Siddiq Hasan Khan - Knowledge

1516: 449: 1226:. Khan married for the first time in 1860, to the daughter of the prime minister who was eleven years his senior. Siddiq Hasan Khan eventually married Begum on suggestion of his father-in-law (father of his first wife). Upon Shah Jahan's coronation in 1871, Khan was promoted to the position of chief secretary, began spending longer periods of time alone with Shah Jahan and the two were eventually married; with his second marriage, Khan had become the male consort of the female monarch. 882: 893: 2245: 1233:, the marriage was in part to quash the rumor mongering, and officials made it clear that Khan was merely the Sultan's husband and would not function in any executive role. The marriage was controversial due to Indian beliefs regarding the remarriage of widows; ironically, the stated justification for support of the marriage by British officials – themselves predominantly Christians – was that 1959:"Those who are sincere servants of God and followers of the Tradition shun matters of dissension and disruption in the same way that worldly people shun matters of piety. . . . On the many new roads that appeared approximately three hundred years after the hijrah or that day and night are constantly appearing, let no one walk. He who travels the straight path reaches the desired goal." 1701:"Those who worship one God object to being called Wahhabis in the Ibn Abdul-Wahhab kind of way not only due to his belonging to a different nation and all of its politics, but because they consider God as the ruler and the protector of the whole world and this universalistic stance is blunted if they are said to be followers of a terrotorially rooted Abdul-Wahhab." 1657:. Yet Khan had also rebutted various claims made against Wahhabism, by bringing up Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab's responses as well as defenses made by various supporters of the movement. Giving a resume of the life and reform efforts of Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Khan traced the political rise and subsequent defeat of the 1937:

welded together by a singular interpretation of the scriptures. For Khan and his disciples, the horror of disorder drove them to establish a true and common standard on which all Muslims could unite. However, this forced exclusivity and vision of drastic reforms created dissension and sparked protest

1594:

still regarded him as a hero in the anti-colonialist struggle. Upon Khan's death, his widow Shah Jahan negotiated with British authorities to have all of his official titles restored posthumously; Shah Jahan saw this as vindication of her belief that her husband had been falsely slandered, and filled

1506:

during the day, but was permitted to spend the night in her palace, the Tāj Maḥal. Both before and after his removal from the royal court by the British in 1885, Shah Jahan defended her husband to the very end as shown in the meeting minutes of a heated, vehement exchange between herself and Sir

1669:

were labelled "Wahhabis" due to ulterior motives of imperial powers. Since the works of the Arabian reformer were not published by the followers of Sayyid Ahmad, labelling them as "Wahhabis" was a policy of religio-political abuse. Khan asserts that the apt term for Sayyid Ahmad's followers was

1507:

Griffin. On behalf of her husband, Shah Jahan denied that Khan held any executive power and merely advised her on some issues, arguing that the claims of her husband controlling her were based on jealousy on the part of her son-in-law and personal problems between Khan and Lepel.

1595:

her new court with Khan's relatives and associates. Among other details, Siddiq Hasan Khan had accused the Wahhabis of engaging in inter-religious violence and bloodshed and still clinging to the same traditionalist views for which Khan also criticized the Indian

2000:; the number of his works eventually topped 200, and many of them were distributed by the state press for free in Bhopal's schools. His polemical and theological works are generally underlain by the principles of self-judgment, reason and rationality. 1783:'s legacy in South Asia by undertaking the publication of a number of treatises that either elucidated his doctrines or provided theological arguments defending his ideas. He also reconciled Ibn Taymiyya's thought with what he regarded as authentic 1624:

who was able to attain a position of high political authority, Khan began facing numerous rivals as well as threats from the British government who accused him of spreading Wahhabi doctrines, which were criminalised. Since Khan was unable to defend

1553:

Francis Henvey, Griffin's replacement, dispatched a medical officer but refused to administer medicine for fear that, given the terminal nature of Khan's illness, the British would be accused of poisoning him. Khan died on 20 February 1890.

