures. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 5156:

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01670082/document

3688:) consist of lineages with differential distribution across 8369: 7700:

Capelli, C; Onofri, V; Brisighelli, F; et al. (2009).

6161:

Etruscan Life and Afterlife: A Handbook of Etruscan Studies

5786: 4630:. Many Islamic scholars were born on the island, including 4564: 3172: 2891: 2312:

until finally controlling the entire island by 1091 as the

2268: 2170: 2126:, with Syracuse in particular resisting almost to the end ( 2099: 1984: 1971:. Sicily itself was divided into many districts known as a 1934: 1829: 1798: 1584: 1528: 1457: 1331: 1240: 1169: 1030: 1010: 983: 915:), carbon dated to the 13th century BC, have been found in 830:

have been discovered in archaeological digs, especially in

743: 6891: 6367:"Italians among fastest-growing EU nationals in Singapore" 4306:

found in about 15 isolated communities of central eastern

3684:

populations while J, T, G, Q and E1b1b (and their various

878:, a collection of cemeteries with rock-cut chamber tombs. 7200: 5661:

Storia della Sicilia dalle Origini ai giorni nostri, p.12

4104:

Today in Sicily most people are bilingual and speak both

3824: 2382:(wonder of the world) to his contemporaries, regarded by 2080: 1968: 811: 771: 7699: 2970:

About five million people live in Sicily, making it the

2959:

ruled over and left a minor impact on the island, while

8390:(resolution) (in Italian). May 15, 2018. Archived from 7802: 7554:

Sundstrom, Ronald R.; Kim, David Haekwon (2014-02-01).

7301: 7066:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5860:

The History of Sicily from the Earliest Times:Volume IV

5856: 4973:"Popolazione Sicilia (2001-2021) Grafici su dati ISTAT" 3731:

The Norman Kingdom of Sicily was created in 1130, with

1933:) for several peaceful centuries, until an invasion by 1057:. The discovery of a cup of 'Etna type' in the area of 1045:, in Cuddaru d' Crastu (Tornabé-Mercato d'Arrigo) near 8714:

The Dangerously Truthful Diary of a Sicilian Housewife

8543:

The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500

8540:

Hartmann, Wilfried; Pennington, Kenneth (2012-02-27).

5901:"The Temple of Astarte at Erice | Goddess Alive!" 5600:

Le Paléolithique en Afrique: l’histoire la plus longue

5088:. Museo Nazionale Emigrazione Italiana. Archived from 3811:

It is a misconception that Sicilians are of primarily

3778:

genetic ancestry. Sicilians closely resemble mainland

3553:

Principal Component Analysis of the Italian population

2474:

ruled the Kingdom of Sicily until 1401. Following the

2065:

the parts of Mainland Italy controlled by the Lombards

974:

Another archaeological site, originally identified by

7059: 5970:. Experience Festival. 7 October 2007. Archived from 5727:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology

5631:

Sicilia Antica: Castelluccio e l'Età del bronzo, p.51

4298:

are a linguistic minority living in Sicily who speak

2947:. From the late medieval period into the modern era, 2564:

in 1816. In 1861, however, Sicily became part of the

1897:

under the military expeditions of Byzantine generals

8469:

Immigration and Emigration in Historical Perspective

5271:

Thucydides reported that there were still Siculi in

2176:, and consolidated with the reign of the ninth Emir 2169:

rule began with the conquests of the third Aghlabid

1692:

revolutionary scientist, inventor and mathematician

1396:. Sicily was later colonized and heavily settled by 1196:, were traditionally associated with Sicily and the 8710:"A Time to Die – the Spanish Inquisition in Sicily" 8288:: Associazion Linguìstica Padaneisa. Archived from 4270:using linguistic norms from the Sicilian language. 3648:were found at the following frequencies in Sicily: 1350:was viewed as the personification of the river god 1104:-cult deities associated with geysers known as the 978:on the basis of a particular ceramic style, is the 538:periods. According to the famous Italian historian 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8539: 8504:. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 882. 8190:Wei, Li; Dewaele, Jean-Marc; Housen, Alex (2002). 8178:Sicilian is a stable indigenous language of Italy. 5275:, which only referred approximately to the modern 4401:Bilingual road signs, in Italian and Arbëresh, in 2493: 1420:during the 6th century BC. By the 3rd century BC, 1219:states that the Cyclopes on the Aeolian island of 504:, as well as the largest and most populous of the 8325: 5542:(Report). Gonnesa, Nuraghe Serucci. Vol. IX. 5454:20.500.11820/d5a12722-b6b8-4329-86d2-6701189c67c1 3089:is currently not a recognised language in Italy. 1416:colonial settlements were eventually absorbed by 9285: 8655:A.Lowe: The Barrier and the bridge, op cit;p.92. 8331: 8189: 7798: 7796: 5999:Shefton, Brian Benjamin; Lomas, Kathryn (2004). 5823:; Bremmer, p. 139; Grimal, p. 119 s.v. Cyclopes. 948:of mainland southern Italy. In Sicily's earlier 8667:Roger Ii De Sicile – Un Normand En Méditerranée 7381: 7379: 7377: 5423: 4812:Sicilian youth in traditional attire - c. 1890s 1551:. Prior to Roman rule, there were three native 1515:) were being constantly raided and pillaged by 971:sites attested in certain parts of the island. 6738: 6736: 6618: 6311:From Islam to Christianity: the Case of Sicily 6164:. Wayne State University Press. pp. 75–. 5673: 4273: 2095:with the help of the Abbasids, he advised the 8889: 8440: 7793: 6673: 6241:The Book of Pontiffs of the Church of Ravenna 6001:"Greek Identity in the Western Mediterranean" 3676:(2.54%). R1 and I haplogroups are typical in 8193:Opportunities and Challenges of Bilingualism 7553: 7374: 7135: 6963:"Genetic history of the population of Crete" 6961:Stamatoyannopoulos, George (November 2019). 6151: 5998: 5968:"Sicily: Encyclopedia II – Sicily – History" 5605: 5174:, vol. 6 "Lingue e dialetti" (1978949-1012.) 5086:"MEI - Museo Nazionale Emigrazione Italiana" 4205:and is recognized as a minority language by 2430:. His descendants governed Sicily until the 2426:. Frederick II was also responsible for the 1712:to rigorously derive and prove the range of 866:. All 3 tribes also specialised in building 8015: 7878: 6733: 6279:– via referenceworks.brillonline.com. 5592: 5322: 3565:and Sicilians have found that samples from 1288:(a significant deity also mentioned in the 952:, there is also evidence of trade with the 726:, Paleolithic Sicilians would have lived a 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 8896: 8882: 8453:Enciclopedia dell'Italiano, Treccani, 2010 8076:Antonino; Capelli, Cristian (March 2016). 8068: 6903:"Maritime route of colonization of Europe" 6497:"Istat, Demographics, updated to May 2011" 6458: 5919:"Unique Phoenician temple found in Sicily" 5740:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4723:, expelled them in the year 1493 with the 3639: 2974:. However, in the first century after the 2478:in 1412 the Sicilian throne passed to the 1480:eventually opened the door to an emerging 1444:against Syracuse in 415–413 BC during the 838:, including unique food varieties such as 628:people who migrated to Sicily from either 251: 8437:, UTET, Torino 2002, p. 882. (In Italian) 8220: 8101: 8051: 8041: 7992: 7935: 7881:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7838: 7828: 7784: 7774: 7725: 7676: 7627: 7530: 7512: 7470: 7412: 7278: 7268: 7227: 7177: 7167: 7126: 7085: 7036: 6986: 6936: 6926: 6885: 6835: 6825: 6776: 6716: 6706: 6652: 6595: 6585: 6213:The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis) 6178: 5452: 5325:"Alfabetizzazione della Sicilia pregreca" 2591:. After the unification of Italy and the 2540:, with the official residence located in 2267:alms-giving tax Muslims had to pay. Many 1761:As the Roman Empire was falling apart, a 1404:and southern parts of the island. As the 226:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 8679: 8590: 8568:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Agatho" 7693: 6364: 6341: 6157: 6030:. Harvard University Press. p. 72. 5244: 5190:. Harvard University Press. p. 72. 5111:Fine, John Van Antwerp (June 30, 1983). 4610: 4484: 4396: 4167:in Sicily created under the auspices of 4092: 4084: 3855:Frequencies (in %) of haplogroups. 3827:was of Moorish origin was fabricated by 3788: 3548: 3250:. The most common Sicilian surnames are 2825: 2511: 2370: 2308:) who conquered Sicily from the Muslims 2273: 687: 203:of all important aspects of the article. 8353: 7966: 7913: 7861: 7650: 6612: 6532: 6385:"..:Benvenuto sul sito dell'U.S.E.F.:." 6123: 6096: 6073: 5719: 5497: 5356: 4759: 4530:. Most Sicilians today are baptized as 4326:Sicily about 900 years ago, during the 4124:origin, while smaller numbers of other 3506:The entire autochthonous population of 3124:'s populous numbers some 801,280 people 2603:, under which the island has become an 1955:in Mainland Italy. The capital city of 1801:, when the Vandals & Alans started 1440:, for example, to mount the disastrous 1188:, giant one-eyed humanoid creatures in 14: 9286: 8607: 8466:Isaacs, Ann Katherine (July 7, 2007). 8465: 8359: 8301: 8299: 8276: 8274: 8246: 8244: 8155: 8153: 7657:The American Journal of Human Genetics 6518:I venti cognomi più diffusi in Sicilia 6365:Aggarwal, Narendra (October 8, 2018). 6277:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 6027:The ancient Greeks: a critical history 5357:Lemmers, Nadine (September 26, 2017). 5187:The ancient Greeks: a critical history 5114:The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History 5060:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4585:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople 4425:. They speak their own variant of the 4213:in the daily lives of many Sicilians. 2978:, Sicily had one of the most negative 2633: 1681:who wrote and recorded the monumental 1523:into Sicilian affairs, and led to the 858:, is a popular type of salami sold in 199:Please consider expanding the lead to 8877: 8224:Sicilian: The Oldest Romance Language 7344: 7342: 6799: 6270: 6184: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5071: 4874:Marco Castelli, Sicilian Model - 2021 4727:. On 3 February 1740, the Neapolitan 4254:words and phrases by immigrants from 3233: 2972:fourth most populated region in Italy 2324:as an independent state with its own 2005:Theophylact might have also been the 1077:as chamber tombs. In the area around 8814:"Still Jewish after all these years" 8787: 8664: 8446: 6347: 6317:/ edited by Joaquim Carvalho, 2006, 6023: 5183: 5110: 5005:"Diaspora – Sicilians Outside Italy" 3544: 3092: 2071:, was accused of conspiring against 1824:statesman & general of possible 1227:", make the bows and arrows used by 269:Regions with significant populations 172: 99:adding citations to reliable sources 70: 29: 27:People from (or residents of) Sicily 8734:"THE SPANISH INQUISITION IN SICILY" 8707: 8646:N.Daniel: The Arabs; op cit; p.154. 8368:] (in Italian) (2nd ed.). 8296: 8271: 8241: 8221:Privitera, Joseph Frederic (2004). 8150: 7868:(Thesis). University of Manchester. 6126:"Iscrizioni monumentali dei Siculi" 5988:. Ensayo historico. 7 October 2007. 5172:Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica 5160: 5002: 4591:). Sicily is also mentioned in the 4476:(Hellenic Community of the Strait). 4318:, it dates back to migrations from 3823:. The falsified myth that Sicilian 3767:period, these people were a mix of 3238:The most common Sicilian names are 2263:land tax, but were exempt from the 890:, about 23 km (14 mi) northwest of 856:spicy 'Nduja spreadable paste/sauce 604:affiliation, who migrated from the 24: 8836: 8082:European Journal of Human Genetics 7973:European Journal of Human Genetics 7706:European Journal of Human Genetics 7600:European Journal of Human Genetics 7443:European Journal of Human Genetics 7393:European Journal of Human Genetics 7339: 7257:European Journal of Human Genetics 7208:European Journal of Human Genetics 7017:European Journal of Human Genetics 6100:Indo-European Language and Culture 5068: 4474:"Comunità Hellenica dello Stretto" 2628: 2410:, that the poetic form known as a 2340:. A great number of families from 2336:and customs not found in mainland 2087:named Nikephoros, defected to the 1797:being too preoccupied with war in 1361: 1096:worship of the ancient and native 927:. The type of burial found in the 802:members as well, usually within a 25: 9315: 8869: 8338:I dialetti delle regioni d'Italia 7651:Zalloua, P.; et al. (2008). 6271:Monés, Hussain (April 24, 2012). 6082:(in French). Lyon. Archived from 5730:, vol. 1, Boston, p. 54 5643: 5628: 5546: 5498:McGuire, Gillian (20 July 2017). 5168:The Prae-Italic Dialects of Italy 3624:populations such as Albanians of 3134:, with a total of 418,916 people. 1856:which began in 488; although the 1642:had notified him that of all the 1539:in 242 BC, and with the death of 1432:was intertwined with politics in 45:This article has multiple issues. 9270: 9269: 8995: 8905: 8830: 8806: 8781: 8759:"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT" 8751: 8726: 8701: 8685:Frederick II: A Medieval Emperor 8673: 8658: 8649: 8640: 8601: 8584: 8560: 8533: 8508: 8486: 8459: 8423: 8409: 8376: 8343:Dialects of the regions of Italy 8335:; Giacomelli, Gabriella (1972). 8214: 8183: 8118: 8009: 7960: 7928:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00224.x 7907: 7872: 7855: 7742: 7644: 7317:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x 6619:Sazzini, M.; Ruscone, G (2016). 6479:"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT" 6402:"Statistiche demografiche ISTAT" 6097:Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2009). 5857:Edward Augustus Freeman (1894). 5658: 5564: 4909: 4894: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4449:which, besides being the hub of 4032: 2921:Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans 2536:with the other Southern Italian 1893:, Sicily was brought back under 1881:(with its capital-city based at 1846:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 1547:of the Roman Republic and later 1108:, as well as the worship of the 734:before the Neolithic. The river 177: 75: 34: 8608:Arkoun, Mohammed (1998-01-01). 8366:Languages and dialects of Italy 8016:Brisighelli, Francesca (2012). 7586: 7547: 7487: 7429: 7295: 7244: 7194: 7128:10.1590/S1415-47572004000200002 7102: 7053: 7003: 6953: 6873: 6860: 6800:Sarno, Stefania (16 May 2017). 6793: 6561: 6526: 6511: 6489: 6471: 6452: 6434: 6416: 6394: 6377: 6358: 6328: 6300: 6283: 6264: 6246: 6229: 6205: 6185:Brice, Lee L. (21 April 2014). 6117: 6090: 6067: 6056: 6044: 6017: 5992: 5978: 5960: 5947: 5929: 5911: 5893: 5875: 5850: 5838: 5826: 5805: 5780: 5761: 5748: 5713: 5710:, n. 12, 2004–2005. pp. 93–106. 5700: 5682: 5667: 5652: 5637: 5622: 5580: 5558: 5528: 5510: 5491: 5477: 5433:American Journal of Archaeology 5417: 5389: 5365: 5350: 5316: 5298: 5265: 5238: 5229: 5207: 5177: 3510:is of Sicilian origin, but the 3268:Most common names and surnames 3081:) and the official language is 2614: 2494:Modern and contemporary history 2376:Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II 1848:) in 476 and completely to the 1657:Battle of the Strait of Messina 1190:classical Greco-Roman mythology 526:Prehistoric Italy § Sicily 191:may be too short to adequately 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 8839:"Jewish life in Sicily reborn" 8345:] (in Italian). Florence: 7967:Capelli, C (21 January 2009). 7354:. pp. 2022.02.26.482072. 7115:Genetics and Molecular Biology 6313:, Charles Dalli, page 153. In 5149: 5131: 5104: 5022: 4996: 4979: 4965: 4862:Modern-day Sicilian men - 2012 4626:, many Sicilians converted to 4539:communities thrive in Sicily. 4278:There are two main historical 2516:Sicilians in traditional dress 2446:; he was later deposed in the 2390:The Siculo-Norman rule of the 2348:. Other migrants arrived from 1730: 1719:, and invented the innovative 1334:(which later evolved into the 1192:, known as the maker of Zeus' 696:All three tribes lived both a 201:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 8472:. Edizioni Plus. p. 71. 7572:10.5325/critphilrace.2.1.0020 6354:. London, Duckworth & Co. 6235:Described in great detail by 5323:Agostiniani, Luciano (2012). 4958: 4698:History of the Jews in Sicily 4547:For Catholics in Sicily, the 4171:and his court of notaries or 2418:, the head Poet, Teacher and 2310:over a period of thirty years 2249:County of Apulia and Calabria 1864:, Theodoric sought to revive 1757:Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture 1668:Battle of Beneventum (275 BC) 1579:(founded by the Sicel leader 1484:. In the 3rd century BC, the 1041:of coastal Santa Febronia in 600:-speaking people of possible 561: 9141:List of presidents of Sicily 8417:"Kingdoms of Italy – Sicily" 8043:10.1371/journal.pone.0050794 7830:10.1371/journal.pone.0096074 7169:10.1371/journal.pone.0192269 6708:10.1371/journal.pone.0043759 6051:The World's Writing Systems. 5553:Pantalica e i suoi monumenti 5522:www.thethinkingtraveller.com 5117:. Harvard University Press. 4634:, a prominent jurist of the 4046: 2454:, which put the daughter of 1223:, working "at the anvils of 1184:in classical mythology. The 1029:, Cava/Quarry Lazzaro, near 850:, while in modern times the 794:. They typically lived in a 500:, the largest island in the 7: 9188:Derby di Sicilia (football) 9051:War of the Sicilian Vespers 8788:Kern, Soeren (2012-02-03). 8429:Salvatore Carmelo Trovato, 7560:Critical Philosophy of Race 6895:Stamatoyannopoulos, John A. 6191:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 277–. 6074:Vincent, Martzloff (2011). 6063:'Sicanian' at Linguist List 5724:, in Smith, William (ed.), 5617:Journal of World Prehistory 5397:"World heritage nomination" 4921: 4889:, President of Italy - 2021 4480: 4274:Ethno-linguistic minorities 3533: 3494: 3097:In Sicily, there are three 2599:led to the adoption of the 2562:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2504:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 2448:War of the Sicilian Vespers 2428:Muslim settlement of Lucera 2394:continued until 1198, when 2174:Ziyadat Allah I of Ifriqiya 2128:Siege of Syracuse (877-878) 1889:), and during the reign of 1773:tribe originating from the 834:. Their diet was a typical 10: 9320: 9169:List of people from Sicily 9146:Sicilian Regional Assembly 8982:Cities, towns and villages 8362:Lingue e dialetti d'Italia 8360:Avolio, Francesco (2012). 8313:(in Italian). July 4, 2023 7776:10.3390/geosciences8070253 7669:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012 6899:Stamatoyannopoulos, George 6827:10.1038/s41598-017-01802-4 6158:Bonfante, Larissa (1986). 6124:Cordano, Federica (2012). 5720:Schmitz, Leonhard (1870), 5224:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 4928:List of people from Sicily 4916:Sicilian man, c. 1890–1899 4795: 4791:List of Sicilian Americans 4787:List of people from Sicily 4784: 4778: 4774: 4763: 4695: 4468:spoken in the island, and 4464:with some elements of the 4460:(or Siculo-Greeks) speaks 4282:minorities in Sicily, the 4264:English-speaking countries 4050: 4041: 3557:Several studies involving 3537: 2578:Expedition of the Thousand 2497: 2424:Sicilian School for Poetry 2204:appointed a member of the 2146:, was born and grew up in 1931:Theme (Byzantine district) 1734: 1499:, when the city-states of 1384:From the 11th century BC, 1365: 730:lifestyle, just like most 636:, Calabria, or one of the 565: 519: 515: 9267: 9246: 9154: 9114: 9101:Allied invasion of Sicily 9096:Dictatorship of Garibaldi 9004: 8993: 8918: 8516:"Book of Saints – Leo II" 8449:"Gallo-italica, comunità" 7514:10.3389/fgene.2022.945227 7360:10.1101/2022.02.26.482072 7220:10.1038/s41431-019-0466-6 6587:10.1186/s12863-015-0293-x 6388:www.usefinternational.org 5863:. Oxford University Press 5235:Diodorus Siculus V.6.3–4. 5127:– via Google Books. 4692:Sicilian Jewish community 4328:Norman conquest of Sicily 4220:dialect was a vernacular 4179:, also gave birth to the 3854: 3267: 2815: 2646:— 2378:. Frederick was known as 2210:Al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Kalbi 2134:, the Fatimid general of 1180:, and the humanoid giant 634:Southern-Coastal Anatolia 432: 427: 397: 392: 373: 368: 358: 348: 338: 328: 318: 305: 292: 287: 273: 268: 250: 9091:1848 Sicilian revolution 8859:.137 Valenza, Giuseppe. 8626:10.1163/1570058982641743 8161:"Sicilian in Ethnologue" 7916:Annals of Human Genetics 7305:Annals of Human Genetics 6967:Annals of Human Genetics 6533:Pitroso, Giulio (2022). 5424:Robert Leighton (2011). 5279:in his time; he derived 4904:, Olympian Fencer - 2014 4801:Photographs of Sicilians 3841:. Overall the estimated 3644:According to one study, 3540:Genetic history of Italy 1977:Exarch of Ravennan Italy 1927:Theme/Province of Sicily 1907:Byzantine-Greek language 1021:, Cava/Quarry d'Ispica, 886:with its tributary, the 722:lifestyle. Prior to the 9203:Norman-Sicilian culture 9181:List of Sicilian dishes 8501:Encyclopædia Britannica 8495:"Stephen (Popes)" 8455:(in Italian). Treccani. 8447:Toso, Fiorenzo (2010). 8433:, in Cortelazzo et al. 7862:Caruana, Josef (2013). 7556:"Xenophobia and Racism" 6928:10.1073/pnas.1320811111 6547:10.15162/2282-5681/1683 5245:Sjöqvist, Erik (1973). 4766:Norman-Sicilian culture 4302:, an isolated group of 3640:MtDna and Y DNA studies 2470:, on the throne. Their 2184:. The first attempt to 2057:administrative official 1873:took place between the 1704:by applying methods of 1696:who anticipated modern 1346:throughout Sicily. The 1247:inside Sicilian caves. 876:Necropolis of Pantalica 774:, and created everyday 646:pre-Indo-European tribe 474: 282:(inhabitants of Sicily) 9294:Ethnic groups in Italy 8861:ELAMITI ELIMIOTI ELIMI 8687:. London: Allen Lane. 8372:: Carocci. p. 54. 7078:10.1098/rspb.2019.0471 6769:10.1126/sciadv.aaw3492 6348:Wærn, Cecilia (1910). 6273:"D̲j̲awhar al-Ṣiḳillī" 6138:10.6092/2037-4488/1942 5463:10.3764/aja.115.3.0447 5445:10.3764/aja.115.3.0447 5337:10.6092/2037-4488/1940 5287:Italos, a Sicel king ( 4836:Sicilian family - 1888 4721:Ferdinand II of Aragon 4619: 4520:Carthaginian religions 4496: 4466:ancient Greek language 4405: 4304:Gallo-Italic languages 4300:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 4101: 4090: 4057:Gallo-Italic of Sicily 3808: 3700:present in Sicily are 3554: 2835: 2517: 2396:Frederick II of Sicily 2387: 2281: 2216:, fourth ruler of the 2180:after the conquest of 2178:Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya 2144:Al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah 2108:Abd al-Malik ibn Salih 2053:Emperor Leo the Syrian 1948:) in the 9th century. 1852:conquest of Sicily by 1787:Kingdom of the Vandals 1677:The ancient historian 1664:Manius Curius Dentatus 1555:towns by the names of 1424:was the most populous 693: 456:, Other people of the 310:(of Sicilian ancestry) 297:(of Sicilian ancestry) 8790:"Italy's Mosque Wars" 8738:www.timesofsicily.com 8665:Aubé, Pierre (2001). 8094:10.1038/ejhg.2015.124 7985:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258 7718:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258 7612:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120 7501:Frontiers in Genetics 7455:10.1038/ejhg.2015.124 7405:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120 7270:10.1038/ejhg.2015.233 5756:Bibliotheca historica 5676:Op. cit., p.31 et seq 5143:penelope.uchicago.edu 4824:Sicilian friar - 2012 4717:Isabella I of Castile 4624:period of Muslim rule 4614: 4599:, 28:11–13, in which 4488: 4456:The community of the 4400: 4250:"Sicilianization" of 4096: 4088: 3847:Northwestern European 3792: 3559:whole genome analysis 3552: 3516:their native language 3500:629,114 individuals. 2829: 2620:Historical population 2515: 2374: 2277: 2255:, and had to pay the 2138:origins that led the 1686:Bibliotheca historica 1567:, as well as several 1456:, where the combined 691: 642:scholars of antiquity 568:Sicily § History 428:Related ethnic groups 9106:Sicilian nationalism 7029:10.1038/ejhg.2017.18 6897:; Kidd, Kenneth K.; 5974:on 31 December 2013. 5941:www.bestofsicily.com 5674:Piccolo, Salvatore. 5084:Incardina, Carmelo. 4975:. www.tuttitalia.it. 4760:Art and architecture 4645:. Under the rule of 4597:Acts of the Apostles 4447:Piana degli Albanesi 4439:Piana degli Albanesi 4403:Piana degli Albanesi 3585:, and especially to 2597:Sicilian nationalism 1795:Western Roman Empire 1737:Western Roman Empire 1535:. By the end of the 1130:tests of reliability 980:Castelluccio culture 808:neolithic long house 724:Neolithic Revolution 622:second millennium BC 596:, the last being an 550:, and the coasts of 95:improve this article 9136:Elections in Sicily 9071:Sicilian Parliament 8922:metropolitan cities 8794:Gatestone Institute 8520:CatholicSaints.Info 8435:I dialetti italiani 8034:2012PLoSO...750794B 7821:2014PLoSO...996074S 7767:2018Geosc...8..253C 7160:2018PLoSO..1392269H 6919:2014PNAS..111.9211P 6818:2017NatSR...7.1984S 6761:2019SciA....5.3492R 6699:2012PLoSO...743759D 6637:2016NatSR...632513S 6254:"Jawhar as-Siqilli" 6024:Fine, John (1985). 5905:goddess-pages.co.uk 5772:Hymn III to Artemis 5359:"Dolmens in Sicily" 5184:Fine, John (1985). 5042:on 20 December 2016 5003:Salerno, Vincenzo. 4708:Temple of Jerusalem 4655:Spanish inquisition 4524:Byzantine Orthodoxy 4443:Santa Cristina Gela 4431:province of Palermo 4371:Province of Messina 4360:Fondachelli-Fantina 4197:indigenous language 4191:from 1300 to 1543. 4089:Languages of Sicily 3839:anglophonic nations 3765:Classical antiquity 3114:of 1,044,169 people 3073:(but with combined 2980:net migration rates 2976:Italian unification 2621: 2574:Kingdom of Sardinia 2568:as a result of the 2508:Italian unification 2476:Compromise of Caspe 2464:Peter III of Aragon 2444:Charles I of Sicily 2364:and other parts of 2320:founded the Norman 2292:descendants of the 2247:, or to the Norman 2214:Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis 2165:The first phase of 2150:. Jawhar served as 2132:Jawhar the Sicilian 2116:The Muslim conquest 1854:Theodoric the Great 1765:tribe known as the 1745:Ostrogothic Kingdom 1450:Hiero I of Syracuse 1442:Sicilian Expedition 1156:is named after the 1143:Proto-Indo-European 648:, who migrated via 247: 9299:People from Sicily 9126:Politics of Sicily 9056:Lombards of Sicily 8708:VDG (2015-09-17). 8597:. Benjamin Duprat. 8130:. p. 584714. 7893:10.1002/ajpa.10265 7072:(1902): 20190471. 6806:Scientific Reports 6541:(19–20): 119–138. 6371:The Business Times 5754:Diodorus Siculus, 5644:Spoto, Salvatore. 5629:Spoto, Salvatore. 4620: 4543:Sicilian Catholics 4534:. Catholicism and 4497: 4494:Monreale Cathedral 4435:Contessa Entellina 4406: 4352:Montalbano Elicona 4296:Lombards of Sicily 4284:Lombards of Sicily 4177:Giacomo da Lentini 4102: 4091: 3809: 3616:while the rest of 3555: 3234:Names and surnames 3100:metropolitan areas 3036:Sicilian Americans 2836: 2619: 2609:autonomous regions 2585:Giuseppe Garibaldi 2518: 2468:House of Barcelona 2466:, a member of the 2416:Giacomo da Lentini 2392:Hauteville dynasty 2388: 2346:Lombards of Sicily 2306:Hauteville dynasty 2286:Norman mercenaries 2282: 2279:Roger II of Sicily 2188:was under general 1899:Flavius Belisarius 1688:, and the ancient 1632:Siege of Lilybaeum 1505:Carthaginian-owned 1292:), the Phoenician 1039:Byzantine district 919:. The prehistoric 836:Mediterranean diet 818:. Evidence of pet 694: 506:autonomous regions 278: 241: 9281: 9280: 9131:Statute of Sicily 9046:Kingdom of Sicily 8837:Freund, Michael. 8572:www.newadvent.org 8553:978-0-8132-1679-9 8479:978-88-8492-498-8 8292:on March 4, 2016. 8198:Walter de Gruyter 7214:(12): 1885–1893. 6979:10.1111/ahg.12328 6913:(25): 9211–9216. 6645:10.1038/srep32513 6539:Nazioni e Regioni 6295:978-0-615-79694-9 6198:978-1-61069-299-1 6110:978-1-4051-8895-1 5758:4.7.6 & 4.8.3 5611:2004 N. Rahmani. 5537:Campagna di scavo 5487:. April 10, 2018. 5092:on April 13, 2013 4992:. www.census.gov. 4953:Kingdom of Africa 4938:Normans of Sicily 4887:Sergio Mattarella 4704:Fall of Jerusalem 4583:) and a Sicilian 4549:Virgin Hodegetria 4490:Virgin Hodegetria 4458:Greeks of Messina 4433:. The areas are: 4356:Novara di Sicilia 4316:Sicilian language 4231:and neighbouring 4211:everyday language 4189:Kingdom of Sicily 4175:which, headed by 4165:literary language 4150:southern Calabria 4099:Sicilian language 4053:Sicilian language 4030: 4029: 3803:Hellenic Sicilian 3698:MtDNA haplogroups 3646:Y-DNA haplogroups 3545:Autosomal studies 3528:Sicilian language 3492: 3491: 3112:Larger Urban Zone 3093:Major settlements 3071:Roman Catholicism 2935:rule, there were 2900:classical periods 2824: 2823: 2605:autonomous region 2601:Statute of Sicily 2538:Kingdom of Naples 2500:Kingdom of Sicily 2456:Manfred of Sicily 2322:Kingdom of Sicily 2190:Asad ibn al-Furat 2140:conquest of Egypt 2124:Fatimid Caliphate 2089:Abbasid Caliphate 2038:Basil Onomagoulos 1753:Emirate of Sicily 1721:Archimedean screw 1683:universal history 1622:mountain-city of 1608:Pyrrhus of Epirus 1478:Greek city-states 1446:Peloponnesian War 1430:Sicilian politics 1311:equivalent being 870:single-chambered 707:lifestyle, and a 618:Strait of Messina 608:(likely from the 548:Islands of Greece 546:—others from the 522:History of Sicily 502:Mediterranean Sea 496:to the island of 463: 462: 458:Mediterranean Sea 438:Sicilian diaspora 400:Roman Catholicism 236: 235: 228: 218: 217: 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 9311: 9273: 9272: 9208:Sicilian Baroque 9041:County of Sicily 9019:Sicilia province 8999: 8987:List of communes 8910: 8909: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8875: 8874: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8810: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8800: 8785: 8779: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8765:. Archived from 8755: 8749: 8748: 8746: 8745: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8677: 8671: 8670: 8662: 8656: 8653: 8647: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8605: 8599: 8598: 8588: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8578: 8564: 8558: 8557: 8537: 8531: 8530: 8528: 8527: 8512: 8506: 8505: 8497: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8444: 8438: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8396: 8389: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8318: 8303: 8294: 8293: 8278: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8264: 8248: 8239: 8238: 8218: 8212: 8211: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8175: 8173: 8157: 8148: 8147: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8105: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8055: 8045: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7996: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7939: 7911: 7905: 7904: 7876: 7870: 7869: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7842: 7832: 7800: 7791: 7790: 7788: 7778: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7729: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7680: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7631: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7534: 7516: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7474: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7416: 7383: 7372: 7371: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7299: 7293: 7292: 7282: 7272: 7263:(7): 1056–1062. 7248: 7242: 7241: 7231: 7198: 7192: 7191: 7181: 7171: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7106: 7100: 7099: 7089: 7057: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6990: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6940: 6930: 6901:(24 June 2014). 6889: 6883: 6877: 6871: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6839: 6829: 6797: 6791: 6790: 6780: 6749:Science Advances 6740: 6731: 6730: 6720: 6710: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6656: 6616: 6610: 6609: 6599: 6589: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6530: 6524: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6398: 6392: 6391: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6345: 6339: 6332: 6326: 6304: 6298: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6250: 6244: 6237:Andreas Agnellus 6233: 6227: 6226: 6209: 6203: 6202: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6071: 6065: 6060: 6054: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5996: 5990: 5989: 5982: 5976: 5975: 5964: 5958: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5809: 5803: 5784: 5778: 5765: 5759: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5731: 5717: 5711: 5704: 5698: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5626: 5620: 5609: 5603: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5565:Voza, Giuseppe. 5562: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5456: 5430: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5411: 5401: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5354: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5227: 5216:' commentary on 5211: 5205: 5204: 5181: 5175: 5164: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5135: 5129: 5128: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5081: 5066: 5065: 5059: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5041: 5035:. Archived from 5034: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5015: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4969: 4913: 4898: 4883: 4871: 4859: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4781:Sicilian cuisine 4770:Sicilian Baroque 4729:King Charles III 4607:Sicilian Muslims 4528:multiculturalism 4505:Native religions 4411:Arbëreshë people 4391:Province of Enna 4280:ethno-linguistic 4252:English language 4237:Maltese language 4114:Romance language 4097:Dialects of the 4069:Italian language 3852: 3851: 3843:Central European 3795:Syracuse, Sicily 3696:. The five main 3634:Arbëreshë people 3526:like the modern 3265: 3264: 3227:Mazara del Vallo 2937:Byzantine Greeks 2635: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2566:Kingdom of Italy 2530:House of Bourbon 2462:and her husband 2414:was invented by 2314:County of Sicily 2202:Al-Mansur Billah 2186:capture Syracuse 1975:. The Byzantine 1957:Byzantine Sicily 1895:Greco-Roman rule 1879:Byzantine Empire 1842:reign over Italy 1749:Byzantine Empire 1725:compound pulleys 1679:Diodorus Siculus 1474:Ancient Carthage 1470:constant warfare 1460:of Syracuse and 1436:itself, leading 1426:Greek city state 1372:Ancient Carthage 1110:volcano-fire god 946:Apennine culture 925:Mycenaean Greece 852:Calabrian Salami 798:unit, with some 630:Central Anatolia 606:Italian mainland 311: 298: 283: 279: 255: 248: 240: 231: 224: 213: 210: 204: 181: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 9319: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9304:Romance peoples 9284: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9263: 9254:Railway network 9242: 9213:Sicilian School 9156: 9150: 9117: 9110: 9031:Theme of Sicily 9000: 8991: 8923: 8921: 8914: 8904: 8902: 8872: 8857: 8856: 8847: 8845: 8835: 8831: 8822: 8820: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8798: 8796: 8786: 8782: 8772: 8770: 8757: 8756: 8752: 8743: 8741: 8732: 8731: 8727: 8718: 8716: 8706: 8702: 8695: 8681:Abulafia, David 8678: 8674: 8663: 8659: 8654: 8650: 8645: 8641: 8606: 8602: 8589: 8585: 8576: 8574: 8566: 8565: 8561: 8554: 8538: 8534: 8525: 8523: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8464: 8460: 8445: 8441: 8428: 8424: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8397:on May 19, 2018 8394: 8387: 8382: 8381: 8377: 8358: 8354: 8333:Devoto, Giacomo 8330: 8326: 8316: 8314: 8305: 8304: 8297: 8280: 8279: 8272: 8262: 8260: 8250: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8188: 8184: 8171: 8169: 8159: 8158: 8151: 8123: 8119: 8073: 8069: 8014: 8010: 7965: 7961: 7912: 7908: 7877: 7873: 7860: 7856: 7801: 7794: 7747: 7743: 7698: 7694: 7649: 7645: 7591: 7587: 7552: 7548: 7492: 7488: 7434: 7430: 7384: 7375: 7347: 7340: 7300: 7296: 7249: 7245: 7199: 7195: 7154:(3): e0192269. 7140: 7136: 7107: 7103: 7058: 7054: 7008: 7004: 6958: 6954: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6874: 6865: 6861: 6798: 6794: 6755:(9): eaaw3492. 6741: 6734: 6678: 6674: 6617: 6613: 6566: 6562: 6531: 6527: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6499:. Demo.istat.it 6495: 6494: 6490: 6477: 6476: 6472: 6457: 6453: 6440: 6439: 6435: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6404:. Demo.istat.it 6400: 6399: 6395: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6363: 6359: 6346: 6342: 6334:James Minahan, 6333: 6329: 6305: 6301: 6288: 6284: 6269: 6265: 6258:www.ismaili.net 6252: 6251: 6247: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6211: 6210: 6206: 6199: 6183: 6179: 6172: 6156: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6095: 6091: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6022: 6018: 6011: 5997: 5993: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5952: 5948: 5935: 5934: 5930: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5899: 5898: 5894: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5864: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819:; Fowler 2013, 5810: 5806: 5785: 5781: 5766: 5762: 5753: 5749: 5733: 5732: 5718: 5714: 5705: 5701: 5687: 5683: 5672: 5668: 5657: 5653: 5646:Op. cit., p.323 5642: 5638: 5627: 5623: 5610: 5606: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5571: 5569: 5563: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5516: 5515: 5511: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5482: 5478: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5339: 5321: 5317: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5291:, vi.4.6), cf. 5270: 5266: 5259: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5212: 5208: 5198: 5182: 5178: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5150: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5082: 5069: 5053: 5052: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5030:"Archived copy" 5028: 5027: 5023: 5013: 5011: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4924: 4917: 4914: 4905: 4899: 4890: 4884: 4875: 4872: 4863: 4860: 4851: 4846: 4837: 4834: 4825: 4822: 4813: 4810: 4798: 4793: 4785:Main articles: 4783: 4777: 4772: 4764:Main articles: 4762: 4725:Alhambra Decree 4700: 4651:Pope Gregory IX 4483: 4470:Calabrian Greek 4383:Piazza Armerina 4367:San Piero Patti 4322:to central and 4312:language island 4276: 4246:dialect is the 4227:once spoken in 4181:Sicilian School 4083: 4051:Main articles: 4049: 4044: 4035: 3837:from primarily 3642: 3622:Southern Balkan 3618:mainland Greece 3579:Central Italian 3547: 3542: 3536: 3524:Italo-Dalmatian 3497: 3236: 3095: 3079:Byzantine Rites 2840:ethnolinguistic 2617: 2550:Napoleonic Wars 2546:Bourbon dynasty 2510: 2496: 2398:, the son of a 2366:northern Europe 2358:southern France 2142:, under Caliph 2036:by the name of 1946:Banu Tamim Clan 1905:, resulting in 1819:Arian Christian 1775:European Steppe 1759: 1733: 1525:First Punic War 1486:Messanan Crisis 1454:Battle of Cumae 1382: 1364: 1362:Ancient history 1198:Aeolian Islands 1112:by the name of 1037:, in the rocky 1015:Helladic period 1011:Troy II and III 944:, and with the 942:Aeolian Islands 938:Milazzo Culture 921:Thapsos culture 909:ceramic remains 848:Diamante citron 828:children's toys 800:extended family 728:hunter-gatherer 705:orchard farming 582: 566:Main articles: 564: 528: 518: 479:Sicilian people 411: 385: 381: 377: 309: 296: 281: 277: 264: 243: 239: 232: 221: 220: 219: 214: 208: 205: 198: 186:This article's 182: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Sicilian people 15: 12: 11: 5: 9317: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9279: 9278: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9184: 9183: 9173: 9172: 9171: 9160: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9122: 9120: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9076:Bourbon Sicily 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9025:Bellum Siculum 9021: 9016: 9010: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8994: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8916: 8915: 8901: 8900: 8893: 8886: 8878: 8871: 8870:External links 8868: 8855: 8854: 8843:Michael Freund 8829: 8805: 8780: 8769:on 1 July 2013 8750: 8725: 8700: 8693: 8672: 8657: 8648: 8639: 8620:(3): 273–274. 8600: 8583: 8559: 8552: 8532: 8507: 8485: 8478: 8458: 8439: 8422: 8408: 8375: 8352: 8349:. p. 143. 8324: 8295: 8284:(in Italian). 8270: 8240: 8233: 8213: 8206: 8182: 8149: 8136:10.1101/584714 8117: 8088:(3): 429–436. 8067: 8028:(12): e50794. 8008: 7979:(6): 848–852. 7959: 7922:(2): 207–225. 7906: 7887:(3): 270–279. 7871: 7854: 7792: 7741: 7692: 7643: 7585: 7546: 7486: 7449:(3): 429–436. 7428: 7373: 7338: 7311:(2): 205–214. 7294: 7243: 7193: 7134: 7121:(2): 139–146. 7101: 7052: 7023:(5): 637–645. 7002: 6973:(6): 373–388. 6952: 6884: 6872: 6859: 6792: 6732: 6672: 6611: 6560: 6525: 6510: 6488: 6470: 6451: 6433: 6415: 6393: 6376: 6357: 6340: 6338:, 2002 p.1714. 6327: 6299: 6282: 6263: 6245: 6228: 6221: 6204: 6197: 6177: 6170: 6150: 6132:(4): 165–184. 6130:Aristonothos 4 6116: 6109: 6089: 6086:on 2015-04-02. 6066: 6055: 6043: 6036: 6016: 6009: 5991: 5977: 5959: 5946: 5928: 5923:ITALY Magazine 5910: 5892: 5874: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5804: 5779: 5760: 5747: 5712: 5699: 5681: 5666: 5651: 5636: 5621: 5619:18(1): 57–105. 5604: 5591: 5579: 5557: 5545: 5527: 5509: 5490: 5476: 5439:(3): 447–464. 5416: 5404:whc.unesco.org 5388: 5364: 5349: 5331:(4): 139–164. 5329:Aristonothos 4 5315: 5297: 5264: 5257: 5237: 5228: 5206: 5196: 5176: 5159: 5148: 5130: 5123: 5103: 5067: 5021: 5009:best of sicily 4995: 4978: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4948:Maltese people 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4908: 4906: 4900: 4893: 4891: 4885: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4854: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4794: 4779:Main article: 4776: 4773: 4761: 4758: 4750:High Holy Days 4696:Main article: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4454: 4395: 4394: 4320:Northern Italy 4275: 4272: 4065:Griko language 4061:Greek language 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4003: 4002: 3992: 3985: 3984: 3974: 3967: 3966: 3960: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3911: 3910: 3904: 3897: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3869: 3868: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3682:North European 3641: 3638: 3606:Aegean Islands 3602:Ionian Islands 3595:Greek speaking 3583:South Italians 3571:Southern Italy 3567:Northern Italy 3546: 3543: 3538:Main article: 3535: 3532: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3457: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3413: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3136: 3135: 3125: 3115: 3110:, which has a 3094: 3091: 3040:Northern Italy 3016:United Kingdom 2923:, while under 2876:Ancient Greeks 2822: 2821: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2652: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2616: 2613: 2558:Southern Italy 2534:personal union 2495: 2492: 2482:monarchs from 2404:Swabian-German 2350:southern Italy 2342:northern Italy 2259:poll tax, and 2148:Ragusa, Sicily 2034:Constantinople 1923:Byzantine rule 1883:Constantinople 1869:autonomy. The 1785:, forming the 1741:Vandal Kingdom 1732: 1729: 1706:infinitesimals 1640:Southern Italy 1595:town known as 1521:Roman Republic 1466:Etruscan force 1428:in the world. 1363: 1360: 1344:cultic-worship 1215:, Cyrene poet 1120:vapors in the 963:cultures from 958:Iberomaurusian 832:cemetery tombs 796:nuclear family 740:basic clothing 732:human cultures 638:Aegean Islands 563: 560: 556:Western Europe 544:Southern Italy 517: 514: 461: 460: 430: 429: 425: 424: 414:Greek Orthodox 408:Byzantine Rite 398:Predominantly 395: 394: 390: 389: 371: 370: 366: 365: 362: 356: 355: 352: 346: 345: 342: 336: 335: 332: 326: 325: 322: 316: 315: 312: 303: 302: 299: 290: 289: 285: 284: 271: 270: 266: 265: 256: 237: 234: 233: 216: 215: 195:the key points 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9316: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9276: 9266: 9260: 9259:Sulfur mining 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9218:Sicilian cart 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9170: 9167: 9166: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9036:Muslim Sicily 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9014:Magna Graecia 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9003: 8998: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8937:Caltanissetta 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8899: 8894: 8892: 8887: 8885: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8844: 8840: 8833: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8795: 8791: 8784: 8768: 8764: 8763:demo.istat.it 8760: 8754: 8739: 8735: 8729: 8715: 8711: 8704: 8696: 8694:0-7139-9004-X 8690: 8686: 8682: 8676: 8668: 8661: 8652: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8595: 8587: 8573: 8569: 8563: 8555: 8549: 8546:. CUA Press. 8545: 8544: 8536: 8521: 8517: 8511: 8503: 8502: 8496: 8489: 8481: 8475: 8471: 8470: 8462: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8418: 8412: 8393: 8385: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8363: 8356: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8339: 8334: 8328: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8300: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8275: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8247: 8245: 8236: 8234:9781881901419 8230: 8226: 8225: 8217: 8209: 8207:9783110852004 8203: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8186: 8179: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8156: 8154: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8019: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7910: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7866: 7858: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7815:(4): e96074. 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7797: 7787: 7786:11380/1163954 7782: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7712:(6): 848–52. 7711: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7663:(5): 633–42. 7662: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7345: 7343: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7298: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7056: 7048: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7006: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6737: 6728: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6693:(9): e43759. 6692: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6668: 6667:Zendo: 165505 6664: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6523: 6522:siciliafan.it 6519: 6514: 6498: 6492: 6484: 6483:demo.istat.it 6480: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6419: 6403: 6397: 6389: 6386: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6353: 6352: 6344: 6337: 6331: 6324: 6323:88-8492-404-9 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6307:Archived link 6303: 6296: 6292: 6286: 6278: 6274: 6267: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6224: 6222:9780853232162 6218: 6214: 6208: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6189: 6181: 6173: 6171:0-8143-1813-4 6167: 6163: 6162: 6154: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6112: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6093: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6064: 6059: 6052: 6047: 6039: 6037:0-674-03314-0 6033: 6029: 6028: 6020: 6012: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5987: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5963: 5956: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5906: 5902: 5896: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5808: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5776: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5757: 5751: 5743: 5737: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5640: 5632: 5625: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5601: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5568: 5561: 5555:di Paolo Orsi 5554: 5549: 5538: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5405: 5398: 5392: 5374: 5368: 5360: 5353: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5311: 5310:mnamon.sns.it 5307: 5301: 5294: 5293:Name of Italy 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5260: 5258:0-472-08795-9 5254: 5250: 5249: 5241: 5232: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5199: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5180: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5126: 5124:9780674033146 5120: 5116: 5115: 5107: 5091: 5087: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5063: 5057: 5038: 5031: 5025: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4988: 4982: 4974: 4968: 4964: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4933:Sicilian Wars 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4912: 4907: 4903: 4902:Giorgio Avola 4897: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4849:Sicilian cart 4844: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4788: 4782: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4699: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593:New Testament 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4561:Saint Rosalia 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419:Ottoman Turks 4416: 4415:Tosk Albanian 4412: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260:United States 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4218:Siculo-Arabic 4214: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4203: 4199:of Italy" by 4198: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4120:words are of 4119: 4115: 4112:, a distinct 4111: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073:Siculo-Arabic 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4039: 4033:Paleogenetics 4025: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3815:or otherwise 3814: 3807: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3786:genetically. 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3761:Magna Graecia 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3702:haplogroups H 3699: 3695: 3694:Mediterranean 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678:West European 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3551: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3520:Siculo-Arabic 3518:evolved from 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3501: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3197:Caltanissetta 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3101: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996:United States 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2880:Magna Graecia 2877: 2873: 2872:Carthaginians 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2828: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2520:In 1735, the 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2400:Siculo-Norman 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352:, as well as 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2296:; it was the 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2245:Norman Sicily 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2075:in favour of 2074: 2073:Empress Irene 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1832:descent, and 1831: 1827: 1826:East Germanic 1823: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807:Theodosius II 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777:known as the 1776: 1772: 1769:along with a 1768: 1764: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1649:martial state 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571:towns called 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:Magna Graecia 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1092:The Sicelian 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 972: 970: 966: 962: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 907: 903: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 784:metal forging 781: 778:, as well as 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 756:esparto grass 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720:mixed farming 717: 713: 710: 706: 702: 699: 690: 686: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 626:Indo-European 623: 620:) during the 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 598:Indo-European 595: 591: 587: 581: 577: 573: 569: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 527: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 423: 419: 415: 409: 405: 401: 396: 391: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 367: 363: 361: 357: 353: 351: 347: 343: 341: 337: 333: 331: 327: 323: 321: 317: 313: 308: 304: 300: 295: 294:United States 291: 286: 276: 272: 267: 263: 259: 258:Giorgio Avola 254: 249: 246: 230: 227: 212: 202: 196: 194: 189: 184: 180: 175: 174: 165: 162: 154: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: – 111: 107: 106:Find sources: 100: 96: 90: 89: 84:This article 82: 78: 73: 72: 67: 65: 58: 57: 52: 51: 46: 41: 32: 31: 19: 9163: 9116:Politics and 9086:Risorgimento 9081:Two Sicilies 9023: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8846:. 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Retrieved 6129: 6119: 6099: 6092: 6084:the original 6079: 6069: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6026: 6019: 5994: 5980: 5972:the original 5962: 5954: 5953:Thucydides, 5949: 5940: 5931: 5922: 5913: 5904: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5865:. Retrieved 5859: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5807: 5790: 5782: 5771: 5763: 5755: 5750: 5725: 5715: 5707: 5702: 5692: 5684: 5675: 5669: 5660: 5659:Jean, Huré. 5654: 5645: 5639: 5630: 5624: 5616: 5607: 5599: 5594: 5582: 5570:. Retrieved 5560: 5552: 5548: 5530: 5521: 5512: 5504:Culture Trip 5503: 5493: 5479: 5436: 5432: 5419: 5408:. Retrieved 5403: 5391: 5380:. Retrieved 5367: 5352: 5340:. Retrieved 5328: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5288: 5280: 5272: 5267: 5247: 5240: 5231: 5217: 5209: 5201: 5186: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5151: 5142: 5133: 5113: 5106: 5094:. Retrieved 5090:the original 5044:. Retrieved 5037:the original 5024: 5012:. 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Many 4106:Italian 4042:Culture 3958:J* + J1 3821:genomes 3817:African 3813:Moorish 3741:Palermo 3737:Trapani 3733:Palermo 3626:Albania 3512:Maltese 3474:Gaetano 3463:Rosario 3433:Vitale 3430:Antonio 3386:Carmela 3378:Parisi 3367:Romano 3353:Carmelo 3345:Grasso 3323:Marino 3312:Caruso 3256:Messina 3185:Trapani 3167:Marsala 3155:Messina 3149:Catania 3143:Palermo 3128:Messina 3118:Catania 3108:Palermo 3083:Italian 2992:Belgium 2984:Germany 2945:Normans 2929:Saracen 2910:Vandals 2896:ancient 2834:in 2005 2832:Palermo 2582:general 2552:, King 2488:Castile 2480:Iberian 2422:of the 2362:England 2334:cuisine 2302:Roger I 2298:Normans 2294:Vikings 2253:dhimmis 2221:Sanhaja 2194:Persian 2152:viceroy 2097:Abbasid 2051:. 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