1243:

and corresponded with male diplomats with Khan as her representative. Shāh Jahān Bēgum's daughter Sulṭān Jahān Bēgum was one of her stepfather's fiercest opponents, often labelling him as a "Wahhabi"; for forcing her mother to be in

1498:. For his part, Siddiq Hasan Khan firmly denied any Wahhabi influence on the Indian reformists. Furthermore, Khan had directly criticised the Najdi Wahhabis for their religious fanaticism, which caused bloodshed among fellow 1071:

movement. Wilayat Ali Khan and Inayat Ali Khan, two major leaders of the Wahhabi Jihad movement had stayed briefly in Khan's house in Qannauj. Under the instructions and tutelage of Wilayat Ali, Khan studied the Hadith work

1186:

and began writing commentaries. Khan relocated to Bhopal in 1854 initially selling perfume but later working as a schoolteacher, where his religious views gained him the ire of traditionalist locals. He was expelled to

1869:, Ṣiddīq Ḥasan asserts that the core differences between the Ashʿaris and Atharis were limited to three or four points, without naming those issues. According to Khan, these were merely "practical" divergences ( 1337:. Khan's humble beginnings and working-class background also caused him to become the object of scorn, condescension yet also jealousy on the part of Bhopal's gentry. Khan was still described as a prototypical 1386:

movement to the dominance of the two states in the Middle East. Later, the British authorities began to inspect Siddiq Hasan's books closely and discovered his treatises which elaborated his doctrines on

1586:

all caused the British authorities to fear a pan-Islamist uprising. To withdraw the accusations against Khan, however baseless they were, would have weakened the British Empire's position in the wider

2950: 2676: 1980:

from which Khan himself was descended were all targets of Khan's reformist criticism. Khan's religious views have been described as centering on a desire to return to the pristine values with which

1464: 1620:(1831) were felt widespread across South Asia. Followers of Sayyid Ahmad were being threatened and punished for various practices, such as saying "Ameen" loudly in prayer rituals. As an 1029:(also sometimes spelled as Qannawj). Khan was born in Bareilly, which was the natal home of his mother, on 14 October 1832. After few days, his mother brought him to his ancestral city 1590:. Eventually, British officials admitted that they had overreacted based on rumors and intrigues among Bhopal's political elite and that Khan had been falsely accused; regardless, the 1695:

struggle and cultural environment of the Middle East. Khan elaborated that the Wahhabi movement had no relevance to the situation and experience of reform-minded Muslims in India:

937:(14 October 1832 – 26 May 1890) was an Islamic scholar and leader of India's Muslim community in the 19th century, often considered to be the most important Muslim scholar of the 1460:

at the time maligned Khan as a negative influence in the region, and pejoratively dubbed him as "the penniless adventurer." Despite being accused of sedition against the state,

1736:. Despite his own defense and the efforts of his wife to protect him, Khan was deposed by the British in 1885 and spent the remaining five years of his life living in privacy. 38: 760: 1964:

Not surprisingly given the fate of his ideological predecessors, much of Khan's polemics was based as a reaction against the prevailing religious climate;

1286:

doctrines were set up, hundreds of religious treatises of Khan were published and mass distributed across South Asia through the state-run printing press.

1086:

Thus, Khan was influenced by the religious ideals of Sayyid Ahmad and his Wahhabi Jihad movement in his early life. Khan received much of his education in

1222:

who was heir apparent to the throne. For the first time in his life, Khan was financially well-off and brought his sister and mother to live with him in

755: 1256:

Once in power, Siddiq Hasan Khan began enforcing his reformist ideas through the authority of the state. Under his wife's reign, the doctrines of the

669: 631: 1502:. Despite this, the British dismissed all his titles and sentenced him to house-arrest until his death in 1890. He was forbidden to visit his wife 3614: 3609: 3350:

Krawietz, birgit; Tamer, Georges, eds. (2013). "Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th-Century Bhopal".

2882:

Krawietz, birgit; Tamer, Georges, eds. (2013). "Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th-Century Bhopal".

2818:

Krawietz, birgit; Tamer, Georges, eds. (2013). "Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th-Century Bhopal".

2302:

Krawietz, birgit; Tamer, Georges, eds. (2013). "Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th-Century Bhopal".

2274:

Krawietz, birgit; Tamer, Georges, eds. (2013). "Screening Ṣiddīq Ḥasan Khān's Library: The Use of Ḥanbalī Literature in 19th-Century Bhopal".

1409: 1715:; Khan sought to publicly delink his Indian followers from the Wahhabi movement and thereby avert the potential repercussions from the 3269:

After Shah Wali Allah, the most powerful advocate of Ibn Taimiyya's ideology was Nawab Sayyid Muhammad Siddiq Hasan Khan (1832–1890)..

1570:, the British overthrow of Khan was due to a number of political concerns rather than wrongdoing on Khan's own part. The start of the 964:

Khan's controversial nature has led to contrasting assessments of his personality, having been described by contrasting sources as a

648: 1467:

found no evidence of seditious acts on Khan's part at all after official inquiries. Khan even went so far as to write criticisms of

1248:. Khan's mother-in-law held rather negative reviews of her daughter's new husband, and there was friction between the two families. 1094:

and Delhi under the care of friends of his father, who died when Khan was only five years old. While in Delhi, Siddiq Hasan studied

1931:

as evidence of a total decline. Proposing a solution to revert this decline, Siddiq Hasan Khan envisioned the revival of a unified

1156:

with two Yemeni clerics who had emigrated to Bhopal, Khan came under the influence of the works of prolific Yemeni Islamic scholar

1272:(religious innovations) were banned. Apart from this, a comprehensive religious educational programme was also implemented by the 807: 787: 3281: 2197: 980:(661 – 728 A.H /1263 – 1328 C.E). Apart from Ibn Taymiyya, Siddiq Hāsăn Khan was also influenced by the scholarly traditions of 1816:. Siddiq Hasan Khan played a major role in reviving and mainstreamising Ibn Taymiyya's theological polemics among 19th century 453: 3634: 3629: 3516: 3359: 3334: 3194: 3146: 2891: 2827: 2727: 2702: 2618: 2532: 2444: 2311: 2283: 1947:

students were based on their pursuit of doctrinal uniformity through textual literalism and refuting the ideas of all other

3604: 3478: 797: 3116:. Riyadh: The Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Endowments, Dawah and Guidance, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. pp. 179–180. 3304:"XIX. Asir Hindistan Hadi̇s Ali̇mi̇ siddîk hasan han'in ö.1307/1890 allah'in haberî sifatlari i̇le i̇lgi̇li̇ görüşleri̇" 2220:"XIX. Asir Hindistan Hadi̇s Ali̇mi̇ siddîk hasan han'in ö.1307/1890 allah'in haberî sifatlari i̇le i̇lgi̇li̇ görüşleri̇" 1344:

Khan's socio-political efforts proved to be his undoing; just as quickly as he rose to become Bhopal's most influential

1984:

originally came, and to rid the Muslim world of the ills of charlatans, frauds and Hindu influence on Muslim practice.

586: 3539: 3423: 3384: 3121: 2852: 2476: 2255: 2089: 1747:, were well received. Due to his large amount of edited and original published works, he has been dubbed "the Indian 1726:

agitation. This was after the British authorities had discovered various treatises of Khan elucidating his stance on

1098:

under the tutelage of 'Abd al Haqq Banarasi (d.1870) who was a major source of influence in shaping the teachings of

835: 812: 81: 1515: 1471:, who followed an entirely different school of Islamic law, to exonerate himself from the accusations of Wahhabism. 3141:. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 258, 261–262. 3034: 921: 663: 429: 3306:[19th-century Indian Hadith scholar Siddiq Hasan Khan's opinions d.1307/1890 on the Attributes of Allah]. 2222:[19th-century Indian Hadith scholar Siddiq Hasan Khan's opinions d.1307/1890 on the Attributes of Allah]. 1523:

After forcing Ṣiddīq Ḥasan to retire, the British authorities would also destroy his personal networks across the

1801: 1770: 1916: 3594: 2664: 2597: 2508: 2421: 1237:

encourages widows to remarry. Despite remaining the spouse of the actual monarch, Khan's wife began to observe

976:

networks, Siddiq Hasan Khan was also a major South Asian exponent of the teachings of the classical theologian

2158: 1836:, Khan considered the spread of Taymiyyan theology as one of the central aspects of his religious programme. 643: 3649: 3644: 3619: 3439: 3400: 3162: 2868: 2743: 1832:". Through the publication of his works as well as classical creedal manuscripts across South Asia and the 1591: 1062: 969: 3325:

Krawietz, birgit; Tamer, Georges, eds. (2013). "Ibn Taymiyya's Worldview and the Challenge of Modernity".

3056: 2722:. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 257. 1857:

favoured the literalist, anti-speculative Atharite approaches, they also considered Ash'aris as part of

1719:. However, the British eventually took action against Siddiq Hasan Khan, accusing him of involvement in 1318:) as heretical practices without basis in Islam, something which upset Sufis greatly. Additionally, his 955:

throughout the immediate region. Siddiq Hasan Khan was also a prominent scholarly authority of the Arab

683: 2468: 1810:(blind-following) and believed in the literal interpretation of God's Attributes as part of upholding 1779:

school in India. After Shah Waliullah, Siddiq Hasān Khan had emerged as the most prominent advocate of

1712: 1626: 1503: 1377: 1215: 546: 516: 317: 139: 1919:, which propelled him towards an emotional commitment to herald drastic reforms. He thought that the 1877:); which were of minor importance. At the same time, Khan attacked the foundational premises of both 1820:

circles; and denounced those who differed from the literalist understanding of Divine Attributes as "

1574:

in Sudan in 1881 (which Khan ironically openly opposed), diplomatic ties between Khan's wife and the

1468: 1461: 653: 3564: 3624: 3599: 3303: 2219: 1364:. Initially, the British ignored accusations of his Muslim opponents that Khan was a proponent of " 1192: 617: 511: 3185:

Beránek, Ondřej; Ťupek, Pavel (2018). "2: Early Wahhabism and the Beginnings of Modern Salafism".

1955:

can only be attained through literalist understanding of the Scriptures, Siddiq Hasan Khan writes:

3554: 1608: 1067: 658: 1401:

had come to study in Bhopal under Khan's tutelage, the British suspected him of being part of a

1910: 1723: 1405: 1357: 985: 965: 700: 638: 486: 1188: 1157: 740: 2951:

Siddiq Hasan Khan (1832–90) and the Creation of a Muslim Cosmopolitanism in the 19th century

2677:

Siddiq Hasan Khan (1832–90) and the Creation of a Muslim Cosmopolitanism in the 19th century

3589: 3584: 1563: 1338: 914: 3418:. 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 269–270. 3379:. 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 269–270. 1992:

After his marriage to the Sultan, Khan began publishing his own original works in Arabic,

8: 3214: 1613: 1134: 1048: 576: 1691:

themselves. The Wahhabi movement, on the other hand, was geographically specific to the

3534:, pg. 337. Eds. Martin Van Bruinessen and Julia Day Howell. London: I.B. Tauris, 2007. 3433: 3394: 3260: 3156: 2862: 2737: 2379: 2125: 2011:

themselves had ignored until recently. Khan also made a comprehensive review of Arabic

1965: 1915:

Siddiq Hasan Khan's writings had a striking tone of pervasive pessimism, a fear of the

1666: 1449: 1345: 1105: 1047:

in the early 1800s. Siddiq Hasan's father Sayyid Awlad Hasan was a strong supporter of

1014: 989: 942: 862: 857: 735: 566: 521: 208: 3507:

Schmidtke, Sabine; Pink, Johanna (2014). "Striving for a New Exegesis of the Qurʾān".

3352: